DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Hawai'i Library Negotiating Freedom in St

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Hawai'i Library Negotiating Freedom in St _._.- UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I LIBRARY NEGOTIATING FREEDOM IN ST. JOHNS COUNTY, FLORIDA, 1812-1862 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY AUGUST 2003 By Frank Marotti, Jr. Dissertation Committee: LA. Newby, Chairperson Marcus Daniel Margot Henriksen Robert McGlone Miles Jackson Copyright © 2003 by Frank Marotti, Jr. All rights reserved 111 To the victims ofabortion IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Over the course ofthe decade during which I researched and wrote this dissertation, many people made special efforts to assist me. lowe a huge debt of gratitude to Dr. LA. Newby, the chair ofmy dissertation committee, for devoting a great deal ofhis retirement time to help me see the forest through the trees. The other members ofmy committee interrupted their summer breaks to allow me to defend in a timely manner. My students at Cheyney University, the first institution in the United States devoted to the post-secondary education ofAfrican Americans, taught me to persevere and led me to view my subject matter in a different light. All ofthe descendants ofthe extended Clarke family were exceptional in their hospitality. Dr. W. Clinton Pettus, the President ofCheyney University, generously supported my research, as did the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Pennsylvania State System ofHigher Education. William T. Abare, the President ofFlagler College, graciously permitted me to make Flagler my home away from home. Dr. W. Fitzhugh Brundage, now at the University ofNorth Carolina-Chapel Hill, made me a part ofthe community at the University ofFlorida when he chaired the History Department in Gainesville. Wayne T. De Cesar ofthe National Archives at College Park, Maryland, took part ofhis afternoon offto allow me to check some leads, which resulted in my discovery ofapproximately 200 Patriot War claims cases scattered throughout Record Group 217. Mary Herron, formerly ofthe St. Augustine Historical Society Research Library, was instrumental in guiding me through the City of St. Augustine Papers. The Library's director, Charles Tingley, and his assistant, Leslie Wilson, always cheerfully gave me the benefit oftheir considerable expertise. St. Augustine historian David Nolan, besides sharing sources with me, served as a powerful source ofencouragement. Dr. Joe Knetsch, ofthe Florida Bureau ofSurvey and Mapping, did the same. Sandra Carter, ofthe Heritage Quest Research Library in Sumner, Washington, helped meto make connections between antebellum St. Johns County blacks and the Pacific coast. Dr. Sherry Johnson ofFlorida International University gave me much useful advice concerning marriage customs in Spanish Florida. Dr. Warren N. Holmes ofCheyney University gave timely advice regarding Liberia. Dr. Edward J. Tassinari ofSUNY-Maritime was oftremendous assistance in guiding me to the location ofJack Smith's autobiography at the New York Historical Society. Dr. Whittington B. Johnson ofthe University ofMiami gave me some much­ needed advice on several occasions when I encountered major obstacles to obtaining materials. Independent scholar Michael Finkelman was a constant source ofcounsel. Dr. John Hope Franklin encouraged me very early in my research by two kind letters. Dr. Jian Liang ofUH and Ron Breggia provided computer expertise that I sorely needed at critical times. Dr. John "Clyde" Engler ofIndiana University of Pennsylvania, Chris-Tez "Sonny the Bear" Cortese, Jerry "the Pearl" Moore, and Michael "the Condor" Paletta, offered their friendship and advice throughout the decade. My father, Frank Marotti, Sr., urged me to complete this dissertation in the last conversation that I had with him before he died ofcancer. My mother, cancer survivor Catherine Marotti, continued to exhort me to "get that Ph.D." v ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the agency ofAfrican Americans in crafting race relations in St. Augustine, Florida, and its vicinity in the antebellum era. Citing Spanish cultural influences as a major causal factor, historians have traditionally characterized those relations as relatively tolerant by the standards ofboth Florida and the old South as a whole. The focus is the half-century before the Union capture