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Civil Szemle CCIVILIVIL SSZEMLEZEMLE www.civilszemle.hu xiv. évfolyAm 3. szám nnSZERKESZTÔI ELÔSZÓ/EDITORIAL A mAgyAr nemzeti identitás megtArtásA A hAtáron túl és A diAszpórábAn: A civil szférA szerepe (PapNorbert–KákaiLászló sustAining hungAriAn nAtionAl identity in neighbouring countries And the diAsporA: the role of civil society orgAnisAtions (NorbertPap–LászlóKákai nnTANULMÁNYOK /ARTICLES sketch of the hungAriAn non-profit sector After the regime chAnge (LászlóKákai–ViktorGlied) geogrAphicAl And sociAl issues of the operAtion of hungAriAn non-governmentAl orgAnisAtions in croAtiA – the cAse of bArAnjA (AndorVégh–ErikaGúti) non-governmentAl orgAnisAtions in the hungAriAn–hungAriAn knowledge trAnsfer of orgAnising tourism (TiborGonda–AlpárHorváth) the role of hungAriAn–AmericAn civil And church orgAnisAtions in preserving the hungAriAn identity (GáborSzalai-PéterReményi-NorbertPap) the identity preserving efforts of the hungAriAn diAsporA in AustrAliA through the exAmple of the hungAriAn community school in AdelAide (JenőPalotai–ÁgnesSzabó–ÁkosJarjabka) christiAn missions As civil society movements At the service of the indiAn society (NándorZagyi–MariannaÁcs) 2017/3nnnnn CIVIL SZEMLE WWW.CIVILSZEMLE.HU XIV.ÉVFOLYAM3.SZÁM Szerkesztôbizottság/EditorialBoard BeliaAnna,HarsányiLászló,KirschnerPéter,KutiÉva, MarschallMiklós,MiszlivetzFerenc,NagyÁdám Szerkesztôség/Editors Felelôs szerkesztô/Executive Editor NáraiMárta Rovatszerkesztôk/Editors CsongorAnna(Társadalomésállam/SocietyandState) KákaiLászló(Elméletileg/Theoretically) PéterfiFerenc(Közösségekésciviltársadalom/Community andCivilSociety) SebestényIstván(Világ-nézet/InternationalReview) Képszerkesztô/Image Editor GönczôViktor Online szerkesztô/Online Editor BodLevente Vendégszerkesztô/Guess Editor PapNorbert Cikkjavaslatokat,ötleteket,vélemé[email protected]ímrevárunk. Elôfizethetôawww.civilszemle.hucímen Afolyóiratjelenszámábanmegjelenttanulmányok aPécsiTudományegyetemKiválóságiCentrumokpályázatakeretében, a„BékeéskonfliktusKözép-EurópábanésaBalkánonKiválóságiCentrum” kutatóinakmunkájakéntjötteklétre. Thepaperswerepublishedwithinthecontextofthe ”PeaceandConflictintheBalkansandCentralEurope“CentreofExcellencesofthe UniversityPécsprogram. Kiadó CIVIL SZEMLE ALAPÍTVÁNY www.civilszemle.hu 1137Budapest,Pozsonyiút14. Tel./fax:(+36-1)221-8099 E-mail:[email protected] Felelôskiadó:NizákPéterkuratóriumielnök KészültaPharmaPressNyomdában Felelôsvezetô:DávidFerenc ISSN1786-3341 TARTALOM/TABLE OF CONTENTS ■■ SZERKESZTÔI ELÔSZÓ/EDITORIAL Pap Norbert–KákaiLászló:A mAgyAr nemzeti identitás 5 megtArtásA A hAtáron túl és A diAszpórábAn: A civil szférA szerepe NorbertPap–LászlóKákai:sustAining hungAriAn nAtionAl identity 9 in neighbouring countries And the diAsporA: the role of civil society orgAnisAtions ■■ TANULMÁNYOK/ARTICLES LászlóKákai–ViktorGlied:sketch of the hungAriAn non-profit sector 13 After the regime chAnge AndorVégh–ErikaGúti:geogrAphicAl And sociAl issues of the operAtion 35 of hungAriAn non-governmentAl orgAnisAtions in croAtiA – the cAse of bArAnjA TiborGonda–AlpárHorváth:non-governmentAl orgAnisAtions 51 in the hungAriAn–hungAriAn knowledge trAnsfer of orgAnising tourism