Ver for 1500 Books / out of 3000

use this cover for 1500 books / out of 3000

Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates PC New Songdo City Kohn Pedersen Fox is an architectural practice New Songdo City is a free trade and based in New York and London. Founded in inter-national business hub being built on 1976, the firm has grown from its 3 founders reclaimed land near Incheon International to over 350 people. The office is involved in a Airport. The broad range of projects from commercial and first international real estate investment in residential buildings to courthouses, airports, South Korea’s history, Songdo is intended to hospitals, hotels and academic buildings. KPF help position South Korea at the commercial has developed a strong reputation for giving epicenter of north Asian regional markets, shape to significant urban sites in commercial among China, Russia and Japan. The new city and cultural cities in over 30 countries. will house nearly 50,000 residents in variety of typologies and urban settings. The project is a joint venture between The Gale Company and POSCO Engineering and Construction. 2004

/ kpf / new songdo city kpf use this cover for 1500 books / out of 3000

/ kpf / new songdo city kpf AtAt timestimes allall II needneed isis aa briefbrief glimpse,glimpse, anan openingopening inin thethe midstmidst ofof anan incongruousincongruous landscape,landscape, aa glintglint ofof lightslights inin thethe fog,fog, thethe dialoguedialogue ofof twotwo passersbypassersby meetingmeeting inin thethe crowd,crowd, andand II thinkthink that,that, settingsetting outout fromfrom there,there, II willwill putput together,together, piecepiece byby piece,piece, thethe perfectperfect city,city, mademade ofof fragmentsfragments mixedmixed withwith invisible cities thethe rest,rest, ofof instantsinstants separatedseparated byby invisible cities intervals,intervals, ofof signalssignals oneone sendssends out,out, italo calvino notnot knowingknowing whowho receivesreceives them.them. italo calvino 0202 0303

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harvardharvard advisory advisory group group philadelphiaphiladelphia international international hospital hospital kunwonkunwon galegale co co galegale co co kpfkpf legallegal teams teams poscoposco e&c e&c poscoposco e&c e&c galegale co co pietropietro doran doran galegale co co poscoposco e e&&cc morganmorgan stanley stanley omaoma poscoposco e e&&cc jayjay kim kim wooriwoori daewoodaewoo jayjay kim kim kyobokyobo incheonincheon abnabn amro amro centralcentral government government jayjay kim kim incheonincheon bridgebridge planning planning incheonincheon internationalinternational andand construction construction airportairport airportairport planning planning fezfez landfilllandfill andand construction construction

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jointjoint fezfez ventureventure designationdesignation landfilllandfill landfilllandfill landfilllandfill formedformed 2nd2nd forfor incheon incheon forfor songdo songdo mastermaster airportairport begins begins citycity begins begins planplan songdosongdo songdosongdo granted granted newnew town town freefree economic economic landfilllandfill zonezone designation designation centralcentral government government masterplanmasterplan forfor songdo songdo byby oma oma landfilllandfill landland use use forfor songdo songdo agreementagreement mofemofe financingfinancing imfimf period period masterplanmasterplan developmentdevelopment masterplanmasterplan leplep filing filing

songdosongdo landfill landfill groundground breakingbreaking presidentpresident rohroh elected elected mayormayor ahn ahn phasephase one one electedelected leplep masterplan masterplan constructionconstruction presidentpresident koreankorean approvalapproval clintonclinton currencycurrency technologytechnology presidentpresident sydneysydney athensathens reelectedreelected falls falls bubblebubble bursts bursts bushbush elected elected olympicsolympics septemberseptember 11, 11, 2001 2001 usus invades invades iraq iraq olympicsolympics

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ofof favoring favoring foreign foreign investment investment and and a a set set of of laws laws allowing allowing foreign foreign entities entities to to own own Korean Korean land, land, the the responsibility responsibility of of developing developing 0606 evolutionevolution ofof aa planplan SongdoSongdo passed passed to to an an international international joint joint venture. venture. A A search search for for a a qualified qualified developer developer with with experience experience in in planning, planning, finance, finance, 0707 SongdoSongdo is is not not an an architect’s architect’s utopia; utopia; it it is is not not a a developer’s developer’s playground; playground; it it is is not not an an engineer’s engineer’s machine; machine; nor nor is is it it a a governmental governmental building,building, and and marketing marketing large large scale scale residential residential and and commercial commercial property property led led to to a a joint joint venture venture between between the the US US based based Gale Gale planningplanning document. document. In In the the context context of of post post 1997 1997 resurgence resurgence of of Asian Asian economies, economies, and and the the colossal colossal growth growth of of trade trade with with China, China, CompanyCompany and and the the construction construction branch branch of of the the Korean Korean steel steel gian giant,t ,posco posco. . They They in in turn turn entered entered into into a a land land sale sale agreement agreement manymany forces forces have have come come together together to to realize realize a a scheme scheme for for a a Korean Korean free free economic economic zone zone and and a a business business hub hub for for North North Asia. Asia. withwith the the city city of of Incheon Incheon for for an an area area of of over over 1,500 1,500 acres. acres. A A design design team team was was assembled, assembled, led led by by New New York York architects architects Kohn Kohn DrivenDriven at at first first by by the the o opportpportunityunity to to capitalize capitalize on on the the value value of of a a location location adjacent adjacent to to Incheon Incheon airport, airport, one one of of Asia’s Asia’s newest newest and and PedersenPedersen Fox, Fox, who who brought brought extensive extensive large large scale scale and and Asian Asian project project experience, experience, including including over over 12 12 Korean Korean projects. projects. Over Over a a period period largest,largest, 3,000 3,000 acres acres of of landfill landfill were were deposited deposited as as part part of of a a determined determined yet yet unsettled unsettled plan. plan. The The program program envisioned envisioned for for this this ofof more more than than 2 2 years, years, a a masterplan masterplan was was developed developed for for a a city city of of 50,000 50,000 residents residents and, and, in in November November of of 2003, 2003, for for the the first first time time landland began began as as a a technology technology district district to to be be executed executed by by a a corporate corporate developer developer (Daewoo) (Daewoo) and and a a foreign foreign architect/planner architect/planner ( oma(oma).). inin modern modern history, history, a a title title for for Korean Korean land land was was granted granted to to a a foreign foreign owner. owner. At At this this point, point, hope hope s stilltill outweighing outweighing the the reality reality of of InIn the the wake wake of of 1997 1997 and and the the ensuing ensuing imf imf Perio Period,d, and and the the subsequent subsequent demise demise of of Daewoo, Daewoo, Songdo Songdo became became a a site site in in search search of of a a aa built built product, product, the the venture venture was was characterized characterized by by the the spirit spirit of of the the joint joint ownership ownership of of many many participants, participants, public public and and private, private, purpose.purpose. The The revival revival of of the the plan plan to to build build a a new new town town took took on on the the more more ambitious ambitious form form of of a a free free economic economic zone zone sponsored sponsored by by KoreanKorean and and American. American. The The team team broadened broadened to to include include an an array array of of mutually mutually supportin supportingg contributors contributors in in the the areas areas of of policy, policy, thethe city city of of Incheon Incheon and and embraced embraced by by the the national national government government of of Korea. Korea. For For reasons reasons having having to to do do with with a a new new policy policy climate climate trade,trade, law, law, development, development, construction, construction, environmental environmental planning, planning, engineering engineering and and design. design.

19501950 | | 1960| 1960| || | | 19701970 || || 19801980 || || 19901990 || || 20002000

0808 adaptationadaptation ofof thethe conglomerateconglomerate economyeconomy 0909 ToTo understand understand the the role role of of Songdo Songdo as as a a Free Free Economy Economy Zone Zone and and its its usefulness usefulness to to the the Korean Korean nation nation it it is is important important to to overover 70% 70% of of the the GNP GNP and and must must constantly constantly keep keep pace pace with with this this dynamic dynamic business business model. model. Finding Finding new new inter- inter- examineexamine the the recent recent history history of of the the local local economy. economy. Post-war Post-war Korean Korean commerce commerce has has been been dominated dominated by by nationalnational markets markets and and trading trading partners partners is is crucial crucial to to sustain sustain a a robust robust growth growth rate. rate. In In this this context, context, the the current current conglomeratesconglomerates which, which, not not unlike unlike their their Japanese Japanese Zibatsu Zibatsu precursors, precursors, concentrated concentrated a a huge huge percentage percentage of of industry industry KoreanKorean government government and and business business leaders leaders consider consider liberalization liberalization of of trade trade culture culture to to be be a a matter matter of of economic economic inin a a handful handful of of companies. companies. The The ‘chaebols’ ‘chaebols’ have have paralleled paralleled the the rapid rapid transit transitioionn of of a a labor labor intensive intensive economy economy to to a a survival.survival. Thus, Thus, the the passage passage of of free free economic economic zone zone legislation, legislation, reducing reducing perso personanal land and corporate corporate income income tax tax to to cacapitalpital intensive intensive economy, economy, moving moving into into new new business business lines, lines, products, products, and and searching searching for for new new markets. markets. In In a a typical typical 17%17% and and relaxing relaxing a a ser seriesies of of laws laws within within this this hub hub city city is is seen seen as as furthering furthering the the national national interest. interest. In In the the last last decade, decade, case,case, one one company company moved moved sequentially sequentially in in a a period period of of 30 30 years years from from crafts crafts to to textiles textiles to to shoes shoes to to electronic electronic 70%70% of of Korean Korean manufacturing manufacturing has has moved moved to to China. China. Thus, Thus, to to adapt adapt to to a a different different role role in in the the global global economy economy appliancesappliances to to computer computer technology technology and and service service industries. industries. Companies, Companies, the the people people who who make make them them run, run, and and the the (given(given the the success success of of their their much much larger larger neighbor), neighbor), the the Korean Korean economists economists and and policy policy makers makers see see the the need need to to act act nationnation as as a a whole, whole, are are constantl constantlyy retool retoolinging their their means means of of production production and and their their skills. skills. Foreign Foreign trade trade accounts accounts for for asas the the research research and and financial financial headquart headquartersers of of the the region, region, using using Songdo Songdo as as a a base base of of operations. operations. europeeurope

northnorth americaamerica

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beijingbeijing

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southsouth americaamerica

honghong kong kong internationalinternational airportairport

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projectedprojected growth growth in in asia, asia, trade trade volume volume 19701970 2000 2000 2030 2030 growthgrowth of of airports airports in in asia asia completedcompleted projected projected

