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09a.Cov2.NA [P].indd 2 8/11/15 12:55 PM 50 32 38 44 How Much The True Better Phone to Fridge: Is Your Spare History of Computing Room Worth? the Traveling- With Magnets Shut Up! Airbnb uses machine Wave Tube A recipe for building learning to help hosts logic circuits from Radio-frequency interference threatens price their digs. The earliest work on nanoscale bar to hobble the Internet of Things. By Dan Hill this important tube is magnets. often overlooked. By Wolfgang Porod by mark a. mchenry, dennis roberson By Jack Copeland & Michael Niemier & robert j. matheson & Andre A. Haeff

O n the Cover Photograph for IEEE Spectrum by The Voorhes

illustration by Lou Brooks SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north americaN | Sep 2015 | 01

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102311 Online News Resources Opinion Spectrum.ieee.org The Great Baltic Disconnect Get YourThing On The Engineered Death I nteractive: Top Programming Undersea HVDC and other IBM and ARM team up with a starter Technology often complicates, Languages transmission projects aim to free kit for the Internet of Things. rather than eases, end-of-life issues. This year’s edition of IEEE the region from dependence on By Stephen Cass By G. Pascal Zachary Spectrum’s customizable Web Russian energy. By Peter Fairley app is now available. Based on 12 25 Tools: Wearable for Seniors 04 Back Story metrics from 10 sources, it reveals 13 Tattoo Tech 26 S tartups: KSI Makes Drones 06 Contributors the hottest languages in your current 16 A Wearable for Baseball Easier to Fly 28 Numbers Don’t Lie: field or the one you need to learn to Pitchers 27 Car eers: Supporting Women Japan Ages Ungracefully take a new career step. See http:// 18 Why California Rules Robocars With Mentors 30 Reflections: Engineers on TV spectrum.ieee.org/TPL2015 20 The Big Picture: Light at the 76 And Now This… End of the Tunnel Reed Relays’ Modern Life

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EMC Simulation of a Motor Control—24 September 2015 Ready TO LAUNCH Engineering and entrepreneurship often go hand Top-Ranking Online Master’s in Engineering Degrees Designed for in hand. In this special issue on startups, we present IEEE’s efforts to attract Working Professionals—Available On Demand more entrepreneurial types to the organization and to support members’ Product Line Engineering: The Key for Using Strategic Reuse to Tame IoT ventures through online resources, networking events, and more. We also Product Development Complexity—Available On Demand spotlight several members who founded innovative tech companies. Simulating Graphene-Based Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices— Available On Demand GEttinG SCHOOLED ON STARTUPS Milton Chang, an angel investor whose companies have never failed, shares advice with entrepreneurs on

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andi K andi N ew Product Release Library U H MBLE BEGINNINGS Learn how multibillion-dollar companies R http://spectrum.ieee.org/static/new-product-release-library Hewlett-Packard and Medtronic got started. W hite Papers http://spectrum.ieee.org/whitepapers don west; west; don ; l oba l IEEE SPECTRUM (ISSN 0018-9235) is published monthly by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY

otus G otus 10016-5997, U.S.A. Volume No. 52, issue No. 9, North American edition. The editorial content of IEEE Spectrum magazine does not represent official positions of theIEEE or its organizational units. Canadian Post International M Publications Mail (Canadian Distribution) Sales Agreement No. 40013087. Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: Circulation Department, IEEE Spectrum, Box 1051, Fort Erie, ON L2A 6C7. Cable address: ITRIPLEE. t: t: f Fax: +1 212 419 7570. INTERNET: [email protected]. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS: IEEE Members: $21.40 included in dues. Libraries/institutions: $399. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to IEEE Spectrum, c/o Coding Department, IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY, and additional mailing offices. Canadian GST #125634188. Printed at 120 Donnelley Dr., Glasgow, KY 42141-1060, U.S.A. IEEE Spectrum circulation is audited by BPA Worldwide. IEEE Spectrum is a member of the Association of Business Information & Media Companies, the Association of Magazine Media, and

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09.Contents.NA [P].indd 3 8/13/15 4:45 PM BACK STORY_

Editor in chief Susan Hassler, [email protected]

Executive Editor Glenn Zorpette, [email protected]

Editorial Director, Digital Harry Goldstein, [email protected]

Managing Editor Elizabeth A. Bretz, [email protected]

Senior Art Director Mark Montgomery, [email protected]

Senior Editors Stephen Cass (Resources), [email protected] Erico Guizzo (Digital), [email protected] Jean Kumagai, [email protected] Samuel K. Moore (News), [email protected] Tekla S. Perry, [email protected] Philip E. Ross, [email protected] David Schneider, [email protected]

Deputy Art Director Brandon Palacio, [email protected] Photography director Randi Klett, [email protected] A ssociate Art Director Erik Vrielink, [email protected]

Senior Associate Editors Rachel Courtland, [email protected] Eliza Strickland, [email protected] A ssociate Editor Catching the Wave Celia Gorman (Multimedia), [email protected] A ssistant Editor Willie D. Jones, [email protected] Senior Copy Editor Joseph N. Levine, [email protected] ack copeland and andre a. haeff collaborated on C opy Editor Michele Kogon, [email protected] Editorial Researcher Alan Gardner, [email protected] this month’s feature “The True History of the Traveling- Administrative Assistants Wave Tube.” How these two men, who have very different Ramona L. Foster, [email protected] backgrounds and live 11,000 kilometers apart, ended up Nancy T. Hantman, [email protected] INTERNs Kristen Clark (Video); Lauren Young

writing the article together is an interesting story in itself. Contributing Editors Copeland [above left], a Distinguished Professor of Arts at Evan Ackerman, Mark Anderson, John Blau, Robert N. Charette, Peter Fairley, Tam Harbert, Mark Harris, David the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand, Kushner, Robert W. Lucky, Paul McFedries, Prachi Patel, J developed an interest in computability theory, which Richard Stevenson, Lawrence Ulrich, Paul Wallich eventually led him to study the history of computing, including the Director, Periodicals Production Services Peter Tuohy Editorial & Web Production Manager Roy Carubia hardware of early electronic computers. While researching a primitive Senior Electronic Layout specialist Bonnie Nani form of computer memory called the Williams tube, Copeland stumbled Spectrum Online product manager, digital Shannan Brown on a patent for another kind of computer-memory tube invented by Web Production Coordinator Jacqueline L. Parker A.V. Haeff, a name he didn’t recognize. Seeking to learn about this Multimedia Production Specialist Michael Spector mysterious tube, Copeland began an investigation of Haeff’s work. Editorial Advisory Board Susan Hassler, Chair; Gerard A. Alphonse, Jason Cong*, “I discovered he hadn’t just invented the memory tube—he’d invented Sudhir Dixit, Limor Fried, Robert Hebner, Joseph J. Helble, all these other things, including the traveling-wave tube,” says Copeland. Chenming Hu*, Grant Jacoby, Norberto Lerendegui, John P. Lewis, Steve Mann, Jacob Østergaard, Umit Ozguner, Thrasos But he pieced together very little about Haeff’s personal life until a Pappas, John Rogers, Jonathan Rothberg, Umar Saif, Takao Someya, Jeffrey M. Voas, Kazuo Yano, Larry Zhang*, Yu Zheng, student brought him a CD containing music by Haeff’s brother, Alexei. Kun Zhou, Edward Zyszkowski That in turn led Copeland to Haeff’s son, Andre, a retired physician * Chinese-language edition who by good fortune had preserved his father’s papers. The collection Editorial / Advertising Correspondence IEEE Spectrum occupies “cubic meters, a completely pristine archive,” Copeland says. 3 Park Ave., 17th Floor Copeland and Andre Haeff exchanged lengthy e-mails, which New York, NY 10016-5997 Editorial Department eventually evolved into a series of articles about the elder Haeff’s life T el: +1 212 419 7555 Fax: +1 212 419 7570 and work. The two coauthors met for the first time in Santa Monica, Bureau Palo Alto, Calif.; Tekla S. Perry +1 650 752 6661 Advertising Department +1 212 705 8939

Calif., close to the beach where Haeff senior gained the inspiration Responsibility for the substance of articles rests upon for the traveling-wave tube by watching surfers. To understand how the authors, not IEEE, its organizational units, or its members. Articles do not represent official positions of IEEE. Reader chasing breakers could inspire the invention of an early microwave comments will be posted online, or published in print as space amplifier, though, you’ll have to read their article. Cowabunga! n allows, and may be excerpted for publication. The publisher reserves the right to reject any advertising.

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CONTRIBUTORS_ |

Sep 2015

| nort h ame ric a n 1950s. In this issue,Brooks usedasmartphone taken seriously makes all the difference.” similar discriminationandfigured outa way to be “Sometimes just having amentor who has faced that they give upon their profession,” shesays. “So many women feel marginalized and undervalued engineers navigate amale-dominated field [p. 27]. about the role that mentors play inhelping women Family Circle, andothers. In this issue,she writes environment, andcareers Newfor The York Times, Barger hascovered business,health, the Theresa Sullivan Barger out to have fantastic properties.” that I would never work onmagnetism. But it turned straightforward: “Iactually promised myself early on devices, says working with electric charge ismore [p. 44].Porod, who used to focus onsemiconductor research into computing with nanoscalemagnets science andengineeringatNotre Dame,discuss their he andMichael Niemier, aprofessor of computer University of Notre Dame,inIndiana. In this issue, Porod isaprofessor of electricalengineeringat the Wolfgang Porod automating ways to share the radio spectrum. Shared Spectrum, aims to tackle suchinterference by whose own noiseruined the data.McHenry’s who drove the car usedalow-cost, 12-volt inverter, car to prospect for electronic noise.But the technician p. 50]. To update Matheson’s survey, they equippeda back in the 1970s[see “Phone to Fridge: ShutUp!,” Robert J. Matheson, who surveyed electronic noise R In this issue,McHenry teamed up with Dennis Mark A.McHenry life working on technology andproducts.” interview focused too muchon[the violin],” hesaidinarecent of woke uponeday andrealized Ihadn’t really been development to supporthiscareer asa violinist. “Isort acquired by Airbnb in2012.Hill firstdid Web cofounded Crashpadder, ahome-sharingcompany system hedescribesin this issue[p. 32].He also website’s pricingalgorithm, which evolved into the Hill, product leadat Airbnb, wrote the lodging-rental Dan Hill to work with, hesays: “Icould seeright away it was top-hatted, mustachedmanon the Monopoly Brooks’s best-known illustration may be the on boldgraphics that evoke comic books of the my kindof meat.” noise pollution[p. 50]. The topic gave himplenty board, which he was commissioned to redesign in distress to illustrate the problem of electronic in 1985. The California-based illustrator relies Lou Brooks |

oberson of the Illinois Institute of Technology and S PE CTRU . His next thought? “Ireally want to spendmy M .I EEE .ORG c ompany,

09.15 +1 7325623998,[email protected] +1 7325625504,[email protected]

[email protected] +1 7325625596,[email protected] +1 7325623820,[email protected] [email protected] +1 7325623928 ans Gyimah Nicole Ruchika Anand, Blanche McGurr, [email protected] Michael Buryk,[email protected] Marion Delaney, [email protected] [email protected], A. Tel: +1732981 0060Fax: +1732981 1721 445 Hoes Lane,Box 1331,Piscataway, NJ08854-1331U.S.A. Stephanie M. White, Steve Yurkovich Siller,RaviCurtis A. Todi,David Tian, H. Joel Trussell, Leung Tsang, Tariq Samad, Fred Schindler, Gianluca Setti, Gaurav Sharma, Thrasos Pappas, Michael Pecht, Michael Polis, Sorel Reisman, James M.Irvine, Hulya Kirkici,CarmenS.Menoni, Paolo Montuschi, Ron B.Goldfarb, GlennGulak, Lawrence Hall, Christofer Hierold, Sheila Hemami, Chair E Vincent P. Socci (1); Timothy P. Kurzweg (2); John W. Walz (VIII);Marina Ruggieri (I J. Yoffa (I);Hirofumi Akagi (II);Harvey A. Freeman (III); William (VII); W.Reder Rob Moses SusanK.Land(V); (IV); ReillyK. (VI); Wanda E President, I Piuri, TechnicalVincenzoAssociation; Activities; James A.Jefferies, & Geographic Activities; Bruce P. Kraemer, President, Standards Services &Products; Wai-Choong “Lawrence” Wong, Member Saurabh Sinha, Bennett, Jennifer T. Bernhard, +1 7325626843, [email protected] +1 2025308349,[email protected] +1 7329813452,[email protected] +1 7325626343,[email protected] +1 7325025400,[email protected] +1 7325623850,[email protected] +1 7325625483,[email protected] +1 7325626399,[email protected] Norberto M.Lerendegui (9);Ramakrishna Kappagantu Amir G. Aghdam (7);Costas M.Stasopoulos (8); Robert C.Parro (4); J. Derald Morgan (5); Thomas Coughlin (6); IEEE S Pr Vi Pa tr b Pr IEEE A se Re m S se m R Mark Lis ieee ieee B Re Ass IEEE M Pr IEEE IEEE Manag Te C ch Ge Standard H mem Educat C Publ C e or IEEE Di Re Di A A x or e dv dv dv h h u EP llen ileen M.Lach,+12127058990,[email protected] u ark ark c r v chn e s n n n cru cru g e n esi esi si ie ie ie m t e isi e a t Pr cut oc R e e e i i i i p e Staff Ex

an or or or on ct f f f Infor n b me me Ope Publ Staff s i rt rt rt I orat ral al cat e e e on d d NT e Fi m ess oard of ur e i E i i i t t t i cal e e r & g & r t t at esi Res d d d isi isi isi i A i ark ng nanc m Di Di esi v es i i i v onal

me me nt- nt & rat ng a ng & Pro ngManag e dv i i i Di C i ark e a a grou a/ e r r Mana s i on AL r ngProduct ng Product ngSal e

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ct cru ct isi [email protected] i v ct O r ct s ctru i i s g ducational v i or RobertoJ. B.deMarca is F ng ad v O on i p es r es Michel, [email protected] Howard i

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09a.p8.NA [P].indd 9 8/7/15 9:31 AM SPECTRAL LINES_ 09.15

A specialist directed the computer- controlled ventilator as if he were playing a video game. The software was graphical, and the numerical levels were displayed in large type on a big screen. With a few keystrokes, the specialist could deliver more or less oxygen. All of us have faith in the idea of progress—that life gets better. And most of us believe new technologies are the best indicators of progress. We believe, in short, that innovation and human improvement are one and the same. Take away the ventilator and my mother dies. Build a better ventilator and then, perhaps, she lives. Our lives are dominated by digital technologies. Observing my mother, I became acutely aware that our deaths are also computer mediated. My mom isn’t welcoming death. She in- dicates through dramatic hand gestures and facial expressions that she wants doc- The Engineered Death tors to keep trying to save her. How technology complicates the end of life For how long, I wonder? Today is her 31st day on a ventilator. The doctors want, in their lingo, “to wean her off.” Yet when his is not only a parable about technology and progress. they try, she struggles to breathe, her heart rate rises This is also a true story. steadily, and the attempts are abandoned. When I was a boy, my mother contracted an incurable can- The doctors are doing everything they can, but cer called Hodgkin’s disease. At a hospital in Manhattan, in New what if they can’t fix my mother? What if, as her CAT York City, ingenious medical engineers and doctors bombarded scan suggests, the radiation treatments that cured her with radiation—at far higher levels, and for far longer, than her of cancer also scarred her lungs so badly that most experts at that time recommended. now they won’t work? TOnly my father knew of the severity of her illness. My mother kept Unintended consequences are common fea- that from others. I began to grasp the situation when our grandmother tures of our engineered lives. Why Things Bite came to care for my brother, sister, and me while my mother stayed in Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended the hospital. Through the prism of my 10-year-old mind, I concluded that Consequences (1996) is historian Edward Tenner’s something terrible had happened for us to endure Grandma’s strange explanation of the situation. I suspect everyone cooking and hot temper. would accept the deal my mother got: 50 years of To our family’s delight, our mother’s disease vanished. She remained healthy life in exchange for a few months of extreme cancer-free. In time, she could say aloud that in the mid-1960s she was suffering. But I can’t help but ask now, how many among the first Hodgkin’s patients to be cured in the United States. She could more bites can my mother endure? also describe her anxious encounters with the bulky and fearsome radia- I don’t know when faith in technology and prog- tion equipment that, guided by her innovative doctors, had saved her life. ress gives way to another kind of faith. Having de- My mother’s youthful experience turned her into a lifelong adherent voted our lives to better living through engineering, of the secular faith in innovation. Fifty years later, her faith was undimin- when do we surrender to whatever lies outside the ished. “Obey your doctors,” she often told me. “You get the best results.” reach of our machines? —g. pascal zachary This past July, I recalled my mother’s creed as I sat at her feet in the intensive care unit of a Long Island, N.Y., hospital. Her 84-year-old lungs, G. Pascal Zachary is a professor of practice at Arizona State Uni- versity and author of Endless Frontier: Vannevar Bush, Engineer of burdened by a weakening heart, had failed. She could breathe only with the American Century (MIT Press, 1999). His mother, Rosalyn, died

the aid of a ventilator. She couldn’t speak. on 1 August.

10 | Sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG illustration by Dan Page

09.SpectralLInes.NA [P].indd 10 8/13/15 2:01 PM 1,500 MW

C apacity lost to Baltic region with the shutdown of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant in Lithuania

Former Soviet Union Pe ow r is coming: The Topaz satellites such as Installer laid HVDC cable to link The Great Sweden and Lithuania. Ukraine, Georgia, and the three Baltic states—Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia—rely heav- Baltic ily on Russian energy, a dependence that colors the ongoing geopolitical tussle among the Russian Federation, the Disconnect European Union, and NATO. But new energy infrastructure is beginning to free the Baltics from this drama, including One of the world’s longest two high-voltage direct current links to Lithuania nearing undersea HVDC cables and completion: the 500-megawatt LitPol Link with Poland and other new links will end reliance the 700-MW NordBalt cable to Sweden, which is among the on Russian energy world’s longest subsea power links. The links will give the Baltics the ability to get 100 percent of their imported power from non-Russian sources. Laying the 453-kilometer NordBalt cable was hindered by a series of nerve- wracking interventions by Russian naval ships, prompting Lithu-

Litgrid ania to lodge an official complaint with Moscow. Despite this

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | SEP 2015 | 11

09.News.NA [P].indd 11 8/13/15 3:08 PM FINLAND Helsinki

SWEDEN E stlink 1 & 2 Gulf of Finland 1,000 MW combined (2014) Stockholm Tallinn Estonia Baltic Sea RUSSIA

Riga Latvia N t ordBal 700 MW (2015)

Lithuania t he baltic connection: Efforts to free the Baltic RUSSIA states from dependence Vilnius on Russian energy include undersea HVDC links as well as an overland link to BELARUS Poland. Synchronization LitPol Link with the European grid is POLAND 500 MW (2015) expected later.

hurdle, both NordBalt and LitPol Link are has invoked power plays on other energy expected to begin testing by December clients such as Ukraine and Georgia. and should be in operation from January Ukraine, whose Crimean region Rus- 2016, says Daivis Virbickas, CEO of the sia annexed last March, now relies on Lithuanian power grid operator Litgrid. Russian power imports since separat- Virbickas says that LitPol Link and ist activity has disrupted supplies from NordBalt represent a “new era” for Lith- its eastern coal mines. uania, the largest of the Baltic states. NordBalt and LitPol Link are, to a great While Lithuania declared its political extent, products of Russia’s occupation independence from the Soviet Union of the Georgian region of South Ossetia in 1990, it became more dependent on in 2008. In 2009, the European Commis-

Russian energy after joining the EU in Landfall in lithuania: The HVDC station sion, the Baltic nations, and several neigh- 2004, which required that it shut down in Klaipėda will be charged up in December. boring states, including Sweden, forged the Ignalina nuclear power plant’s a common action plan to end the Baltics’ Chernobyl-style reactors. Russia. Its domestic power plants burn nat- energy isolation and to synchronize their Overnight, Lithuania went from being ural gas imported from Russia’s Gazprom. power grids with Europe’s. That plan has one of Europe’s major power exporters to As a result, Lithuanians pay the highest been bankrolled by European financing.

heavy reliance on Russia. Since the clos- energy prices in Europe. Even though the lines aren’t yet Litgrid Bottom: ink; ing of the last reactor, at the end of 2009, Dependence also adds to the Baltics’ energized, dependence on Russia is el Lithuania has imported 70 percent of its sense of insecurity, which has risen in already fading in Lithuania. Virbickas

power, roughly two-thirds of that from recent years as the Russian Federation says futures contracts for electricity are Vri Erik top:

12 | SEP 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

09.News.NA [P].indd 12 8/13/15 3:08 PM already 20 percent cheaper than they were last year, as traders factor in the

impending availability of cheaper power s FBI Wants Better w

from the EU and Scandinavia. e Natural gas options are also opening up. n Last year Lithuania began operating the Automated Baltic states’ first liquefied natural gas terminal, which is receiving Norwegian gas. The Baltics are also taking steps to syn- Image Analysis chronize with Europe’s grid. Currently, the three countries’ grids form the western flank of a massive interconnection that for Tattoos spans eight time zones and is dominated by Russia’s power system. But earlier this I t’s a tougher problem than facial recognition year the Baltic transmission system operators hammered out a joint plan outlin- ing how to desynchronize their AC grid Nothing makes a statement quite like a tattoo. And law enforce- from the Moscow-directed interconnec- ment in the United States increasingly uses them to help identify tion and synchronize it with Europe’s. criminals and, sometimes, the victims of crime or natural disasters. The specified power line reinforcements Today police take photographs of tattoos when suspects are booked, and upgraded grid controls could take a categorizing them using keywords defined in a biometric standard called decade to complete and could cost the Bal- ANSI-NIST-ITL 1-2011. The standard has eight main categories, such as tics €1 billion (approximately US $1.08 bil- “animal” and “plant,” as well as 70 subcategories, such as “cat,” “bird,” lion), according to Virbickas. “flower,” and “leaf.” The FBI maintains a database of tattoos as part of That may be more than the Baltics can its Next Generation Identification Program, but searching by keyword earn back from a more fluid power market. is problematic because the categories aren’t granular enough and dif- But the cost and effort is justified, says Vir- ferent people often tag the same tattoo differently. bickas, because it will boost supply secu- “It’s very subjective as to what each person sees within a tattoo,” says rity. He expects Lithuania to be an equal Eric Phillips, management and program analyst at the FBI’s Biometric partner in the cooperative management of Center of Excellence, in Clarksburg, W.Va. continental Europe’s grid by the European The stylized letter D insignia of the Detroit Tigers baseball team, for Network of Transmission System Opera- example, is easily misinterpreted, says Mei Ngan, a computer scientist at tors for Electricity, the B russels-based the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). One person consortium of European grid operators. might recognize it as the team’s emblem, but another might see it as just In contrast, he says, the Baltic grid oper- a letter, and yet another might consider it an abstract design. ators have little role in determining how That’s why the FBI would prefer to use image-based tattoo recognition the Russian grid is run. technology. Rather than rely on keywords, it would use an algorithm to One delicate question remains unan- compare and match features extracted from the image itself. The FBI swered, however: the electrical fate of turned to NIST, which issued a challenge last fall to assess the state of the Kaliningrad, a Russian exclave that’s art of such technology. Six organizations participated, running their algo- sandwiched between Poland and Lith- rithms against a set of data provided by the FBI. The organizations were uania. Discussions on whether Kalin- ingrad will become an electrical island or join the European grid ended with the breakdown in Russia-EU relations last year. “It is a difficult project geopo- litically because we have Kaliningrad in between,” predicts Romas Švedas, for- merly a Lithuanian diplomat and vice minister of energy. “It will be a lengthy

iStockphoto process.” —peter fairley

09.News.NA [P].indd 13 8/13/15 3:08 PM 09a.p14.NA [P].indd 14 8/7/15 9:34 AM 09a.p14.NA [P].indd 15 8/7/15 9:34 AM A Wearable Turns Baseball Pitching Into a Science T eams are keen, but some pitchers see a downside to the data

image-analysis and algorithm- people, and searching for similar development firm Compass Tech- tattoos across a variety of media, A wearable sensor that tracks strain nical Consulting; the Fraunhofer including sketches, scanned prints, on a pitcher’s elbow is making waves Institute of Optronics, System and computer graphics. Technologies and Image Exploi- The tattoo image algorithms are in major league baseball (MLB). This tation; the French Alternative similar to those used in facial and season, 27 MLB teams and their minor Energies and Atomic Energy other image-recognition technolo- league affiliates are trying out the device, called the Commission; nonprofit research gies, says Anil K. Jain, a professor contractor MITRE; security and of computer science and engi- mThrow, in the hope that it will help monitor pitch- identity tech firmM orphoTrak; neering at Michigan State Univer- ers’ workloads, improve pitching mechanics, and and Purdue University. sity, which licensed an algorithm prevent injuries. The device’s maker, Motus Global, In June, the six groups reported developed by its researchers to on how well their algorithms per- MorphoTrak three years ago. in Massapequa, N.Y., plans to officially launch a formed in five different types of The algorithms are all based on consumer version this month. Teams seem to like searches. The algorithms did well extracting key points in an image. it, but some players might have reservations about in three of these searches, achiev- However, where fingerprints have ing success rates of 90 percent ridges and valleys, and faces have sharing their data. and above in detecting whether eyes and noses, tattoos have no Injuries to professional pitchers in the United States a given image contained a tattoo; standard features to identify and have become epidemic. The reconstructive proce- identifying the same tattoo on the compare, he says. same person, over a span of time; (Jain recently proved that a dures known as Tommy John surgeries, which repair and identifying a small segment person’s fingerprints remain the elbow’s ulnar collateral ligament (UCL), have of a larger tattoo. basically unchanged over time. increased among major league players from 14 per- The algorithms performed Surprisingly, this assumption had poorly—with hit rates as low as gone unproved despite the heavy formed in 2002 to 31 in 2014, according to the blog 15 percent—at two tasks: identifying reliance on fingerprints in crimi- Baseball Heat Maps. Attempting to curb such inju- visually similar tattoos on different nal justice.) ries by arbitrarily limiting the number of throws or Beyond highlighting the weakness in algorithms, the innings pitched hasn’t been effective, says Thomas challenge demonstrated the Karakolis, an expert on the subject at the University Fingerprints need for improvement in two of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. “Baseball managers areas, says NIST’s Ngan. First, have ridges she says, law enforcement should be figuring out the forces on muscles, tendons, needs to develop best prac- and ligaments for each individual player and guiding and valleys, tices in how to collect tattoo them based on that,” Karakolis says. images: Take separate photos and faces of each tattoo on each fore- The mThrow could be the key to that. But first, have eyes and arm rather than one photo Motus must derive meaning from the data it is of both forearms, for exam- amassing. “I don’t think we quite have a grasp of ple, and make sure clothing noses, but or jewelry does not partially all the information [the mThrow] is giving us, but tattoos have obscure the image. Second, I think it’s the beginning of something very big,” the biometrics industry must says Jamie Reed, senior director of medical opera- es mag

better define what in a tattoo I no standard tions for the Texas Rangers, whose major and minor

image it wants the technology tty Ge

to compare. “We need to give league teams are using the device. / features to e w the algorithms a better defini- The mThrow consists of a compression sleeve with e identify and tion of what we consider to be a small removable sensor worn in a pocket over the Str r

similar,” Ngan says. ve i

compare —tam harbert elbow. The sensor’s accelerometers and gyroscopes Ol

16 | SEP 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

09.News.NA [P].indd 16 8/13/15 3:08 PM mechanics problems in potential draft picks, and biometrics data from wearables would be a likely next step. Reed agrees. “Once we’re comfortable with the Motus sleeve and the information it’s giving us, I could see us using it in pre- draft workouts where we could measure stresses and mechanics on players before they sign,” he says. “Certainly [we’d use it] after they sign to remold their mechanics.” It’s a little harrowing to think that such data could cost a player his career for an injury that hasn’t yet occurred—or may never occur. “It’s an obvious concern, especially for guys in my shoes— minor league guys fighting for a chance track arm movements, and the device ever, the mThrow sleeve goes anywhere to play in the big leagues,” says Dillon wirelessly transmits the data to an app the player goes. “Before, the only option McNamara, a pitcher for the Charleston that calculates stress caused by torque was a motion-capture assessment once Riverdogs, a minor league team, who on the UCL. The app also tracks a num- or twice per year. Now they get a smaller, has experimented with the Motus sleeve. ber of other metrics, such as pitch count, more compact version every throw they “The mThrow is pretty much looking arm speed, release point, elbow height at make,” says Hansen. right into your elbow and seeing how release, maximum shoulder rotation, and The Texas Rangers bought 10 it feels as you’re pitching. That’s pretty “arm slot”—an indication of whether the mThrows, keeping a couple and giving personal,” he says. The players union, throw was a side-arm pitch or over the top. one to each of its minor league teams. the MLB Players Association, did not The app can gauge the amount of Two of the organization’s players being provide comment to IEEE Spectrum. stress on a player’s elbow joint by com- tracked are recuperating from injury—an The most useful application for paring the condition to similar cases in important use of the device, Reed says. mThrow may turn out to be for kids, and the company’s database of pitcher work- “We are measuring their workloads so that’s the market Motus plans to target. loads. The app can also compare stress we don’t stress them too much in their “Many of us feel, myself included, that levels created by, say, a fastball versus return to health,” he says. some of the root causes of injuries at the a curveball, and it can indicate when a The Baltimore Orioles bought eight professional level start at the 12-, 13-, and pitcher’s arm slot might be changing due sleeves, all for the club’s farm teams, 14-year-old level,” says Peterson. to fatigue. But giving context for that— says Rick Peterson, a director of pitching “Kids are playing on multiple teams identifying the trends in workload that development for the team. “My guess is and playing year-round and trying to lead to injury—is something the company it’s going to be a long time before the big impress scouts all the time, so there’s is still working on. “It’s early now, but league guys get into this, because they never a break for them from throwing,” we’re seeing interesting things,” says will not want to share this data,” he says. adds Bryan Bullington, a pitcher for the Ben Hansen, chief technology officer “Big league players are so protective of Orix Buffaloes in Japan’s Pacific League. at Motus. For example, the company their space. Their first question is: ‘Can It’s different as a professional, where play- is seeing a difference between players this be used against me?’ ” ers can have “a two- to four-month period whose workloads increase and decrease That question is particularly pertinent in the off-season where they don’t even smoothly and players with consistently for amateurs competing for a position pick up a ball,” he says. high workloads or dramatic spikes and through the league’s draft system and A wearable sensor like mThrow could troughs, he says. for players who are looking to get a new address that concern by giving parents The mThrow offers much of the same contract. Biomechanics analysis could and coaches a cold, hard number indicat- biomechanics information that can be work in a player’s favor if his mechan- ing the stress on the child’s arm and the gleaned from motion-capture technol- ics are good. But if the data show red number of pitches. “It might give some- l a b

o ogy, mapping movements using multiple flags that could lead to a major injury, one a more concrete feel for what the Gl

s cameras that track markers placed on he won’t be as desirable. Peterson says arm is going through,” says Bullington. otu

M the body. Unlike motion capture, how- he already uses video footage to look for —emily waltz

news

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | SEP 2015 | 17

09.News.NA [P].indd 17 8/13/15 3:08 PM news

driving car, it can lay claim to State of Automation The latest company to having invented the industry of receive a testing permit is self-driving cars—purchasing Cruise Automation, which A utonomous vehicle license applications intends to offer an after- startups, hiring experts, and show California’s robocar dominance market autonomy kit for developing essential mapping Audis later this year. and navigation technologies. From the word go, Google has Google’s drivers remained one step ahead of the Prior to last Sep- account for nearly tember, autono- two-thirds of all oper- competition. It was the mous vehicles ators of self-driving The uptick in vehicles is first to test experimen- Tesla put a semiautono- due to more than 20 of did not have to be cars in California. tal vehicles at scale, the registered in Cal- mous Model S electric car Google’s latest steering- ifornia. Google on California’s highways wheel-free prototypes first to move from rel- has been testing in October—and hoped hitting the road. They are atively safe highways to push the technology to the first purpose-built modified Prius to unpredictable city and Lexus cars on Model S owners less than self-driving cars to make public roads here a year later. it this far. streets, and the first to since 2009. construct a purpose- built, steering-wheel-free, self- driving prototype. Even today, Drivers after the arrival of global carmakers and upstarts like Tesla, Google has around twice as many autonomous vehicles and

Cars drivers on California’s roads as everyone else combined. Of course, California’s dominance in self-driving cars is hardly guaranteed. Mcity, a secure urban testing environment for high-tech cars

October 2014 December 2014 March 2015 June 2015 at the University of Michigan, is hoping to lure traditional Detroit carmakers, and the Carmakers in California must reg- Google 186 48 Mercedes 13 5 state already has some of the ister self-driving vehicles and their Volkswagen 30 3 Bosch 12 2 operators, each of whom has to pass most industry-friendly regula- Nissan 18 3 Delphi 9 2 a safety driving course. tions. The United Kingdom and Tesla 16 12 Cruise 6 2 France opened their streets to

S ource: California Department of Motor Vehicles experimental autonomous vehicles earlier this year, while the California almost certainly has State has the advantage because it’s also Chinese tech giant Baidu has been busy more self-driving cars and opera- home to Silicon Valley, where every- testing self-driving cars (developed with tors on public roads than the rest of the thing a prospective driverless car man- BMW) around Beijing and Shanghai. world. That the state is experiencing an ufacturer needs—software engineers, But California still has a few tricks up autonomous gold rush should not come hardware geeks, roboticists, venture its sleeve, such as its own connected and as a surprise. For a start, its reliably mild, capital—is available in a near-endless autonomous test center, a 20-square- dry, and sunny climate is perfect for road- supply. Virtually every large technol- kilometer former naval weapons site in testing early generations of vehicles that ogy company—and most mainstream Concord called GoMentum Station. And still balk at snow, fog, and heavy rain. automakers—have offices in the Bay Area. if, as some observers suggest, Apple is Neighboring Nevada is similarly mete- But the main reason for California’s working on its own high-tech car, Cali- orologically blessed and began licensing supremacy in vehicular automation fornia should continue to boast the most experimental autonomous cars several is the presence of a single company. roboticized roads in the world well into years ahead of California. But the Golden While Google did not invent the self- the future. —mark harris

18 | SEP 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG Infographic by Erik Vrielink

09.News.NA [P].indd 18 8/13/15 3:08 PM Mind-Bending Math: Riddles and Paradoxes

Taught by Professor David Kung TIME . ’ ED OF IT F E IM R L 1. Everything in This Lecture Is False 70% 2. Elementary Math Isn’t Elementary 1 O 3. Probability Paradoxes R off R E D B 4. Strangeness in Statistics ER O BY OCT 5. Zeno’s Paradoxes of Motion 6. Infi nity Is Not a Number 7. More Than One Infi nity 8. Cantor’s Infi nity of Infi nities 9. Impossible Sets 10. Gödel Proves the Unprovable 11. Voting Paradoxes 12. Why No Distribution Is Fully Fair 13. Games with Strange Loops 14. Losing to Win, Strategizing to Survive 15. Enigmas of Everyday Objects 16. Surprises of the Small and Speedy 17. Bending Space and Time 18. Filling the Gap between Dimensions 19. Crazy Kinds of Connectedness 20. Twisted Topological Universes 21. More with Less, Something for Nothing 22. When Measurement Is Impossible 23. Banach-Tarski’s 1 = 1 + 1 24. The Paradox of Paradoxes Solve Ageless Mathematical Riddles Mind-Bending Math: Riddles and Paradoxes Great math riddles and paradoxes have a long and illustrious history, Course no. 1466 | 24 lectures (30 minutes/lecture) serving as both tests and games for intellectual thinkers across the globe. In addition to being fun, brain exercises are as fundamental to staying sharp as physical exercise is to staying fit. If you enjoy deciphering puzzles, then this course is perfect for you. SAVE $190 Award-winning Professor of Mathematics David Kung infuses each lesson of his 24 lectures with fun and interesting stories and real-life riddles, making this one of the most intriguing and entertaining math courses available. DVD $269.95 NOW $79.95 +$10 Shipping, Processing, and Lifetime Satisfaction Guarantee This mesmerizing course will have you contemplating everything from Priority Code: 109405 the enthralling paradox of paradoxes to the potential pitfalls of buying apples—using basic logic and math principles as the fundamental For 25 years, The Great Courses has brought the connector to solve exciting, mind-bending mysteries. world’s foremost educators to millions who want to go deeper into the subjects that matter most. No exams. No homework. Just a world of knowledge O± er expires 10/01/15 available anytime, anywhere. Download or stream T³G C ./4 ´ to your laptop or PC, or use our free mobile apps for iPad, iPhone, or Android. Over 500 courses 1-800-832-2412 available at www.TheGreatCourses.com.

09a.p19.NA [P].indd 19 8/11/15 12:57 PM 20 | Sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG photo-illustration by Rex Features/AP Photo

09.BigPicture.NA [P].indd 20 8/11/15 9:36 AM UNDER- GROUND PLAY SPACE

new york city’s High Line Park, once an abandoned section of elevated railway on the west side of Manhattan, is now a 2.33-kilometer- long urban oasis that draws millions of visitors each year. Now a plan has been hatched to turn another out-of-use railway into a public park teeming with greenery. But this one, located on Manhattan’s Lower East Side, will grow inside an unused underground trolley terminal. If things go according to plan, the subterranean park, called the Lowline, will open in 2018. But how do you get greenery to grow in a tunnel? The park’s designers plan to use aboveground parabolic collectors to gather the sun’s rays and direct them underground. The solar technology transmits the wavelengths of light needed to support photosynthesis, letting grass grow where the sun don’t shine.

THE BIG PICTURE news

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | Sep 2015 | 21

09.BigPicture.NA [P].indd 21 8/11/15 9:36 AM While the world benefits from what’s new, IEEE can focus you on what’s next.

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09a.p22.NA [P].indd 22 8/11/15 10:00 AM 25 Billion: The number of things that will be Internet connected by 2020, according to Gartner

A Kit for the Internet of Things IBM and ARM team resources_HANDS ON up to make

ust like pretty much every other tech outlet, IEEE Spectrum has been nattering experiment- J on for a while now about the coming Internet of Things (IoT). This is the vision of a world where ing easy not only our PCs and smartphones are connected to the Internet but where nearly every device that runs on electricity—fridges, scales, lightbulbs—has sensors, a small glob of processing power, and a network connection. • Makers have been building IoT-style gadgets for some time, but it can be quite fiddly to glue together all the required bits of hardware and software. In a bid to make it easier for developers to get their feet wet and start experimenting with the concepts behind the IoT, IBM and ARM have teamed up to create the US $120 Mbed IoT Starter Kit, intended to be “a slick experience…particularly suitable for developers with no specific experience in embedded or web development.” • On the hardware side, the Starter Kit consists of an FRDM‑K64F microcontroller and an application shield that fits on top. Pin-compatible with Arduino boards, the FRDM-K64F has an Ethernet interface built in and is based on a chip with an ARM Cortex-M4 core that’s capable of running at up to 120 megahertz (in comparison, the Arduino Mega clocks in at 16 MHz). The application shield is equipped with a temperature sensor, three-axis accelerometer, RGB LED, five-way joystick, two potentiometers, a loudspeak er, and a small 128- by 32-pixel LCD. • On the software side is IBM’s Internet of Things Foundation and its Bluemix service, which lets you build and deploy apps for IoT devices. • Initial setup was as easy as promised. I pushed the FRDM-K64F and application shield together, snapped in a live Ethernet cable, and hooked up a micro-USB cable to my computer to provide power. While the

photograph by Randi Klett SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | SEP 2015 | 23

09.Resources.NA [P].indd 23 8/14/15 2:30 PM The Thing Starter Kit booted up, I navigated to the URL applications that live in the cloud and that can of the IBM Quickstart page. By the time I got communicate with IoT devices and things like there, the application shield announced via its smartphone apps or online databases. display that it was connected. I called up my But things got complicated fast when Starter Kit’s ID number on the shield’s display, I tried to move to the next stage: sending typed the number into the Quickstart page commands from the cloud-based program and was presented with a live visualization of to the Starter Kit. This requires the S tarter Kit sensor and other data streaming from all the to be registered with the Internet of Things shield’s input channels. The whole pr ocess— Foundation in order to get an organization from opening the box to watching data ID, authentication token, and so forth. Once scroll by—took less than 3 minutes (including I had these credentials, I had to go to IBM’s the time spent fishing around at the bottom of code repository, where the default program a drawer for the right USB cable), which has to that runs the Starter Kit lives, paste details be some kind of Hands On record. into the code, compile the code online, and The possibilities inherent in the Starter download the binary file to my MacBook Pro. Kit’s sensors are somewhat limited by the The Starter Kit’s USB connection doesn’t just fact that this board is tethered by Ethernet provide power; it also allows the kit to look and USB cables—for example, the length of like a flash drive to a computer where bina- an Ethernet cable sets sharp limits on where ries can be “dropped off” for installation. you might choose to monitor temperatures. In theory, transferring the updated binary Consequently, I wanted to go wireless. should have taken just a moment of drag and There’s a socket on the application shield for drop, but in practice it resulted only in a cryp- ZigBee and Wi-Fi daughterboards, but as tic error message. After a bit of head scratch- most of the online examples and documenta- ing and a helpful e-mail exchange with an tion assumed an Ethernet connection, I opted engineer at ARM, it was determined that the for a quick-and-dirty approach. I bought a small problem probably lay in something specific to Netgear Ethernet to Wi-Fi adapter, set it up to Apple’s USB implementation. So I wandered talk to my Wi-Fi router, and plugged the Starter through the IEEE’s New York City HQ till I Kit in. As well as being small in size, the Netgear found a PC I could commandeer. From there, adapter can also run off a USB port. So I dug the binary installed as it should, and I could out a USB battery of the sort used to recharge pick up the output from the newly registered a smartphone to provide power. A second bat- Starter Kit in the Node-RED editor running tery powered the Starter Kit, and I was portable. back on my MacBook Pro. Getting the board IBM’s Bluemix service allows you to do to respond to basic commands sent by IBM’s more interesting things with the data com- starter “recipe” was a matter of plugging in ing from the Starter Kit than just watching some more logic blocks and adding an output it make simple charts. After a few minutes node, so that the blink rate of an LED on the perusing the official online tutorial, I had the microcontroller could be controlled by turning Starter Kit hooked into IBM’s browser-based a potentiometer on the shield. However, get- Node-RED editor and running the suggested ting all this to work was complicated by the sample program. This reads the temperature scattered and sometimes inconsistent nature

The Mbed IoT Starter Kit is a Cass tephen sensor and prints different messages de- microcontroller and shield [top], to which of the available documentation. The Starter S pending on whether or not the temperature is I added an Ethernet to Wi-Fi adapter Kit has the potential to be an impressive intro lett (3); (3); lett K

above some threshold value. The editor allows [second from top] and batteries [second to the idea of a world in which digital smarts i from bottom]. Programs to process sensor you to configure and wire together graphical data in the cloud are written using an are seamlessly distributed among the cloud op: Rand op: T blocks that represent various input, function, online graphical editor [bottom]. and simple pieces of hardware. All it needs m o r

and output nodes . This lets you build complex is just a little more polish. —Stephen Cass F

24 | SEP 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

09.Resources.NA [P].indd 24 8/14/15 2:30 PM RESOURCES_TOOLS

Wearables for FASHION FORWARD: Designers of wearables are increasingly taking fashion into account, a trend that Frail Seniors continues with CarePredict’s tracker for seniors.

Gadgets monitor place. A base station with Wi-Fi or Ethernet— elders’ health without and a cellular radio for backup—compresses and transfers the data to the cloud and re- invading privacy cords it in the wearer’s “rhythm journal.” CarePredict can use the journal data to deduce a series of regular habits—for example, when toothbrushing occurs in the bathroom—and will log how long it takes to complete each customary activity and the time it occurred. Once a baseline is established, which takes about a week, CarePredict then monitors daily activity to detect any changes to the person’s routine. In theory, a human observer could notice these changes as well, “but a human would have to be there 24 hours a day,” says Movva. Another startup, Lively, has designed a safety watch as well (also called Lively) that interacts with sensors located around the home and a central base station. Similar to Tempo, Lively links to a system that looks for changes to daily patterns and sends a reminder—for instance, if the senior has for- gotten to take his medication. The Lively safety watch, which is available now for US $50 with service subscription plans ranging from $28 to $35 per month, his is the final installment could be a warning sign for serious health also comes with an emergency button. When T in a three-part series looking conditions such as heart failure. pushed, the button alerts Lively’s care team at exemplars of products that Movva’s father subsequently received med- to dispatch emergency services. An ex- demonstrate how wearable devices are ical treatment and the shuffling stopped, but tended Bluetooth antenna, coiled inside the increasingly infiltrating everyday life; pre- the experience motivated Movva to r esearch watch, allows the wearer to travel more than vious articles have looked at a wearable how to monitor his aging parents remotely. 450 meters from home and still stay con- baby monitor and an activity tracker for pet Not finding something suitable on the market, nected to the hub. dogs. In this article we look at wearables Movva, who had spent nearly three decades Lively is also working on a feature that will that monitor the health of elderly people in IT, focusing on health care for the past two, allow the watch to recognize if its wearer has unobtrusively. Rather than giving family founded the startup Car ePredict in 2013 to fallen and automatically dispatch emergency members details about the wearers’ daily develop Tempo, a wearable for seniors that services without the press of a button. The activities, these systems function in the will start shipping this year. Worn as a wrist- system will calculate the g-force and look background and raise alerts only if anoma band, Tempo is packed with a nine-axis MEMS at other clues, such as the amount of move- lous behavior occurs. sensor (incorporating a three-axis accelerom- ment in the seconds after the accident, to fig- Satish Movva lives just 10 miles from his eter, a three-axis gyroscope, and a three-axis ure out if help is needed. parents and, as a dutiful son, sees them magnetometer), which tracks movements Ultimately, seniors want to stay indepen- once a week. But last year, during a routine such as walking or lying down. Battery- dent without having to don a device that visit, he was surprised to see his father shuf- powered beacons positioned around the screams “old age.” Lively CEO Iggy Fanlo fling his feet. It had begun several days ear- home or a senior center, such as in the bath- believes that this won’t be the case with his lier, but his parents had not bothered to tell room, bedroom, and kitchen, enable the sys- company’s product. “All the cool kids are get- on West on

D him. Movva knew, however, that shuffling tem to recognize where the activity is taking ting smart watches,” he says. — Ellen Lee