ofSt. Augustine in 1862. The dissertation devotes particular attention to the impact of African American memories ofthe Patriot War of 1812-1813, and to black resistance to the imposition ofan American-style slave society upon a formerly Spanish society with slaves. The study utilizes numerous, previously-unknown records ofPatriot War claims in the National Archives to assess the effect ofthese memories on African American life in antebellum St. Johns County, including African American participation in the Second Seminole War (1835-1842) and the Civil War. Examining another group ofunderutilized documents, records ofthe City ofSt. Augustine, the study explores the influence ofAfrican American oral traditions on resistance to the slave society. The dissertation also taps other little-used sources, Catholic parish registries, to determine how African Americans continued to exploit the institutions ofcompadrazgo (godparenthood) and sacramental marriage that they had previously taken advantage ofunder Spanish rule. Employing these and other documents, the study investigates the survival ofcoartaci6n (self-purchase), another Spanish-era institution that antebellum blacks harnessed in negotiating their freedom. The growing constrictions ofthe American slave society impelled many talented, ambitious African Americans to migrate from St. Johns County, east to Liberia, north VI to Philadelphia and New York, south to Key West and the Caribbean, and west to California and Washington Territory. This migration, like the acquisition ofland in Florida and elsewhere--not to mention the bequeathing ofthis land to heirs and the education ofthose heirs, demonstrated African American optimism and the determination to succeed despite the efforts ofwhite Floridians to marginalize blacks. Vll TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments v Abstract vi Preface viii Chapter1:Introduction 1 Chapter 2: The Patriot War and Its Aftermath .30 Chapter 3:Trickstering and Resistance 57 Chapter 4: Earning a Living 98 Chapter 5: Manumission 129 Chapter 6: Religion 162 Chapter 7: Family 191 Chapter 8: Land 220 Chapter 9: Epilogue 242 Bibliography 250 V111 PREFACE This dissertation is a study ofone group ofAfrican Americans who struggled to "make it" in an ethnically diverse slave-owning community. It is about agency, memory, and what one historian has called the "hidden transcript ofresistance" by oppressed people. It seeks to retrieve "previously suppressed versions ofthe past" by illuminating interior worlds ofthe "Inarticulate."} The locus is St. Johns County, Florida, the time the half-century prior to the American Civil War. That half-century began with the first American intrusion into Spanish East Florida in the so-called Patriot War of 1812-1813, and ended with the collapse ofslavery following the capture ofSt. Augustine by Union forces in 1862. My subjects are free people of African descent in the broad sense ofthe term "free," that is, not just those who were legally free, but all those who resisted the constraints oflegal bondage and otherwise asserted varying degrees ofcontrol over themselves and their circumstances. In antebellum St. Johns County, the line demarking freedom and servitude was blurred and fluid, especially during the first decades after 1812. Historians have long attributed the relatively flexible system ofrace relations in antebellum East Florida to the area's Spanish heritage? While acknowledging the I Gregg D. Kimball, "African, American, and Virginian: The Shaping ofBlack Memory in Antebellum Virginia, 1790-1860," and W. Fitzhugh Brundage, "No Deed but Memory," in Where These Memories Grow: History, Memory, and Southern Identity, ed. W. Fitzhugh Brundage (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 58,22; Lee H. Warner, Free Men ofColor in An Age ofServitude: Three Generations ofa Black Family (Lexington: University ofKentucky Press, 1992), 1. 