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History and Cultivation of Parma Violets (Viola, Violaceae) in the United Kingdom and France in the Nineteenth Century
History AND Cultivation OF PARMA VIOLETS (VIOLA, VIOLACEAE) IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND FRANCE IN THE NINETEENTH Century LUÍS MENDONÇA DE CARVALHO,1,2 FRANCISCA MARIA FERNANDES,3 MARIA DE FÁTIMA NUNES,3 JOÃO BRIGOLA,3 NATHALIE CASBAS,4 AND CLIVE GROVES5 Abstract. Scented cultivars of Parma violets were among the most important urban plants during the nineteenth century, with many references in literature, fashion, art and flower trade. Our research analyzed data related to Parma violets in France and in the United Kingdom and presents the cultivars introduced during the nineteenth century. Keywords: Parma violets, Viola cultivars, United Kingdom, France, social history The first records describing the use of violets origin. Earlier Italian literature from the XVI (Viola L., Violaceae) in Europe are from Ancient century refers to violets with a strong fragrance Greece: fragrant violets were sold in the and pleiomerous flowers that were obtained Athenian agora; praised by Greek poets, as in the from the East, near the city of Constantinople writings of Sappho (Jesus, 2009); used in (now Istanbul), capital of the former Byzantine medicine (Theophrastus, 1916); had an active role Empire. These texts describe violets that looked in myths, such as in the abduction of Persephone like roses, probably referring to ancestral plants (Ovid, 1955; Grimal, 1996); were used in gar- of the contemporary Parma violets (Malécot et lands (Goody, 1993) and present in the Odyssey’s al., 2007). In Naples (Italy), a local tradition garden of Calypso (Homer, 2003). They proposes that these violets came from Portugal, continued to be used throughout the Middle Ages brought by the Bourbon royal family during the and were present in Renaissance herbals (Cleene XVIII century; hence the local name Violetta and Lejeune, 2002). -
Fact Sheet Pansy
Fact Sheet for Texas A&M Floriculture Program Common Name Pansy and Viola or Johnny-Jump-Up Botanical Name Viola X wittrockiana (pansy); Viola tricolor (viola) Origin Hybrid (pansy); European naturalized in North America (viola) Product sizes Bedding plant, sold in autumn, survive winter, commence flowering late winter and early spring, wither in hot summer; cut flower Cultivars Hundreds for pansy organized into 3 flower sizes: 1.5-2.5, 2.5-3.5, 3.5-4.5-inch; violas come in various color combinations of yellow, purple-red, violet-blue, or white, 0.75-inch flowers Propagation Seed, germinate in dark, 60-64% germination at 65-750F; use primed seed in hot weather; violas like night temperature =600F Cost/propagule $0.02 – 0.20 seed or seedling plug Flowering control Long day decreases days to flower, increases flower number and internode length; night interruption increases height; short day produces short, sturdy stems Temperature High summer temperatures limit flowering by causing a decline in vigor; 40-550F after root establishment; >600F growth is weak and internodes elongate Light Supplemental HID decrease days to flower and increases flower number; use full light unless shade is needed to reduce temperature Water Never allow to be water stressed Nutrition (know Moderate feeder; 100 ppm N is sufficient, use symptoms and only nitrate N; B and Ca deficiency cause treatment for ones cupping & distortion of new foliage underlined below) N P K Ca Mg S Fe Mn Zn Cu B Mo Cl Ni E.C. ? pH 5.5-6.0 if too high or too much Ca = B deficiency; <5.5 -
Orderform.Pdf