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | SEP 2015 | 25

09.Resources.NA [P].indd 25 8/14/15 2:30 PM RESOURCES_startups

Defying the Drone Data Deluge tomers feed video and associated data, formatted according to either KSI Data Sciences gives operators the military’s MISP (Motion Imagery critical context Standards Profile) protocol or to the MavLink standard, which many small drones use to communicate with their ground-control stations. KSI’s hardware uploads the video and data to the Internet over an LTE cellular network. At that point anyone with appropriate credentials can log into the system and view what the drone is surveying, while also having maps and other information important to gain situational awareness near at hand—all with only a few seconds’ delay. Frank Gillett, an analyst with Forrester Research, says he hasn’t heard of other companies pursuing anything similar, but he’s not surprised to see this product and service come into being. “You want to be able to integrate the mobile sensor with other context,” he says. Those who benefit most from that ability are remote users, say a town’s fire and police chiefs, who from their offices SI Data Sciences, based in Afghanistan. In early 2012, two years after can even open a video chat with the robotic K a former tobacco warehouse in selling EchoStorm, Barton saw the need vehicle’s operators. Think of KSI’s system as Danville, Va., is unlike most drone for something similar in the burgeoning a GotoMeeting for drone operations. startups. For one thing, this company is not world of commercial drones. He teamed Barton and Gaster are fully aware that designing robotic hardware or offering field up with Jon Gaster, who had worked in data their system could be valuable for more than services. Instead it’s doing something that is management for the Hollywood film indus- just those supervising robots: Handling perhaps more important—figuring out how try, to start KSI Data Sciences. Their vision feeds from police dash- and bodycams to handle the information collected by our ro- was to create a system that didn’t require leaps to mind. Today those videos are re- botic minions. formal training, much less an engineering corded rather than uploaded to the Internet “Anybody can push out a video stream, degree, to use. The result is a user inter- in real time, but that could very well change but when you start wrapping it with all the face to their cloud-based service that re- in the next few years. Still, for the moment, telemetry data, all the sensor data, when sembles someone’s Facebook page more KSI is focusing on robotic camera platforms, you’re trying to plot it on maps, when you’re than anything else. in part because that’s where this fledging trying to make sense of the area around you, KSI’s initial market targets include po- company sees its strongest competitive ad- not just push out video—it gets much more lice, fire, and other first responders that vantage. It probably also has something to complex,” says the company’s cofounder use robotic vehicles in their work, along do with the fact that messing with robots is Jason Barton. with utility companies that use such plat- so much fun. —v Da id Schneider Soon after the terrorist attacks of forms to inspect their equipment remotely es

9/11, Barton started a company called (KSI doesn’t limit its scope to aerial drones, Name: KSI Data Sciences Location: c EchoStorm Worldwide, which helped working with terrestrial and submarine Danville, Va. Founded: 2012 Employees: 8 en Sci

the U.S. military manage video from the remote-c ontrolled robots as well). KSI pro- Funding: US $250,000 from the Launch ata D I I

many drones being flown in Iraq and vides its MissionCaster box to which cus- Place plus other undisclosed amounts KS

26 | SEP 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

09.Resources.NA [P].indd 26 8/14/15 2:30 PM RESOURCES_CAREERS

F or Women Engineers, Mentoring Helps At school and at work, mentors improve job satisfaction

uring Estefania Ortiz’s first D internship as a freshman computer science major, the Stanford University student felt frustrated, insecure, and unsuccessful. But when she sought a mentor’s advice three-quarters of the way through her internship, she received valuable guidance on what geared more toward competition than col- What are some guidelines for those seek- to expect and how to salvage the experience. laboration and cooperation. Kimberly Bryant, ing the best out of a mentor-mentee relation- Managers are not like teachers, her mentor an electrical engineer and founder of Black ship? Lynn Mayo, a vice president at AECOM, taught her, and she shouldn’t expect encour- Girls Code, agrees, saying mentors have says she has sought guidance from mentors agement and regular feedback. been pivotal to her career since her first year throughout her 30-year career and suggests “This mentor was saying, ‘Pick your battles. in college. Her first mentor, who was a cou- forming a relationship with a mentor before Focus on networking.’ Basically, she gave me a ple of years ahead of her with the same major asking for career advice. “It’s much easier strategy to end on a good note,” says Ortiz, who at Vanderbilt University, in Nashville, advised to mentor someone when you know their begins her senior year this fall. “That conversa- her on which classes to take and how to se- strengths, weakness, and aspirations,” she tion with my mentor changed my whole course.” lect an advisor. As Bryant was one of the few says. Mayo also finds it helpful for them entee It’s been widely known for decades that female electrical engineering students, her to ask focused questions, as it’s much easier women in STEM fields switch majors away mentor also helped her feel less alone. to give advice on a specific topic than respond from science, technology, engineering, and Later, while rapidly rising in her career at to a general request for advice. Mentees mathematics at higher rates than their male Pfizer, Bryant was recruited to join an all- should also respect the time of their mentors: counterparts. And this pattern continues af- white-male team of directors. After encoun- Save senior mentors for the important ques- ter graduation—even for those who attain tering friction from other directors in staff tions; use peer mentors to gain a different per- master’s and doctorate degrees. But re- meetings, she kept silent. The man who had spective or to talk through a challenge. search shows that having mentors—both recruited her pulled her aside, told her he How can young engineers find mentors, and peer mentors and more senior mentors— wanted her perspective, and encouraged her how can more experienced engineers will- reduces the number of women who leave to speak up. Having that mentor in her corner ing to be mentors make themselves known? engineering and increases job satisfaction helped her share her insights, she says, even Those seeking mentors should look for peo- for those women who stay. when facing pushback from other colleagues. ple they want to emulate and with whom they “The feelings of competence and efficacy Women who have been successful in STEM have a professional relationship. Mentors are stronger when you are less isolated and fields report having both informal peer men- need not be the same gender, and a mentor feel more confident in your job performance,” tors as well as more senior mentors. While could be a more experienced colleague or a says Naomi C. Chesler, a biomedical engi- men and women in STEM place about equal supervisor. Veteran engineers can open the neer who has studied gender disparities in value on formal mentors, women value infor- door to potential mentees by being approach- ages

m engineering education for two decades. mal mentors more, according to Marie Garland, able and offering to answer any questions. “It’s best to have several mentors,” says Mayo. etty I etty Women who enter college confident executive director of Syracuse University’s G and enthusiastic can face a rude awaken- National Science Foundation Advance IT ini- “When you have multiple mentors, you can ap- ley/ i ing when encountering professors who tiative for increasing the participation and ad- proach different mentors based on specific a Ba a r z

E undervalue their contributions and a culture vancement of women in engineering careers. needs.” — Theresa Sullivan Barger

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | SEP 2015 | 27

09.Resources.NA [P].indd 27 8/14/15 2:30 PM Numbers DON’T LIE_BY Vaclav SMIL opinion

and only recently has it risen above even “new Japan” at 70 that low mark. Once-iconic consumer electronics manufacturers like Sony, Toshiba, and Hitachi now struggle to be profitable. Toyota and Age groups 65+ 15 64 0 14 Honda, global automotive brands once known for their unmatched reliability, 140 12.5% are recalling millions of vehicles. T akata’s 26.8% 127 million defective air bags recently resulted in the biggest recall of a manufactured part ever. 120 And Yuasa made unreliable lithium-ion 60.7% batteries for the Boeing 787. Add to this the

102 million rapidly changing governments, the March 9.9% 2015 2011 t sunami followed by the F ukushima 100 37.7% disaster, and worsening relations with China and South Korea, and you get a 52.4% worrisome picture indeed. But in the long run the fortunes of 80 nations are determined by population

Japanese population, millions Japanese 2045 decline and fall: Japan’s population is aging faster than that trends. Japan is not only the world’s of any other major economic power, even as its numbers decline. fastest-aging major economy (already ev- 60 Few young people will be left to care for the millions of older ones. ery fourth person is older than 65, and by

Projected 2050 that share will be nearly 40 percent), its population is also declining. Today’s 1925 40 55 70 85 2000 15 30 45 60 127 million will shrink to 97 million by Year 2050, and forecasts show shortages of

source: IPSS (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research) the young labor force needed in construction and health care. Who will maintain Japan’s extensive and admirably efficient On 2 September 1945, representatives of the transportation infrastructures? Who will Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender on the take care of millions of old people? By deck of the USS Missouri, anchored in Tokyo Bay. So ended per- 2050 people above the age of 80 will out- haps the most reckless of all modern wars, the outcome of which number the children. was decided by U.S. technical superiority even before it started. Japan lost in Fortunes of all major nations have fol- material terms even before it attacked Pearl Harbor: In 1940 the United States lowed specific trajectories of rise and produced roughly 10 times as much steel as Japan did, and during the war the retreat, but perhaps the greatest differ- difference grew further. • The devastated Japanese economy did not surpass ence in their paths has been the time they its prewar peak until 1953. But by then the foundations had been laid for the spent at the top of their performance: country’s spectacular rise. Soon its fast-selling exports ranged from the first Some had a relatively prolonged pla- transistor radios (Sony) to the first giant crude-oil tankers (Sumitomo). The first teau followed by steady decline (both Honda Civic arrived in the United States in 1973, and by 1980, Japanese cars the British Empire and the 20th-century claimed 30 percent of the U.S. market. Japan, totally dependent on crude-oil United States fit that pattern); others imports, was hit hard by the OPEC oil price rises of the 1970s, but it adjusted had a swift rise to a brief peak followed rapidly by pursuing energy efficiency, and in 1978 it became the world’s sec- by more or less rapid decline. Japan is ond largest economy. By 1985 the yen was so strong that the U nited States, clearly in the latter category. Its swift feeling threatened by Japanese imports, forced its devaluation through the post–World War II ascent peaked in the Plaza Accord. But even afterward the economy soared: In the five years fol- late 1980s, and it’s been downhill ever lowing January 1985 the Nikkei index rose more than threefold. • It was too since: in a single lifetime from misery good to be true; indeed, the success reflected the working of an enormous to an admired—and feared—economic bubble economy driven by inflated stock and real estate prices. In January superpower, then on to the stagnation 2000, ten years after its peak, the Nikkei was still at only half its 1990 value, and retreat of an aging society. n

28 | SEP 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

09.NumbersDontLie.NA [P].indd 28 8/13/15 3:53 PM Recording Data Has Never Been This Easy!

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09a.p29.NA [P].indd 29 8/13/15 11:04 AM www.dewamerica.com/D310 Toll-free: +1 877-431-5166 or +1 (401) 284-3750 REflections_BY ROBERT W. LUCKY opinion

the caricatures aren’t so broadly over- drawn that we engineers don’t recognize familiar personalities and technical and business issues. Pied Piper’s engineers grapple with funding, hiring, business strategy, competition, management fads, intellectual property, and legal issues. But the one thing we don’t see, however, is them actually working. That is, after all, boring— at least in the eyes of HBO. Nonetheless, I got a thrill from hear- ing mentions of Shannon, Huffman, and Lempel-Ziv compression. Imagine this on a popular TV show! On some occasions we see “LZ” written on their backboard, and another time it’s “LZW,” giving mention to Terry Welch, who wrote the original compression software and improved and popularized the Lempel-Ziv algorithm. Of course, the TV techies outdo the known lossless compression algorithms, with software that gets high marks on a fic- Techies on TV titious metric called the Weissman score, which has since become a real measure Shows about engineers are finding an audience as reported by IEEE Spectrum last year. This does raise some technical eyebrows, since Lempel-Ziv compression has been A long, long time ago—back in the 1980s—there was shown to be optimum. However, that’s a concern within the IEEE about how to raise the public esteem for a theoretical case that doesn’t com- of engineers. In our opinion, they didn’t seem to be sufficiently pletely hold in practice. appreciated. It was a time when doctor and lawyer shows were In compressing written language, for big on television, so an idea floated around some of our committee meetings: example, LZ algorithms build a diction- Could we get an engineer show on TV? • One distinguished colleague sug- ary as they go along. However, humans gested, possibly in jest, a show entitled “L.A. Engineer,” riffing off the then- bring a vast amount of understanding hit U.S. show “L.A. Law.” What a delightful fantasy that was! But I realized and context not present in that dictionary. immediately that it would never happen, and even if it did, no one would Moreover, the underlying statistics can watch it—not even us. • But times have changed. I don’t think engineers change dramatically, say, in going from a worry much about the public’s esteem now. We’re too busy starting compa- Shakespeare play to a medical textbook. nies, changing the world, and stuff like that. And with no impetus from us, So, yes, it is possible to get better com- there is now a comedy series on the U.S. cable channel HBO entitled “Silicon pression than that of known algorithms. Valley.” It’s all about engineers and computer scientists trying to start a com- The TV engineers frequently brag that pany called Pied Piper, whose music app of the same name is based on a new their algorithm is lossless. Other things data-compression algorithm. (Meanwhile, over on another U.S. cable chan- being equal, lossless is obviously better, nel, AMC, there is the 1980s period tech drama “Halt and Catch Fire,” while but the world today largely lives on lossy one of the highest rated shows on U.S. broadcast television—“The Big Bang algorithms like MP3, JPEG, and MPEG, Theory”—features an aerospace engineer as one of its core characters.) • Okay, where small concessions are made in fi- so we got a few things wrong with our “L.A. Engineer” idea, starting with delity to enable large gains in compres- the venue. Silicon Valley and its technology culture were only nascent back sion efficiency. then. Another thing: No one ever thought our show would be a comedy. After So maybe Pied Piper will crash and all, this engineering is serious business. Yet “Silicon Valley” is in large part a burn next season. It looks like a lot of peo- parody, with caricatures of both the techies and the venture capitalists. Still, ple are going to stay tuned to find out. n

30 | Sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG illustration by Greg Mably

09.Reflections.NA [P].indd 30 8/13/15 10:59 AM 09a.p31.NA [P].indd 31 8/12/15 9:22 AM How Much Is Your Spare Room Worth?

09.Airbnb.NA [P].indd 32 8/12/15 8:35 AM The story behind Airbnb’s pricing algorithm How Much Is Your Spare Room

lby DanWorth? Hil Photography by The Voorhes

How much should you charge someone to live in your house? Or how much would you pay to live in someone else’s house? Would you pay more or less for a planned vacation or for a spur-of-the-moment getaway? • Answering these questions isn’t easy. And the struggle to do so, my colleagues and I discovered, was preventing potential rentals from getting listed on our site—Airbnb, the company that matches available rooms, apartments, and houses with people who want to book them. • In focus groups, we watched people go through the process of listing their properties on our site—and get stumped when they came to the price field. Many would take a look at what their neighbors were charging and pick a comparable price; this involved opening a lot of tabs in their browsers and figuring out which listings were similar to theirs. Some people had a goal in mind before they signed up, maybe to make a little extra money to help pay the mortgage or defray the costs of a vacation. So they set a price that would help them meet that goal without considering the real market value of their listing. And some people, unfortunately, just gave up. • Clearly, Airbnb needed to offer people a better way—an automated source of pricing information to help hosts come to a decision. That’s why we started building pricing tools in 2012 and have been working to make them better ever since. This June, we released our latest improvements. We started doing dynamic p ricing— that is, offering new price tips daily based on changing market conditions. We tweaked our general pricing algorithms to

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG North american sep 2015 | 33

09.Airbnb.NA [P].indd 33 8/12/15 8:35 AM consider some unusual, even surprising characteristics of list- ties, like a parking space or even a pool. We rolled it out in ings. And we’ve added what we think is a unique approach 2013, and it did well, for the most part. But it had limitations. to machine learning that lets our system not only learn from For one, the way its price-setting algorithms worked didn’t its own experience but also take advantage of a little human change. If we set them to consider that the Pearl District in intuition when necessary. Portland, Ore., say, had a certain boundary, or that rooms on a river were always worth a certain amount more than In the online world, a number of companies use algorithms rooms a block from that river, the algorithm would apply to set or suggest prices. eBay, for example, tells you what simi- those metrics forever, unless we went in manually to change lar products have sold for and lets you choose a price based them. And our pricing tools weren’t dynamic—price tips on that information. eBay’s pricing problem was relatively didn’t adjust based on when you were booking a room or simple to solve: It didn’t matter where the sellers and buy- how many other people seemed to be booking rooms at ers were or whether you’re selling the product today or next the same time. week. Meanwhile, over at Uber and Lyft, the ride-sharing Since mid-2014, we’ve been trying to change that. We wanted companies, geography and time do matter—but these two to build a tool that learns from its mistakes and improves by companies simply set prices by decree; there is no user choice interacting with users. We also wanted the tool to adjust to or need for transparency in how the prices are determined. demand and, when necessary, drop price tips to fill rooms At Airbnb, we faced an unusually complex problem. Every that would otherwise stay empty or raise them in response to one of the million-plus listings on our site is unique, having demand. We’ve started to figure that out, and we began to let its own address, size, and decor. Our hosts also vary in their our hosts use this new tool in June. We’ll tell you about how willingness to play concierge, cook, or tour guide. And events— these tools evolved and how they work today. We’ll also tell some regular, like seasonal weather changes; others unusual, you why we think our latest tool, Aerosolve, will eventually like large local events—muddy the waters even further. do a lot more than just price home rentals. That’s why we’re Three years ago we started building a tool to provide releasing it into the open-source community. price tips to potential hosts based on the most important characteristics about a listing, like the number of rooms To get an idea of the problem we faced, consider three dif- and beds, the neighboring properties, and certain ameni- ferent situations.

34 | Sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

09.Airbnb.NA [P].indd 34 8/12/15 8:35 AM Imagine you had lived in Brazil during the last football occurs: You take the first inquiry at a lower price and spend (soccer) World Cup. Your hometown will see a huge influx of the next few months wishing you’d been brave enough to take travelers from all over the world, all united by the greatest a little more risk. How do we help hosts get better informa- football tournament on the planet. You have a spare room in tion to prevent this kind of uncertainty and regret? your house, and you want to meet other football lovers and These are the kinds of questions we faced. We wanted to make some extra cash. build an easy-to-use tool to feed hosts information that is For our tool to help you figure out a price, there were a few helpful as they decide what to charge for their spaces, while factors to consider. First, this was a once-in-a-generation event making the reasons for its pricing tips clear. in that country, so we at Airbnb have absolutely no historical data to look at. Second, every hotel was sold out, so clearly The overall architecture of our tool was surprisingly sim- there was a massive imbalance between supply and demand. ple to figure out: When a new host begins adding a space to Third, the people coming to visit already had paid immense our site, our system extracts what we call the key attributes sums for their tickets and international travel, so they’d prob- of that listing, looks at other listings with the same or similar ably be prepared to pay a lot for a room. All of that had to be attributes in the area, finds those that are being successfully considered in addition to the obvi- booked, factors in demand and sea- ous parameters of size, number of sonality, and bases a price tip from rooms, and location. the median there. Or imagine you’ve inherited a cas- The tricky part began when we tried tle in the Highlands of Scotland and, to figure out what, exactly, the key in order to pay the costs of cleaning attributes of a listing are. No two list- the moats, operating the distillery, ings are the same in design or layout, and feeding the falcons, you decide there are listings in every corner of a to turn the turret into a bed-and- city, and many aren’t just apartments breakfast. Unlike the World Cup sit- or houses but castles and igloos. We uation, you’d have some comparative decided that our tool would use three data, based on nearby castles. Some major types of data in setting prices: of that data would likely span many similarity, recency, and location. years, providing information about For data on similarity, we started the seasonality of tourism and travel. with all the quantifiable attributes we And you’d know, because there are know about a listing and then looked a number of other accommodation to see which were most highly cor- options in the area, that the supply related with the price a guest would and demand for tourist rooms is pay for that listing. We arrived at pretty balanced right now. Yet this how many people the space sleeps, particular castle is the only one in whether it’s an entire property or a Scotland with a uniquely designed private room, the type of property double moat. How can a system cal- (apartment, castle, yurt), and the culate what this rare and unique fea- number of reviews. ture would be worth? Perhaps the most surprising attri- As a final example, imagine you bute here is the number of reviews. own a typical two-bedroom apart- It turns out that people are willing to ment in Paris. You’re taking a few pay a premium for places with many weeks of your August vacation and reviews. While Amazon, eBay, and heading south to Montpellier. There others do rely on reviews to help are lots of comparative properties, so users make selections about what it’s relatively easy to price. But say, to buy or whom to buy it from, it’s after you receive a wave of interest not clear that the number of reviews

based on the first listing, you decide Anrou d the Globe: Airbnb’s pricing makes a big difference in price. For to start increasing the price gradu- tools handle a variety of accommodations us, having even a single review rather ally to try to maximize the amount in many different countries, including than no reviews makes a huge differ- [from top] a yurt in London, a castle in earned. That’s a tricky proposition— Ireland, and a tree house in Hawaii. At the ence to a listing. what happens if you go too high, or time of a quick spot check in July, prices set We considered recency, because cut it too close to the booking date by hosts were US $147 for a room for two in markets change frequently, espe- the castle, $159 for two beds sleeping four and lose the chance to make any people in the yurt, and $275 for the tree cially in travel. On top of that, travel

Airbnb (3) Airbnb money? Or perhaps the opposite house, which sleeps two. is a highly seasonal business, so it’s

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | Sep 2015 | 35

09.Airbnb.NA [P].indd 35 8/12/15 8:35 AM important to look for the market rate either Won’t You Be My E arly versions of our pricing algorithms as it is today, or as it was this time last year; Neighbor? Algorithms plotted an expanding circle around a listing, use historical pricing data last month may not be relevant. to group properties into considering similar properties at varying In highly developed markets like London detailed microneighbor- radii from the listing location. This seemed or Paris, obtaining this market data is easy hoods, as shown on this to work well for a while, but we eventually map of London. enough—there are thousands of listings being discovered a crucial flaw. Imagine our apart- booked on our site to compare with. For new ment in Paris for a minute. If the listing is and emerging markets, we classified them into groups of simi- centrally located, say, right by the Pont Neuf just down from lar size, level of tourism, and stage of growth for Airbnb. This the Louvre and Jardin des Tuileries, then our expanding way, we are able to compare listings not only in the actual city circle quickly begins to encompass very different neighbor- a space is in but also in other markets with similar character- hoods on opposite sides of the river. In Paris, though both istics. So if a Japanese host is one of the first Airbnb users to sides of the Seine are safe, people will pay quite different list an apartment in Kyoto, we might look at data from Tokyo amounts to stay in locations just a hundred meters apart. or Okayama, back when Airbnb was similarly new in those In other cities there’s an even sharper divide. In London, cities, or from Amsterdam, a more mature market for Airbnb for instance, prices in the desirable Greenwich area can be but one with a similar size and level of tourism. more than twice as much as those near the London docks Finally, we needed to consider location, a rather different right across the Thames. problem for us than for hotels. Hotels are typically grouped We therefore got a cartographer to map the boundaries of in just a few main locations; we have listings in almost every every neighborhood in our top cities all over the world. This corner of a city. information created extremely accurate and relevant geo- spatial definitions we could use to accurately cluster listings Price SXSW SXSW around major geographical and structural features like riv- ers, highways, and transportation connections. So now, for example, for the first weekend of October, Austin City Limits Music Festival the price tip for a basic private room for two in London on the Greenwich side of the Thames comes up at US $130 a night; a room with similar attributes across the river comes up at $60 a night.