2 For examples see William W. Dewhurst, The History ofSt. Augustine. Florida (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1885; reprint, Rutland, Vermont: Academy Books, 1968), 149; David Y. Thomas, "The Free Negro in Florida before 1865," South Atlantic Quarterly 10 (October 1911): 336; Thomas Graham, The Awakening ofSt. Augustine: The Anderson Family and the Oldest City, 1821-1924 (St. Augustine: St. Augustine Historical Society, 1978), 19-21; David R. Colburn, Racial Change and Community Crisis: St. Augustine, Florida, 1877-1980, Contemporary American History Series, ed. William E. IX importance ofthat heritage, this study gives more than the usual emphasis to the role ofAfrican American agency in exploiting the limited opportunities that heritage permitted. In other words, remnants ofSpanish rule presented blacks with institutions and customs that talented, ambitious and fortunate individuals might and did exploit. In doing so, they drew especially upon memories oflived experiences and cultural resources oftheir own. "Slavery, though imposed and maintained by violence," Ira Berlin has noted, was a "negotiated relationship." That was certainly the case in St. Johns County, and the "negotiators" included free blacks as well as slaves. As Berlin has also noted, Spanish Florida, unlike British South Carolina and Georgia, never made the transition from a "society
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Canada Rebellion 1837 Mss
    Canada Rebellion 1837 Mss. Coll. No. 55 .5 linear feet Historical note The Canadian Rebellion of 1837 was a movement in Lower Canada toward establishing a French Republic on the St. Lawrence River that was led by Louis Joseph Papineau. During the same year William Lyon MacKenzie led a similar armed revolt in Upper Canada which failed, he then fled to the United States and established headquarters on Navy Island on the Canadian side of the Niagara river and tried to continue the rebellion with the aid of sympathizers from the United States. Among the battles fought during the “Patriot War” was the 1838 Battle of the Windmill, November 12-16. Fought near Prescott, Ontario, across the St. Lawrence River from Ogdensburg, NY, some 300 ragtag, mostly U.S. invaders, attempted to cut off the communication lines of British troops by overtaking Fort Wellington in Prescott. The invasion was a complete failure, with only about 200 landing at Windmill Point. The insurgents were repelled by British regular troops, navy ships and local militia over the four day fight. 159 of the invading force were taken prisoner. The leader of the invaders, Nils Von Schoultz, was executed a few weeks later. Scope & contents This collection (formerly known as Patriots War Collection) consists of several original letters relating to the Battle of the Windmill plus photocopies of other letters, clippings, a list of Americans captured and photos of Windmill Point, Prescott, Ontario. Also included is an article "Mackenzies 1837 Rebellion" as well as copies of The New Yorker from 1838 and The Albion from 1835 to 1844 that contain relevant articles about the rebellion.
    [Show full text]
  • Youth Environmental Stewardship Application
    Green Partners 2021 grant application Youth environmental education projects 1. Project summary Organization name Youth Forward Project title Pollination Power! Number of youth you will directly engage in project activities 200 youth Number of people you will reach through communications like 1,000 newsletters and social media Brief description of audience, including relevant demographics Youth from Brooklyn Park, ages 9-15, primarily immigrant, African American, and Hmong youth Geographic location: the location(s) your project work will take place Brooklyn Park Type of grantee Returning Green Partners grantee (Double click the check box and select “check”) New applicant Returning grantees only: Is this project viable for 2 years? Yes, this could be a 2-year project No, this is a 1-year project Topics: What topics will you address during the project? (Double box to select “check” for each topic that applies.) Protecting natural resources Preventing waste and recycling Acting on climate change Caring for trees Recycling Conserving energy Protecting water Preventing waste Improving air quality Protecting pollinators Organics recycling Using renewable energy Learning about habitats Backyard composting Choosing sustainable Reducing household transportation hazardous waste 2. Project goals and activities (25 points) • One paragraph project summary: We plan to engage youth from Brooklyn Park in learning about, connecting with, and caring about water and pollinators so they grow up to be stewards of the earth by considering and making environmentally friendly choices. Youth Forward works to develop youth leaders and would like to pair our leadership development program with outdoor and environmental education, particularly with an age group and audience that has little exposure to nature.