2021 SUMMER & FALL TO USE THIS ORDER FORM Send this page with all orders. Fill in all required information. Fill in customer info at top of every page. If faxing - total pages sent Fax to: 1-800-863-7814. CONTENTS CUSTOMER INFORMATION Annuals 1 Herbs 9 Foliage 9 Customer Ferns 10 Succulents 10 Address Perennials 11 City State/Province Zip/Postal Code Effective for shipments between July 1, 2021 Contact & October 31, 2021. Phone # METHOD OF PAYMENT For details, see Terms & Conditions of Sale. 1. Prepayment 2. Charge on Jolly Farmer account (if previously approved) 3. ACH (replaces draft check) 4. Visa MasterCard Give us a call with American Express your card number. Discover (US only) 5. E-Transfer - CANADA ONLY (Send to: [email protected]) CALENDULa – FLOWERING KALE Customer Name Zip/Postal ☑ Mark desired size Fill in desired shipdates Trays Strips ▼ Tag Code Specie Variety 512 288 144 26 51 Qty Annuals 1165 Calendula , Costa Mix 512 288 144 n/a n/a 1800 Dianthus , Coronet Mix 512 288 144 n/a n/a 1805 Dianthus , Coronet Strawberry 512 288 144 n/a n/a 1815 Dianthus , Diana Mix Formula 512 288 144 n/a n/a 1820 Dianthus , Diana Mix Lavendina 512 288 144 n/a n/a 1825 Dianthus , Diana Mix Picotee 512 288 144 n/a n/a 1830 Dianthus , Ideal Select Mix 512 288 144 n/a n/a 1840 Dianthus , Ideal Select Red 512 288 144 n/a n/a 1845 Dianthus , Ideal Select Rose 512 288 144 n/a n/a 1850 Dianthus , Ideal Select Violet 512 288 144 n/a n/a 1852 Dianthus , Ideal Select White 512 288 144 n/a n/a 1855 Dianthus , Ideal Select Whitefire 512 288 -
Recommendation Report Packet
Kent County Department of Planning Services Division of Planning SARAH E. KEIFER, AICP Phone: 302/744-2471 Director of Planning Services FAX: 302/736-2128 KRISTOPHER S. CONNELLY, AICP Assistant Director of Planning Services REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION REPORT July 1, 2021 Ordinance : LC21-10 Application # & Name : CZ-21-03 MKJ Properties, LLC Present Zoning / : AC (Agricultural Conservation) / Comp Plan Map Designation : Low Density Residential Proposed Zoning / : BN (Neighborhood Business) / Comp Plan Map Designation : Neighborhood Commercial Relation to Growth Zone : Inside Area and Location : 9.52 ± acres located on the north side of Irish Hill Road, approximately 1,121’ west of Almond Way and approximately 5,695’ east of Sanbill Lane, at the intersection of Peachtree Run, east of Viola. I. STAFF RECOMMENDATION: Based on the information presented, the Kent County Code, and the Comprehensive Plan, Staff recommends APPROVAL of the request to amend the Zoning Map and Comprehensive Plan Future Land Use Map. The following are the findings of fact for Staff’s recommendation of approval: • The property is currently zoned AC and is located within the Growth Zone Overlay District. • The Future Land Use Map (7-B) of the 2018 Kent County Comprehensive Plan indicates that the subject site be utilized for low-residential purposes. However, the Land Use Strategy Map (7-C) reflects a long term development strategy where specific mixed use, higher density, commercial, industrial, and employment center development could be supported, provided it is in keeping with the character of the area and adequate infrastructure is in place or planned to serve it. Map 7-C recommends Neighborhood Commercial use for the subject site. -
COST EFFECTIVE PRODUCTION of SPECIALTY CUT FLOWERS By
COST EFFECTIVE PRODUCTION OF SPECIALTY CUT FLOWERS By TODD JASON CAVINS Bachelor of Science Southwestern Oklahoma State University Weatherford, Oklahoma 1997 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December, 1999 COST EFFECTIVE PRODUCTION OF SPECIALTY CUT FLOWERS Thesis Approved: ' 1 Thesis Advisor .. ;.; ,, ( Dean of the Graduate College 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The purpose of this study was to improve production methods of various specialty cut flower species. Improving production methods allows growers to reduce cost, improve plant quality and earn higher profits. This study involved three research areas of specialty cut flowers. Partial funding was provided by a S.A.R.E. grant and Bear Creek Farm, Stillwater, OK. I would like to thank my principle advisor Dr. John Dole for his encouragement, support, honesty and perseverance. I would like to thank Dr. Janet Cole and Dr. Jim Ownby for serving on my thesis committee. Dr. Cole offered valuable insight and direction towards the research. Dr. Ownby contributed with his wealth of knowledge in plant physiology. A special thanks goes to Vicki Stamback and the gang at Bear Creek Farm. Vicki's experience as a specialty cut flower grower allowed me to gain personal knowledge of the cut flower industry that would not have taken place without her. Vicki's efforts and cooperation greatly improved this study. I want to thank Randall Smith and Leah Aufill for their assistance and plant care. Tim Hooper also contributed by offering his experiences from the floriculture industry and providing stress relieving lunch breaks. -