1010 globalglobal hubhub 1111 TheThe growth growth transformation transformation of of Asian Asian trade trade is is perhaps perhaps the the most most significant significant change change in in the the global global order order of of our our time. time. aa collection collection of of fortress fortress nations nations to to a a network network of of interconnected interconnected gateway gateway hubs. hubs. The The capacity capacity of of airports airports in in these these hub hub InIn a a period period of of 30 30 years, years, as as political political enmities enmities have have eroded eroded and and barriers barriers have have fallen, fallen, countries countries which which were were isolated isolated citiescities has has on on average average doubled doubled over over a a period period of of ten ten years. years. A A country’s country’s ability ability to to prosper prosper is is greatly greatly dependent dependent on on its its withinwithin blocks blocks are are now now part part of of a a region region which which trades trades freely. freely. Direct Direct trade trade between between China China and and Korea, Korea, which which did did not not successsuccess in in creating creating these these gateways, gateways, welcoming welcoming foreign foreign businessmen, businessmen, exchanging exchanging technicians, technicians, students, students, and and all all existexist as as recently recently as as 1980, 1980, now now accounts accounts for for more more than than ha halflf of of Ko Koreanrean trade. trade. Airline Airline routes routes between between Asian Asian capital capital mannermanner of of fortune fortune seekers. seekers. Infrastructure Infrastructure and and building building space space have have been been created created and and transformed transformed at at such such a a pace pace ccitiesities and and trade trade centers centers have have burgeoned. burgeoned. The The economic economic engine engine which which drives drives the the Asian Asian economy economy comes comes increasingly increasingly ththatat urban urban settings settings take take on on the the character character of of a a time-lapse time-lapse experiment. experiment. An An Asian Asian businessman businessman who who recently recently visited visited fromfrom intra-Asian intra-Asian investment. investment. Accordingly, Accordingly, newly newly minted minted mega-airports mega-airports and and the the free-enterprise free-enterprise urban urban districts districts NewNew York York for for the the second second time time remarked remarked that that the the world’s world’s financial financial capital capital seemed seemed uninteresting. uninteresting. “New “New York York is is havehave sprouted sprouted from from Singapore Singapore to to Shanghai, Shanghai, from from Beijing Beijing to to Kuala Kuala Lumpur. Lumpur. The The map map of of Asia Asia has has changed changed from from boring,”boring,” the the gentleman gentleman observed, observed, “it’s “it’s the the same same city city as as the the one one I Isaw saw last last year.” year.” incheon international airport hub location

12 island airport | edge city 1313 Since the early 1990’s, Korean government undertook a series of steps towards developing Korea’s potential as The second stage of construction scheduled to be completed in 2008 will increase airport capacity from 27 to 44 research, technology and finance center of the region, exploiting its strategic location in Northeast Asia, proximityproximity million passengers and would make Incheon International Airport one of the largest in the region. The new airport ttoo ChinChina,a, and the relative stability and transparency of its legal system. The first major step was construction of is literally an island, the last stepping stone in the often multi-stage voyage to Seoul. Practically and symbolically, Incheon International Airport on reclaimed land off thethe Incheon coast, 25 milmileses west of Seoul. Construction took Songdo is half mainland, half island, reflecting its role as a half-way zone between global and national actors and eight years to complete, resulting in an internationally recognized modern airport at a cost of over $5 billion. influences. The bridge that will connect it to the airport makes it a gateway, a conduit, and a mixing chamber. patchwork of global and local (jogakbo – traditional korean quilt) international concessions of 1920s shanghai

14 free trade city 15 History is rich with examples of free trade cities. The Greeks had Delos, the northern Europeans had Lübeck, will be indigenous. Traffic patterns, favoring broad mega-lane avenues, discouraging one-way traffic, and Hamburg and Danzig, and modern China traded through Hong Kong, Dalian, Tianjin, Shanghai and other coastal excluding rotaries will follow the local norm. Residential building types derive from the Korean penchant for high- concession cities. In one sense, each became a home to international cultures and influences, yet they also rise living. The strategies of urban design, on the other hand, have deliberately derived from reinterpretations of developed distinctive local patterns of life, architectural flavor, and identities linked to their specific locations. European, American and Asian cities, adapting them for the Korean context. For example, the street edge / house Songdo is being created for much the same purpose: as a hub for north-eastern Asian commerce. It acts literally (global) is used as a frame for the high-rise (local). Conversely, in some cases, local Korean paradigms, such as small as a link between airport and mainland. It will operate under tax and trade laws which encourage foreign scale urban village retail, have been reinterpreted for insertion into a broader cultural context. Thus, Songdo is a participation. It can be seen as part of a sphere of international travel and commerce. Major schools will teach hybrid city – a transitional zone which acts as a connector, mixer, and filter between one nation and all that lies in English. At the same time, the majority of long term population will be Korean. The landscape in the parks beyond its borders. 11

14001400 fortressfortress 19001900 earlyearly city city 19601960 metropolismetropolis 20102010 megalopolismegalopolis

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ilsanilsan hh hh hh aann aann aann r r r r r r iviv iviv iviv erer erer erer

seoulseoul seoulseoul

bucheonbucheon kangnamkangnam incheonincheon incheonincheon

sungnamsungnam anyanganyang songdosongdo yellowyellow sea sea

suwonsuwon suwonsuwon

14001400 nucleusnucleus 19001900 containedcontained centercenter 19601960 expandedexpanded centercenter 20102010 multimulti centercenter

1616 growthgrowth ofof greatergreater seoulseoul 1717 SeoulSeoul was was founded founded in in 1394, 1394, late late in in Korean Korean history, history, as as the the stronghold stronghold of of the the Yi Yi dynasty, dynasty, on on the the north north bank bank of of Han Han MoreMore than than a a dozen dozen bridges bridges spanning spanning the the broad broad Han Han River, River, an an extensive extensive subway subway system system and and a a railroad railroad hub hub were were river.river. Its Its site site was was protected protected by by hills hills reinforced reinforced by by 11 11 mile mile long long walls walls connecting connecting the the ridges. ridges. The The original original fortress, fortress, constructed.constructed. New New apartment apartment blocks blocks were were built built along along the the banks banks of of the the Han Han and and on on the the suburban suburban fringes fringes of of the the rebuiltrebuilt several several times, times, served served to to contain contain city city growth growth until until the the early early 1900’s. 1900’s. The The city city was was popularly popularly called called Seoul Seoul in in city,city, for for the the most most part part composed composed of of monotonous monotonous rows rows of of concrete concrete multi-story multi-story apartment apartment houses. houses. Since Since the the 1970’s, 1970’s, KoreanKorean during during both both the the Yi Yi dynasty dynasty (1392-1910) (1392-1910) an andd the the perio periodd of of Japanese Japanese rule rule (1910-45). (1910-45). The The name name itself itself has has come come satellitesatellite cities cities south south of of Seoul Seoul (Songnam, (Songnam, Suwon, Suwon, Anyang, Anyang, and and Incheon) Incheon) ex expanded,panded, attracting attracting more more and and more more people people toto mean mean “capital” “capital” in in the the Korean Korean language. language. In In the the period period of of Japanese Japanese rule, rule, the the old old city city walls walls and and gates gates were were toto the the Seoul Seoul metropo metropolitanlitan area. area. Unlike Unlike the the suburbs suburbs of of 1960’s, 1960’s, these these cities cities are are not not merely merely sleeping sleeping quarters, quarters, but but removed.removed. The The city city expanded expanded along along a a rectangular rectangular pattern pattern of of new new paved paved roads roads with with western-style western-style buildings buildings and and havehave commercial, commercial, cultural cultural and and retail retail centers centers of of their their own. own. In In the the 1990’s, 1990’s, the the development development of of communication communication streetcars.streetcars. The The influx influx of of rural rural population population into into the the city city and and chronic chronic housing housing shortages shortages of of the the 1950’s 1950’s and and 60’s 60’s led led t oto technologytechnology further further boosted boosted development development of of satellite satellite cities, cities, establishing establishing the the multi-center multi-center / / edge edge city city structure structure thethe large-scale large-scale expansion expansion of of Seoul Seoul along along a a number number of of radiating radiating streets streets interconnected interconnected by by a a series series of of circular circular roads. roads. ofof greater greater Seoul. Seoul. Songdo Land Reclamation through 2004: $ US 1,000,000,000 3,000,000 man hours 3,000 acres 500,000,000 tons of sand