    [Show full text]
  • “One China” Policy—Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei
    China/Taiwan: Evolution of the “One China” Policy—Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei Shirley A. Kan Specialist in Asian Security Affairs August 17, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL30341 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress China/Taiwan: Evolution of the “One China” Policy Summary Despite apparently consistent statements in almost four decades, the U.S. “one China” policy concerning Taiwan remains somewhat ambiguous and subject to different interpretations. Apart from questions about what the “one China” policy entails, issues have arisen about whether U.S. Presidents have stated clear positions and have changed or should change policy, affecting U.S. interests in security and democracy. In Part I, this CRS Report discusses the “one China” policy since the United States began in 1971 to reach presidential understandings with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) government in Beijing. Part II documents the evolution of policy as affected by legislation and articulated in key statements by Washington, Beijing, and Taipei. Taiwan formally calls itself the Republic of China (ROC). This report will be updated. Policy on the “one China” concept covers three major issue areas: sovereignty over Taiwan; PRC use of force or coercion against Taiwan; and cross-strait dialogue. The United States recognized the ROC government in Taipei until the end of 1978 and has maintained an official relationship with Taiwan after recognition of the PRC government in 1979. The United States did not explicitly state the sovereign status of Taiwan in the three U.S.-PRC Joint Communiques of 1972, 1979, and 1982.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Hill Papers
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt809nd82d Online items available Register of the Charles Hill papers Finding aid prepared by Grace Hawes Hoover Institution Library and Archives © 2007 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6003 [email protected] URL: http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives Register of the Charles Hill 89004 1 papers Title: Charles Hill papers Date (inclusive): 1898-2006 Collection Number: 89004 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Library and Archives Language of Material: English Physical Description: 157 manuscript boxes, 6 oversize boxes, 9 card file boxes, 1 cubic foot box, 2 envelopes(70.9 Linear Feet) Abstract: Collection includes correspondence, speeches and writings, dispatches, memoranda, reports, notes, printed matter, memorabilia, and photographs, relating to international relations and diplomacy, American foreign policy during the presidential administration of Ronald Reagan, and the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Also contains speeches and writings of Secretary of State George Shultz. Digital copies of select records also available at https://digitalcollections.hoover.org. Creator: Shultz, George Pratt, 1920- Creator: Hill, Charles, 1936- Hoover Institution Library & Archives Access "Boxes 39-51 closed. The remainder of the collection is open for research; materials must be requested at least two business days in advance of intended use." Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Library & Archives Acquisition Information Materials were acquired by the Hoover Institution Library & Archives between 1989 and 2011. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Charles Hill papers, [Box no., Folder no. or title], Hoover Institution Library & Archives Alternate Forms Available Digital copies of select records also available at https://digitalcollections.hoover.org.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project STEPHANIE SMITH KINNEY Interviewed By