1/14 4/14 7/14 10/14 1/15 4/15 7/15 We were pretty happy with our algorithms—that is, after we fixed a bug that had caused our system to give a price tip of U PS AND DOWNS: Seasonal demand and local events can cause $99 on a large number of new listings, no matter what their prices to differ dramatically. In Austin, Texas, as shown here, prices jump during the South by Southwest (SXSW) and Austin particular characteristics. It didn’t happen for long, and not

City Limits festivals. in every region, but we recognize that | continued on page 57 (2) Airbnb

36 | Sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

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INNOVATION INTELLIGENCE®

09a.p37.NA [P].indd 37 8/13/15 11:10 AM PATENT PENDING s er RECOGNITION: The p patent Haeff filed in

1933 for a primitive Pa aeff n intense-looking young man tionize the movie business, H type of traveling-wave stepped out of his engineering lab enabling TV broadcasters tube has been largely ndrei V. V. ndrei at Caltech to watch what was hap- to bounce Frankenstein ignored. A he he A pening. In the university’s nearby and countless other films T high-voltage laboratory, gigantic off satellites straight into people’s homes. ight: R bolts of electricity were leaping eerily from out- The young man was Andrei “Andy” Haeff (father landish equipment. It was 1931, and a Hollywood of coauthor Andre Haeff), and the device he crew was filming the spark-filled special effects was working on was an early form of what was

for the creation scene in Boris Karloff’s first later called the traveling-wave tube. This rather Office; rademark T Frankenstein movie. The serious-minded young exotic type of vacuum tube was a key compo- engineer loved cinema, but as he walked back to nent in early telecommunications, radar, and his bench in the Kellogg Radiation Laboratory, he television-broadcast systems. In 1952, for probably had no idea that a new kind of vacuum example, the British B roadcasting Corp. used

tube he was working on would in time revolu- the technology to forge a chain of microwave and Patent U.S. Left: The True

of the H38 | SEP 2015 |istory north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

09.TravelingWaveTube.NA [P].indd 38 8/14/15 11:14 AM Most accounts of this powerful amplifier’s origins get the story wrong

By Jack Copeland & Andre A. Haeff Traveling

Wave TSPECTRUM.IEEE.uORG | northb american | SEPe 2015 | 39

09.TravelingWaveTube.NA [P].indd 39 8/14/15 11:14 AM tions that Haeff made to this important technology and to explore how it was that he came to be written out of this slice of technological history.

he story begins in Cali- fornia in 1931. Haeff had arrived in the United T States only a few years before from China, where he had moved with his parents and brother and sisters in 1920, not long after the Bolshevik revolution in his native Russia. Haeff had recently obtained a master’s degree at Caltech and was doing research that he hoped would soon earn him a doctorate. His thesis subject was microwave electronics, which in that era represented a high-tech frontier. Nobody knew how to effectively amplify microwave signals, which were too high in frequency for standard vacuum tubes to handle. The young engineer began working on a tube in which a high-frequency radio wave corkscrews around, following a helical copper electrode, while electrons projected in a beam flow parallel to the axis of the helix. Moving around the helix reduces the wave’s progress along the axis of the tube enough to make it match the speed of the slower-moving electrons, enabling a strong interaction that draws energy from the beam and amplifies the wave. Haeff’s prototype used two parallel helical electrodes with an electron beam running in between them. When he filed his first patent on the tube in Octo- links between Manchester in England C alIFORNIA Dreamin’: A young Andy Haeff ber 1933, he used the term “traveling and a broadcasting station midway poses in Caltech’s Kellogg Radiation Laboratory wave” to refer to the high-frequency in 1932 [top]. It was here that he constructed a between Glasgow and Edinburgh, allow- primitive form of traveling-wave tube [bottom], wave moving around the helix. His was ing the company to distribute television which he developed for working with high- the first example of what later came to programming to Scotland without string- frequency radio signals. be called a helix traveling-wave tube. ing lengthy cables. But it was the advent Haeff got the idea for this novel tube of communications satellites that allowed an Austrian architect named Rudolf after watching surfers on Santa Monica the low-weight, power-efficient traveling- Kompfner with inventing it in England Beach and realizing that the velocities of wave tube to really shine. Nowadays during the Second World War. Indeed, the board and the wave had to match for a everybody’s favorite signals—broadband, textbooks that cover the topic tend to surfer to use the wave’s energy effectively. phone, TV—can reach almost anywhere acknowledge only Kompfner. Haeff obtained his Ph.D. in 1932, but ers (2) ers

on the globe, thanks to s atellite-based In fact, though, the traveling-wave he continued working on his revolu- ap

traveling-wave tubes. tube has much earlier roots. Its origina- tionary new tube as a research fellow in P eff Ha Despite the importance of this device, tor was not Kompfner but the shy and Caltech’s electrical engineering depart- the origins of the traveling-wave tube intense Andy Haeff. And so it’s worth ment. The few accounts of the origin of the

are little known. Most authorities credit revisiting the fundamental contribu- traveling-wave tube that mention Haeff at V. Andrei The

40 | SEP 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

09.TravelingWaveTube.NA [P].indd 40 8/14/15 11:14 AM all typically state—quite incorrectly—that meters (roughly 60 miles) apart, and we Within a few years the traveling-wave he overlooked the use of the tube as an have no evidence that they ever met. tube was discovered a third time—at the amplifier. In fact, when Haeff applied for One strong possibility is that Fred University of Birmingham, in England. a patent on his design, he emphasized Kroger, an associate of Haeff’s from In 1940, physicists at a special labora- three ways of using the tube, including Caltech, may have steered Lindenblad tory set up by the British admiralty had as a microwave signal detector and to to Haeff’s patents. In 1933 Kroger had developed a powerful tube for generat- “amplify…extremely high radio frequen- helped Haeff build the microwave trans- ing microwaves: the multicavity mag- cies.” So there’s no doubt that he recog- mitter and receiver he used to demon- netron. The magnetron is said to have nized the ability of his tube to amplify strate the capabilities of traveling-wave had more influence on the course of the frequencies that lay beyond the upper tubes. And when Haeff moved from Cali- Second World War than any other sin- limits of conventional vacuum tubes. fornia to New Jersey, it was Kroger who gle invention, because it was key to con- What’s more, Haeff’s new tube was transported the prototype traveling- structing small, powerful, accurate radar not just a paper design: Shortly before wave tube there in the trunk of his car. sets, ones compact and light enough to filing his patent application, he used a He also had a hand in the lucrative sale be fitted into airplanes. traveling-wave tube to build a portable of Haeff’s patent rights to RCA. Kroger, When Kompfner joined this laboratory radio transmitter and receiver oper- like Lindenblad, worked at RCA Commu- in 1941, he worked by day on magnetrons ating at 750 megahertz—much higher nications in Rocky Point, N.Y., and they and klystrons—another kind of tube for than other radio equipment of the time. were both key players in RCA’s early for- amplifying microwaves—and in the eve- In March 1934, Haeff left Caltech to ays into television broadcasting. Indeed, nings on various designs of his own, join RCA’s research and engineering it was for this purpose that Lindenblad including a traveling-wave amplifier. department in Harrison, N.J. The head of revived the traveling-wave tube. Kompfner built his first traveling-wave Caltech, the physicist Robert A. M illikan, acting on behalf of the university’s gov- erning body, granted him all rights to his invention. Haeff soon sold RCA the patent rights to the traveling-wave tube, Haeff’s Other Tubes together with a working prototype, for the then tidy sum of US $12,000— This prolific engineer kept inventing for decades approximately $200,000 in today’s money. Later, in 1936, RCA applied for In addition to his traveling-wave tube, a second patent on Haeff’s design. The and his extensive contributions to mili- company did not, however, permit Haeff tary radar and electronic warfare, Andrei to develop the invention further, want- Haeff invented an array of important vac- ing him to concentrate on developing uum tubes. These included two ingenious miniature tubes and circuits for use in amplifiers, his electron-wave and resistive- television receivers. wall tubes. Another of his breakthroughs, also an amplifier, was the inductive-output The traveling-wave tube was subse- tube, or IOT [a prototype is shown at left], quently rediscovered not once but twice. an invention that made RCA’s pioneering The first time was in 1940, when Nils 1939 TV broadcasts possible, with a trans- Lindenblad, an antenna specialist at mitter atop the Empire State Building in RCA, filed for a patent on an improved New York City and a series of relay stations traveling-wave tube. This was six years spanning the length of Long Island, N.Y. after Haeff sold RCA the rights to his Haeff’s contributions to computing 1933 patent. It’s hard to imagine that included his bistable storage technology Lindenblad was unaware of Haeff’s ear- for computer monitors and his very early lier work: The same RCA patent attorney, work on the display of graphics and text. Harry G. Grover, filed bothL indenblad’s He was the first to discover a way for the content of the screen to be retained patent and RCA’s 1936 patent on Haeff’s so that it displayed for more than a second or two. traveling-wave tube. Haeff also anticipated aspects of virtual reality, as long ago as 1964 invent- ers

ap How Lindenblad, who was not a tube ing a laser device for scanning works of art, buildings, museum treasures, and

eff P eff designer, came to be investigating heli- other 3-D objects so that technicians could re-create them virtually. Yet the Ha cal electrodes is unclear. Although both traveling-wave tube remains the greatest of all his inventions. —J.C. & A.A.H. he and Haeff were employed by RCA at

The Andrei V. V. Andrei The the time, their labs were about 100 kilo-

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | SEP 2015 | 41

09.TravelingWaveTube.NA [P].indd 41 8/14/15 11:14 AM tubes in the Birmingham lab, winding Kompfner recounted his early the long copper helices himself on a work on the traveling-wave tube lathe. The results were good, and the in a 30-page pamphlet published British Admiralty lodged a patent appli- in 1964, The Invention of the Trav- cation on his behalf in June 1944. eling Wave Tube. In it, Kompfner Kompfner described the form of revealed that the crucial idea traveling-wave tube that became of using a helical electrode was the prototype for future commercial not his own. While attempting versions in a 1946 article in Wireless to design a high-frequency oscil- World. His tube, though, did not dif- loscope, he had realized—like fer essentially from Lindenblad’s less Haeff before him—that if an elec- well-known design, for which a U.S. pat- tric field could be slowed down ent had in fact already been granted from the speed of light to the bell labs team: John Pierce [left] and Rudolf in October 1942—ironically, about the speed of an electron beam, the Kompfner—to whom invention of the traveling- same time Kompfner was rediscover- field and the beam could interact. wave tube is often exclusively credited—worked ing the traveling-wave tube. But Kompfner knew of no way of together at Bell Labs, starting in 1951. While the tube Kompfner described achieving this reduction in veloc- in Wireless World made use of the same ity. In September 1942, he discussed patent on Kompfner’s traveling-wave basic principles as Haeff’s, it was a dis- his high-frequency oscilloscope with tube design, granted in 1953, did cite tinct improvement on Haeff’s design, other tube experts at Birmingham, and Haeff’s prior patent. where the electron beam ran close “the suggestion was made to use a helix,” Although he was silent about Haeff’s to the circumference of the helix. Kompfner stated. early traveling-wave tube, Kompfner Like Lindenblad in his earlier design, Kompfner first experimented with emphasized the importance of Haeff’s Kompfner used a precision electron gun, traveling-wave tubes that had the elec- work on velocity modulation and elec- unavailable at the time of Haeff’s pio- tron beam running outside the helix, as tron bunching. Remarking in 1949

BEAMS AND HELICES: A drawing from the U.S. patent Haeff filed in 1933 shows how the beamed electrons in his device [dashed lines] traveled outside the helical electrode [left, from “Device for and Method of Controlling High Frequency Currents,” U.S. patent number 2,064,469]. A drawing from the U.K. patent that Rudolf Kompfner and the British Admiralty filed in 1944 shows a more advantageous configuration, with a narrow electron beam directed down the center of the helical electrode [right, from “Improvements in or relating to Electron Discharge Devices,” U.K. patent number 623,537].

neering work, to direct the beam along Haeff had done a decade earlier, the so- that the early attempts of Heil and

the central axis right inside the helix. called deflection type of traveling-wave Arsenjewa-Heil were “not really success- office That method resulted in much higher tube. It was not until April of 1943 that ful,” Kompfner continued: “Then, in the pat en t es amplification because it brought differ- Kompfner landed on the same idea as space of a few months (1938–39), there UK : ag m I ent physical principles into play—veloc- Lindenblad—of using a precision gun to appeared a series of papers by Ameri- ity modulation and electron bunching. shoot a stream of electrons down the can workers, notably Haeff, [William] tty ion/Ge

Those phenomena were discovered center of the helix. In November of that Hahn and [George] Metcalf, [Russell] t and investigated during the second half year, Kompfner demonstrated that this Varian and [Sigurd] Varian, [William ollec of the 1930s—initially by the husband- approach boosted amplification. Webster] Hansen and [David] Webster, C ure ure t

and-wife team of Oskar Heil and Agnes Kompfner wrote a great deal about which transformed the situation.” ri g h t O ffice; Tr a dem rk a nd Pic

Arsenjewa-Heil—making Lindenblad’s and the circumstances of his “discovery” of Haeff was by nature modest and reluc- LIFE . P at en t . S Kompfner’s designs possible. And indeed, the traveling-wave tube, most notably in tant to blow his own horn. Although far . : U : Haeff was one of the first to harness these his 1964 pamphlet. But in these exten- from pleased that his early contributions le Joel/The Joel/The le principles, in his 1939 inductive-output sive writings he never so much as men- were being overlooked, he didn’t object a : p

tube [see “Haeff’s Other Tubes”]. tioned Haeff’s earlier work—yet the U.S. publicly. But in a summary of his life’s To Y lef t Bo tt om,

42 | SEP 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

09.TravelingWaveTube.NA [P].indd 42 8/14/15 11:14 AM work, composed in about 1950, he wrote: article about microwave-tube develop- stations to track it continuously as it “It is of interest to note that the opera- ment that would refer to Haeff’s “use of moved across the sky. In a 1945 issue tion of the recently announced ‘revolu- traveling waves with electron beams of Wireless World, the science fiction tionary’ device known as the ‘Travelling back around 1935.” But Pierce, who writer Arthur C. Clarke had described Wave Tube,’ is based on the principle died in 2002, never did author an arti- his idea of placing communications first disclosed by me in my patents No. cle setting the historical record straight. satellites in stationary orbits, which 2,064,469 and 2,233,126 which describe And only a few specialists realized the would avoid the tracking problems asso- the fundamental ideas of the travelling importance of Haeff’s early work, like ciated with satellites that move rela- wave tube.” But he did little beyond that Victor Granatstein at the University of tive to Earth’s surface. When Hughes to associate himself with this remarkable Maryland, who wrote in 2000 that Haeff engineer Harold Rosen suggested that device, which was to become immensely “made an indispensible contribution the company develop such a stationary important after John R. Pierce brought to the development of the helix TWT” satellite, many of his colleagues were the concept of the traveling-wave tube (traveling-wave tube), noting that the skeptical, but Haeff convinced the gen- to Bell Labs, archrival of RCA, soon after “key” idea of using a helix to slow a high- eral manager, Lawrence “Pat” Hyland, meeting Kompfner in Britain in 1944. In frequency wave to the same speed as an that a stationary satellite was prefer- 1951, Kompfner himself joined Bell Labs electron beam was “revealed for the first able to the Bell Labs scheme. as Pierce’s protégé. time in Andrew Haeff’s patent.” Haeff established a special task force to Pierce, an engineer who is perhaps most study the problems of commercial satel- famous now for coining the word transis- n 1950 Haeff, who had lite communication. In October 1959 the tor in 1948, rose to become an executive left RCA in 1941 to work task force recommended that Hughes director at Bell Labs. And his relationship on radar at the U.S. proceed at lightning pace with a “major with Haeff was cordial enough for him I Naval Research Labora- space program…under tight security.” to have dined at the Haeff home on one tory, joined the research The aim was to place a simple broadband occasion in the early 1950s. Nevertheless, and development laboratories of the repeater satellite into an approximately Pierce relentlessly pressed K ompfner’s— rapidly expanding Hughes Aircraft Co. stationary orbit above the Atlantic. The task force further advocated developing a special lightweight, high- efficiency traveling-wave tube, weighing around 1 pound—about one-twentieth the weight of Hughes’s standard version. This tube would form “the heart of the proposed satellite electronic system,” amplifying the signals the satellite picked up before relaying them back to Earth at a different frequency. Hughes’s Syncom became the world’s first geosynchronous communications satellite, successfully reaching orbit in 1963. This launch was just a NASA-sponsored test, but it soon gave rise to the first com- and, indirectly, Bell Labs’—claim to pri- in Culver City, Calif. There he set up mercial communications satellite, placed office t ority. He wrote in 1956: “About the origin and directed the Hughes Electron Tube in orbit in 1965, the Syncom-based Early en

pat of the traveling-wave tube, I will say only Laboratory, eventually becoming a vice Bird, also known as Intelsat I. Early Bird’s

: that it was invented in England during president of Hughes and director of success ultimately allowed Hughes to t h g the war by an Austrian architect, Rudolf research. Haeff’s lab quickly began dominate the manufacture of communi- Kompfner, who had always wanted to developing advanced versions of the cations satellites for many years to come. ffice; ri ffice; O It must have been an occasion for pride—

rk rk be a physicist.” traveling-wave tube. a Pierce’s definitive 1950 textbook The launch of the Russian Sputnik and some mixed feelings—for Haeff when dem a T raveling-Wave Tubes did not so much as satellite in October 1957 gave him even the device he pioneered in his twen- nd Tr nd a

t mention Haeff’s contribution. In Europe, more impetus for doing so, as commu- ties, one rarely associated with his own en

at on the other hand, Haeff’s early work nication via satellite became the new name, successfully carried a multitude P . S . n

U on the traveling-wave tube featured in frontier for radio and TV engineers. of human voices across space.

: t a French textbook, published in 1951. Researchers at Bell Labs proposed

om, lef om, Ten years later, Pierce told Haeff in a launching an orbiting relay station post your comments at http://spectrum. tt

Bo letter of his plans to write a historical and using a network of ground-based ieee.org/travelingwavetube0915

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | SEP 2015 | 43

09.TravelingWaveTube.NA [P].indd 43 8/14/15 11:14 AM 09.Nanomagnets.NA [P].indd 44 8/14/15 10:56 AM hen it comes to computing, we can very easily divide the technologies we use into two dis- tinct categories: Better speedy electronics and stable magnetics. Elec- Wtrons, which move fast and interact strongly with one another, are ideal for performing computa- Computing tion. Magnets, by contrast, aren’t known for their speed, but they’re hard to perturb, making them the perfect medium for data storage. With But this division may soon disappear. Thanks to modern fabrication technology, we can now create nanometer-scale magnetic devices that can perform computations. These devices are not Magnets as speedy as state-of-the-art transistors, but they require far less energy to switch. We’ll need devices like these because modern The simple chips are consuming too much power. Today, the amount of electricity needed simply to maintain data in a circuit—called standby power—is fast bar magnet, approaching the amount that’s consumed when an actual computation is performed. Magnet- based devices, which require no power to save shrunk their state, could drastically cut down on this constant power drain, which is one of the main obstacles to continued progress in chips. There are many ways to make logic devices down to the using magnets. Our group at the University of Notre Dame and several others are working on one of the most straightforward approaches: nanoscale, building logic gates and wires out of small patches of magnetic material. These “nanomagnets” act just like tiny bar magnets. In circuits made with could be them, information isn’t carried from one place to another electronically. Instead it’s transmit- ted directly through the magnetic attractions a powerful and repulsions, flipping the polarity of north and south poles as it moves from one magnet to the next, in much the same way that a NOT gate reverses the logic state of a bit. logic device We have already demonstrated that we can build simple circuits, such as adders, with these nanomagnets. Now, with a new fabrication technique, we’re starting to contemplate what can be done to build fully integrated logic chips. By Wolfgang Porod Though relatively modest, these achievements make it clear that this technology could some- & Michael Niemier day be used to make ultralow-power chips. In some cases we expect that nanomagnet circuits could use a tenth or maybe even a hundredth of the power with no sacrifice in performance. Such capabilities could be ideal for sensors

illustration by Emily Cooper SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | Sep 2015 | 45

09.Nanomagnets.NA [P].indd 45 8/14/15 10:56 AM and display electronics, hardware accelerators on multi- patches. Within each of these patches, called domains, the core chips, and computationally demanding applications spins of the electrons all point in the same direction. That align- such as machine-vision systems in autonomous vehicles. ment is what causes magnetization. However, a bulk sample of the material will not be magnetic if all of these domains are he idea of computing with magnetism aligned at random—that is, if the north poles of the domains isn’t new. Some early computers actually point in different directions. A patchwork of randomly oriented contained iron-based cores, which were domains helps minimize the amount of energy that’s locked used both to store information and perform up in the magnetization of the material as a whole. But a lot of computations. But that magnetic logic tech- energy is required to pull all the domains into alignment to nology, which was based on stringing wires create a permanent magnet, and even more energy is needed Tbetween ring-shaped magnets, was too bulky to compete with to change the orientation of the poles of that magnet. increasingly compact semiconductor technology. Make a magnet smaller than the material’s domain size— Today’s magnetic logic is fabricated at much smaller scales, typically around 100 nanometers across—and you can make and the semiconductor industry, which funds university- a tiny version of a permanent magnet. As with a bar magnet based research through the Semiconductor Research Corp., or a compass needle, the magnetic field of a nanomagnet nat- has been supporting a variety of approaches. urally prefers to align itself on the longer axis, with a north Many of those efforts are part of a field called spintronics, pole on one end and a south pole on the other. But by fine- in which researchers exploit the spin of electrons, rather tuning the aspect ratio—the ratio of height to width—we can than their charge, to transmit and manipulate information. make it so that it requires relatively little energy to flip the Spin is a quantum-mechanical property associated with direction of the nanomagnet’s north and south poles. In fact, magnetism. One such approach, pursued by a group led if you make a nanomagnet too round—or too small, for that by Kang Wang at the University of California, Los Angeles, matter—little kicks from the thermal energy in the material transmits information in the form of waves of spins propa- can cause that flip to happen on its own at random. gating through a magnetic layer of material (see “The Com- Today we use similar tiny, flippable nanomagnets to store puter Chip That Never Forgets,” IEEE Spectrum, July 2015). information in ordinary hard disk drives. They can also be Another scheme, being developed by Supriyo Datta and col- found in magnetic RAM technologies now under develop- leagues at Purdue University, uses similar pulse-carrying ment. In both of these cases, we don’t want the magnetic wires to connect magnetic dots. bits to interact with one another; such interactions would Our strategy, which we expect to be more energy efficient risk corrupting the data that you’re trying to store. But when than either of the above, is based on a simple premise: Make building nanomagnetic logic, those interactions are exactly very small magnetic regions and allow them to interact with what you need in order to connect the devices and make them one another just as bar magnets would. These interactions perform computations. can be harnessed to make wires that transmit information and to construct logic gates that can perform computations. Our work on nanomagnet logic grew out of some pre- The key to this approach is miniaturization. Take a look at vious research we’d done in the 1990s on quantum dots. Our an ordinary piece of magnetic material under the microscope original idea was to try to make computers by using arrays and you’ll find that it is naturally divided into a number of tiny of these dots, which are patches of semiconductor in which

Of Magnets N S and Wires

The magnetic field of an elliptical nanomagnet naturally prefers to align along the longer, or “easy,” axis [top (5)

illustrations, near right]. Wires S N e

can be constructed in two Easy axis am D

ways. One is by arranging the e otr

magnets side by side [center], Hard axis N where their magnetizations prefer to alternate in rsity of of rsity

direction. The other is end ve to end [far right], where all N S S N magnetizations prefer to point in the same direction.