18 artificial land 1919 Originally, both open port and estuary were the focal points of urban growth for most hub cities. In Tokyo, alongalong the the west west coastline coastline have have been been reclaimed reclaimed from from ancient ancient times times mainly mainly for for rice rice fields. fields. Since Since the the 1970’s, 1970’s, large large reclamation that started in the 1950’s has been so extensive that the reclaimed lands now constitute one of the scalescale reclamation reclamation projects projects were were initiated initiated in in sites sites like like Saemangeum Saemangeum causing causing great great environmental environmental damage. damage. In In major centers of the city. Hong Kong’s limited land around Victoria Harbor is being continuously extended by IncheonIncheon 13,000 13,000 acres acres of of tidal tidal basin basin were were reclaimed reclaimed for for construction construction of of K Korea’sorea’s In Internationalternational Airpor Airport.t. T Tenen thousand thousand reclamation. Many major streets, especially those on the northern shore of Hong Kong Island, as well as the entire acresacres of of land land are are being being reclaimed reclaimed for for construction construction of of New New Songdo Songdo City. City. In In modern modern history, history, this this area area of of extreme extreme industrial district of Kwun Tong have been built on reclaimed land. The Shawmut Peninsula, on which Boston was tidaltidal fluctuation fluctuation gained gained significance significance as as the the place place where where General General MacArthur MacArthur carried carried out out the the allied allied landing. landing. War- War- settled, originally was almost completely surrounded by water. From the beginning of the settlement, the shoreline timetime tactics tactics are are succeeded succeeded by by the the strategies strategies of of free free trade. trade. constantly encroached on the harbor as wharves were built and marshy coves were filled. In Korea, tidal flats 20 organic unity and completeness 21 New Songdo City was defined at the outset as an urban center where the widest range of activities would take use of an advanced research hospital. The wide range of architectural typologies reflects this variety. Like the place. While as a hub city it reaches out to attract participants from abroad, it also aims at internal self-sufficiency. ocean liner, or the human body, Songdo is designed as an organic whole. Except for industry and agriculture, A resident or visitor will be able to live in a variety of settings, such as a garden apartment or a dense urban area. which are typically found outside of cities, it completes a picture of modern life. This stands in contrast to most He will be able to engage in all sorts of commerce, international and local; to attend a convention; to shop in newly built planned urban centers which are constructed for a more specific purpose (Pudong for commerce; department stores or stroll through markets; to educate his children in local public schools or in international Canary Wharf for financial services; Brasilia for government; La Defense for corporate business; Putra Jaya for curriculum academies; to visit a museum or an aquarium; to play golf, tennis or sail; to go to the theater, see technology; and countless others as bedroom communities). The variety of its use will allow Songdo to adapt an opera or a movie; to visit government offices; to stay in a variety of hotels, boutique or grand scale; to make over time to future economic and cultural influences and to harbor new uses which cannot be accurately predicted at the time of its creation. 22 planned heterogeneity 23 The order of any city can be measured in terms of two basic dimensions: space and time. Often varieties of spatial it of potential organic interest. For this reason, the plan of Songdo is marked by intentional changes of scale, order (narrow streets vs. wide boulevards; grid patterns vs. wandering paths) reflect the growth of a city over interruptions of geometry, and varieties of open space character. Heterogeneity, which normally occurs due to the different epochs. Medieval Paris had its narrow passages, Napoleon his broad boulevards. Like the rings of a tree, vagaries of a historical process, has been deliberately planned. This acts as an antidote to the character of sameness periods of prosperity are usually marked by extensive growth, while periods of difficulty normally leave a leaner that afflicts many overly planned developments (extreme cases are Levittown, and various instant edge cities of record, and wars can cause destruction or contraction. These marks of time reflect changes in society, culture Seoul such as Boon Dang) where the spatial formula is monotonous and the often surprising element of time has technology, and aesthetic sensibility. What happens when, as in the case of Songdo, a city is planned and built in been removed. a ten year period? The contraction of the dimension of time in the development of a city can be seen as depriving 24 the varied diet 25 The vitality of the urban condition arises from the variety of experiences that a city offers to its inhabitants. around the world. Its central zone will foster a festival of architectural invention. To a certain extent, as in the Just as the health of an individual person is strengthened by a broad gene pool, a varied diet of foods, and a plan of Manhattan, variety of the individual blocks will be fostered by a relatively repetitive street grid within a progression of thoughts, a city culture benefits from breadth of choice. Great cities open up to us like grand given zone. Thus, what appears in the masterplan block model as generic repetition within a neighborhood will bazaars. They are like vast dictionaries, each street like a page of words with different meanings, sounds and eventually give rise to a multiplicity of materials and forms. Whether the palette of materials will tend towards a origins. The plan of Songdo incorporates varied scales of streets, multiple tree types, building densities, zoning consistent ensemble, as in the limestone of Paris, the brick of Chelsea, or the clapboard of San Francisco; or towards uses, and open space configurations. The architecture of the city will come from innovative designers from melange found in many other cities, remains to be seen. This aspect of New Songdo City will be left to chance. utopic models atopic songdo

26 utopia vs. atopia 27 Many planned cities from past centuries have incorporated some element of utopian ideal. This has been done space and the presence of water can transform urban living, have been incorporated within this patchwork. In explicitly as in the case of New Harmony, Indiana, or more indirectly as in the case of Xian, the ancient capital addition to this emphasis on nature, New Songdo City places special emphasis on education with international of China. These cities embodied an ideal of how man could live on earth, or even reflected a vision of the order of secondary schools forming the nucleus of the two major neighborhoods. Cultural institutions for the performing heaven. Of course, as these plans became cities and were lived in over time, ideals of perfection quickly transformed arts, fine art, and the study of marine biology punctuate the main park route linking the water’s edge with the into settings for everyday life. As is clear from its plan, New Songdo City has no overriding rigid geometry and convention center. The central placement of educational and artistic institutions in the Songdo plan reflects the makes no attempt to refer to a perfect order. It is more a patchwork of pieces derived from cities which we know Confucian values of Korean society and the desire to strengthen cultural ties to other nations as part of the Free to have provided successful living environments. Many ideals, such as the hope that the natural benefits of green Economy Zone agenda. taebaektaebaek mountains mountains easteast sea sea yellowyellow sea sea tidaltidal flatlands flatlands seoulseoul

28 the korean landscape 29 Seventy percent of the Korean Peninsula is mountainous, etched with small valleys and surrounded by narrow coastal plains.

The Taebaek Mountains run in roughly a north-south direction along the eastern coastline. The shallow Yellow Sea and the east sea complex western coastline results in one of the highest tidal ranges in the world along the west coast of Korea. Tidal range pacific ocean is the highest at Incheon, about 33 feet at its maximum. A large scale littoral zone was developed due to the big range of tide, as sediments were piled up from the land and the sea and created an immense tidal flat. These muddy expanses, yellow sea while not presenting a picture post-card coastal view, have a deep allure for the Korean people. Traditions of clamming and meandering along broad stretches of beach, which exist half of the time under water, are the regular rituals of local family life. New Songdo City will preserve this character in the 50% of its shore length facing the sea. The other half, consisting of locked inlet, will be dredged to accommodate a marina and boat traffic that has access to nearby shipping lanes. manhattan skyline mountain ranges of korea

30 manmade landscape 3131 Unlike European cities, traditional Chinese and Korean cities maintained relatively horizontal skylines. WitWithh the and rocks as a vehicle for illustrating emotions. Songdo brings together a Korean skyline of hills and rrareare exceptions of bell towers and gates, houses, temples and palaces were one or two story structures. The skyline mountaintops and the dynamically profiled manmade landscape of a modern high-rise city. The skyline of of Seoul through the 1900’s was dominated by the surrounding hills, an essential part of Korean landscape. Korean residential districts gradually steps up towards the center with the distribution of elements accentuating gardens, (the back garden of Changdeok palace in SeoulSeoul is one of the finest exampexamples),les), made use of hill sites with hheighteight limited to Park Avenue. Gradually increasing allowable height and floor areaarea ratios result in softer paths, water basins, gates and pavilions positionedpositioned in a carefully calculated relationship with the topography of the ooutlinesutlines than those of downtown Seoul, Shanghai or Hong Kong, where high-rise buildings are distributed hill. Fascination with mountainous landscape is evident in Korean landscape painting that uses mountains, hills, over a much larger area. 32 pedestrian city = graduated density 33 The hearts of the world’s great cities are typically pedestrian friendly places where locals and visitors alike come In broad terms, cities with dense cores can be referred to as ‘Market’ or ‘Hub’ cities. These cities also cater to to take advantage of a wide variety of activities. The success of commercial neighborhoods like Ginza in Tokyo, residential units directly on top of or adjacent to commercial areas along with good mass-transit and an interesting Covent Garden in London, and New York’s Soho district lie in relatively small scales that encourage walking from mix of shopping, dining and cultural attractions, and more practical requirements of city life (police departments, place to place, as well as proximity to dense residential districts and good mass transit. In stark contrast to these schools, hospitals, etc). Garden cities, like Savannah, Georgia, or London’s leafy residential squares, are also places lively and popular places, cities like Los Angeles, Bangkok and Houston require lengthy car trips to move between designed for pedestrians. But they lack the density and the diverse range of uses that contribute to the hub’s hustle residential, commercial and retail districts and lack the density to produce the kinds of concentrated hives where and bustle. Garden cities are quieter and greener that the ‘hub’ or ‘market’ city and are typically mostly residential. people want to be. aerial view of songdo city