    The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project STEPHANIE SMITH KINNEY Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial Interview Date: March 25, 2010 Copyri ht 2012 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born in Florida rowing up in Florida Race relations Vassar College% University of Madrid, Spain Harvard raduate School of Education (H SE, Teacher and lecturer Charles Merrill Marriage Southern racial integration Foreign Service -.ives Seminar/ Me0ico City, Me0ico1 Spouse of Foreign Service Officer% Teacher, 123251235 American school (Colegio Americano, Student body Threats and kidnappings Terry 8eonhardy President 8uis Echeverria Anti5Americanism Husband9s Consular duties Violence Partido Revolutionario Institutionalizado (PRI, Kissinger .ashington, D.C.% Spouse of Foreign Service Officer 123551236 Discomfort as Foreign Service wife Family 8iaison Office (F8O, Pregnancy Common Cause Dorothy Stansbury Seeking changes for Foreign Service .ives Hope Myers 8eslie Dorman 1 Association of American Foreign Service .ives (AAFS., Report re concerns of FS Spouses and Families (1236, David and Jean Newsom Birth of daughter Entered the Foreign Service 1236 State Department1 Bureau of Cultural Affairs (CU,% Fulbright Officer 1236 State Department1 Office of the Director eneral% Policy Coordination Team 12365 1232 Family 8iaison Office (F8O, Carol 8aise Purpose and function .omen9s Action Organization (.AO, Allison Palmer John and Cynthia Thomas Jane Dubs Declaration on Spouses (1231, AAFS. and Capitol Hill Jean
    [Show full text]
  • Topps the Walking Dead Season 6 Checklist MVO 6-7(1)
    Topps The Walking Dead Season 6 Trading Cards - Base Cards 1 Before They Come For Us 34 Being Stalked 67 Choices 2 Doing It Live 35 Falling Down 68 Why Are You Still Wearing That? 3 One More Peanut Butter 36 Climbing to Safety 69 Lucky 4 Who You Are 37 Running Scared 70 Picking a Head 5 Just the Pizza Guy 38 Born this Way 71 Infiltrating the Compound 6 Road Block 39 "Dolor Hic Tibi Proderit Olim" 72 Fight’s Not Over 7 Keeping a Secret 40 You Gotta Earn It 73 Nervous Little Bird 8 Idiot 41 Confrontation 74 Choosing Something 9 Overheard 42 Meat Ponchos 75 Fighting Back 10 JSS 43 Who’s Negan? 76 Afraid 11 Just Filling In 44 Nibble on That 77 Kill Floor 12 Quick or Slow 45 New Plan 78 Can’t Anymore 13 Carol in Wolf’s Clothing 46 You’re Still Here 79 Tick Tick Click 14 Try 47 Walking Through the Monsters 80 The Apothecary 15 Fighting a Way Out 48 Shot 81 This Way’s Faster 16 Thank You 49 Courage 82 Wake… Up 17 Going Mad 50 Cavalry 83 Should Have Taken the Long Way 18 Clear 51 Lake of Fire 84 I’m Nobody 19 Lying in Wait 52 What We Can Do 85 Following the Blood Trail 20 The Cheesemaker 53 Envy of All Corns 86 Tracking Dwight 21 Redirection 54 Searching for Deanna 87 People Can Come Back 22 Open the Gate 55 Looking for Jesus 88 Someone New 23 Through the Sewer 56 What Do You Know About Us? 89 Captured 24 A New Leader 57 Law of Averages 90 Hi Daryl 25 Ambush 58 Proper Burial 91 Defending the Home Front 26 Separated 59 Finally 92 Real Soon 27 Good Guy Daryl 60 Crashed 93 Last Day on Earth 28 Howdy, Gentlemen 61 We’re With Jesus 94 Keep Driving
    [Show full text]
  • FORMER TIMES Issue 14
    GLAMORGAN SPRING BAY HISTORICAL SOCIETY INC. issue 14 march 2020 22 Franklin Street open 10am - 4pm tuesdays & fridays Swansea TAS 7190 ☞ 6256 5077 ☞ 6257 9011 From our Secretary t has been some time since our last issue, time has just Our next General Meeting is not scheduled until flown by, and we do apologise for our laxity. We hope 8th May, whether this goes ahead or not will depend on you enjoy this issue of Former Times. the situation and advice we receive closer to the date. IWe are pleased to include an article by our North American Please every one, respect the situation and stay safe. correspondent Dr John Carter on a political prisoner John Berry and his connection to Van Diemen’s Land. Society Membership Membership of the Glamorgan Spring Bay Historical We also mark the recent passing of Life member Grace Society stands at 94 financial and Life members. Freeman, with a tribute from Judie Hastie. And, notice from Amos Family Bi Centenary Committee on the Recent new members include Josephine Fenn-Smith, marking of he arrival of Meredith & Amos families in Michael Meredith, Christine Woods, Vicki Hill, Margaret March 1821. Evers, Julie Hawkins, Rae Campbell, Lyn Hatton, Jennifer Agius, Francine Targett and Hilary Burden. We welcome Remember this newsletter is for all, and articles are you all to the Society. welcome and gladly accepted. If you do have something of an historical nature, especially to do with our area, the Late last year the Society recognised the work of former Society is happy to include it in future issues.