All arrows point north. Varga/Uni Edit

46 | Sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

09.Nanomagnets.NA [P].indd 46 8/14/15 10:56 AM electrons are confined to a space so small that they exhibit the As for the wires that you’d need to connect logic gates, these same quantum behavior that they would in an atom. Rather can be constructed by simply lining up nanomagnets either than using wires, neighboring dots would transmit informa- end to end or side by side. Information can travel in either of tion by the Coulomb forces, which attract opposite charges these configurations, flipping spins as it goes—a little like fall- and repel like charges. We showed that these physical inter- ing dominoes. (In the side-by-side configuration, of course, actions could be used in an appropriately structured array you need to make sure you have an odd number of nano to perform logic operations, but we ran into technical limi- magnets, so the information retains the same state at the end tations, in part because it was hard to control size variations of the wire that it did at the beginning.) when constructing quantum dots. We realized early on that using magnetic dots— which are much more stable, easier to fabricate, 1 1 and capable of operating at room t emperature— might be a good alternative. And in the early 0 1 0 0 2000s, following some initial work done by Russell Cowburn, now at the University of 0 1 Cambridge, in England, we began simulating 1 1 and then experimenting with the devices. We started out by making magnetic dots from 1 0 1 0 a mix of nickel and iron. We gave them an elliptical shape, stretching them out in one direction 0 1 to give each magnet a preferred north-south

axis. But we limited the elongation, thus mini- Voting With Magnets: Four or five nanomagnets can be arranged to form a key mizing the energy required to flip the orienta- circuit component: the majority logic gate. This gate outputs the state that the majority tion to represent the 0s and 1s in binary logic. of the inputs are in—or in this case, the inverse of that state. Three 1s, for example, will yield a 0. Note that this gate is built from nanomagnets with an out-of-plane Like a bar magnet, each nanomagnet has magnetization—more on this design in the final section of the article. “fringing fields”—magnetic fields that extend a long distance from the magnet. If we place the nanomagnets close enough, we can use the fields from one The fundamentals are quite straightforward. But you might magnet to influence the state of the ones near it, and so build have noticed that there’s a catch. Unlike a line of dominoes, up logic circuits that can pass magnetic information from one which all fall in the same direction after the first domino is magnet to the next. tipped, there is nothing intrinsic in a line of nanomagnets To get a sense of how such nanomagnetic logic would work, that determines which way the information will flow. A nano- it’s helpful to remember the most basic rules of magnetism: magnet in the middle of a line of nanomagnets will be equally Like poles repel and unlike poles attract. So, just as bar mag- affected by the nanomagnet to its left and the one to its right. nets would, two nanomagnets placed end to end will naturally If we can’t reliably control the direction of computation, our prefer to have their north poles point in the same direction, so computer will have a high error rate. To make up for this the north pole of one is closest to the south pole of the other. intrinsic symmetry in computational direction, we need If two nanomagnets are placed side by side, so their long axes to add some clocking circuitry—more on that in a moment. are parallel, their north poles will point in opposite directions, so that each pole is closest to one with the opposite polarity. Nanomagnets have a few nice properties. They’re This second configuration, which is called antiferromagnetic inherently insensitive to radiation, they can switch pretty coupling, can actually be considered an elementary circuit much indefinitely without degradation, and they’re non-

nich (5) nich element: the inverter. One nanomagnet would be the input volatile, requiring no energy to retain data when they’re

Mu and another the output, flipping the state of the information. not switching. The inverter is not a bad start, but to perform useful logic At the same time, they’re very slow by modern transistor rsity of of rsity

ve operations you also need AND and OR gates. And in 2006, we standards, maxing out at about one-hundredth the speed of reported a proof-of-concept demonstration of a second logic a traditional transistor. That means nanomagnet logic will element called a three-input majority-logic gate, which can likely never reach gigahertz speeds. But the potential energy chnical Uni chnical Te be used to build both of those other gates. The majority gate savings still make it an attractive alternative for the many amm/ G

takes on the state of the majority of its inputs. One way to build applications that don’t require such speeds. . v

tz- it is with a cross-shaped arrangement of five nanomagnets— Much of the energy advantage comes in at the circuit level. eu one center dot surrounded by four others. Three of those dots Because of the way nanomagnets interact to perform logic itkr e act as inputs, and the center dot “calculates” the majority by operations, it can take as few as five magnets to add two 1-bit naturally aligning its magnetization with the majority of the numbers together. For comparison, it can take 20 to 30 tran- phan Br phan e t

S other spins. The fifth dot carries the result out of the device. sistors to construct a similar adder in silicon.

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | Sep 2015 | 47

09.Nanomagnets.NA [P].indd 47 8/14/15 10:56 AM In 2011, we demonstrated that we could combine majority Moving Information logic gates, inverters, and nanomagnet-based wires to create the first full nanomagnet-based circuit: a functional 1-bit full adder. And thanks in part to work done in collaboration 1 2 3 4 5 6 with IBM and with funding from the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, we’re confident that we can use magnetic RAM technology to connect nanomagnet circuits to the outside world. That’s because these nanomagnets, other than being shaped differently, aren’t much different from the magnetic bits used on such memory chips, which T o start a chain of spin flips, first use a strong magnetic field to flip have already found their way into commercial production. magnet 1. But even early on, we realized that any nanomagnet computer we build will be only as good as its clock. As we mentioned before, we need clocking circuitry to keep computations moving in the right direction. We also need a clock to get the nanomagnets to switch reliably. Because magnets are so stable—the very reason they’re commonly

Magnet 2, originally in a down configuration, must flip up to prop- used for data storage—switching them is often the tricky agate the information to the right. The magnetic field of magnet 1 part. On its own, the fringing field surrounding one dot isn’t strong enough to do this on its own. So, the magnetic field from isn’t strong enough to reliably induce a 180-degree switch a wire, or clock, is first used to draw magnet 2’s magnetization into the metastable “hard” axis. in a neighboring magnet. A clock signal can help a nanomagnet switch. It could be created with something as simple as a nearby wire, which would generate an extra magnetic field near a nanomagnet when it’s carrying a current. To see how such a clock would work, imagine an elliptical nanomagnet. As noted before, its natural state is to have its magnetization along its longer Magnet 2 can now relax into a new stable state. But it’s not clear axis. If we use the added wire to apply an additional mag- which way it will fall; the field from magnet 1 would have it point up, netic field, called a switching field, we can rotate the nano- and the field from magnet 3 would have it return to a down state. To magnet’s magnetization by 90 degrees into what’s called the make sure that magnet 2 feels a stronger influence from magnet 1, magnet 3 can be clocked as well. “hard” axis, the shorter axis of the two. This is an unstable state for the nanomagnet, and when the switching field is removed, the magnetization will begin to snap back into either one of two directions along its longer, “easy” axis. When it starts to do so, the fringing fields from the neighboring magnets will determine which direction it falls into. To make sure that the nanomagnet is influenced only When the clock signal is now removed from magnet 2, it will relax by the correct neighbor when it makes the transition, into an up state, advancing information to the right. Magnet 4 can the clocking circuitry can also be used to pull nearby now be clocked to keep the flow of information going. nanomagnets that are not supposed to influence the magnet—the ones that are downstream of the flow of information—into the same 90-degree state. In that orientation, they can’t influence which direction a neighboring nanomagnet will switch to. In 2012, we built such a clock system out of copper wires clad with ferromagnetic material on the sides and bottom to help concentrate the magnetic field. We demonstrated that nanomagnets can indeed be switched using the magnetic fields created when current was run down those wires. The downside of this scheme is that wires are a relatively energy-intensive approach to clocking. They dis- Controlling every nanomagnet would require clocking circuitry for sipate quite a bit of heat and emit unfocused magnetic each device, which would be a miniaturization challenge. In practice, fields, even with cladding. But it turns out that a single link

a line of nanomagnets might be clocked in groups. A wire, for exam- e ple, might control half a dozen nanomagnets at once. The result will clock line could control many parallel ensembles. If a

be a little more error prone but easier to manufacture. nanomagnetic circuit has enough | continued on page 59 Vri Erik

48 | Sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

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09a.p49.NA [P].indd 49 8/11/15 3:45 PM Phone to Fridge: SSHH TTUUPP!! UUOur hyperconnected world needs better protection against electronic noise By Mark A. McHenry, Dennis Roberson & Robert J. Matheson

hen one of us (Roberson) used to live in Wheaton, Ill., his car’s FM radio would blare static every time he drove near a pole-mounted electrical transformer. Now, when he’s near a particular intersection in Chicago and an elevated train passes by, his mobile phone call gets dropped. The same thing happened to him in a rapid transit station in Washington, D.C., during a conference WW call with the other two authors of this article. One of them (Matheson) has had to train himself to wait until the commercials begin before turning on his electric toothbrush, because it always breaks up the picture and sound of the TV set in his bedroom. Radio-frequency noise pollution is everywhere. You can’t of frequencies. Industrial machinery, elevators, welders, see, hear, taste, or smell this noise, of course. Nor can you relays, switching power supplies, even light dimmer switches summon it and study it at your leisure, because it comes and add to the din. (Of course, natural sources of noise abound goes along with the movements of its sources or its victims. as well, including lightning and solar flares, but we will not Start with the fact that any significant digital appliance has deal with those problems here.) a high-speed clock and a digital bus, and both leak radiation The problems of RF pollution fall into four categories. First, it profusely. Electric motors and generators generate RF noise increases the cost of deploying wireless systems while it reduces with every small spark that jumps between their brushes and the battery life of handsets. Second, it creates various levels of spinning commutators. Automobile engines sputter when interference across a range of frequencies. Third, interference spark plugs fire. Computers snap and pop during the sharp does not—but should—figure in policies on how best to share transitions between ones and zeroes. The high-voltage bal- spectrum, given that the more interference you have, the more lasts of neon signs and fluorescent lights blare a broad mix spectrum you’ll need in order to transfer a given amount of infor-

50 | sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG illustration by Lou Brooks

09.RF.Noise.NA [P].indd 50 8/14/15 10:45 AM 09.RF.Noise.NA [P].indd 51 8/14/15 10:45 AM SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | sep 2015 | PB mation. So in practice, wireless channels do not always achieve tronic ignition started replacing noisy distributors. In the the data rates they were designed to achieve. And fourth, it is meantime, electronic switches were replacing noisy relays. expensive to trace RF pollution to a source and, when you do, it Electric-drive cars, which would otherwise produce much is often challenging to get offenders to stop offending. more interference than standard cars, are sufficiently noise The coming Internet of Things is going to make things worse. suppressed for cellphones and car radios to work. That same Much worse. It will do so by adding complex RF-control chips improvement came to the workplace and the home. Early to countless common devices, like door locks, light switches, lamp dimmer switches were often electronically noisy; today appliances of every type, our cars, and maybe even our bod- most are much quieter. Personal computers, too, were rede- ies, which will enable them to connect to the Internet. Each of signed for silence, if only for the sake of their own internal these chips is a potential source of noise. Plenty of technologi- and external wireless data connections. cal fixes are available, of course, but the huge number of chips Nevertheless, the RF noise problem is increasing. Although means that manufacturers will be more reluctant to add costly most devices pollute less than their predecessors, we have far shielding and other noise-muffling features to their products. more of those devices. Other sources, such as the power grid, Silence is golden: It costs money to get it. are expanding as wind farms and solar households connect The time to start a public dialogue on this question is now. to it. Such devices need to switch large amounts of DC power And, having studied the problem for decades, we’re just the at a 60-hertz or an even faster rate whenever they feed excess guys to do it. generated power back into the grid. If not done properly, this could also feed large amounts of noise into the power grid. This elieve it or not, there hasn’t been a systematic study of risk is magnified when the solar and wind systems operate radio-frequency noise in the United States since the without expert maintenance inside millions of ordinary homes. mid-1970s, when the Institute for Telecommunication At the same time, today’s machines are more sensitive to Sciences (ITS), a part of the National Telecommuni- noise than ever before. Many new wireless systems, including BB cations and Information smartphones, are designed to oper- Administration, last monitored fed- ate with the lowest possible power eral use of the radio spectrum. By while still providing their intended then, man-made electronic noise function. This means that just a little had been a problem for nearly half more noise interference can decrease a century, having started with the the coverage area. inauguration of commercial radio Unwanted transmissions can be transmissions. In 1934, the Interna- inherent in the design of a device, tional Special Committee on Radio such as a microwave oven, whose Interference was founded in Paris, RF cooking energy also contains a and that same year a committee large amount of RF noise. Imper- with the same mandate was estab- fect shielding can allow this energy lished by the Institute of Radio to leak out and interfere with other Engineers, a forerunner of the IEEE. RF devices. Noise can also result The noise problem grew with the from a partial failure in a device—for use of electricity and the number instance, a tiny break in the ground of wireless systems, although many shield around an insulator in a high- details have changed over time. voltage power transmission system. Only in 1927, with the invention of Such a mishap creates an inadvertent a method of suppressing RF noise, transmitter, broadcasting at unpre- was it possible to listen to a car dictable frequencies, in unknown radio while the engine was run- locations and at unexpected times. ning. By the end of the 1930s, 20 percent of all cars in the Complex though these patterns are, we can still often clas- United States had built-in radios—which means that 80 percent sify the causes of RF pollution by looking at a graph of noise were presumably not noise suppressed. When the ITS made power versus time. extensive measurements of RF traffic noise in the mid-1960s Take the many sources related to arcing over a failed power- to early 1970s, it discovered that many—perhaps most—cars line insulator. In the United States, where power frequencies had little noise suppression. Some made so much electrical are at 60 Hz, such RF noise typically repeats at a 60-Hz rate noise that the men taking the measurements could hear the (every 16.7 milliseconds) or at a 120-Hz rate (every 8.3 ms). This static from a couple of blocks away. is because some noise-generating arcing occurs with either Today every car has a radio, and the noisy spark-plug prob- a positive or a negative peak line voltage—but not both—and lem is gone. The quieting process has continued: In the 1960s, therefore occurs 60 times a second; other arcing processes quiet alternators began replacing noisy generators, and elec- occur equally well with positive and negative peak voltages.

52 | sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG illustration by Lou Brooks

09.RF.Noise.NA [P].indd 52 8/14/15 10:45 AM Decibels above thermal noise background

50 town and country: Man-made noise is higher in cities than in suburbs and rural areas because cities Business center Suburban have more electrical devices. Noise drops as frequency rises because arcing and other noisemaking processes Road junction City center generate less power at high frequencies and high 40 Rural Railway frequencies are more readily absorbed in propagation. Quiet rural Industrial park tial microwave ovens are on for half of a 60-Hz cycle and off for the other half, emitting noise into 30 the 2.4-gigahertz spectral band. This is an unli- censed but popular piece of radio spectrum heavily used by low-power nonlicensed devices, cordless phones, and Wi-Fi. Many other electronic appli- 20 ances, including chargers for cellphones, tablets, and laptops, have switching power supplies that generate noise at the harmonics of the power supply 10 switching frequency, in the hundreds of kilohertz. Man-made noise levels are much higher in cities than in suburbs or out in the country because cities have a higher concentration of all forms of electrical equipment, computers and radios, and 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 1,000 home appliances and systems, as well as industrial Frequency, megahertz equipment. And in all these places the noise level, Source: Mass Consultants Limited (2003) on average, is in inverse relation to the frequency, because the impulsive source mechanisms gener- APD detector power, ate additional power at lower frequencies. Latitiude, degrees decibel-milliwatts 39.14 50 To map the extent and variation in RF noise in a typical U.S. suburb, we outfitted a car with a roof- 39.12 60 mounted antenna, a GPS receiver, and a small, 39.10 Route H well-shielded, custom-made spectrum measure- Route L Route J ment system. We drove the car through northern 70 39.08 Route K Virginia, on a route that crossed both high- and Route A low-voltage transmission lines. We covered an area 39.06 Route E, F 80 about 10 kilometers square.

39.04 Route D Route C We set the receiver at 10 frequencies, from 100 High-voltage 90 to 1,500 megahertz, that coincided with no known 39.02 transmission lines intended signal. In each case we measured the signals within a bandwidth of 0.7 MHz for a mea- 39.00 100 Route B surement duration of 55 ms. After measuring the 38.98 highest frequency, we began again with the low- 110 est frequency. To detect noise from the switching -77.58 -77.56 -77.54 -77.52 -77.50 -77.48 -77.46 -77.44 of a power supply, we looked at variations in the Longitude, degrees noise amplitude of around 100 kilohertz; to detect noise from power lines, we looked at variations in cacophonous car trip: T he authors’ crew drove a car with a roof- mounted antenna and an amplitude probability distribution (APD) the noise amplitude at 60 or 120 Hz. detector, following a route that crossed high-voltage lines. Their We could drive along a high-voltage transmis- measurements showed that the noise power usually (but not always) sion line for quite some time without detecting increased when the car was near a high-voltage transmission line. much RF noise, but the hot spots we found turned up at random. This implies that there was no sys- These signatures point the electronic detective to either the power line temic cause of the noise, no inherent problem itself or to a motor, power supply, or other appliance that is connected with the design. A defective part—perhaps a loose to it. Indeed, most outdoor man-made noise below 1 gigahertz stems in nut or a cracked insulator—might be arcing. If the some fashion from the power grid. power companies did the maintenance, such noise Microwave ovens are another example of what’s generally viewed as wouldn’t be a problem, but generally they repair a noise generator with a characteristic pattern. In this case, residen- such defects only if someone complains.

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | sep 2015 | 53

09.RF.Noise.NA [P].indd 53 8/14/15 10:45 AM In our sample, the probability of detecting significant noise reliable measurement of RF noise since the ITS did so more outdoors near a high-voltage line was a bit more than 10 per- than 30 years ago. Noise can change significantly over time, cent at frequencies above 500 MHz. About 100 meters from locations, frequencies, and operating circumstances. For such a line we measured surprisingly high noise levels, in some example, at frequencies above 100 MHz—where older mod- cases translating to almost 60 decibels (or a million times) els suggest no noise should be found—our limited measure- greater than the normal background level of thermal noise ments showed rather a lot of it. (a theoretical minimum noise for everyday radio systems). The bottom line is, no one really knows whether outdoor Our modest experiments offer just a basic sense of how RF noise has increased or decreased in recent years—and the same noise is distributed in a suburban setting. Surprisingly, and goes for measurements made indoors, where many wireless unfortunately, nobody has made a complete and statistically devices are found today. In fact, the question of noise levels inside buildings is particularly bother- some. The average middle-class home is now full of noise-generating electronic devices, like that electric toothbrush we mentioned. This includes laptop power supplies, power tools, LED light controls, Integrated Communication Systems, Equipment and and defective electronic equipment.

Services Contract – Request for Proposals Notice L et’s say that RF noise is wreaking havoc with The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear -Test Ban Treaty Organization (the ‘’Commission’’), your cellphone reception. How would consisting of 183 State Signatories to date, has the mandate of preparing for the effective implementation of the Comprehensive Nuclear -Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) at the time of entry into force. you know it? That’s just the problem. You probably wouldn’t. The Commission is responsible for building and provisionally operating 321 International Monitoring System (IMS) stations across the world. In support of the IMS, the Commission intends to conclude a standing contract Modern emitters of radio signals, with bidder(s) for the supply and delivery of Integrated Communication Systems, Equipment and Services. with their exotic digital modulation An IMS station consists of an array of geophysical monitoring equipment (Elements) recording data and schemes, don’t usually leave a clue as transmitting back to a Central Recording Facility (CRF). Each station comprises up to 40 remote elements to exactly why they’re malfunctioning. separated by a distance ranging from a few hundred metres to tens of kilometres. Data transmission within an array is typically performed by wireless radio frequency (RF) communications, fibre optic communications or Older systems were much more trans- via copper wire. Equipment choices are constrained by environmental conditions, licensing regulations, remote parent: “That sounds like a car engine locations and the availability of power. Transmission should be real time and meet ~100% availability. interfering with my signal.” And automatic error correction or retransmis- THE COMMISSION SEEKS A COMPANY TO PROVIDE THE FOLLOWING: sion schemes may completely hide the SERVICES: interference from the user. The only • Communication system design for new IMS station installations and/or stations hint of its existence may be a reduction requiring upgrades; • Pre-installation site surveys and site-specific regulations guidance; in performance or that the battery in • Communication equipment testing, installation, validation and installation support; your cellphone goes dead faster than it • Expertise to the Commission, training and documentation; should. Therefore, even if we had a rich • Field maintenance support for existing IMS station communication systems. database of consumer complaints—and

EQUIPMENT (full communications systems and spares): we don’t—it might not help us get to the • RF and fibre optic transceivers; bottom of things. • Media converters and copper wire modems / ethernet extenders; To begin to solve the problem, we need • Cabling (RF, fibre, copper, etc.) and connectors (RF, fibre, copper, etc.); to amass statistics on a broad scale. We • RF filters, antennas, lightning/surge suppression, power supplies. have to determine where and when The Commission intends initially to order a set amount of equipment and RF noise usually appears and at what services upon signature of a contract. frequencies, in each case tracing it to BIDDER QUALIFICATIONS: its source. We need samples in many 1. Well-established and in the business for a minimum of 5 years; regions to account for differences in 2. A portfolio of at least 5 successful projects of installing similar and/or equipment and practice, building codes, supporting communication systems similar to those in use within the IMS; weather, and terrain. 3. Access to professional personnel with expertise in implementation of communications systems projects; We know a man who built a new 4. A proven ability to engineer and manufacture custom equipment to exact house with LED lights in his kitchen specifications or the mechanism to outsource such equipment; ceiling that were connected to a dim- 5. The ability to operate appropriate communications test equipment and to be mer switch. Several of his neighbors in in possession of said equipment. a town near Boulder, Colo., began to Interested parties are encouraged to visit the Commission’s website at http://www.ctbto.org/service/ procurement/ for more details on this Request for Proposals and the most current list of procurement notice that their garage door openers tender(s) open for proposals by the Commission. sometimes weren’t working very well.