34 zoning ‘tent’ 35 New Songdo City, as a trade hub, is envisioned as having an exciting, bustling core. It will be a place to which people will be drawn and one where they will enjoy spending time. The heart of New Songdo City, comprising manhattan skyline Central Park and the commercial and residential districts adjacent to it, has been designed to be a lively pedestrian district in the spirit of great ‘hub’ cities around the world. Our experience has taught us that an active center needs to be zoned with a Floor Area Ratio (FAR) of at least 2.5. An FAR of 2.5 or higher will ensure the levels of population density that can lead to a successful pedestrian environment. When density falls below this level, a place becomes an ‘automobile’ city and loses the vitality that is crucial to the life of a ‘market’ or ‘hub’ city. songdo city skyline sectionsection through through commercial commercial and and mixed-use mixed-use zones zones

floor area ratio far 0 > 2 far 2 > 4 far 4 > 6 far 6 > 8 sectionsection through through residential residential zones zones far 8 > 10

sectionsection along along park park avenue avenue

3636 37 ForFor this this reason reason the the density density of of New New Songdo Songdo City City forms forms a a tent-like tent-like diagram diagram with with maximum maximum height height and and density density at at the the would be allowed under typical Korean zoning. By breaking out of the rigid imposition of one average FAR (2.5) for centercenter (along (along the the park), park), tapering tapering off off to to much much lower lower densities densities at at the the edges. edges. As As a a ‘market’ ‘market’ city city at at the the center center and and a a the entire site, the ‘tent’ allows both a bustling ‘market’ city core and pleasant ‘garden’ city neighborhoods on the ‘garden’‘garden’ city city at at the the edges, edges, the the design design uses uses an an FAR FAR of of 4.0 4.0 along along Central Central Park, Park, gradually gradually stepping stepping down down to to an an FAR FAR of of 1.0 1.0 edge, avoiding the monotony that plagues much recent development. By combining the best of the dense ‘market’ atat the the edge edge of of the the site. site. The The high high FAR FAR used used in in the the design design of of the the resident residentialial and and commerc commercialial areas areas adjacent adjacent to to Central Central city and the bucolic ‘garden’ city, New Songdo City will offer a much wider variety of residential and commercial Park,Park, as as well well as as the the taller taller buildings buildings in in those those districts, districts, violates violates typical typical Korean Korean zoning zoning for for those those parcels. parcels. When When the the options than is supplied by conventional development. Finally, the ‘tent’ diagram results in a memorable skyline neighborhoodneighborhood is is taken taken as as a a whole, whole, however, however, the the variable variable FARs FARs and and building building heights heights average average out out to to less less than than what what which will eventually give New Songdo City a pronounced and recognizable visual identity. km km 4 4 4 4 miles miles 2.5 2.5 2222 2.5 2.5 33 33 22 22 11 11 11 11 00 00 00 00

conferenceconference center center area area centralcentral retail retail loop loop northnorth residential residential area area commercialcommercial area area

pedestrianpedestrian zonezone extendedextended pedestrianpedestrian zonezone locallocal transporttransport zonezone

3838 pedestrianpedestrian thresholdsthresholds 3939 AA pedestrian pedestrian threshold threshold refers refers to to the the extent extent of of a a zone zone within within which which one one would would walk walk or or take take public public transport transport rather rather ComplementingComplementing these these accessible accessible pedestrian pedestrian zones zones is is the the overall overall coherence coherence of of the the city city form. form. Rather Rather than than a a sprawl, sprawl, thanthan drive. drive. Diagrams Diagrams above above map map three three scales scales of of pedestrian pedestrian territories: territories: (a) (a) pedestrian pedestrian zone zone – – an an area area within within a a short short whichwhich increases increases the the chances chances that that an an individual's individual's daily daily activities activities will will require require long long distance distance trips trips by by car, car, New New Songdo Songdo walkwalk of of less less than than 5 5 minutes; minutes; (b) (b) extended extended pedestrian pedestrian scale scale – – an an area area within within a a long long walk walk or or a a short short bicycle bicycle ride; ride; CityCity leans leans in in the the direction direction of of geographical geographical compactness, compactness, coherence coherence of of experience experience and and minimal minimal use use of of the the car. car. (c)(c) local local transportation transportation area area – – a a part part of of town town where where o onene wo woulduld tend tend to to use use public public transport. transport. The The diagrams diagrams above above shoshoww four four scenarios: scenarios: (1) (1) attending attending a a convention; convention; (2) (2) shopping shopping in in downtown downtown Songdo; Songdo; (3) (3) living living north north of of the the park; park; and and (4)(4) working working on on Park Park Avenue. Avenue. beijing: shanghai: vienna: paris: london: new songdo city: nucleus dual lobe radial sector radial network heterogeneous synergy 01 forbidden city 01 old shanghai 01 old city 01 boulevard haussmann 01 westminister 01 residential

02 the second ring road 02 new shanghai 02 fortifications | ringstrasse 02 avenue des champs-elysées 02 southwark 02 commercial

03 the third ring road 03 huangpu river 03 avenue victor hugo 03 soho 03 retail

04 park

40 models of urban centrality 41 Urban order rarely adheres to a single paradigm. Most large cities contain planned and incrementally developed areas of historic fabric were destroyed. Among the most recent buildings on the North / South axis is Beijing Olympic sections reflecting heterogeneous economic, political and social conditions. The purpose of these diagrams is Stadium designed by Herzog and De Meuron. Dual lobe: Shanghai is divided by Huangpu river into two halves: the not to reduce the complexity of Beijing, Vienna or London to abstract formulas, but rather to discern and distill old city on the west bank and the new center in Pudong on the east bank of the river. Until the 1980’s Pudong was distinct models of urban growth. These models are subsequently reinterpreted to inform the planning of Songdo. an industrial suburb, notorious as the city’s most extensive slum, and after 1949 housing worker’s agricultural Nucleus: Beijing was built according to Chinese geomantic practices in a sequence of concentric squares around communities. The district was transformed in less than a decade to become the business center of China, attracting the nucleus of the Forbidden City. Over the last eight centuries continuous care was taken to preserve and reinforce millions of people to the city. Radial sector: The radial plan of Vienna outer city follows the renaissance logic of internal coherence of this plan. All the city walls, important gates, main avenues and streets, religious buildings, defense. Up the second Turkish siege in 1683, Vienna was a permanently embattled border city. Fortifications with and shopping markets were systematically arranged in relation to the central axis, drawn in North / South direction the glacis surrounding the old city were by far the most dominant part of the urban landscape. The radial pattern of through the center of theForbidden City. The plan survived even the drive to modernize the city after 1949, when 0101 0202

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nucleusnucleus dualdual lobelobe radialradial sectorsector radialradial networknetwork heterogeneousheterogeneous citycity ofof synergysynergy 0101 northnorth side side 0101 citycity hall hall

0202 southsouth side side 0202 culturalcultural center center

0303 waterfrontwaterfront north north 0101 parkpark avenue avenue 0303 triangletriangle plaza plaza

0404 waterfrontwaterfront south south 0202 northnorth canal canal street street 0404 songdosongdo tower tower 0101 commercialcommercial | |residential residential

0101 northnorth side side 0505 commercialcommercial districts districts 0303 southsouth canal canal street street 0505 schoolschool 0202 residentialresidential | |mixed mixed use use

0101 citycity hall hall square square 0202 southsouth side side 0606 centralcentral park park 0404 centralcentral canal canal 0606 subwaysubway station station 0303 commercialcommercial | |park park