    [Show full text]
  • To Excite the Feelings of Noble Patriots:” Emotion, Public Gatherings, and Mackenzie’S
    A Dissertation entitled “To Excite the Feelings of Noble Patriots:” Emotion, Public Gatherings, and Mackenzie’s American Rebellion, 1837-1842 by Joshua M. Steedman Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy History ___________________________________________ Dr. Ami Pflugrad-Jackisch, Committee Chair ___________________________________________ Dr. Kim Nielsen, Committee Member ___________________________________________ Dr. Roberto Padilla II, Committee Member ___________________________________________ Dr. Rebecca Mancuso, Committee Member ___________________________________________ Dr. Cyndee Gruden, Dean College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo August 2019 Copyright 2019, Joshua M. Steedman This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. An Abstract of “To Excite the Feelings of Noble Patriots:” Emotion, Public Gatherings, and Mackenzie’s American Rebellion, 1837-1842 by Joshua M. Steedman Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in History The University of Toledo August 2019 This dissertation is a cultural history of the American reaction to the Upper Canadian Rebellion and the Patriot War. This project is based on an analysis of newspaper articles published by William Lyon Mackenzie and his contemporaries, diplomatic cables between Washington D.C. and London, letters, and accounts of celebrations, toasts, and public meetings which occurred between 1837 and 1842. I argue Americans and Upper Canadians in the Great Lakes region made up a culture area. By re-engaging in a battle with the British, Upper Canadians, and their American supporters sought redemption. Reacting to geographic isolation from major metropolitan areas and a looming psychic crisis motivated many of these individuals to act.
    [Show full text]
  • Grand Flattery
    Books & the Arts. Grand Flattery by Thomas Meaney and Stephen Wertheim n 1909 a group of men met on an estate in Wales to save Western civi- ing them and therefore invigorate US global leadership with a new, singular purpose. lization. Troubled by the erosion of British world power, they believed Ten years on, grand strategy is flourishing. the decline could be reversed if statesmen turned away from the mun- Not only has the Yale seminar grown into a dane tasks of modern diplomacy and channeled the wisdom of ancient campus juggernaut, securing a $17.5 mil- lion, fifteen-year endowment in 2006, but Greece instead. The Greeks, in reconciling rulership with freedom, since 2008 it has inspired spinoffs in half a Ihad made the West great, and supplied a in response. This was the moment when dozen top US universities, funded in part model for their Anglo-Saxon heirs. No lon- liberal interventionism and neoconservatism by right-wing financier Roger Hertog. Ken- ger should the empire run itself; members ascended to the political mainstream and the nedy has likened the spinoffs to Benedictine of the group, including Lloyd George and grand narrative of “globalization” entered monasteries, “all doing their own versions Lord Milner, would train men of penetrat- into wide circulation. In New Haven, histo- of grand strategy but still belonging to the ing insight to direct imperial affairs more rians John Lewis Gaddis and Paul Kennedy Order of Saint Benedict.” For $4,448 you self-consciously than ever before. Drawing put forth a different response. Opposed to can even send your high school “scholar- protégés from Oxbridge, the Round Table, the Clinton administration’s ad hoc policy- leader” to Yale for a two-week Grand Strat- as the group called itself, aimed to impart the making, they conceived a series of “grand egy summit on the fine arts of “critical lessons of enlightened leadership to a new strategy” seminars at Yale that aspired to train and strategic thinking, social networking, generation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Patriot War , D Ri G Which a Y Strife Raged
    PAT I T WA THE R O R. R E T B ROSS . BY OB R . Pu bl sh ed in et roit Ev en n New s 1890 . Rev sed b t h e aut h or fo r th e M c h an P on eer and ! i D i g . i y i ig i H r l t isto ica Soc ie y . ) I CHAPTER . R EVIEW OF —THE POLITICAL SITUATION AND CAUSES THAT LED TO m m REVOLT THE LEADER S IN TH—E M OVEMENT AND THE MILITAR Y OPERATIONS THEY INSTIGATED SOME —OF THE STIRRING SCENES ENACTED A LONG THE CANADIA—N BORDER FIGHTING FOR FR EEDOM UNDER PECULIAR DIFFICULTIES FEELINGS OF THE CITIZENS or T HE UNITED STATES TOWARD THE FACTIONS . of 1837 -8 u n blo od The patriot war , d ri g which a y strife raged fi r l o n n n n fund n t eo e ce y the Ca adia fro tier, has a of i teres to the p l n m n n m m n p e of Michiga . The ost i teresti g ove e ts of the war were con ducted alon g the Michigan border ; man y citizen s of this State fought u nder the twin stars of the rebel forces ; fou r engagements n in n an d an d s were co tested the vici ity of Detroit, the last deci ive n u e a u n battle , which exti g ished the hop s of the p triots, was fo ght withi i o n n n .