54 | sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

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09a.p55.NA [P].indd 55 8/11/15 12:59 PM THE INDUSTRY STANDARD SOFTWARE PACKAGES IN GROUNDING AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE After several weeks, the man established a clear correlation Are now more powerful with the addition of new standard between the neighbors’ garage doors and his kitchen lights. components such as arbitrary transformers and cables. After trying and failing at several attempts to fix the prob- Classical Equipotential Grounding lem, he just replaced the dimmer switch with a simple on- Multiple grounding systems having any shape, off switch, and the noise apparently disappeared. Nobody in simple or complex soils, including any number of layers or heterogeneous soil volumes. made any measurements, and the local Federal Commu- nications Commission office did not want to know about AutoGroundDesign AutoGrid Pro it. Was this a faulty dimmer switch or just a poor installa- AutoGround & MultiGround tion? If the switch itself was to blame, then are millions of these dimmers causing interference in the United States Complex Frequency Domain Grounding, and throughout the world? Who knows? Interference Analysis & Environmental Impact Assessment If we had the relevant noise database in hand, it would be Perform fast, yet complex and accurate, theoretically possible to revise today’s regulatory standards Interference analyses on pipelines, railways, etc. and even to extrapolate, from the data, how those standards Examine electromagnetic impacts to the environment. will have to change a decade from now. The hard part here SESTLC will be in establishing a reasonable balance between the Right-Of-Way MultiLines & SES-Enviro costs and benefits of such standards. However, the needed MultiGroundZ data is almost totally missing because we have only a very small database to work from—ours, basically—and we can’t Frequency & Time Domain Arbitrary Network Analysis prove whether or not the problem is widespread. Upgrade to the full power of MultiFields or CDEGS One change that’s clearly needed is in the way the regula- to tackle any electromagnetic problem involving tors in most countries divvy up the electromagnetic spec- aboveground and buried conductor networks trum. Today regulators tend to worry only about interference including lightning or switching surge analysis. from an identified transmitter—say, a radio station—while World Leader in Grounding & EMI ignoring noise. Yet noise can be far worse than the identi- www.sestech.com fied interference. 800-668-3737 450-622-5000 Regulators should decide this question, at least in part, by considering how much the communications of today’s users would be degraded if new users were allowed to share in the spectrum. This will help to achieve the best trade-off between having some RF pollution that causes minimal interference due to spectrum sharing versus the expectations of empty spectrum. Even if you’ve never lost a television signal to an electric toothbrush or a cellphone call to a malfunctioning transformer, you still shoulder some of the cost of such noise pollution. That’s because you depend on wireless systems— and those systems must be engineered to handle ever- increasing levels of noise. The problem only grows with the proliferation of electronic devices and the ever-finer

® sharing of smaller and smaller pieces of the spectrum. No Thermal Clad Manages Heat In masterstroke can quell noise. Because the problem has to Surface Mount Power Applications. do with both design and maintenance, it incorporates an Henkel’s Bergquist brand consists of Thermal Clad® and other industry element of chance, and it is difficult to isolate from other leading thermal materials used to dissipate heat and keep electronic causes of interference. components cool. These thermal solutions give you an advantage for high-power LED lighting, motor control, power conversion, control Our lack of the most basic data on the extent of the problem modules, power storage, safety and entertainment applications. is unacceptable. We need that data and also a better under- Quality testing demonstrates that Thermal Clad® IMS offers superior standing of the role that noise plays in wireless communi- performance and reliability in key areas such as: cations before we can strike the right balance between the • Stable dielectric strength • Low thermal impedance costs and benefits of noise suppression. With the exponen- • U.L. Listed • Long-term temperature resistance tial increase in the number of noise-generating devices and Contact us for more information, or to get your FREE Samples Kit. of wireless systems, RF pollution will become a very expen- www.bergquistcompany.com 1.800.347.4572 sive problem—unless we act now. n 952. 835. 2322 fax 952. 835. 0430 18 930 West 78th Street • Chanhassen, Minnesota 55317 post your comments at http://spectrum.ieee.org/rfnoise0915

09.RF.Noise.NA [P].indd 56 8/14/15 10:45 AM PB | xxx 2014 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG how much is your business, and hotel marketing moved online, allowing the spare room worth? chains to change prices multiple times a day. continued from page 36 So investing in dynamic pricing—once we had several years of historical data about a large number of properties to tap— when this happens it may cause people to question whether made a lot of sense for us despite the fact that it requires more our pricing tools are working. computing resources. We improved our algorithms over time until they were able Making the algorithms improve themselves over time was to consider thousands of different factors and understand geo- harder, particularly because we wanted our system to allow graphic location on a very detailed level. But the tool still had humans to easily interpret, and in some cases influence, the two weaknesses. The tips it gave were static—it understood computer’s “thought process” as it did so. Machine-learning local events and peak tourist seasons, and so would suggest systems of the size and complexity required to handle our different prices for the same property for different dates of needs often work in mysterious ways. The Google Brain that the year. It didn’t, however, change those prices as the date learned to find cat videos on the Web, for example, has lay- approached, as airlines do, dropping prices when bookings ers upon layers of algorithms that classify data, and the way were slow and raising them when the market heated up. it gets to its conclusions—cat video or not—is virtually impos- And the tool itself was static. Its tips did improve somewhat sible for a human to replicate. as it tapped into ever more historical data, but the algorithms We selected a machine-learning model called a classifier. themselves didn’t get better. It uses all of the attributes of a listing and prevailing market demand and then attempts to classify whether it will get L ast summer, we started a project to address both of these booked or not. Our system calculates price tips based on problems. On the dynamic pricing side, our goal was to give hundreds of attributes, such as whether breakfast is included each host a new pricing tip every day for each date in the and whether the guest gets a private bath. Then we began future the property is available for booking. Dynamic pric- training the system by having it check price tips against out- ing isn’t new. Airlines began applying it several decades ago, comes. Considering whether or not a listing gets booked at a adjusting prices—often in real time—to try and ensure maxi- particular price helps the system hone its price tips and esti- mum occupancy and maximum revenue per seat. Hotels mate the probability of a price being accepted. Our hosts, of followed suit as consolidation made the large chains larger, course, can choose to go higher or lower than the price tip, bringing them an ever-increasing amount of data about their and then our system adjusts its estimate of likelihood accord-

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SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | Sep 2015 | 57

09.Airbnb.NA [P].indd 57 8/12/15 8:35 AM ingly. It later checks back on the fate of the listing and uses this information to adjust future tips. Here’s where the learning comes in. With knowledge about the success of its tips, our system began adjusting the weights it gives to the different characteristics about al isting— the “signals” it is getting about a particular property. We started out with some assumptions, such as that geographic location is hugely important but that usually the presence of a The brightest minds discussing the biggest topics. hot tub is less so. We’ve retained certain attributes of a listing considered by our previous pricing system, but we’ve added Earn PDHs by attending a Webinar! new ones. Some of the new signals, like “number of lead days before booking day,” are related to our dynamic pricing capa- New Webinars in September bility. We added other signals simply because our analysis of historical data indicated that they matter. 23 Sep Important Product Delivery For instance, certain photos are more likely to lead to book- Considerations for the Internet of Things ings. The general trend might surprise you—the photos of stylish, Join Bola Rotibi of analyst rm Creative Intellect brightly lit living rooms that tend to be preferred by professional Consulting as she presents the ndings of an in-depth photographers don’t attract nearly as many potential guests as study into how IoT product makers are adapting to photos of cozy bedrooms decorated in warm colors. the challenge of creating tomorrow’s smart, connected As time goes on, we expect constant automatic refinements products. http://spectrum.ieee.org/webinar/ of the weights of these signals to improve our price tips. important-product-delivery-considerations-for- We can also go in and influence the weighting if we believe the-internet-of-things we know something that the model has yet to figure out. Our

system can produce a list of factors and weights considered EMC Simulation of a Motor Control 24 Sep for each price tip, which we have our people looking at. If we Variable frequency drives promise an excellent think something isn’t well represented, we will add another control performance and energy savings compared signal manually to the model. to traditional driving techniques, but the fast switching of high currents is known to create EMC issues and For example, we know that a listing in Seattle without leads to the need of ltering the switching circuit. Wi-Fi access to a broadband Internet connection is extremely In this webinar, we show how the EMC performance unlikely to get booked at any price, so we don’t have to wait for of a control system for an automotive motor can our system to figure it out. We can adjust that metric ourselves. be simulated. http://spectrum.ieee.org/webinar/ Our system also constantly adjusts our maps to reflect emc-simulation-of-a-motor-control changes in neighborhood boundaries. So instead of relying on local maps to tell us, say, where P ortland’s Sunnyside neighborhood ends and Richmond begins, we are relying On-Demand Webinars on the data on bookings and price differentials within a city to draw those kinds of lines. This approach also lets Top-ranking Online Master’s in Engineering Degrees us spot microneighborhoods that we were not previously Designed for Working Professionals aware of. Such areas may have a large number of popular This informative virtual presentation will highlight how online learning listings that don’t necessarily map to standard neighbor- works and speci cally address what sets Purdue’s online master’s in engineering apart from other online providers. http://spectrum.ieee. hood boundaries, or there may be some local feature that org/webinar/topranking-online-masters-in-engineering-degrees- makes a small section of a larger traditional neighborhood designed-for-working-professionals more desirable. Product Line Engineering – The Key for Using Strategic These tools are generating price tips for Airbnb proper- Reuse to Tame IoT Product Development Complexity ties globally today. But we think it can do a lot more than Tailoring products to speci c markets can yield an unmanageable just better inform potential hosts as they choose prices number of product variants. This webcast will explain how to strategically for their online rentals. That’s why we’ve released the reuse proven designs – to reduce development complexity and improve machine-learning platform on which it’s based, A erosolve, product quality. http://spectrum.ieee.org/webinar/product-line- as an open-source tool. It will give people in industries that engineering-the-key-for-using-strategic-reuse-to-tame-iot-product- development-complexity have yet to embrace machine learning an easy entry point. By clarifying what the system is doing, it will remove the fear factor and increase the adoption of these kinds of tools. Sponsors So far, we’ve used it to build a system that produces paint- ings in a pointillist style. We’re eager to see what happens with this tool as creative engineers outside of our industry start using it. n Sign up today! www.spectrum.ieee.org/webinar post your comments at http://spectrum.ieee.org/airbnb0915

09.Airbnb.NA [P].indd 58 8/12/15 8:35 AM NEW VERSION better computing with magnets continued from page 48

devices—say 100,000 or so—the clock energy needed per device will be accept- ably low. As always, though, there will be a trade-off. The more devices you have that are governed by the same clock, the less control you’ll have over each individual device, which will translate to a higher error rate.

ur initial work at Notre Dame has been based on dots patterned in a thin film of magnetic material. Each Onanomagnet is a two-dimensional ellip- soid, in the plane of the chip. But we encountered a tricky circuit-design limitation with this approach. To take full advantage of the space on a chip, you must find a way to build circuits that take up the full two-dimensional surface and so can pass information in both the x and y directions. The most straightforward way to do this is to make all the magnets on the chip the same, so they all have their magnetization pointing along the same axis. For the sake of argument, let’s pick the y-axis. All the nanomagnets will be elongated in that direction. But the magnets that pass information along the y-axis will have to be strung end to end, while the ones that pass information in the x direction will have to be arranged side by side. This dual arrangement makes circuit design quite complicated. The switching behavior of these two configurations of nanomagnets is different. As a result, signals will travel at different speeds Over 100 new features & Over 500,000 registered users depending on whether they’re travel- improvements in Origin 2015! worldwide in: ing in the x or the y direction, making ◾ 6,000+ Companies including synchronization of signals much more FOR A FREE 60-DAY EVALUATION, 120+ Fortune Global 500 complicated than it is in traditional sili- GO TO ORIGINLAB.COM/DEMO ◾ 6,500+ Colleges & Universities con circuits. AND ENTER CODE: 8547 ◾ 3,000+ Government Agencies To get around this limitation, we & Research Labs began collaborating in 2009 with groups led by Doris Schmitt-Landsiedel and Paolo Lugli at the Technical University of Munich. Schmitt-Landsiedel’s team has 20+ years serving the scientific pioneered the construction of nanomag- & engineering community

09.Nanomagnets.NA [P].indd 59 8/14/15 10:56 AM Are You An net logic devices that have all their easy axes aligned out of the plane of the chip. Electrical Instead of building the magnets from Engineering small patches of material, the team con- structs them out of multiple, alternating Student layers of elements such as cobalt and Looking For An platinum. The interface between these layers is magnetized vertically, creating Internship? what is essentially a bar magnet standing up on one end, perpendicular to the plane of the chip. The process begins by depositing thin films and then patterning them with a focused-ion-beam instrument. The ion beam destroys the clean interface between materials where it hits, so it can be used to pattern the smooth film into individual islands small enough to exhibit single-domain behavior. The Munich groups recently built the same sorts of logic gates and adders that our group dem- T ale of Two Adders: Nanomagnet onstrated with in-plane nanomagnets. circuits, such as the adders shown here, Encouragingly, the out-of-plane design can be made in two ways. One method [top] offers the opportunity for new ways of builds nanomagnets in two dimensions, with their magnetization in the plane of clocking. In late 2013, a team led by S ayeef the substrate. Another approach [bottom], Salahuddin at the University of California, which might prove easier to implement in Look Berkeley, showed that out-of-plane nano- large circuit designs, builds nanomagnets from many thinly deposited layers. In this magnets could be clocked using a sheet of case, the magnetization points out of the No magnetic material placed beneath them. plane of the substrate. Owing to a principle called the spin Hall Further!

effect, electrons with a particular spin nich can be made to concentrate underneath adding extra circuits to actively hold onto Mu We Have a nanomagnet, creating a magnetic field that data, adding to the energy consumed rsity of of rsity Internship that can alter its orientation. At the circuit by the chip. But nanomagnets, which nat- ve level, this approach could be hundreds urally retain states until they are changed, Opportunities or even thousands of times more energy would passively hold the data until it’s chnical Uni chnical for Students. efficient than clocking by using current- ready to be used. Te amm/ G

carrying wires.

When will we see this technology in . v

And that’s very good news indeed for chips? Those of us pursuing novel com- tz- the prospect of a highly efficient computing devices are in an awkward posi- eu itkr

Visit us at: e puter. One application where we expect tion now. Any such technology has to www.AfterCollege.com/ nanomagnets to be particularly useful is compete with silicon systems that have phan Br phan e t S IEEE_Internships in data-intensive, high-throughput appli- been endlessly optimized for decades. cations, such as filtering, polynomial eval- The success of nanomagnet logic—or any uation, and discrete Fourier transforms. future logic, for that matter—will depend

These sorts of computations, which con- on all kinds of factors, not just techno- Bottom: (2); EEE I / stitute the backbone of image and signal logical ones. e am D

processing, can be greatly speeded up At some point though, it’s quite likely e otr by being executed in a pipeline. This is that the need for more-energy-efficient N a strategy where computations run in circuitry will trump the convenience of rsity of of rsity

parallel as much as possible, and pieces silicon. When that happens, magnetic ve of data that have already been computed logic will finally have its moment. n are saved until the entire computation is

ready to move on to the next step. In ordi- post your comments at http://spectrum. Edit op: op:

nary computers, this approach requires ieee.org/nanomagnets0915 T Varga/Uni

09.Nanomagnets.NA [P].indd 60 8/14/15 10:56 AM university spotlight

The Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Division of the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor invites applications for College of Engineering and Science junior or senior faculty positions, especially from women and underrepresented minorities. Successful candidates will have a Faculty Search relevant doctorate or equivalent experience and an outstanding The Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at record of achievement and impactful research in academics, Clemson University is seeking applicants for multiple faculty positions industry and/or at national laboratories. They will have a at the rank of tenure-track assistant professor. The Department seeks strong record or commitment to teaching at undergraduate and graduate levels, to providing service to the university and applicants in technical areas associated with electronics and photonics profession and to broadening the intellectual diversity of the (e.g., optoelectronics, lasers, semiconductor optical devices, integrated ECE Division. The division invites candidates across all research optics, fiber optics, microwave circuits, terahertz devices, lab-on-chip, areas relevant to ECE to apply. bioelectronics, microsystems, nanoscale devices, flexible electronics) and computer engineering (high-performance computing, computer The highly ranked ECE Division (www.ece.umich.edu) prides itself on the mentoring of junior faculty toward successful careers. vision, networking, cyber security, big data and data-enabled science, Ann Arbor is often rated as a family friendly best-place-to-live. embedded systems, and intelligent systems). Outstanding candidates will be considered for the Warren Owens Assistant Professorship. Please see application instructions at www.eecs.umich.edu/ eecs/jobs The Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering is one of the largest and most active at Clemson, with 30 tenured/ Applications will be considered as they are received. However, for full consideration applications must be received by December 7, 2015. tenure-track faculty members, 570 undergraduates and 190 graduate students. Many members of the faculty are known internationally; The University of Michigan is an Affirmative Action, Equal they include seven IEEE Fellows, three endowed chairs, and eight Opportunity Employer with an Active Dual-Career Assistance named professors. Externally funded research expenditures exceeded Program. The College of Engineering is especially interested in $5.7 million in 2014. Clemson University is a land-grant institution candidates who contribute, through their research, teaching, and/or service, to the diversity and excellence of the academic community. committed to academic excellence, world-class research and a high quality of life. Six interdisciplinary colleges and schools house strong programs in architecture, engineering, science, agriculture, natural resources, business, social sciences, arts and humanities, health care, and education. A faculty of 1,500 and staff of 3,000 support over 80 undergraduate degree offerings, and more than 70 master’s and 40 Ph.D. programs. An annual operating budget of approximately $1 billion and an endowment of more than $500 million fund programs and operations. Major new research, graduate education, and economic The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of development activities are enhanced by public-private partnerships at Technology invites applications for tenure-track faculty at the Assistant and three innovation campuses and six research and education centers Associate Professor level. Applicants should have an earned Ph.D. or equivalent. located throughout South Carolina. Today, Clemson University is ranked The School seeks individuals with outstanding potential for research achievement, 20th among national public universities by U.S. News & World Report, and a strong aptitude and interest in undergraduate and graduate teaching. Related industry experience is desirable. and remains true to its roots as a science- and engineering-oriented research university with a strong commitment to teaching and student Candidates are sought with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary backgrounds success. Clemson University is described by students and faculty as an and interests in the following areas: inclusive, student-centered community characterized by high academic Computer Engineering with focus on software and hardware, with application to standards, a culture of collaboration, school spirit, and a competitive many-core systems, embedded/mobile platforms, high performance computing, drive to excel. resilient systems, non-conventional computing, hardware security, and cyber- physical systems Applicants must have an earned doctorate in electrical engineering, Energy systems with emphasis on control, protection, automation, cyber-physical computer engineering, or a closely related field. Applicants should security, integration of renewables, reliability, and power electronics applications. submit a current curriculum vitae and a minimum of five references Novel electronic materials by design, nano systems and technologies that address with full contact information. Electronic submissions (PDF files) major social problems. to [email protected] are preferred, but applications and nominations can also be mailed to ECE Faculty Search, 105 Riggs Hall, Exceptional candidates in other areas will also be considered. Diversity candidates are strongly encouraged to apply. For more information about the School of ECE at Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA. Application material must Georgia Tech, please visit http://www.ece.gatech.edu be received by November 1, 2015 to receive guaranteed consideration, though the search will remain open until the position is filled. Interested candidates should submit an application letter, curriculum vita, research and teaching statements, and names of three references electronically at: http:// Clemson University is an AA/EEO employer and does not discriminate against any facjobs.ece.gatech.edu. person or group on the basis of age, color, disability, gender, pregnancy, national Review of applications will begin immediately. To receive the most serious origin, race, religion, sexual orientation, veteran status or genetic information. consideration, interested applicants should submit their materials before November Clemson University is building a culturally diverse faculty committed to working in a 1, 2015. Georgia Tech is an equal opportunity, affirmative action employer. multicultural environment and encourages applications from minorities and women.

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | North American | Sep 2015 | 61

09a.UniversitySpotlight.NA [P].indd 61 8/12/15 1:07 PM Two Tenure Track Professor Positions and one Professor of Practice

Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering seeks experts in the following fields: - Tenure Track position in Automatic control (open at all levels from assistant to full tenured professor) - Tenure Track position in Networking technology and software (open at assistant professor level) - Professor of Practice in Smart building technologies and services

Applicants must have a doctoral degree in a relevant field. For assistant and associate professor levels evaluation focuses on merits and potential for excellence, for full professors we look for demonstrated excellence in research and teaching. We especially encourage applications from young professionals. Relevant industrial experience is appreciated.

Application deadline is September 30, 2015. For further information and application details, please visit at: www.elec.aalto.fi/tenuretrack

Aalto University is a new university with over a century of experience. Created from a high-profile merger between three leading universities in Finland – the Helsinki School of Economics, Helsinki University of Technology and the University of Art and Design Helsinki – Aalto University opens up new possibilities for strong multidisciplinary education and research. The university has 20 000 students and a staff of 5 000 including 350 professors.

Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering aalto.fi

Intel Corporation has opening(s) Intel Corporation has opening(s) in in Reston, VA. Combination ed/ Rio Rancho, NM. Combination ed/ exp accepted in some positions exp accepted in some positions in lieu in lieu of degree. To apply, email of degree. To apply, email resume to The Department of Medical Engineering within the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences resume to Reston_jobs@intel. [email protected] and refer- at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) com and reference the job # invites applications for a tenure-track faculty ence the job # below. Apply to each position at the assistant professor level. We are below. Apply to each job # of seeking highly qualified candidates committed to a job # of interest. Applications will career in teaching and research in the broad area of interest. Applications will be medical engineering. We welcome candidates who be accepted through 09/21/15. EOE are interested in applying engineering principles accepted through 09/21/15. EOE to therapeutic, diagnostic, and other translational medical areas with a strong intent to collaborate closely with non-Caltech clinical facilities and Software Eng—Assess and Process Eng—Design and plan the lay- pursue practical and clinical applications. We welcome candidates who can leverage the advise on machine characteristics out for such processes as hardening, strengths of Caltech’s engineering program for medical research. Qualifications include a PhD that affect software systems. washing, laminating, etching, engraving, in engineering or an appropriate science-related discipline. MD/ PhDs with strong interest and/or Perform network product polishing, painting, plating, and other background in engineering are encouraged to apply. design, development, testing, material processing operations. Con- The review of applications will begin immediately but applications will be accepted continuously and analysis of software ducts tests and measurements through- until the position is filled. The term of the initial appointment at the Assistant Professor level is applications. Requires BS or out stages of production to determine normally four years, with appointment contingent upon completion of the PhD degree. All applications equivalent+3 yrs exp (#660250); control over such variables as tempera- must be submitted at https://applications.caltech. edu/job/mede and questions mede-search@ BS+3 yrs exp (#660251); BS+5 ture, density, specific gravity, pressure, caltech.edu. yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp The California Institute of Technology is an Equal- and viscosity. Requires MS (#660255); Opportunity/ Affirmative-Action Employer. Women, (#660252); MS (#660253); minorities, veterans, and disabled persons are or PhD (#660256). encouraged to apply. or MS+3 yrs exp (#660254).

62 | Sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

09a.p62.NA [P].indd 62 8/7/15 11:08 AM Faculty Positions available in Electrical and Computer Engineering Sun Yat-sen University and Carnegie Mellon University have established the SYSU- CMU Joint Institute of Engineering (JIE) as a conduit for innovative engineering education and research. Our mission is to nurture a passionate and collaborative global community and network of students, faculty and professionals advancing the field of engineering through education and research.

The JIE enrolled its first cohort of dual-degree M.S. and Ph.D. students in Electrical and Computer Engineering in fall 2014. All current JIE faculty members have been recruited worldwide and we continue to seek full-time tenure-track faculty in all areas of electrical and computer engineering. Candidates should have a doctoral degree in electrical and computer engineering, computer science or related areas, with a demonstrated record of or potential for research, teaching and leadership. The position includes an initial year at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh to establish educational and research collaborations before relocating to Guangzhou, China. This is a worldwide search open to qualified candidates of all nationalities. We offer an internationally competitive compensation package. Please visit jie.cmu.edu for details and to apply online.

SHUNDE INTERNAT IONAL Joint Research Institute

Research positions available in Electrical and Computer Engineering SYSU-CMU Shunde International Joint Research Institute (JRI) is located in Shunde, China. Supported by the provincial government and industry, JRI aims to form high- level teams of innovation, research and development, transfer research outcomes into products, develop advanced technology, promote industrial development and facilitate China’s transition from labor-intensive industries to technology-intensive and creative industries. JRI is seeking full-time research faculty and research staff who have an interest in the industrialization of science research, targeting electrical and computer engineering or related areas. Candidates with industrial experiences are preferred. Application review will continue until the position is filled. Applicants should include a full CV, three to five professional references, a statement of research and teaching interests and copies of up to five research papers. Email applications or questions to [email protected].

SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY

09a.p63.NA [P].indd 63 8/7/15 9:38 AM ENGINEERING Intel Corporation has opening(s) in Englewood, CO. Combination ed/ Intel Corporation, Intel Americas, Inc., Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc., and Intel exp accepted in some positions in Federal LLC have opening(s) in Aloha, Beaverton and Hillsboro, OR. Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to [email protected] and reference lieu of degree. To apply, email resume the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications will be accepted through 09/21/15. EOE to [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply to each Sort Eng—Own and improve test equipment applications, software and operation systems in order to enhance the quality, reliability and manufacturability of sort testing equipment. Requires PhD job # of interest. Applications will be (#660188 positions in both Aloha and Hillsboro). accepted through 09/21/15. EOE System Validation Eng—Plan and execute validation testing. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp App Developer—Develops, implements, (#660191); MS (#660192); or MS+3 yrs exp (#660380). and maintains computer-based systems Systems Analyst—Responsible for directing and participating in the analysis, design and evaluation to meet business requirements. enterprise-wide systems (such as: Oracle, SAP, Baan, Peoplesoft, etc.) to meet business requirements. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660189 positions in both Hillsboro and Aloha); MS (#660190). exp (#660383). Security Researcher—Responsible Systems Eng (Comm)—Emphasis on communication systems engineering tasks as required to support electronic networks. Design and develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems for secure design, development and oriented products. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660193). operation of Intel’s hardware and software products and services. Systems Eng (Software)—Emphasis on the software engineering methodology and specific software development tools required to design, develop and integrate system software components. Design and Requires MS (#660072). develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems oriented products. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660194); MS (#660195); or MS+1 yr exp (#660196). Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect Technical Writer—Responsible for designing, writing, revising and/or editing of technical and/or software systems. Perform network promotional papers (i.e., application papers, product descriptions, catalogs, manuals/guides, commercial applications, brochures, product articles, etc.). Requires BS or equivalent+3 yrs exp (#660403 positions product design, development, testing, in both Beaverton and Hillsboro); BS or equivalent+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660404 positions in and analysis of software applications. both Beaverton and Hillsboro); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660405 positions in both Beaverton and Hillsboro). Requires MS (#660073).