4242 4343 streetsstreets extended extended from from the the fortifications fortifications forming forming Vienna Vienna districts districts II-IX II-IX established established during during 16-17c. 16-17c. Radial Radial network: network: queensqueens lacked lacked the the power power of of their their European European counterparts counterparts for for implementation implementation of of city city scale scale urban urban schemes. schemes. Most Most MonumentalMonumental vistas vistas and and fanning fanning out out radial radial paths paths of of Classical Classical French French Park Park became became the the paradigm paradigm for for the the streets streets of of ofof the the planning planning of of London London between between the the fire fire of of 1666 1666 and and through through 19c 19c was was local, local, with with different different areas areas planned planned and and ParisParis named named the the Tuileries Tuileries Gardens Gardens and and Champs-Elysées, Champs-Elysées, and and planned planned in in 1637 1637 by by André André Le Le Nôtre. Nôtre. More More than than two two carriedcarried out out as as separate separate projects projects by by Great Great Estates, Estates, land land ownership ownership corporations. corporations. London London had had been been planned planned not not as as a a centuriescenturies later, later, the the spatial spatial principles principles of of Versailles Versailles were were applie appliedd aga againin in in an an enormous enormous program program of of public public works works citycity but but as as a a number number of of residential residential villages: villages: Chelsea, Chelsea, Notting Notting Hil Hill,l, Bayswater, Bayswater, Knightsbridge, Knightsbridge, Belgravia, Belgravia, Bloomsbury. Bloomsbury. commissicommissionedoned by by Napoleon Napoleon III. III. Wide, Wide, straight, straight, tree-lined tree-lined boulevards boulevards were were cut cut through through the the dense dense masses masses of of small small InIn the the New New Songdo Songdo City City these these diagrams diagrams were were used used concurrently concurrently to to map map relations relations between between key key elements elements of of the the city: city: streetsstreets of of Paris Paris connecting connecting the the train train terminals terminals and and public public buildings. buildings. Over Over one one third third of of the the houses houses were were fully fully or or ggoovernmentvernment buildings, buildings, parks, parks, schools schools and and cultural cultural institutions. institutions. Work, Work, live live and and play play functions functions overlap overlap to to create create partiallypartially demolished demolished to to make make room room for for construction construction of of boulevards. boulevards. Heterogeneous Heterogeneous net: net: Early Early English English kings kings and and synergisticsynergistic environment environment open open to to multiple multiple uses. uses. km km 4 4 4 4 miles miles 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 22 22 33 33 22 22 11 11 11 11 00 00 00 00

0101 sydney sydney 0303 venice venice 0505 savannah savannah

0707 new new york york city city

0202 chicago chicago 0606 paris paris 0404 philadelphia philadelphia 0808 london london

4444 urbanurban archetypearchetype overlayoverlay 4545 AsAs is is true true of of individual individual buildings, buildings, no no city city is is completely completely free free of of association association with with precedents. precedents. Recalling Recalling some some space space or or pattern pattern Notes:Notes: 01 01 Sydney Sydney Opera Opera 02 02 Michigan Michigan Avenue Avenue Bridge. Bridge. Construction Construction of of Michigan Michigan Avenue Avenue Bridge Bridge in in 1920, 1920, initiated initiated a a fromfrom an an older older city city never never amounts amounts to to a a replication, replication, as as physical physical and and social social conditions, conditions, like like the the weather, weather, are are too too complex complex to to buildingbuilding boom boom on on the the North North side side of of Chicago Chicago River. River. North North Michigan Michigan Avenue Avenue contains contains buildings buildings emblematic emblematic of of Chicago Chicago predictpredict or or repeat. repeat. However, However, the the genealogy genealogy of of cities cities is is a a powerful powerful force force in in shaping shaping their their identity. identity. In In the the case case of of one one feature feature of of architecture:architecture: Wrigley Wrigley Building, Building, the the Chicago Chicago Tribune, Tribune, Hancock Hancock Center. Center. 03 03 Venice Venice Grand Grand Canal. Canal. 04 04 An An ideal ideal plan plan of of a a thethe linear linear gathe gatheriringng space, space, the the stoa stoa of of Athens Athens begat begat the the forum forum of of Rome Rome which which begat begat the the boulevards boulevards of of Paris Paris which which begat begat the the griddedgridded city city with with a a hierarchy hierarchy of of central central and and subsidiary subsidiary squares squares draw drawnn by by Cataneo Cataneo and and Scamozzi Scamozzi was was applied applied to to aavenuesvenues of of Washington, Washington, and and so so on… on… In In some some historical historical cases, cases, these these associations associations are are like like quotations quotations intended intended to to reinvoke reinvoke a a seseveralveral real real towns, towns, among among them them Penn’s Penn’s Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Four Four squares squares (Logan, (Logan, Franklin, Franklin, Washington, Washington, and and Rittenhouse) Rittenhouse) historicalhistorical or or cultural cultural pedigree. pedigree. In In the the case case of of Songdo, Songdo, precedents precedents are are used used as as measuring measuring sticks sticks to to help help to to gauge gauge the the crucial crucial werewere designated designated as as public public parks parks surrounded surrounded by by residential residential districts. districts. 05 05 Original Original plan plan of of Savannah Savannah is is a a grid grid of of six six aspectsaspects of of scale, scale, proportion, proportion, configuration, configuration, and and densit density.y. Occasionally, Occasionally, there there are are lessons lessons learned learned that that can can be be loosely loosely applied. applied. equalequal size size wards, wards, each each built built around around a a public public square square planted planted with with trees. trees. The The east east and and west west side side of of the the square square was was TheThe diagr diagramsams above above help help us us to to make make partial partial predictions predictions about about the the effective effective character character of of master master plan plan design design elements. elements. reservedreserved for for public public bu buildings,ildings, north north and and east east divided divided into into lots lots of of 2-3 2-3 story story houses. houses. Through Through 1900’s 1900’s Savannah Savannah expandedexpanded accor accordingding to to this this model model as as a a low low density, density, garden garden community. community. 06 06 Paris. Paris. 07 07 NYC NYC Central Central Park. Park. 08 08 London. London. plan of rome by w. b. clarke, 1830

46 building typologies 47 Independent of any specific architectural design, individual building elements can exert a powerful influence on park sequence that connects the water to the base of the central park provides a binding spatial framework for: urban order. As Le Corbusier postulated about Rome, cities are made up of repetitive textures of ordinary fabric, the cultural center (opera, theater, music); the city government center; the central government Free Economy Zone punctuated by a smasmallll number of key buildings which occupy special positions in the urban plan and accommo- commission; the museum; the aquarium; the signalsignal commercicommercialal tower; and the convention center. The schools dadatete important civic institutional functions. These key buildingsbuildings are normanormallylly afforded the site area to express and the hospihospitaltal also fall into this category of significant typologiestypologies and are positioned on sites within the city themselves as memorable objects, accessible to identification and use. In New Songdo City, the open space and plan wwhichhich will allow them to be seen in the round as distinct elements. thth 6666

thth 5757

main street centralcentral park park 9th9th

8th8th thth 6666 avenue 7th7th

6th6th

compositecomposite

thth 5757

centralcentral park park 9th9th centralcentral park park 8th8th

garden street 7th7th

6th6th

avenuesavenues

mainmain streets streets street

centralcentral park park

main street

streetsstreets

4848 citycity graingrain 2323 TheThe contrast contrast of of scale scale and and character character between between New New York York City City avenues avenues and and streets streets is is an an extremely extremely effective effective orientationorientation device, device, creating creating a a clear clear sense sense of of direction direction at at any any point point in in the the city. city. Avenues Avenues lined lined with with multistory multistory buildingsbuildings filter filter most most of of the the traffic. traffic. Streets Streets have have relatively relatively little little through through traffic, traffic, and and in in neighborhoods neighborhoods as as the the Upper Upper WestWest side, side, are are lined lined with with brownstone brownstone townhouses. townhouses. The The sequen sequencece of of resident residentialial streets streets is is in interruptedterrupted by by wider wider mainmain streets streets (66th, (66th, 72nd, 72nd, 79th, 79th, 86th 86th etc). etc). The The fabric fabric of of Songdo’s Songdo’s residential residential district district is is based based on on this this model. model. Avenues Avenues leadlead south south to to Central Central park; park; smaller smaller scale scale streets streets run run in in east-west east-west direction direction and and lead lead to to canal canal streets. streets. Avenue Avenue and and streetstreet identities identities are are created created by by distinct distinct landscaping landscaping and and street street sections, sections, promoting promoting orientation orientation and and sense sense of of dirdirectioection.n. ++ + + = = ++ + + = =

centralcentral park park canal canal north north & & south south city city canals canals residentialresidential parks parks fountains fountains commercialcommercial nodes nodes centralcentral commercial commercial low low density density commercial commercial waterfrontwaterfront andand canalscanals commercialcommercial areaarea

++ + + = = ++ + + = =

waterfrontwaterfront & & central central park park residential residential streets streets residentialresidential parks parks centralcentral retail retail north north & & south south retail retail streets streets neighborhood neighborhood retail retail openopen greengreen spacespace retailretail areaarea 0707

1111 0808 operaopera house house

0303

0606 0909

0808 0202 1010 0909 citycity hall hall

0707 highhigh tide tide 0606 meanmean tide tide lowlow tide tide

0303

0505

1010 museummuseum

0101 0404

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1111 canalcanal street street 0101 seasea water water intake intake

0202 pumps:pumps: water water is is raised raised to to canal canal level level

0303 windwind turbines turbines generate generate power power for for pumps pumps