GáborSzalai–PéterReményi–NorbertPap:the role of hungAriAn–AmericAn civil 65 And church orgAnisAtions in preserving the hungAriAn identity JenőPalotai–ÁgnesSzabó–ÁkosJarjabka:the identity preserving efforts of the 87 hungAriAn diAsporA in AustrAliA through the exAmple of the hungAriAn community school in AdelAide NándorZagyi–MariannaÁcs:christiAn missions As civil society movements 105 At the service of the indiAn society ■■ SZERZÔINK /AUTHORS 121 CIVIl SzEmlE ■ 2017/3. ■■■■■■■3 Fotó/GönczôViktor SZERKESZTÔI ELÔSZÓ/EDITORIAL A magyar nemzeti identitás megtartása a határon túl és a diaszpórában: a civil szféra szerepe A „magyar” társadalom civil szerveződéseinek sajátosságai jelentős különbségeket mutatnakazországhatáronbelüléskívül.Mígamagyarjelzőazországhatáronbelül nemjelentsemmikülönösetésanemzetijellegamagyarországinemmagyar,teháta nemzetikisebbségekcivilszervezeteinekvonatkozásábanhordozinkábbcsakmegkülön- böztetőjelleget,addigamagyarállamterületenkívüla„magyar”jelzőéstartalommár másképpenjelenikmeg.Amagyarnonprofitszektorfejlődésénekarendszerváltásutáni szakirodalmaigenterjedelmeséstémákszéleskörétfogjaát.Hivatalosiratok,rendszeres statisztikaijelentések,továbbákutatásianyagokszülettekkülönfélemegközelítésekből, amelyekelégségesinformációtnyújtanakahhoz,hogyleírjukéselemezzükmajdhárom évtized„nonprofittörténelmét”akáregészenkülönlegesperspektívákbólis.Ugyanakkor nagyonkevesettudunkazoknakaszervezeteknekaműködéséről,amelyekamagyar nyelvhez és kultúrához kapcsolódnak, ráadásul e civil szervezeteknek a tevékenysége néhatávoliországokbanfolyikúgy,hogyakapcsolatukazanyaországgalnéhaerős,más- korviszontnagyonlaza. AKárpát-medencénbelüli,deamagyarhatárokontúli,illetveaKárpátokvonulatán kívül,diaszpórábanélő„magyar”civilszerveződésekjellemzőenfelvállaljákazezekbea szervezetekbetömörülttermészetesés/vagyjogiszemélyekmagyarnemzetijellegének fenntartását,akultúra(nyelv,nemzetiünnepek,népiésvallásihagyományok)megőrzé- sétésmegújítását.Ugyanakkorazegyesföldrajziterül etekeniskaraktereskülönbségek figyelhetőkmegannakmegfelelően,hogyamagyarjellegethordozóésfenntartanikívá- nócsoport,illetveszerveződésmilyentörténetikontextusbanjöttlétre,milyenfelekezeti sajátosságai voltak, a diaszpóra közösségek esetében pedig, hogy milyen történelmi- politikaiviharokközepettehagytákelazanyaországot. A kérdés értelmezéséhez a kulcs a magyar nemzetfelfo gás. Fontos áttekinteni a különbözőélethelyzeteket,amelyekazországonbelüli,amaihatárokontúlelterülőtör- ténelmiországterületenmegtelepedett,valaminta20.századsoránanemzetközimigrá- ciósfolyamatokrévéndiaszpórábaszóródottmagyarokatilleti. Amagyaridentitásmeghatározóalapjaanyelv.Amagyarnemzetállamhatárainkívül anyelvfenntartása,műveléseamagyarsághoztartozásalapja.Ezkülönösenafiatalabb korosztályokesetébenjelentősfeladat,illetvekihívás.Anyelvaktívhasználataelsősorban közösségialkalmak,példáulamagyarnyelvűistentisztelet,azünnepialkalmakkortörté- nő magyar nyelvű megemlékezések, magyar kulturális programok szervezése, illetve a gyermekfoglalkozások, iskolák, továbbá kiemelten a cserkészet révén valósulhat meg. A magyarnyelvmeglehetősenegységes,anyelvhasználatistandardjaifejlettek,aztcsak dialektusoktagolják.Afelvidéki,erdélyi,délvidékimagyaroknyelvhasználatisajátosságai