A MOSAIC DISEASE of PRIMULA OBCONICA and ITS CONTROL' a Mosaic Disease of Primula Obconica Hance, Grown Extensively As a Potted
A MOSAIC DISEASE OF PRIMULA OBCONICA AND ITS CONTROL' By C. M. ToMPKiNS, assistant plant pathologist, and JOHN T. MIDDLETON, junior plant pathologist, California Agricultural Experiment Station ^ INTRODUCTION A mosaic disease of Primula obconica Hance, grown extensively as a potted ornamental plant in commercial greenhouses in San Fran- cisco, was first observed in August 1937. The incidence of the disease on very young to older seedling plants ranged from 5 to 25 percent and, because infected plants could not be marketed, serious financial losses were incurred. The results of studies on transmission, experimental host range, and properties of the virus, as well as control of the disease, are presented in this paper. REVIEW OF LITERATURE That many cultivated species of the genus Primula are generally susceptible to virus infection is indicated in the literature. In addi- tion to the mosaic diseases, the aster yellows, curly top, spotted wilt, and certain tobacco viruses may cause infection. Since this paper deals with a mosaic disease, only pertinent references are listed. In Japan, Fukushi (4.y in 1932 and Hino (6) in 1933 recorded the occurrence of a mosaic disease on Primula obconica. The latter also observed a similar disease on P. denticulata Sm. Smith (13) in England, in 1935, described a virus disease of the mosaic type on Primula obconica caused by cucumber virus 1. Later, Smith (14) stated that Cucumis virus 1 sometimes caused color break- ing of the fiowers and that other species of Primula were susceptible. Cucumis virus IB, a strain, induced '^a pronounced yellow and green mottling.'' In Germany, Ludwigs (7) and Pape {8) described very briefly a virus disease of Primula obconica without apparently establishing the identity of the virus. -
Moorhead Ph 1 Final Report
Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Ecological Assessment of a Wetlands Mitigation Bank August 2001 (Phase I: Baseline Ecological Conditions and Initial Restoration Efforts) 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Kevin K. Moorhead, Irene M. Rossell, C. Reed Rossell, Jr., and James W. Petranka 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Departments of Environmental Studies and Biology University of North Carolina at Asheville Asheville, NC 28804 11. Contract or Grant No. 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered U.S. Department of Transportation Final Report Research and Special Programs Administration May 1, 1994 – September 30, 2001 400 7th Street, SW Washington, DC 20590-0001 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes Supported by a grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation and the North Carolina Department of Transportation, through the Center for Transportation and the Environment, NC State University. 16. Abstract The Tulula Wetlands Mitigation Bank, the first wetlands mitigation bank in the Blue Ridge Province of North Carolina, was created to compensate for losses resulting from highway projects in western North Carolina. The overall objective for the Tulula Wetlands Mitigation Bank has been to restore the functional and structural characteristics of the wetlands. Specific ecological restoration objectives of this Phase I study included: 1) reestablishing site hydrology by realigning the stream channel and filling drainage ditches; 2) recontouring the floodplain by removing spoil that resulted from creation of the golf ponds and dredging of the creek; 3) improving breeding habitat for amphibians by constructing vernal ponds; and 4) reestablishing floodplain and fen plant communities. -
Native Herbaceous Plant List