0404 seawaterseawater pipe pipe

0505 canalcanal water water source source point point

0606 northnorth and and south south canals canals

0707 waterwater discharge discharge point point

5252 seawaterseawater canalscanals 5353 CentralCentral Park Park Canal Canal links links most most of of the the city city public public buildings buildings and and landmarks. landmarks. It It originates originates at at the the Songdo Songdo Tower Tower and and thethe lagoon lagoon formed formed by by the the interaction interaction of of Adriatic Adriatic tidal tidal currents currents and and the the waters waters of of several several alpine alpine rivers. rivers. In In Saint Saint ConventionConvention Center, Center, leads leads through through the the park park to to the the Aquarium, Aquarium, Museum, Museum, City City Hall, Hall, Park Park Avenue Avenue Bridge Bridge and and Cultural Cultural Petersburg,Petersburg, built built on on very very low low and and originally originally marshy marshy site site in in the the delta delta of of Neva, Neva, the the process process of of consolidation consolidation of of land land Center,Center, and and ends ends at at the the point point where where the the canal canal meets meets the the sea sea with with the the promontory promontory reaching reaching into into the the water water to to mark mark the the andand construction construction of of canals canals became became the the process process of of defining defining the the character character and and geography geography of of the the city. city. Songdo Songdo canals canals historicalhistorical point point of of the the Incheon Incheon Landing. Landing. The The North-South North-South c canalanal forms forms an an extensive extensive pedestrian pedestrian promenade promenade sequence, sequence, willwill not not only only become become the the focus focus of of urban urban life, life, but but will will also also give give the the c cityity a a unique unique character character and and charm, charm, introducing introducing leadingleading from from the the dense dense activity activity of of the the city city center center to to the the quieter quieter neighborhoods. neighborhoods. Like Like canals canals of of Bruges Bruges and and Amsterdam, Amsterdam, tone,tone, light light and and sea sea flavor flavor into into the the city. city. The The New New Songdo Songdo City City canals canals will will play play multiple multiple functions functions ranging ranging from from public public thethe north-south north-south canal canal is is infused infused with with life life and and activity activity by by a a selection selection of of shops, shops, boutique boutique stores, stores, open open markets, markets, galleries, galleries, transportationtransportation (water (water taxis) taxis) to to providing providing water water for for cooling cooling systems. systems. Sea Sea water water will will be be pumped pumped using using power power restarestaurants,urants, cafes, cafes, and and residences residences that that line line both both sides sides of of the the waterway. waterway. The The inspiration inspiration for for introduci introducingng sea sea wat waterer generatedgenerated by by wind wind turbines turbines and and moved moved by by gravity gravity through through the the system system of of canals. canals. This This water water displacement displacement is is an an cancanalsals into into the the city city center center comes comes from from the the history history of of the the site: site: reclaimed reclaimed tidal tidal flats flats created created by by one one of of the the highest highest tidal tidal ideaideal lap applicationplication for for wind wind power, power, as as it it does does not not require require any any form form of of energy energy storage. storage. Variable Variable wind wind patterns patterns lead lead to to rangesranges in in the the world. world. The The present present urban urban geography geography of of Venice Venice took took shape shape in in the the 7th 7th century century in in the the process process of of reshaping reshaping vvariableariable water water replacement, replacement, which which is is acceptable acceptable for for the the canal canal system, system, as as it it averages averages out out to to one one change change every every two two days. days. 0404

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54 central park architecture 5555 Songdo City Central Park is a great public room comparable in scale with Boston Commons or London Hyde Park. centralcentral park park architecture: architecture: 0606 museummuseum 1212 centralcentral park park canal canal It is an urban park dense with activity: outdoor concerts, exhibitions, sports and recreation. Like New York City’s 0101 incheonincheon landing landing memorial memorial 0707 sculpturesculpture garden garden 1313 thethe great great lawn lawn Central Park, Songdo Park stands in sharp contrast with the city as the rectangular pattern of streets gives way to 0202 culturalcultural center center 0808 aquariumaquarium 1414 outdooroutdoor theater theater dynamic space, open vistas and winding paths. Architecture of the park (museum, aquarium, city hall) is that of 0303 parkpark avenue avenue bridge bridge 0909 storesstores at at park park edge edge 1515 mountainmountain objects and lines on the green, like the NYC Zoo, Tavern on the Green, or Chicago Shedd Aquarium. In drawing the 0404 governmentgovernment center center 1010 conventionconvention center center 1616 teahouseteahouse historical contrast between the French and English park, Songdo Central Park clearly falls into the latter category, 0505 citycity hall hall plaza plaza 1111 songdosongdo tower tower 1717 botanicalbotanical garden garden with pockets of space leading to varied activity zones. Eventually, this great space becomes a catalogue of all kinds of leisure activities, public and private. In the phasing of such a new city, the park naturally provides a coherent center piece, even as the more chaotic activities of construction around it progress. centralcentral retail retail 0101

0303

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0202 retailretail loop loop 0202

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canalcanal streets streets 0303 0303

0404 locallocal retail retail 0404

5656 retailretail streetsstreets 5757 TheThe variety variety of of Songdo Songdo retail retail settings settings reflect reflect the the patchwork patchwork of of local local and and global global influences, influences, ranging ranging from from bustling bustling toto public public buildings, buildings, high-end high-end residences residences and and hotels. hotels. North-South North-South canal canal streets streets branch branch out out from from the the central central loop, loop, ParkPark Avenue Avenue to to relaxed relaxed pedestrian pedestrian promenades promenades along along north-south north-south canals canals and and corner corner cafes cafes on on small small residential residential leadingleading into into residential residential areas. areas. The The financially financially successful successful urban urban renewal renewal project project in in San San Antonio, Antonio, Texas Texas inspired inspired the the streets.streets. The The focal focal point point of of activity activity is is Park Park Avenue Avenue between between the the City City Hall Hall and and Convention Convention Center Center subway subway stations, stations, developmentdevelopment of of the the canal canal streets. streets. A A water water taxi taxi system system links links canal canal streets streets to to the the city city through through landing landing points points that that incorporatingincorporating complex complex mixed mixed use use programs programs such such as as retail, retail, enterta entertainmentinment, ,and and interactive interactive advertisement advertisement techno- techno- becomebecome the the centers centers for for urban urban activity. activity. On On the the east east si sidede of of the the cana canal,l, markets markets similar similar to to Quincy Quincy Market’s Market’s Faneuil Faneuil logies.logies. Immediately Immediately outside outside Park Park Avenue, Avenue, retail retail streets streets of of contrasting contrasting scale scale and and character character are are joined joined together together to to HallHall in in Boston Boston create create a a continuous continuous indoor indoor shopping shopping path. path. On On the the west west side, side, walks walks with with green green gardens gardens and and outdoor outdoor formform a a loosely loosely defined defined loop loop around around the the central central park. park. It It consists consists of of a a dense, dense, low low rise rise district district south south of of Park Park Avenue Avenue diningdining spaces spaces provide provide a a promenade promenade sequence sequence that that enlivens enlivens the the water’s water’s edge. edge. Together, Together, the the two two sides sides complete complete a a inspiredinspired by by London’s London’s Soho, Soho, a a linear linear pedestrian pedestrian plaza plaza in in front front of of the the Convention Convention Center, Center, and and streets streets passing passing through through synergisticsynergistic canal canal environment environment that that is is always always in in use. use. Local Local retail retail streets streets lined lined with with small small scale scale food food markets, markets, thethe hig highh rise rise residential residential area area north north of of the the park. park. Retail Retail streets streets lie lie within within one one block block of of the the park, park, leaving leaving the the park park front front bakebakeriries,es, and and cafés cafés are are located located within within a a short short walking walking distance distance of of every every home home or or office. office. corporate | commercial commercial | technology

park avenue

commercial | technology

corporate | commercial

corporate | governmental 5858 officeoffice districtsdistricts ParkPark Avenue, Avenue, the the main main commercial commercial artery artery of of Songdo, Songdo, cuts cuts diagonally diagonally through through the the city city grid. grid. It It lies lies on on the the continuationcontinuation of of highway highway leading leading from from Incheon Incheon International International Airport. Airport. Its Its role role in in the the city city is is that that of of NYC NYC Park Park Avenue, Avenue, ChicagoChicago Michigan Michigan Avenue, Avenue, or or San San Francisco Francisco Market Market Street. Street. Lined Lined with with high-rise high-rise towers towers and and headquarters headquarters of of inter- inter- nationalnational companies, companies, Park Park Avenue Avenue forms forms the the distinct distinct skyline skyline of of New New Songdo Songdo City. City. Like Like Unter Unter den den Linden Linden in in Berlin, Berlin, or or CChhamps-Elyséesamps-Elysées in in Paris, Paris, Songdo Songdo Park Park Avenue Avenue is is a a boulevard boulevard lined lined with with trees. trees. Pocket Pocket parks parks interrupt interrupt the the street street wall wall atat mid-block, mid-block, leading leading through through building building atriums atriums to to smaller smaller commercial commercial streets streets on on both both sides sides of of the the avenue. avenue. To To the the northeast,northeast, a a second second office office district district is is established established in in a a lower lower density density zone. zone. Partly Partly due due to to its its proximity proximity to to the the hos hospitpital,al, thisthis area area is is l essless suitable suitable to to financial financial services services and and conventional conventional commerce, commerce, and and more more to to research research and and development development relatedrelated to to technology. technology. Buildings Buildings are are balanced balanced by by a a pattern pattern of of small small parks parks which which evoke evoke campus campus settings. settings. citycity blockblock locallocal storesstores low-riselow-rise perimeterperimeter inner-blockinner-block parksparks towerstowers schoolschool parkpark