Test Eng—Plan and arrange for testing and evaluating of standard and special devices. Requires MS (#660197). Intel Americas, Inc. and Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. have opening(s) in Allentown, PA. Combination Test R&D Eng—Research, design, and develop test equipment software, library, program flow, fixture, ed/exp accepted in some positions in lieu of hardware, probing, module and/or tester for main and/or peripheral printed board’s assembly (PBA). degree. To apply, email resume to Allentown_ Requires MS (#660198 positions in both Hillsboro and Aloha). [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications Intel Americas, Inc. positions: will be accepted through 09/21/15. EOE Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. Perform Intel Americas, Inc. position: network product design, development, testing, and analysis of software applications. Requires MS Component Design Eng—Design and develop (#660199). electronic components. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660394); MS Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. positions: (#660392); MS+1 yr exp (#660393); MS+3 Engineering Mgr (Software)—Plan, provide resources for and direct software engineering activities to yrs exp (#660000). meet schedules, standards, and budget. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660200). Engineering Mgr-DFT—Plan, provide resources for and direct DFT (Design for Test) Research Scientist—Design, develop, plan, execute and implement scientific and laboratory research engineering activities to meet schedules, projects to fuel growth in the areas of computing, communication, and technology. Requires PhD standards, and budget. Requires BS+5 yrs (#660201). exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660001). Intel Mobile Communications North Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. Perform America Inc. positions: network product design, development, testing, and analysis of software applications. Requires BS+5 yrs Component Design Eng—Design and develop exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660202); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660203); MS (#660204); MS+1 yr exp electronic components. Requires BS+5 yrs (#660205); MS+3 yrs exp (#660206); or PhD (#660207). exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660002); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660003); MS (#660004); Test Eng—Plan and arrange for testing and evaluating of standard and special devices. Requires BS+5 yrs MS+1 yr exp (#660005). exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660208). Physical Design Eng—Create bottom-up elements of chip design, including FET, Intel Federal LLC positions: cell, and block-level custom layouts, FUB- Component Design Eng—Design and develop electronic components. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 level floor plans, abstract view generation, yrs exp (#660209); or MS+3 yrs exp (#660210). RC extraction, and schematic-to-layout verification and debug. Requires MS Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. Perform (#660395). network product design, development, testing, and analysis of software applications. Requires MS System Validation Eng—Plan and execute (#660211); or MS+1 yr exp (#660212). validation testing. Requires MS (#660006).

64 | Sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

Client: Fragomen AE: Ginger 09a.p64.NA [P].indd 64 IO#: 9966-2 Handler: Joe 8/7/15 11:13 AM Proof#: E Date: 7-28-15 Publication: Hillsboro Size: 4.5625x10 ENGINEERING

Intel Corporation, Intel Americas, Inc., Intel Firmware Eng—Conduct or participate in manufacturability of integrated circuits from the Mobile Communications North America Inc., multidisciplinary research and collaborate component feasibility stage through production and Intel Federal LLC have opening(s) in Aloha, with design, layout and/or hardware engineers ramp. Requires BS or equivalent+5 yrs exp OR Beaverton and Hillsboro, OR. Combination ed/ in the design, development, and utilization of MS+1 yr exp (#660156); BS+3 yrs exp (#660157); exp accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. productivity enhancement layout tools and design BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660158); To apply, email resume to Hillsboro_jobs@intel. rule checkers, electronic data processing systems BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660159); MS com and reference the job # below. Apply to each software. Requires MS (#660136); or MS+1 yr exp (#660160); MS+1 yr exp (#660161); MS+3 yrs exp job # of interest. Applications will be accepted (#660137). (#660162); or PhD (#660163). through 09/21/15. EOE Graphics Software Eng—Responsible for Quality Reliability Eng—Develops, applies, and Intel Corporation positions: developing multiple aspects of graphics software, maintains quality and reliability standards for Analog Eng—Designs, develops, modifies and display driver development and simulation processing materials into partially finished or evaluates complex analog and mixed signal environment development. Requires BS+5 yrs finished product. Requires MS (#660164). electronic parts, components or integrated exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660138); or MS+3 yrs exp circuitry for analog and mixed signal electronic (#660139). Research Scientist—Design, develop, plan, execute equipment and other hardware systems. Requires and implement scientific and laboratory research MS (#660112); or PhD (#660113). Hardware Eng—Conducts or participates projects to fuel growth in the areas of computing, in multidisciplinary research in the design, communication, and technology. Requires MS App Developer—Develops, implements, and development, testing and utilization of information (#660165); MS+1 yr exp (#660166); MS+3 yrs exp maintains computer-based systems to meet processing hardware and/or electrical components, (#660167); or PhD (#660168). business requirements. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR mechanisms, materials, and/or circuitry, processes, MS+3 yrs exp (#660406); MS (#660114); or MS+1 packaging, and cabinetry for central processing RET Design Eng—Perform research, development yr exp (#660115). units (CPUs) and/or peripheral equipment. and implementation of Resolution Enhancement Requires MS (#660140); MS+1 yrs exp (#660141); Techniques (RET) for nano-scale process Automation Eng—Integrates, tests, installs, or MS+3 yrs exp (#660142). technologies. Requires PhD (#660169). configures, and/or supports Factory automation software systems. Requires MS (#660116 positions Human Factors Eng—Responsible for applying Safety Eng—Responsible for the recognition, in both Hillsboro and Aloha). Human Factors Engineering techniques and evaluation, and control of those environmental principles at all phases of product/technology factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace CAD Eng—Develop and apply computer aided development. Requires MS (#660143); or PhD that may cause sickness, impaired health, or design (CAD) methods, theories and research (#660144). injury among the employees and/or citizens of the techniques in the investigation and solution of community. Requires PhD (#660170). technical problems. MS (#660118); MS+1 yr exp Information Security Specialist—Responsible for (#660119); or PhD (#660120). the development and/or enforcement of corporate Security Researcher—Responsible for secure and business group information security policies design, development and operation of Intel’s Component Design Eng—Design and develop to protect Intel’s information assets and intellectual hardware and software products and services. electronic components. Requires BS+3 yrs property. Requires MS (#660145); or MS+1 yr exp Requires BS or equivalent+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660121); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660146). exp (#660171); BS+3 yrs exp (#660172); BS+5 yrs (#660122); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660173); MS (#660174 (#660123); MS (#660124); MS+1 yr exp (#660125); Interaction Designer/User Exp Design for positions in both Beaverton and Hillsboro); MS+1 MS+3 yrs exp (#660126); or PhD (#660127). Wearables—Developing/visualizing product yr exp (#660175 positions in both Beaverton and concepts, interaction schemes, and user Hillsboro); or PhD (#660176). Electronic Eng—Research, design, develop, and experiences, utilizing use cases, wireframes, test electronic components, electromechanical storyboards, scenarios, etc. Requires MS Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine equipment, and systems. Requires MS (#660129). (#660147); or MS+1 yr exp (#660148). characteristics that affect software systems. Perform network product design, development, Engineering Mgr (Process)—Plan, provide Physical Design Eng—Create bottom-up elements testing, and analysis of software applications. resources for and direct process engineering of chip design, including FET, cell, and block-level Requires BS+2 yrs exp (#660177 positions in both activities to meet schedules, standards, and budget. custom layouts, FUB-level floor plans, abstract Beaverton and Hillsboro); BS+3 yrs exp (#660178); Requires PhD (#660130). view generation, RC extraction, and schematic- BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660179); BS+5 to-layout verification and debug. Requires BS+3 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660180 positions in Engineering Mgr (Software)—Plan, provide yrs exp (#660149); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr both Beaverton and Hillsboro); MS (#660181); resources for and direct software engineering exp (#660150); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp MS+1 yr exp (#660182); MS+3 yrs exp (#660183 activities to meet schedules, standards, and (#660151); MS (#660152); or PhD (#660153). positions in both Beaverton and Hillsboro); or budget. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp PhD (#660184). (#660131). Process Eng—Design and plan the layout for such processes as hardening, washing, laminating, SW Quality Eng—Authors detailed software Facilities Eng—Provide Facilities engineering etching, engraving, polishing, painting, plating, quality requirements to meet quality standards. leadership to the site organizations in support of and other material processing operations. Requires MS (#660185 positions in both Beaverton Safety, Reliability, Quality, Environmental and Cost Conducts tests and measurements throughout and Hillsboro); or MS+1 yr exp (#660186 positions objectives. Requires MS (#660132). stages of production to determine control over in both Beaverton and Hillsboro). such variables as temperature, density, specific Failure Analysis Eng—Identify and research gravity, pressure, and viscosity. Requires MS SW Systems Architect—Translate business component failures to improve product yield, (#660154); or PhD (#660155 positions in both requirements into specific systems, applications, quality and/or reliability. Requires BS+5 yrs exp Aloha and Hillsboro). data or process designs to develop IT and OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660133); MS (#660134); or integrated architecture solutions. Requires MS MS+3 yrs exp (#660135). Product Eng—Design, develop and validate (#660187). the testability of circuits, and ensure the

09a.p65.NA [P].indd 65 8/7/15 9:46 AM Client: Fragomen AE: Ginger IO#: 9966-1 Handler: Joe Proof#: F Date: 7-28-15 Publication: Hillsboro Size: 7x10 ENGINEERING

Intel Corporation and Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. have opening(s) in Austin, TX. Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to [email protected] and reference the job FACULTY POSITION(S) # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications will be COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING accepted through 09/21/15. EOE AND COLLEGE OF SCIENCE Intel Corporation positions: The College of Engineering at Purdue University has identified Component Design Eng—Design and develop electronic spintronics and nanomagnetics as one of the strategic growth areas components. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp that emphasize team based research with a focus on the potential (#660007); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660008); MS for impact. Spintronics is a new emerging field of basic and applied (#660009); MS+1 yr exp (#660010); MS+3 yrs exp (#660011); research where the spin degree of freedom of the electron is exploited or PhD (#660012). either instead of or in addition to the conventional charge based electronics. While the use of spintronics is already demonstrated in memory-storage technology, the promise of non-volatility, low power Industrial Eng—Plan plant and production facilities and consumption, and large integration densities expands its potential to equipment layouts. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp the field of information processing. The new spintronics initiative (#660013). will build on the existing strength of Purdue in nano-electronics led Physical Design Eng—Create bottom-up elements of chip by the Network for Computational Nanotechnology and the Birck design, including FET, cell, and block-level custom layouts, Nanotechnology Center, and merge the field of nanomagnetics to FUB-level floor plans, abstract view generation, RC extraction, develop cross-disciplinary education and research. The emerging and schematic-to-layout verification and debug. Requires MS field will span fundamental science to circuits and systems, including (#660014). physical theory and modeling, materials science, device and circuit implementation and novel architecture designs, and is now accepting Product Eng—Design, develop and validate the testability of applications for multiple tenured and tenure track faculty positions at circuits, and ensure the manufacturability of integrated circuits the Assistant, Associate, and Full Professor levels. from the component feasibility stage through production Candidates must hold a Ph.D. degree in Engineering, Science ramp. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660015); MS or a related field. Specific research fields of interest include, but (#660016); MS+3 yrs exp (#660017). are not limited to magnetics and spintronics theory, spintronic material growth and characterization, spintronic device fabrication Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics and measurements, and non-conventional circuit and system that affect software systems. Perform network product design, designs. Candidates should have a distinguished academic record, development, testing, and analysis of software applications. exceptional potential for in-depth research, and a commitment to Requires MS (#660018). teach in both undergraduate and graduate programs. Successful System Validation Eng—Plan and execute validation testing. candidates will teach undergraduate and graduate courses in Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660019); MS curricular areas of their affiliated schools and in topics related to (#660020); or MS+1 yr exp (#660021). spintronics, will conduct original research in their field of expertise, will advise graduate student research, will publish and present Technical Mkt Eng—Serve as technical expert and provide research findings, will participate in professional activities, and will technical support for one or many product(s) and/or product perform service both at the School and University levels. Candidates families. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660022). with experience working with diverse groups of students, faculty, Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. positions: and staff and the ability to contribute to an inclusive climate are Component Design Eng—Design and develop electronic particularly encouraged to apply. The primary faculty appointment components. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp will be in a school of the College of Engineering or/and a department (#660023); MS (#660024); or MS+3 yrs exp (#660025). of the College of Science, and will depend on the candidate’s qualifications. Physical Design Eng—Create bottom-up elements of chip Submit applications online at https://engineering.purdue.edu/Engr/ design, including FET, cell, and block-level custom layouts, AboutUS/Employment/Applications, including curriculum vitae, FUB-level floor plans, abstract view generation, RC extraction, teaching and research plans, and names of three references. For and schematic-to-layout verification and debug. Requires BS+5 information/questions regarding applications contact the Office of yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660026). Academic Affairs, College of Engineering at coeacademicaffairs@ purdue.edu. Review of applications will begin on November 1st 2015 Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics and will continue until the positions are filled. A background check that affect software systems. Perform network product design, will be required for employment in these positions. development, testing, and analysis of software applications. Purdue’s main campus is located in West Lafayette Indiana, a Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660382); MS+0 welcoming and diverse community with a wide variety of cultural (#660391); MS+1 yr exp (#660371); or MS+3 yrs exp (#660381). activities and events, industries, and excellent schools. Purdue and the College of Engineering have a Concierge Program to assist new System Validation Eng—Plan and execute validation testing. faculty and their partners regarding dual career needs and facilitate Requires MS (#660386). their relocation. Purdue University is an EEO/AA employer fully committed to Systems Eng (Comm)—Emphasis on communication systems achieving a diverse workforce. All individuals, including minorities, engineering tasks as required to support electronic networks. women, individuals with disabilities, LGBTQ, and veterans are Design and develop electronic or electromechanical equipment encouraged to apply. or systems oriented products. Requires MS (#660027).

66 | Sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

Client: Fragomen AE: Ginger 09a.p66.NA [P].indd 66 IO#: 9966 Handler: 8/7/15Joe 11:17 AM Proof#:A Date: 8-6-15 Publication: Austin Size: 3.25x10 Faculty Positions in Robotics and Mechatronics Gilhousen Endowed Chair in Telecommunications Nazarbayev University is seeking highly qualified full-time faculty members at the Assistant, Associate and Full Professor levels to join its rapidly growing program in Robotics and Mechatronics in the School The Electrical & Computer Engineering Department at Montana State University of Science and Technology. Successful candidates must have a Ph.D. degree from a (MSU) invites nominations and applications from outstanding individuals reputed research university, a demonstrated ability for research, excellent English- language communication skills and a commitment to graduate and undergraduate for a premiere named professorship. The Gilhousen Chair, supported by teaching and program development. an endowment established in 2001 by Dr. Klein Gilhousen, co-founder of Qualcomm, Inc., develops and maintains research, industry collaborations, Launched in 2010 as the premier national university of Kazakhstan, NU’s mandate is to promote the emergence of Astana as the research and educational center of and interdisciplinary academic programs in telecommunications. Eurasia. The strategic development of this English-language university is based Qualified candidates will have a distinguished record of accomplishments on the Western model via partnerships with top ranking world universities. The and a strategic vision for a nationally recognized program in the broadly university is committed to be a world-class research university and has made defined area of telecommunications, with the appropriate experience to be significant investments in research infrastructure, equipment and personnel. eligible for a senior faculty appointment in the department. Furthermore, Applications are particularly encouraged from candidates with expertise and candidates with research interests that are synergistic with MSU’s established research interests in the areas of medical robotics, unmanned aerial vehicles, strengths, such as optical systems and devices, control of energy systems, sensor fusion, and mechanical systems design and control. Exceptional candidates with research interests in the broader field of Robotics and Mechatronics are also and embedded computing will find strong opportunities for collaboration. In encouraged to apply. support of the University’s mission to be inclusive and diverse, applications from qualified minorities, women, veterans and persons with disabilities are Benefits include an internationally competitive salary, international health care highly encouraged. MSU recognizes the importance of work-life integration coverage, free housing (based on family size and rank), child educational allowance, and home-leave travel twice per year. and strives to be responsive to the needs of dual career couples.

Applicants should send a detailed CV, teaching and research statements, and list of The ECE Department offers undergraduate Bachelor of Science degrees in publications to [email protected]. Review of applications will begin immediately but Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, Master of Engineering full consideration will be given to applications submitted no later than September and Master of Science degrees in Electrical Engineering, and a PhD in 1st, 2015. Successful appointments are expected to begin on January 4th, 2016. Engineering. Current total enrollment is 354 students. The faculty comprises For more information please visit http://sst.nu.edu.kz. 14 tenure/tenure-track professors with active research in digital systems, micro and nano-fabrication, optics, power and energy, signals and controls, and communications.

Founded in 1893 as a Land Grant University, Montana State University (MSU) boasts a friendly, supportive faculty and campus environment. With over 15,000 students, including approximately 2,000 graduate students, MSU is classified as one of 108 U.S. Research Universities (very high research ShanghaiTech Faculty Search activity) by the Carnegie Foundation. MSU is located in Bozeman, Montana, ShanghaiTech University invites highly qualified candidates to fill multiple tenure- an extended community of about 70,000 nestled in the Rocky Mountains in track/tenured faculty positions in the School of Information Science and Technology. Candidates should have exceptional academic records or demonstrate strong Southwest Montana. Bozeman is renowned for year-round recreational and potential in cutting-edge research areas of information science and technology. cultural opportunities that include access to world class ski areas, multiple English fluency is required and overseas academic connection or background is highly desired. ShanghaiTech is built as a world-class research university for training blue ribbon trout streams and the Gallatin National Forest. The local airport is future generations of scientists, entrepreneurs, and technological leaders. Besides establishing and maintaining a world-class research profile, faculty candidates are served by five national airlines with over thirty flights a day to thirteen cities. also expected to contribute substantially to graduate and undergraduate education. Please visit https://jobs.montana.edu/postings/936 for further details and Academic Disciplines: We seek candidates in all cutting-edge areas of information science and technology. instructions on how to apply. The review of applications will begin Oct. 1 and Our recruitment focus includes, but is not limited to: computer architecture and continue until the position is filled. Montana State University is committed to technologies, nano-scale electronics, high-speed and RF circuits, intelligent/ integrated signal processing systems, computational foundations, big data, data providing a working and learning environment free from discrimination. All mining, visualization, computer vision, bio-computing, smart energy/power applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, devices/systems, next-generation networking, as well as inter-disciplinary areas involving information science and technology. color, gender, religion, national origin, ethnicity, veteran status, age or any Compensation and Benefits: other characteristic protected by law. Salary and startup funds are highly competitive, commensurate with experience and academic accomplishment. We also offer a comprehensive benefit package to employees and eligible dependents, including housing benefits. All regular ShanghaiTech faculty members will be within its new tenure-track system with international practice for performance evaluation and promotion. Qualifications: - A detailed research plan and demonstrated record/potentials; - Ph.D. (Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering/Science, or related field); - A minimum relevant research experience of 4 years. Applications: Submit (in English, PDF) a cover letter, a 2-page research plan, a CV plus copies of 3 representative publications, and names of three referees to [email protected] by October 31, 2015. For more information, visit http://www.shanghaitech.edu.cn.

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | Sep 2015 | 67

09a.p67.NA [P].indd 67 8/11/15 1:06 PM Computer Science Faculty – Washington State University Vancouver invites applications for a full-time The Division of Engineering and Applied Science tenure-track position at the assistant professor level beginning 8/16/2016. Candidates are sought with at the California Institute of Technology invites expertise in computer networks, wireless networks or sensor networks. applications for a tenure-track faculty position at the assistant professor level in the Department Required qualifications: Ph.D. in Computer Science or Software Engineering by the employment start date and demonstrated ability to (1) develop a funded research program, (2) establish industrial collabora- of Electrical Engineering. We are seeking highly tions, (3) teach undergraduate/graduate courses, and (4) contribute to our campus diversity goals (e.g. qualified candidates committed to a career in incorporate issues of diversity into mentoring, curriculum, service or research). Preferred qualifications: teaching and research in the areas of integrated (1) already have published promising scholarly work in the field and (2) relevant industrial background. circuits, integrated photonics, high-speed and low- power electronics for communications, sensing, Duties include: (1) teaching at undergraduate and graduate levels including the topics of networks; (2) imaging, and integrated circuits and systems using participation and documentation of distinguished scholarly activities including research, innovative teaching and laboratory development; (3) securing external funding for research programs; and (4) service to non-traditional technologies and devices. the department and university through committee work, recruitment, and interaction with industry. Qualifications include a PhD in electrical engineering WSU Vancouver serves about 3,000 graduate and undergraduate students and is fifteen miles north of or an appropriate engineering or science-related Portland, Oregon. The rapidly growing School of Engineering and Computer Science (ENCS) equally discipline. Applicants with strong focus on values both research and teaching. WSU is Washington’s land grant university with faculty and programs biomedical devices and systems should apply to on four campuses. For more information: http://ecs.vancouver.wsu.edu. WSU Vancouver is committed Caltech’s Department of Medical Engineering. to building a culturally diverse educational environment. Interested applicants should submit an electronic To apply: Please visit www.wsujobs.com and search postings by location. Applications must include: (1) application. Applicants are encouraged to apply cover letter with a clear description of experience relevant to each of the required and preferred qualifica- by December 15, 2015, but applications will be tions; (2) vita including a list of at least three references, and (3) A statement (two page total) of how accepted continuously until the position is filled. candidate’s research will expand/complement the current research in ENCS and a list of the existing ENCS The term of the initial appointment at the assistant courses the candidate can teach and any new courses the candidate proposes to develop. Application deadline is November 29, 2015. professor level is normally four years, with appointment contingent upon completion of a PhD Washington State University Is An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Educator And Employer. Mem- in a relevant field. bers of ethnic minorities, women, special disabled veterans, veterans of the Vietnam-era, recently separated veterans, and other protected veterans, persons of disability and/or persons age 40 and over are Questions about the application process may be encouraged to apply. WSU employs only U.S. citizens and lawfully authorized non-U.S. citizens. directed to [email protected].