North American Native Plants for New England Gardens Sun, average soil Actaea racemosa (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa) Aster novi-belgii Amsonia rigida Aster pilosus Amsonia tabernaemontana Aster umbellatus Anemone multifida Baptisia australis Aster nova-angliae Baptisia tinctoria Boltonia asteroides Heliopsis helianthoides Chelone glabra Hypoxis hirsuta Chelone lyonii Liatris graminifolia Chrysogonum virginianum Liatris scariosa var. novae angliae Coreopsis tripteris Liatris squarrosa Coreopsis verticillata Lilium canadense Delphinium tricorne Lilium philadelphicum Delphinium exaltatum Lobelia cardinalis Dodecatheon media Lobelia siphilitica Eupatorium sp. Monarda didyma Geranium maculatum Monarda fistulosa Helenium autumnale Oenothera fruticosa Helianthus angustifolius Opuntia humifusa Helianthus divaricatus Penstemon laevigatus Penstemon digitalis Penstemon hirsutus Phlox caroliniana Silene virginica Phlox paniculata Sedum sp. Phlox subulata Sisyrinchium sp. Physotegia virginiana Solidago rigida Podophylum peltatum Solidago rugosa Porteranthus stipulatus Solidago sempervirens Porteranthus trifoliatus Talinum sp. Ratibida pinata Vernonia lettermanii Rudbeckia hirta Viola sp. Salvia sp. Yucca sp. Scutellaria ovata Xanthorhiza simplicissima Scutellaria serrata Zizia aptera Sun, dry soil Agastache rupestris Asclepias syriaca Allium cernuum Asclepias tuberosa Allium stellatum Asclepias pupurescens Amsonia tabernaemontana Aster cordifolius Anemone patens multifida Aster divaricatus Antennaria sp. Aster umbellatus Asclepias pupurescens Aster laevis -
Business Organic Discards Composting
COMMERCIAL RECYCLING BUSINESS ORGANIC DISCARDS COMPOSTING California businesses should begin planning to separate their organic discards for composting. Beginning in 2016, AB 1826 requires that busi- nesses must arrange for composting if they dis- card 8 cubic yards or more of organic materials weekly. That threshold moves to 4 cubic yards of organics in 2017, and 4 cubic yards of solid waste in 2019. “Organic” materials include food, landscape debris (leaves, grass, branches), and woody ma- terial including lumber. Composting turns these raw materials into soil amendments that meet California goals to reduce water use, increase statewide recycling and avoid landfill methane emissions. High Desert communities are working with local haulers and composters to implement a compre- hensive local organics recycling program, and to provide options for effected businesses. WORKING TOGETHER 1 Businesses will be contacted to verify their organics generation. This may include onsite reviews to assess eligibility and capacity to separate organics effectively. 2 Qualifying businesses will be informed when composting capacity is secured and collec- tion programs are ready. 3 Businesses may make their own arrange- ments to send organic materials to com- posting and may be asked to verify those arrangements. 4 Edible food may be donated to qualified non-profits. We are compiling a list of groups that may be able to accept and distribute ed- ible food at no risk to donating businesses. For more information, look at the State’s fre- quently asked questions http://www.calrecycle. ca.gov/Recycle/Commercial/FAQ.htm Call the Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority at (888) 873-2925 or the Town of Yucca Valley’s Recycling Coordinator at (760) 369-7207, ext. -
Best Plants for Problem Clay Soils: Perennials
Visit us on the Web: www.gardeninghelp.org Best Plants for Problem Clay Soils: Perennials Perennials Amsonia tabernaemontana — Bluestar This Missouri native features uptight clusters of light blue star-like flowers in late spring. Its narrow willow-like leaves turn yellow to peach-colored in fall. Bluestar may require staking if grown in shade and may be pruned after flowering to maintain a compact shape. It is most attractive when grown massed, in native plant gardens, shade gardens, open woodland areas, and borders. Asclepias incarnata — Swamp milkweed Despite its common name and native habitat, swamp milkweed may be grown in the average garden. Its fragrant white, pink or mauve flowers attract butterflies and mature into slender pods with silky-haired seeds. Swamp milkweed is a good choice for sunny, low or moist areas such as stream or pond banks, borders, and butterfly gardens. Baptisia australis — Blue false indigo Blue false indigo has beautiful purplish blue lupine-like flowers borne in erect spikes above the trifoliate leaves. The flowers mature into black seed pods that rattle in the breeze and are an interesting addition to dried flower arrangements. This herbaceous perennial does best in full sun as plants grown in part shade may grow taller and need support. Due to an extensive root system, blue false indigo will tolerate drought, but it should not be disturbed once it is established. Attractive in almost any situation including borders, prairies, cottage gardens, and native plant gardens, this plant is best used as a single specimen plant or in small groups. Baptisia australis var. -