6060 residentialresidential fabricfabric 6161 Superblocks,Superblocks, usually usually larger larger than than 120 120 x x 180m 180m or or 400 400 x x 600 600 feet, feet, are are the the basic basic unit unit of of planning planning in in Seoul Seoul residential residential areas. areas. AA typical typical New New Songdo Songdo City City block block includes includes a a low-rise low-rise perimeter perimeter of of five five story story housing housing along along the the avenues, avenues, and and three three FollowingFollowing setback setback regulations, regulations, tall tall buildings buildings are are sited sited in in the the middle middle of of the the superblock, superblock, leaving leaving periphery periphery as as open open green green storystory high high townhouses townhouses with with front front gardens gardens along along the the streets streets organized organized around around a a common common courtyard courtyard planted planted with with space.space. Recent Recent projects projects that that follow follow this this pattern pattern are are Samsung Samsung Tower Tower Palace Palace I, I, Tower Tower Palace Palace III, III, and and Yeoeuido Yeoeuido Daewoo Daewoo trees.trees. Perimeter Perimeter buildings buildings define define the the street street edge, edge, their their heights, heights, rhythm rhythm of of entrances entrances and and gardens gardens forming forming distinct distinct TrumpTrump World. World. Lower Lower buildings, buildings, such such as as 12 12 story story high high slabs slabs and and 5 5 story story rowh rowhouses,ouses, are are placed placed closer closer to to the the property property line, line, profilesprofiles of of streets streets and and avenues. avenues. Linear Linear parks parks cut cut through through the the blo blockck forming forming an an alternative alternative pedestrian pedestrian route route similar similar allowingallowing developers developers to to cluster cluster more more buildings buildings towards towards the the middle middle of of the the site. site. Until Until recently, recently, townhouses townhouses and and 5 5 to to 7 7 story story toto inner inner bl blockock passages passages in in Berlin Berlin IBA IBA area. area. Perimeter Perimeter buildings buildings are are punctured punctured by by openings, openings, or or ‘urban ‘urban windows,’ windows ,’ buildingsbuildings were were considered considered difficult difficult to to market market and and were were rarely rarely built. built. Today Today this this tendency tendency is is starting starting to to change, change, and and larger larger linkinglinking the the courtyard courtyard space space to to the the street, street, following following Korean Korean tradition tradition of of continuity continuity between between the the interior interior of of the the house, house, varietiesvarieties of of housing housing types types are are being being built, built, such such as as loft loft housing housing in in ce centralntral Apkujong-dong Apkujong-dong district. district. In In Songdo, Songdo, 3 3 to to 7 7 story story thethe courtyard courtyard and and the the surrounding surrounding landscape. landscape. Towers, Towers, the the favored favored residential residential building building type type in in Korea Korea since since late late housinghousing types types will will com compriseprise up up to to one one third third of of the the apartments. apartments. Sizes Sizes of of a a typical typical block block in in the the residential residential parts parts of of Songdo Songdo 1981980’s,0’s, are are set set back back from from the the street street and and positioned positioned to to maximize maximize views views of of the the city city and and Central Central Park. Park. areare 70 70 x x 90 90 meters meters (230 (230 x x 300 300 feet), feet), four four to to six six times times smaller smaller than than a a typical typical block block in in new new neighborhoods neighborhoods in in Korea. Korea. street

main street

street inner block passage garden street garden

23 main street | residential area

62 63 canal

2 9m 6m 6m 6m 9m 2 5m 5m 11m 38m 11m 5m 5m

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5m 10m 5m 4m 15m 11m 7m 11m 15m 4m

street park row

canal

2 9m 12m 9m 2 2 12m 25m 2 avenue canal

64 songdo streets 65 The skeleton of Songdo consists of a network of streets. These streets have been designed with a graduated boulevards, as large as 16 lanes, as in the case of Seijong Ro. Such streets are still considered civic avenues, lined hierarchy of widths to suit the varying intensity of activities around the buildings that flank them. Although with pedestrian life, rather than as highways. Thus, in Songdo, rows of tree plantings and green medians are conceived of as a global city, the traffic habits that will prevail in Songdo will be distinctly Korean. Korean traffic dimensioned to correspond proportionately to the amount of traffic on the street. Consistent with the aim of is highly segregated between major and minor roads, rather than allowing traffic to ‘filter’ through a more even creating a garden city, all streets are lined with landscape. As in most parts of Paris and Beijing, the streets can density of roads (New York, Paris). Korean drivers are not used to one-way traffic. This results in extremely broad be seen as linear gardens which transform the whole city into a network of leafy green. individual lot design comprehensive master plan individual lot design 4 3 2 1

master plan 1 2 visionary

master plan temporary buildings

66 building typology | urban planning method 67 Architects are trained to design buildings in relation to their urban context, while urban planners rely on their covering a wide range of building types and locations within the city. These ‘temporary’ building designs knowledge of architecture and construction techniques. However, despite a continuous exchange between city uncovered potential opportunities and limitations of the master plan. Principles extracted in the process planning and architectural practice, by and large urban design process follows a linear path, from development were used to adjust the original plan, making it more in tune with environmental, structural and functional and approval of the master plan to design of individual building lots. In the case of New Songdo City, KPF proposed requirements of the future construction. After the master plan was revised, the temporary designs were a process where architectural design was utilized to inform decisions of the master plan. First, the broad outlines discarded. This exchange between planning and architectural processes is analogous to the experimental of a ‘visionary’ city plan were created. Then, several buildings within the city were selected as a test-ground for science, where the accuracy of predictions made by a theoretical model is tested by experiments, and the the assumptions of the master plan. Teams of architects, sustainable design consultants, structural and mechanical new empirical data is subsequently used to improve the model. Thus, urbanism and architecture interact engineers developed prototypical programs, site plans, sections, elevations and renderings for eighteen city blocks, as the city design concept passes over into and is fulfilled through architectural process. canal street cultural center

government center school quadrant 112

22 23 54 10 office mixed-used 27 retail mixed-used 23 35 82 125 residential mixed-use 21 54 56 residential blocks 38 private school 37 33 garden street public school 125 21 cultural center 36 convention center 37 hotel 82 22 government center 36 112 hospital 33 park + landscape 35 106 golf course

106

7171 residential courtyard 72 indigenous urban influences 73 Free trade cities, no matter how international, always display a strong character of the local culture. Much of work. Some of these, it is important to note, have been lost in many of the recently constructed edge cities of Seoul, the overlay of Korean life in Songdo will occur as part of the accretion of individual building projects. In a more partly due to their cookie cutter efficiency. In Songdo, these features include: 1) The dense shopping alleys that general sense, a city conforms to it citizens as a shoe molds to a foot over time. Commercial signs, plant mate- provide relief from taller building zones; 2) Sculpted “mountain landscapes” within park enclosures; 3) Defined rials, bus shelters, street vendors, local granite, clothing, and habits of everyday life will give Songdo its character. courtyard edges echoing palace compound gardens; 4) Super broad traffic boulevards; and 5) The canal system that Nevertheless, the master plan makes conscious efforts to embed certain features of Korean cities into its frame- once served central Seoul and is now being reconstructed by the City. from the airport > playground movie theater

grandparents mexican restaurant

office central park cafe local m hotel hotel park avenue shopping cafe street museum school cultural center waterfront canal school street friend

aquarium school architecture forum cafe quadrant museum pacific film archive bar british bookstore tower cinema convention aquarium center kasbah kasbah m subway to seoul

the loop

clean energy center

golf club

tourist business visitor family friends songdo museum airport school canal street restaurants incheon aquarium conference center neighborhood stores bars in ‘kasbah’

cultural center golf club central park cinema clean energy center ‘kasbah’ aquarium and arts center waterfront park landmark tower waterfront waterfront subway to seoul

74 guide to songdo city 75 Songdo is a walking city, with even its most remote residential districts such as the north end and the golf ‘Kasbah’ contains a colorful mixture of galleries, studios, boutique stores and small theaters, a wider variety of village within a half an hour walk from Park Avenue. The guide to the city describes such districts as central park, activities than anywhere else in the city. The narrow alleyways are lined with an array of restaurants, pubs, convention center area, school quadrant, and the narrow alleys of ‘Kasbah’. Central Park is at the very center cafés and wine bars. Convention Center area immediately east of the park is the first stage of New Songdo City of New Songdo City, dividing it into North and South sides. A sea water canal flows through the park from the construction. Street life of this area is focused around a pedestrian promenade leading from the Park Avenue waterfront to the landmark Songdo Tower. Walking along the canal from the cultural center leads north through subway station towards the Convention Center and residential districts to the north. This area contains some a linear urban park lined with colorful terrace houses and boutique hotels. The canal continues to Park Avenue of Songdo’s most memorable landmark buildings including the Convention Center and the 300 meter tall Songdo and to city hall plaza, defined on the west with linear buildings of the government center, and open into the park Tower. The Convention Center main hall is remarkable for its beauty and lightness of its 144m long column-free to the east. The canal zigzags through the park, a home to a panoply of popular sights from the aquarium and art steel structure. The Songdo Tower is on the south side of the square, with an observation deck and restaurant museum to an outdoor theater and a sculpture garden. ‘Kasbah’ Packed into an area of just a few city blocks, canal street government center golf village convention center songdo tower residential courtyard north side residential aerial view looking north school quadrant central retail central park hotel at central park north residential ‘garden street’ residential towers south side residential hospital local shopping street museum north side residential park avenue waterfront south park avenue windmills cultural center