inkábbcsakkisebbmértékbenbefolyásoljákanyelvátörökítését,fenntartását. Amagyarnyelvmellettaközösősöknekéshősöknek,illetvearájukvalóemlékezés- nekvanidentitástfenntartóhatása.Amagyarsághőseirevalóközösemlékezetfenntar- CIVIl SzEmlE ■ 2017/3. ■■■■■■■5 SZERKESZTÔI ELÔSZÓ/EDITORIAL tásaelsőrendűenanemzetiünnepekmegtartásán,illetveazadottközösségetérintőtör- ténelmisorsfordulókravalóemlékezésenkeresztülvalósulhatmeg.Ebbenakörbenmeg- jelenneka„regionáliséshelyihősök”,valamintatörténelmikánonbólkiszorulthelyekés személyiségek,azalternatívtörténelemszemélyiségeiis.Ahősökközöttnemcsupán anyaországiak,hanematörténelmiországterületrőldiaszpórábakerültkiemelkedősze- mélyiségekiselőfordulnak.Ilyenhősöktovábbáabefogadóországbanjelentőstörténel- miszerepetbetöltött,példakéntállíthatósikeresmagyarokis. Amagyarakadémiaiszférátóltávolabbelhelyezkedő,amagyarállamikultúr- ésokta- táspolitikátólkevéssébefolyásoltközösségekkörébenamagyarságeredetérevonatkozó áltudományos,esetenkéntfantasztikuselképzelésektöbbesetbeniselterjedtek,illetve virágoznak.Ilyenekkülönösenaturanizmustémakörébetartozósumerológia(amagyar- ságsumereredetéthirdetőnézetrendszer),amagyarságtörök,vagyaszékelységhun eredetérevonatkozónézetek,illetveamagyar–törökvagyamagyar–japánrokonságot hangsúlyozószerveződések.Szélesebbkörbenelterjedtekamagyarnyelvfinnugorere- detéttagadónézetekis.Többesetbenabefogadóországősikultúrájában(dél-amerikai indiáncsoportok,aboriginőslakosok)vélnekfelfedezniamagyarsággalrokonvonásokat, jellemzőenmindentudományosalapnélkül.Adiaszpóramagyarokfinanszíroztakszá- mos,amagyartörténelmikánonbabelenemillőnézetethirdetőkiadványt,amelyeka megjelenést követően megtalálhatóak a magyarországi másodlagos könyvpiacon és a keletiezotériairántiérdeklődéstkihasználvabefolyástgyakoroltakamagyarországitura- nista körökre is. A turanizmus (neo-turanizmus) jelenleg virágzik Magyarországon és összekapcsolódva a magyar külpolitika „globális nyitás”, „keleti nyitás” és „déli nyitás” politikáival,felértékeliatávolabbiországokbanélő,valójábanmarginálishelyzetűésszere- pű közösségeket. Ezen civil szervezetek ezért a kétoldalú kapcsolatokban gazdasági, demográfiaierejükfelettjátszhatnakszerepet. Anemzetiidentitásfenntartásábanfontosszerepevanamagyarkonyhánakis.Ajel- legzetesmagyarételek(gulyás,pörkölt,csirkepaprikás,töltöttkáposztastb.)elkészítésea közösségialkalmakfontossajátossága.Adiaszpóraközösségekfiatal,amagyarnyelvvel, kultúrávalmárkevéskapcsolatotápolótagjainaksokesetbenmárcsakacsaládikonyha néhány étele biztosít azonosulási lehetőséget. Ugyanígy a magyar néptánc, illetve a dalokismereteisazutolsókapcsolatlehetamagyarnemzettelésanemzetikultúrával. A magyarcivilszervezetekneképpenezértfontosfeladataa„magyarházak”,közösségi terekfenntartása,aholaközösségtagjaiamagyardalokkal,táncokkalésételekkeltalál- kozhatnak. Avallási,egyháziközösségekheztartozásnakisnagyszerepevan,különösenapro- testánsgyülekezetekesetében,aholamagyarnyelvneknincsalternatívája.Akatolikus közösségekesetébeneznemígyvan,hiszenakatolikusvilágegyházpüspökiszervező- désielvemiattapapszemélyénekkiválasztásaésanyelvhasználatigazodikaközösség 6 ■■■■■■■CIVIl SzEmlE ■ 2017/3. SZERKESZTÔI ELÔSZÓ/EDITORIAL
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