Perennials for Specific Sites and Uses, HYG-1242-98
Perennials for Specific Sites and Uses, HYG-1242-98 http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/1000/1242.html Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet Horticulture and Crop Science 2001 Fyffe Court, Columbus, OH 43210 Perennials for Specific Sites and Uses HYG-1242-98 Jane C. Martin Extension Agent, Horticulture Franklin County Gardeners often seek that "perfect" herbaceous (non-woody) perennial plant to fill a special location or need in the landscape. Below are listed some perennial plants useful for special purposes based on central Ohio growing conditions and experiences. Your experience with the plant may vary somewhat. Of course, this list is not all inclusive, but includes plants that should perform well for you; use it as a guide and then plan some further research on your own. Sometimes many plants in a genus will fit the category given and are listed as "Hosta spp.," for instance. Do more research to narrow your selection within the genus. Occasionally, a specific cultivar is listed (in single quotes), indicating that the particular plant is the best choice within the species. The Latin name and a common name are given for most listings. Plants for Sunny, Dry Areas Achillea spp.-Achillea or Yarrow Anthemis tinctoria-Golden Marguerite Arabis caucasica-Rock Cress Armeria maritima-Common or Sea Thrift Artemisia spp.-Artemesia Asclepias tuberosa-Butterfly Weed Catananche caerulea-Cupid's Dart Coreopsis spp.-Coreopsis Echinops ritro-Small Globe Thistle Euphorbia spp.-Spurge Gaillardia spp.-Blanket Flower Helianthus x multiflorus-Perennial Sunflower 1 of 5 9/15/2006 8:01 AM Perennials for Specific Sites and Uses, HYG-1242-98 http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/1000/1242.html Hemerocallis hybrids-Daylily Lavandula angustifolia-English Lavender Liatris spp.-Gayfeather Malva alcea-Hollyhock Mallow Oenothera spp.-Sundrops Opuntia humifusa-Prickly Pear Cactus Perovskia atriplicifolia-Russian Sage Polygonum cuspidatum var. -
NLI Recommended Plant List for the Mountains
NLI Recommended Plant List for the Mountains Notable Features Requirement Exposure Native Hardiness USDA Max. Mature Height Max. Mature Width Very Wet Very Dry Drained Moist &Well Occasionally Dry Botanical Name Common Name Recommended Cultivars Zones Tree Deciduous Large (Height: 40'+) Acer rubrum red maple 'October Glory'/ 'Red Sunset' fall color Shade/sun x 2-9 75' 45' x x x fast growing, mulit-stemmed, papery peeling Betula nigra river birch 'Heritage® 'Cully'/ 'Dura Heat'/ 'Summer Cascade' bark, play props Shade/part sun x 4-8 70' 60' x x x Celtis occidentalis hackberry tough, drought tolerant, graceful form Full sun x 2-9 60' 60' x x x Fagus grandifolia american beech smooth textured bark, play props Shade/part sun x 3-8 75' 60' x x Fraxinus americana white ash fall color Full sun/part shade x 3-9 80' 60' x x x Ginkgo biloba ginkgo; maidenhair tree 'Autumn Gold'/ 'The President' yellow fall color Full sun 3-9 70' 40' x x good dappled shade, fall color, quick growing, Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis thornless honey locust Shademaster®/ Skyline® salt tolerant, tolerant of acid, alkaline, wind. Full sun/part shade x 3-8 75' 50' x x Liriodendron tulipifera tulip poplar fall color, quick growth rate, play props, Full sun x 4-9 90' 50' x Platanus x acerifolia sycamore, planetree 'Bloodgood' play props, peeling bark Full sun x 4-9 90' 70' x x x Quercus palustris pin oak play props, good fall color, wet tolerant Full sun x 4-8 80' 50' x x x Tilia cordata Little leaf Linden, Basswood 'Greenspire' Full sun/part shade 3-7 60' 40' x x Ulmus