76 77 providing one of best panoramas of the city. When fog rolls in, the top of the tower fades out of the view and the roof of to the north. Canal Street is one of the favorite parts of New Songdo City as the sea water canal reminds the visitor Convention Center recall the mountain ranges of the eastern Korean coast, creating a powerful image of landscape modeled of Songdo’s close relationship to the sea. The saltwater canals do not freeze in winter, maintaining a continuous water in broad brush strokes. The golf village is less than one mile south of the Conference Center, and has a feel of a country taxi service to the city center. Like waterways of Brugge and Amsterdam, canal embankments are infused with life and retreat into a world of soft organic lines and sculpted topography. Two paths begin at the golf house and meander through activity by a variety of shops, open markets, restaurants and cafes that line both sides of the waterway. The Loop. the golf grounds, dipping and rising with the landscape. The school quadrant is surrounded by a ring of ten story buildings The north edge of the park is one of Songdo’s most sought after addresses, lined with tall residential and hotel buildings. with continuous roof terraces and consistent rhythm of vertical projections, reminiscent of monumental apartment blocks One block north of the park is the street housing Songdo’s finest shopping; to the east, the street connects with a of Red Vienna. The presence of 2,100 students in private English speaking schools lends to the square an international pedestrian mall in front of the Convention Center, forming a loop around the Central Park. Park Avenue. Central Park character. The local shopping street, immediately north of the school quadrant, concentrates most of local groceries, food Avenue is the most vibrant part of Songdo, with its financial center home to many international companies. Outside markets, bakeries and pastry shops. The street marks the boundary between urban residential district and ‘garden city’ of the office hours the area does not become empty, as Park Avenue transforms into Songdo’s premier shopping street. morning noon

afternoon night

morning noon

78 time patterns 79 Due to an arrangement of different uses which overlap but maintain separate identities, Songdo is not an even blend of activity zones. Unlike Paris and New York, which do more to blend living, working, and shopping into single blocks and neighborhoods, New Songdo City is more segregated. In a way, its zoning reflects in a micro scale the macro order of a large metropolis (i.e. residential suburbs outside of office districts next to governmental precinct). ‘Time patterns’, the daily shift of activities from home to office, home to school, office to shopping, afternoon home to entertainment zone, etc., simulate a larger city in miniature scale.

night parcel i acres phase i acres

gross land area 9 4 gross land area 9 3

ncs net land area 8 1 ncs net land area 8 1

seller retained 1 3 seller retained 1 3 parcel iv parcel ii phase ii phase vi

gross land area 6 3 2 gross land area 2 9 1 phase ncs net land area 4 2 6 ncs net land area 2 2 6 ii

seller retained 2 0 6 seller retained 0 6 6 phase iii parcel iii phase iii

gross land area 2 6 0 gross land area 4 1 2 phase v ncs net land area 2 3 3 ncs net land area 3 3 0

seller retained 2 7 seller retained 8 2 parcel iv phase iv

gross land area 3 8 0 gross land area 3 8 0

parcel ii ncs net land area 2 7 3 ncs net land area 2 7 3 phase ii seller retained 1 0 6 seller retained 1 0 6 parcel v phase v

parcel i gross land area 1 8 9 gross land area 1 8 9 phase i ncs net land area 1 5 8 ncs net land area 1 0 1 parcel iv seller retained 3 2 seller retained 8 8 phase iv phase vi

gross land area 1 9 0

ncs net land area 1 5 8

seller retained 3 2 parcel iii phase iii

total total

gross land area 1 5 5 4 gross land area 1 5 5 4

ncs net land area 1 2 1 9 ncs net land area 1 2 1 9

seller retained 3 3 6 seller retained 3 3 6

parcel acquisition construction phasing

80 parcel acquisition and phasing 81 Many of the strategies and design parameters of the Songdo plan resulted directly from agreements reached between the developer and the City of Incheon (including their Free Economy Zone partners). Land availability, which was governed partly by the sequence of landfill completion and partly by complicated financial and legal real-estate agreements, dictated many aspects of the plan. Early phases, while not presenting a complete picture of the city, have to provide a viable combination of residential neighborhoods, schools, shops, offices, and entertainment. At the core of the first phase is 30,000 sq. m. convention center commissioned by the City of Incheon, which forms a logical nucleus of the city due to its natural link to the neighboring airport facility. The international market intended for convention business is also appropriate for the function of the Free Economy Zone. office mixed-used retail mixed-used residential mixed-use residential blocks school private school public hotel hospital convention center government center culture center park and landscape golf course

residential type two residential type one semi-residential general commercial central commercial natural green

district zoning distribution of building types

82 district zoning | distribution of building types 83 By and large, Korean Zoning codes require distinct separation of building types by block. These blocks tend to be grouped together into districts. As much as possible, the Songdo plan brings different uses into close proximity and interface with one another. This creates synergies of experience with overlapping uses that keep the city vibrant both day and night. After the acceptance of the Masterplan by the Incheon City government, the plan was taken through a Land Engineering Phase. Subsequently, each block is subject to a District Unit Plan review for more detailed vetting of traffic, building setbacks and other conformance to the national building code. incheon

bike lane incheon

incheon airport .

seoul city of incheon of city waterfront north city of incheoncity

electric bus riverside

water taxi

canal street north subway seoul

park path central park canal car seoul park row

central park south

waterfront park avenue

waterfront south canal street south park path seoul

84 traffic patterns 85 New Songdo City vehicular circulation is modeled on the Manhattan’s grid of streets and avenues that evenly Park Avenue at the intersections with streets leading into business and residential districts and towards the distributes the traffic across the entire area of the city. One major difference is the absence of one-way streets, which Convention Center. Water taxis run from the waterfront through the Central Park with stops at the Cultural are not accepted in Korean practice. The major vehicular arteries circulate around the outside of the grid to allow Center, the City Hall, and the city museums. The route branches out into the residential part of town, along the for express movement across longer distances. A subway connects New Songdo City to the city of Incheon, allowing north and south canals. Bus routes form a loop around the perimeter of the city, reaching more remote parts of transfer to the Seoul subway system and to the new airport high speed rail system. In Songdo, it stops along town, the golf village and the north end. Bike lanes link the open green spaces, the waterfront park, the golf village, the park path, and the Central Park. In Esmeralda, city of water, a network of canals and a network of streets span and intersect each other. To go from one place to another you have always the choice between land and boat: and since the shortest distance between two points in Esmeralda is not a straight line but a zigzag that ramifies in tortuous optional routes, the ways that open to each passerby are never two, but many, and they increase further for those who alternate a stretch by boat with one on dry land. And so Esmeralda’s inhabitants are spared the boredom of following the same streets every day. And that is not all: the network of routes is not arranged on one level, but follows instead an up-and-down course of steps, landings, cambered bridges, hanging streets. Combining segments of the various routes, elevated or on ground level, each inhabitant can enjoy every day the pleasure of a new itinerary to reach the same places. The most fixed and calm lives in Esmeralda are spent without any repetition. A map of Esmeralda should include, marked in different colored inks, all these routes, solid and liquid, evident and hidden. It is more difficult to fix on the map the routes of the swallows, who cut the air over the roofs, aerial view of park avenue and central park dropping long invisible parabolas with their still wings, darting to gulp a mosquito, spiraling upward, grazing a pinnacle, dominating from every point of their airy paths all the points of the city. from Italo Calvino Invisible Cities

86 87 New Songdo City is a free trade and international business hub being built on reclaimed land near Incheon Inter- national Airport. The first international real estate investment in South Korea's history, Songdo is intended to help position South Korea at the commercial epicenter of north Asian regional markets, among China, Russia and Japan. The new city will house nearly 50,000 residents in variety of typologies and urban settings. The project is a joint venture between The Gale Company and POSCO Engineering and Construction.

Kohn Pedersen Fox Masterplan Project Team: Brian Chung, Gregory Clement, Anna Crittenden, Stephen Deters, Pedro Font-Alba, Liping Gong, Robert Goodwin, Susan Green, Dipu Gupta, Knute Haglund, Mark Haladyna, Jisop Han, Chia-Chen Hsieh, Heejin Kim, Alkis Klimathianos, Eugene Kohn, Carl Larson, Jill Lerner, Chloe Li, William Louie, Jonah Margarella, Methanee Massirarat, Emily Menez, Keon-Soo Nam, Richard Nemeth, Richard Nugent, Esther Park, Meghna Patel, Temple Simpson, Christian Solano, Anne Timerman, Hugh Trumbull, James von Klemperer.

Book design consultant: Eugene Timerman / StudioRADIA Graphic design: Anne Timerman

Copyright Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates PC Published by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates PC 111 W 57th Street, New York, NY 10019 It was not possible to find all the copyright holders of the illustrations used.

Printed and bound in China