    [Show full text]
  • The Struggle for Liberty the Outcome of a Battle? Why Was This Period of the War So Difficult for the 5
    DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A SECTION 3 The Struggle for TEKS 2A, 4B, 4C, 10C, 22B, 25B Liberty What You Will Learn… If YOU were there... Main Ideas You are a serving maid at an inn in New York City. British soldiers 1. Many Americans supported often stop at the inn for a meal. You sometimes overhear their con- the war effort. 2. The Patriots both won and versations, though they don’t notice you. Now a Patriot leader has lost battles during the years asked you to bring him any information you hear. You want to help 1775–1777. 3. France and Spain helped the the Patriot cause but wonder what will happen if you are caught Patriots fight the British. spying. 4. The winter at Valley Forge tested the strength of Patriot Would you agree to spy for the Patriots? troops. 5. The war continued at sea and in the West. BUILDING BACKGROUND Many colonists struggled for the Patriot The Big Idea cause. Men, women, and children all made important contributions. Patriot forces faced many obstacles in the war against They fought, kept farms and shops running, and provided food and Britain. supplies. In spite of their efforts, winning the war was a great chal- lenge. Key Terms and People mercenaries, p. 128 Battle of Trenton, p. 129 Supporting the War Effort Battle of Saratoga, p. 130 George Washington’s chief task as the Continental Army’s com- Marquis de Lafayette, p. 131 mander in chief was to raise troops.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Primetime Emmy® Awards Ballot
    2021 Primetime Emmy® Awards Ballot Outstanding Lead Actor In A Comedy Series Tim Allen as Mike Baxter Last Man Standing Brian Jordan Alvarez as Marco Social Distance Anthony Anderson as Andre "Dre" Johnson black-ish Joseph Lee Anderson as Rocky Johnson Young Rock Fred Armisen as Skip Moonbase 8 Iain Armitage as Sheldon Young Sheldon Dylan Baker as Neil Currier Social Distance Asante Blackk as Corey Social Distance Cedric The Entertainer as Calvin Butler The Neighborhood Michael Che as Che That Damn Michael Che Eddie Cibrian as Beau Country Comfort Michael Cimino as Victor Salazar Love, Victor Mike Colter as Ike Social Distance Ted Danson as Mayor Neil Bremer Mr. Mayor Michael Douglas as Sandy Kominsky The Kominsky Method Mike Epps as Bennie Upshaw The Upshaws Ben Feldman as Jonah Superstore Jamie Foxx as Brian Dixon Dad Stop Embarrassing Me! Martin Freeman as Paul Breeders Billy Gardell as Bob Wheeler Bob Hearts Abishola Jeff Garlin as Murray Goldberg The Goldbergs Brian Gleeson as Frank Frank Of Ireland Walton Goggins as Wade The Unicorn John Goodman as Dan Conner The Conners Topher Grace as Tom Hayworth Home Economics Max Greenfield as Dave Johnson The Neighborhood Kadeem Hardison as Bowser Jenkins Teenage Bounty Hunters Kevin Heffernan as Chief Terry McConky Tacoma FD Tim Heidecker as Rook Moonbase 8 Ed Helms as Nathan Rutherford Rutherford Falls Glenn Howerton as Jack Griffin A.P. Bio Gabriel "Fluffy" Iglesias as Gabe Iglesias Mr. Iglesias Cheyenne Jackson as Max Call Me Kat Trevor Jackson as Aaron Jackson grown-ish Kevin James as Kevin Gibson The Crew Adhir Kalyan as Al United States Of Al Steve Lemme as Captain Eddie Penisi Tacoma FD Ron Livingston as Sam Loudermilk Loudermilk Ralph Macchio as Daniel LaRusso Cobra Kai William H.
    [Show full text]