Intel Corporation has opening(s) in THE HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Newport Beach, CA. Combination ed/ exp accepted in some positions in lieu Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering and Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering of degree. To apply, email resume to Joint Faculty position [email protected] and The Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering (ECE) and the Department of reference the job # below. Apply to each Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (MAE) invite applications for a joint faculty position at the rank of Assistant Professor in the interdisciplinary area of modern avionics. Applicants should have a job # of interest. Applications will be PhD with demonstrated strength in research with a strong commitment to teaching. Successful candidates are expected to lead an active research program, and to teach both graduate and undergraduate courses accepted through 09/21/15. EOE in the area of avionics such as the command and control, navigation, electronics, communication and electric power of modern aircrafts. The appointee is expected to supervise graduate students and provide a link between faculties in ECE and MAE to nurture the avionics area into the aerospace program. Areas Software Eng—Assess and advise of research and interests may include: high-performance embedded systems and sensors, automatic fl ight control and navigation systems, intra and inter-aircraft communications, as well as other related areas in on machine characteristics that affect modern Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA). software systems. Perform network The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology is a world renowned, international research university in Asia’s most vibrant city, Hong Kong. Its Engineering School has been consistently ranked product design, development, testing, among the world’s top 25 since 2004. The high quality of our faculty, students and facilities provide outstanding opportunities for faculty to pursue highly visible research programs. All formal instruction is and analysis of software applications. given in English and all faculty members are expected to conduct research and teach both undergraduate and graduate courses. The Departments of ECE and MAE have excellent computing resources, and state- Requires MS+3 yrs exp (#660385). of-the-art teaching and research laboratories. Currently the Department of ECE has 40 faculty members, over 800 undergraduate students and 350 postgraduate students. The Department of MAE has 27 faculty members, over 400 undergraduate students and 350 postgraduate students. The University is committed Systems Eng (Comm)—Emphasis on to increasing the diversity of its faculty and has a range of family-friendly policies in place. communication systems engineering Starting salary will be commensurate with qualifi cations and experience. Fringe benefi ts including medical and dental benefi ts, annual leave and housing will be provided where applicable. Initial appointment will tasks as required to support electronic normally be on a three-year contract. A gratuity will be payable upon successful completion of contract. Re-appointment will be subject to mutual agreement. networks. Design and develop electronic Applications including full curriculum vitae, list of publications, names of fi ve referees addressed to or electromechanical equipment or Professor Vincent Lau, Chair of the Search Committee, should be sent by email to [email protected]. Applications will be considered until the position is fi lled. systems oriented products. Requires More information about the departments is available on the websites:www.ece.ust.hk and www.mae.ust.hk. MS+3 yrs exp (#660226). (Information provided by applicants will be used for recruitment and other employment-related purposes.)

68 | Sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

09a.p68.NA [P].indd 68 8/7/15 11:22 AM Intel Corporation, Intel Americas, Inc., and Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. have opening(s) in Chandler, AZ. Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications will be accepted through 09/21/15. EOE

Intel Corporation positions:

Analog Eng— Designs, develops, modifies and evaluates complex analog and mixed signal electronic parts, components or integrated circuitry for analog and mixed signal electronic equipment and other hardware systems. Requires MS (#660032).

App Developer—Develops, implements, and maintains computer-based systems to meet business requirements. Requires MS (#660033); or MS+1 yr exp (#660034).

Automation Eng—Integrates, tests, installs, configures, and/or supports Factory automation software systems. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660372).

Component Design Eng—Design and develop electronic components. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660035); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660036); MS (#660037); MS+1 yr exp (#660038) MS+3 yrs exp (#660039); or PhD (#660040).

Failure Analysis Eng—Identify and research component failures to improve product yield, quality and/or reliability. Requires MS (#660041).

Graphics Hardware Eng—Ensure that computer platform and its components have optimal performance and power balance, specifically focusing on graphics hardware components. Requires MS (#660042).

Industrial Eng—Plan plant and production facilities and equipment layouts. Requires BS+3 yrs exp (#660043).

Manufacturing Eng—Design and plan factory layout for such activities as wafer fabrication, component assembly, component sort, PCB assembly, and systems assembly. Adapt machine or equipment design to factory and production conditions. Requires MS (#660044); or MS+1 yr exp (#660045).

Operations Research Eng—Design, develop, and apply engineering, mathematical, simulation, and optimization models to drive solutions to complex manufacturing and supply chain problems. Requires MS (#660046).

Packaging Eng (Material)—Emphasis in working with the material suppliers and materials technology group to establish a package materials property requirement, establish materials specs, capture IPs, and deploy/develop advanced package analytical laboratory tools and techniques and technical application with training notes to world-wide packaging community. Design and develop product packaging and provide ongoing engineering support for integrated circuit or semiconductor assemblies. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660047); or PhD (#660048).

Packaging Eng (Mechanical)—Emphasis in working with the design standards, documentation, specifications, and life cycle of electromechanical designs in semiconductor fabrication. Design and develop product packaging and provide ongoing engineering support for integrated circuit or semiconductor assemblies. Requires MS (#660049); or PhD (#660050).

Physical Design Eng—Create bottom-up elements of chip design, including FET, cell, and block-level custom layouts, FUB-level floor plans, abstract view generation, RC extraction, and schematic-to-layout verification and debug. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660051); or MS (#660052).

Process Eng—Design and plan the layout for such processes as hardening, washing, laminating, etching, engraving, polishing, painting, plating, and other material processing operations. Conducts tests and measurements throughout stages of production to determine control over such variables as temperature, density, specific gravity, pressure, and viscosity. Requires MS (#660053); or PhD (#660054).

Product Eng—Design, develop and validate the testability of circuits, and ensure the manufacturability of integrated circuits from the component feasibility stage through production ramp. Requires MS (#660367).

Quality Reliability Eng—Develops, applies, and maintains quality and reliability standards for processing materials into partially finished or finished product. Requires MS (#660055).

Research Scientist—Design, develop, plan, execute and implement scientific and laboratory research projects to fuel growth in the areas of computing, communication, and technology. Requires PhD (#660056).

Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. Perform network product design, development, testing, and analysis of software applications. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660057); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660058); MS (#660059); MS+1 yr exp (#660060); MS+3 yrs exp (#660061); or PhD (#660062).

Supply Chain R&D Eng—Explores and benchmarks emerging technology in the industry. Works together with supplier to define the raw materials and overall materials manufacturing process flow to meet quality, reliability, cost, yield and manufacturability requirements. Requires PhD (#660384).

System Validation Eng—Plan and execute validation testing. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660408).

Systems Eng (Software)—Emphasis on the software engineering methodology and specific software development tools required to design, develop and integrate system software components. Design and develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems oriented products. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660378); MS+3 yrs exp (#660379); or PhD (#660063).

Test R&D Eng—Research, design, and develop test equipment software, library, program flow, fixture, hardware, probing, module and/or tester for main and/or peripheral printed board’s assembly (PBA). Requires MS (#660064).

Intel Americas, Inc. positions:

Component Design Eng—Design and develop electronic components. Requires MS (#660065).

Electronic Eng—Research, design, develop, and test electronic components, electromechanical equipment, and systems. Requires MS (#660402).

Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. position:

Component Design Eng—Design and develop electronic components. Requires MS (#660066).

09a,p69.NA [P].indd 69 8/7/15 9:46 AM AT LOCKHEED MARTIN, WE’RE ENGINEERING A BETTER TOMORROW. We have career opportunities available in these disciplines: • Shaped Reflector design and analysis • Antenna component electrical design • Antenna mechanical design and integration • RF/Communications payload architecture • RF and Microwave circuit design and analysis Learn more and submit your resume online: www.lockheedmartinjobs.com/SSC-IEEE

Intel Corporation has opening(s) Intel Corporation has opening(s) in San Intel Americas, Inc. has opening(s) in St. in Boise, ID. Combination ed/ Francisco, CA. Combination ed/exp accepted Paul, MN. Combination ed/exp accepted exp accepted in some positions in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, in some positions in lieu of degree. To in lieu of degree. To apply, email email resume to [email protected] apply, email resume to StPaul_jobs@ resume to Boise_jobs@intel. and reference the job # below. Apply to each intel.com and reference the job # below. com and reference the job # job # of interest. Applications will be accepted Applications will be accepted through 09/21/15. EOE below. Apply to each job # of through 09/21/15. EOE interest. Applications will be Hardware Eng—Conducts or participates Software Eng—Assess and advise on accepted through 09/21/15. EOE in multidisciplinary research in the design, machine characteristics that affect Process Eng—Design and development, testing and utilization of software systems. Perform network plan the layout for such information processing hardware and/or product design, development, testing, and analysis of software applications. processes as hardening, washing, electrical components, mechanisms, materials, Requires MS (#660365). laminating, etching, engraving, and/or circuitry, processes, packaging, and cabinetry for central processing units (CPUs) polishing, painting, plating, Technical Support Eng—Provides and/or peripheral equipment. Requires MS and other material processing technical support to field engineers, (#660265). operations. Conducts tests technicians, and product support and measurements throughout personnel who are diagnosing, Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine troubleshooting, repairing and stages of production to determine characteristics that affect software systems. control over such variables as debugging complex electro/mechanical Perform network product design, development, equipment, computer systems, complex temperature, density, specific testing, and analysis of software applications. software, or networked and/or wireless gravity, pressure, and viscosity. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp systems. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR Requires PhD (#660029). (#660266). MS+1 yr exp (#660366).

70 | Sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

Client: Fragomen AE: Ginger 09a.p70.NA [P].indd 70 Client: Fragomen AE: Ginger 8/7/15 11:34 AM IO#: 9996-3 Handler:IO#: Joe9996-4 Handler: Joe Proof#: A Date:Proof#: 7-28-15 A Date: 7-28-15 Publication: IEEE San Frans Size:Publication: 2.1875x4.75 IEEE St Paul Size: 2.1875x4.75 Intel Corporation and Intel Americas, Inc. have opening(s) in Folsom, CA. Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to [email protected] and reference job # below. Applications will be accepted through 09/21/15. EOE

Intel Corporation positions: Analog Eng—Designs, develops, modifies and evaluates complex analog and mixed signal electronic parts, components or integrated circuitry for analog and mixed signal electronic equipment and other hardware systems. Requires MS (#660074).

CAD Eng—Develop and apply computer aided design (CAD) methods, theories and research techniques in the investigation and solution of technical problems. Requires MS (#660368).

Component Design Eng—Design and develop electronic components. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660075); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660076); MS (#660077); MS+1 yr exp (#660078); MS+3 yrs exp (#660079); or PhD (#660080).

Electronic Eng—Research, design, develop, and test electronic components, electromechanical equipment, and systems. Requires MS (#660081); or MS+1 yr exp (#660082).

Firmware Eng—Conduct or participate in multidisciplinary research and collaborate with design, layout and/or hardware engineers in the design, development, and utilization of productivity enhancement layout tools and design rule checkers, electronic data processing systems software. Requires MS (#660083).

Graphics Hardware Eng—Ensure that computer platform and its components have optimal performance and power balance, specifically focusing on graphics hardware components. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660084); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660085); MS (#660086); MS+1 yr exp (#660087); MS+3 yrs exp (#660088); or PhD (#660089).

Graphics Software Eng—Responsible for developing multiple aspects of graphics software, display driver development and simulation environment development. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660090); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660091); MS (#660092); MS+1 yr exp (#660093); MS+3 yrs exp (#660094); or PhD (#660095).

Hardware Eng—Conducts or participates in multidisciplinary research in the design, development, testing and utilization of information processing hardware and/or electrical components, mechanisms, materials, and/or circuitry, processes, packaging, and cabinetry for central processing units (CPUs) and/or peripheral equipment. Requires MS (#660096).

Marketing Eng—Provides marketing support for one or many product(s) and/or product families. Requires BS+3 yrs exp (#660097).

Packaging Eng (Mechanical)—Emphasis in working with the design standards, documentation, specifications, and life cycle of electromechanical designs in semiconductor fabrication. Design and develop product packaging and provide ongoing engineering support for integrated circuit or semiconductor assemblies. Requires MS (#660369).

Product Eng—Design, develop and validate the testability of circuits, and ensure the manufacturability of integrated circuits from the component feasibility stage through production ramp. Requires MS (#660098); or MS+1 yr exp (#660390).

Quality Reliability Eng—Develops, applies, and maintains quality and reliability standards for processing materials into partially finished or finished product. Requires MS (#660099).

Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. Perform network product design, development, testing, and analysis of software applications. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660100); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660101); MS (#660102); MS+1 yr exp (#660103); MS+3 yrs exp (#660104); or PhD (#660105).

SW Quality Eng—Authors detailed software quality requirements to meet quality standards. Requires MS (#660106).

System Validation Eng—Plan and execute validation testing. Requires MS (#660107).

Test Eng—Plan and arrange for testing and evaluating of standard and special devices. Requires MS (#660109).

Intel Americas, Inc. position: Technical Mkt Eng—Serve as technical expert and provide technical support for one or many product(s) and/or product families. Requires MS (#660110).

09a.p71.NA [P].indd 71 8/7/15 9:46 AM Intel Corporation, Intel Mobile Communications North America, Inc. and Intel Americas, Inc. have opening(s) in Santa Clara, CA. Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications will be accepted through 09/21/15. EOE MIT LINCOLN LABORATORY Intel Mobile Communication North America Inc. positions: Analog Eng—Designs, develops, modifies and evaluates complex analog and mixed signal electronic parts, Discover the satisfaction Our areas of opportunity components or integrated circuitry for analog and mixed include: signal electronic equipment and other hardware systems. of innovation and Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660342); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660343); MS (#660344); service to the nation Aerospace or MS+1 yr exp (#660345); or MS+3 yrs exp (#660346). Mechanical Engineering Component Design Eng—Design and develop electronic More than 700 patents have been granted for Algorithm Development components. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp technologies developed by the Laboratory’s staff. (#660347); MS (#660348); or MS+3 yrs exp (#660349). And in the past two years, Lincoln Laboratory has Applied Math been awarded six R&D 100 Awards that recognize Firmware Eng—Conduct or participate in Circuit Design and multidisciplinary research and collaborate with the year’s 100 most technologically significant Laser Development innovations. design, layout and/or hardware engineers in the Computer Engineering design, development, and utilization of productivity If you’d like to contribute to U.S national security enhancement layout tools and design rule checkers, in an environment of remarkable innovation – then Computer Science and electronic data processing systems software. begin your career at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. SW Engineering Requires MS (#660350); or MS+1 yr exp (#660351). Cyber Security Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine For more information on our current characteristics that affect software systems. Perform opportunities, please visit Digital Signal Processing network product design, development, testing, and www.ll.mit.edu/employment analysis of software applications. Requires BS+5 yrs exp Electrical Engineering OR MS+1 yr exp (#660352); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 MIT Lincoln Laboratory is an Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Machine Learning and yrs exp (#660353); MS (#660354); or MS (#660361 employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for telecommuting permitted). employment and will not be discriminated against on the basis of Computer Vision race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national Modeling and System Validation Eng—Plan and execute validation testing. Requires MS (#660355); or MS+1 yr exp origin, age, veteran status, disability status, or genetic information. Systems Architecture Due to the unique nature of our work, we require U.S citizenship. (#660356). Physics Systems Eng (Comm)—Emphasis on communication systems engineering tasks as required to support electronic All positions are located networks. Design and develop electronic or electromechanical in Lexington, MA. equipment or systems oriented products. Requires MS (#660357); MS+1 yr exp (#660358); or PhD (#660359).

Assistant Professor The Bradley Department of Electrical and IEEE Spectrum Computer Engineering at Virginia Tech Issue: September due today Electrical Engineering Faculty – Washington State University Vancouver invites applications for a full seeks applications for a tenure-track Assistant Professor position in computer Next issue is October time tenure-track position at the assistant professor level beginning August 16, 2016. Candidates are engineering, specifically in the area of sought with expertise in power systems engineering including, but not limited to, one or more of the cyber-physical system security (CPSS) Size: 1/12 page - 2.188 x 2.375 following: power generation, transmission, distribution, power electronics, or smart grids. with emphasis in embedded networking Required qualifications: Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering by the employment start date and demonstrated and computing. This position is based in Price: $2,495 per issue ability to (1) develop a funded research program, (2) establish industrial collaborations, (3) teach Virginia Tech’s National Capital Region undergraduate/graduate courses, and (4) contribute to our campus diversity goals (e.g. incorporate campus, located in the vibrant Washington, issues of diversity into mentoring, curriculum, service or research). Preferred qualifications: (1) DC metropolitan area. already have published promising scholarly work in the field and (2) relevant industrial background. Please visit www.ece.vt.edu for complete Publication: Size: Notes: information and the application process. IEEE Spectrum MagazineDuties include: (1) teaching at undergraduate4.5625” and graduate x 4.75” levels including the topics b/wof power Job# 10343 systems engineering; IO#: 10343-10343 (2) participation and documentation of distinguished scholarly activities Screen: EO/AA including research, innovative teaching and laboratory development; (3) securing external funding Mechanical: mbb, dg Proofreader: for research programs; and (4) service to the department and university through committee work, Intel Massachusetts Inc. has recruitment, and interaction with industry. opening(s) in Hudson, MA. WSU Vancouver serves about 3,000 graduate and undergraduate students and is fifteen miles north of Portland, Oregon. The rapidly growing School of Engineering and Computer Science (ENCS) Combination ed/exp accepted in equally values both research and teaching. WSU is Washington’s land grant university with faculty and some positions in lieu of degree. programs on four campuses. For more information: http://ecs.vancouver.wsu.edu. WSU Vancouver Assistant Professor is committed to building a culturally diverse educational environment. To apply, email resume to Hudson_ Computer Magazine [email protected] Bradley Department and reference of Electrical the To apply: Please visit www.wsujobs.com and search postings by location. Applications must include: and Computer Engineering at Virginia Issue: September due Aig/ 15 (1) cover letter with a clear description of experience relevant to each of the required and preferred jobTech # seeksbelow. applications Apply to foreach a tenure-job # qualifications; (2) vita including a list of at least three references, and (3) A statement (two page Size: 1/9 page - 2.188 x 3 total) of how candidate’s research will expand/complement the current research in ENCS and a list of oftrack interest. Assistant Applications Professor position will be in the existing ENCS courses the candidate can teach and any new courses the candidate proposes to acceptedcomputer through engineering, 09/21/15. specifically EOE in Price: $1,940 per issue est. develop. Application deadline is November 29, 2015. the area of cyber-physical system Web only - $420 for 30 days Componentsecurity (CPSS) Design with Eng—Design emphasis in Washington State University Is An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Educator And Employer. embedded networking and computing. Members of ethnic minorities, women, special disabled veterans, veterans of the Vietnam-era, recently andThis develop position electronicis based in Virginiacomponents. Tech’s separated veterans, and other protected veterans, persons of disability and/or persons age 40 and over are encouraged to apply. WSU employs only U.S. citizens and lawfully authorized non-U.S. citizens. RequiresNational MS Capital (#660213). Region campus, \ located in the vibrant Washington, DC metropolitan area. Please visit www.ece.vt.edu for 72 | Sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG complete information and the application process. EO/AA 09a.p72.NA [P].indd 72 8/11/15 10:08 AM Intel Corporation, Intel Mobile Communications North America, Inc. and Research Scientist—Design, develop, plan, execute and implement scientific Intel Americas, Inc. have opening(s) in Santa Clara, CA. Combination ed/ and laboratory research projects to fuel growth in the areas of computing, exp accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to communication, and technology. Requires PhD (#660308); or PhD (#660370 [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply to each job local travel required 50% of the time). # of interest. Applications will be accepted through 09/21/15. EOE Security Researcher—Responsible for secure design, development and Intel Corporation positions: operation of Intel’s hardware and software products and services. Requires Analog Eng—Designs, develops, modifies and evaluates complex analog BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660309); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp and mixed signal electronic parts, components or integrated circuitry for (#660310); or MS (#660311). analog and mixed signal electronic equipment and other hardware systems. Requires MS (#660268); or PhD (#660269). Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. Perform network product design, development, testing, CAD Eng—Develop and apply computer aided design (CAD) methods, and analysis of software applications. Requires BS or equivalent+2 yrs exp theories and research techniques in the investigation and solution of technical (#660312); BS or equivalent+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660313); BS or problems. Requires MS (#660270); or MS+1 yrs exp (#660271). equivalent+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660314); BS(#660315); BS+3 yrs exp (#660316); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660317); BS+5 yrs exp OR Component Design Eng—Design and develop electronic components. MS+3 yrs exp (#660318); MS (#660319); MS+1 yr exp (#660320); MS+3 yrs Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660272); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 exp (#660321); or PhD (#660322). yrs exp (#660273); MS (#660274); MS+1 yr exp (#660275); MS+3 yrs exp (#660276); or PhD (#660277). SW Quality Eng—Authors detailed software quality requirements to meet quality standards. Requires MS (#660323); or MS+1 yr exp (#660324). Engineering Mgr (Product Lifecycle)—Plan, provide resources for and direct product lifecycle engineering activities to meet schedules, standards, and SW Systems Architect—Translate business requirements into specific budget. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660280); or MS+3 yrs systems, applications, data or process designs to develop IT and integrated exp (#660281). architecture solutions. Requires MS (#660325); MS+1 yr exp (#660326); or PhD (#660327). Engineering Mgr (Product Mkt)—Plan, provide resources for and direct product marketing engineering activities to meet schedules, standards, and System Validation Eng—Plan and execute validation testing. Requires MS budget. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660282); or MS+3 yrs (#660328). exp (#660283). Systems Administrator—Responsible for monitoring, maintaining, Engineering Mgr (Software)—Plan, provide resources for and direct software upgrading, testing, troubleshooting and recycling of UNIX/NT computer engineering activities to meet schedules, standards, and budget. Requires servers in a distributed computing environment. Requires MS (#660329). BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660284); or MS+3 yrs exp (#660285). Systems Analyst—Responsible for directing and participating in the analysis, Graphics Hardware Eng—Ensure that computer platform and its components design and evaluation enterprise-wide systems (such as: Oracle, SAP, Baan, have optimal performance and power balance, specifically focusing on Peoplesoft, etc.) to meet business requirements. Requires MS (#660330); or graphics hardware components. Requires MS (#660289); MS+1 yrs exp MS+1 yr exp (#660331). (#660290); or PhD (#660291). Systems Eng (Hardware)—Emphasis on design, development, integration Graphics Software Eng—Responsible for developing multiple aspects of and troubleshooting of electronic systems. Design and develop electronic or graphics software, display driver development and simulation environment electromechanical equipment or systems oriented products. Requires PhD development. Requires MS (#660292); or PhD (#660293). (#660407).

Hardware Eng—Conducts or participates in multidisciplinary research in Systems Eng (Software)—Emphasis on the software engineering the design, development, testing and utilization of information processing methodology and specific software development tools required to design, hardware and/or electrical components, mechanisms, materials, and/or develop and integrate system software components. Design and develop circuitry, processes, packaging, and cabinetry for central processing units electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems oriented products. (CPUs) and/or peripheral equipment. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs Requires MS (#660332). exp (#660294); MS (#660295); MS+1 yr exp (#660296); MS+3 yrs exp (#660297); or PhD (#660298). Test Eng—Plan and arrange for testing and evaluating of standard and special devices. Requires MS (#660333). Human Factors Eng—Responsible for applying Human Factors Engineering techniques and principles at all phases of product/technology development. Web Designer—Responsible for creative Inter/Intranet site development. Requires MS (#660299); or MS+1 yr exp (#660300). Designs, builds, and deploys web pages via HTML and standard graphics applications for Intel’s products and services. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR Process Eng—Design and plan the layout for such processes as hardening, MS+1 yr exp (#660334). washing, laminating, etching, engraving, polishing, painting, plating, and other material processing operations. Conducts tests and measurements Intel Americas, Inc. positions: throughout stages of production to determine control over such variables as Product Mkt Eng—Provide technical support for product(s) and/or product temperature, density, specific gravity, pressure, and viscosity. Requires MS family. Conduct competitive product/pricing analysis and market research; (#660301); or PhD (#660302). evaluate sales performance and formulate and review strategic long range plans, goals, and objectives for specific product areas. Requires BS or Product Eng—Design, develop and validate the testability of circuits, and equivalent+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660337). ensure the manufacturability of integrated circuits from the component feasibility stage through production ramp. Requires MS (#660303). Professional Services Consultant—Develops and delivers detailed IT solutions through consulting project activities. Various unanticipated Product Mkt Eng—Provide technical support for product(s) and/or product locations. Commission eligible. Significant domestic travel required. family. Conduct competitive product/pricing analysis and market research; Requires BS or equivalent+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660362); BS+5 yrs evaluate sales performance and formulate and review strategic long range exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660363); or MS+3 yrs exp (#660364). plans, goals, and objectives for specific product areas. Requires MS (#660304); or MS+1 yr exp (#660305). SW Sales Eng—Responsible for understanding customer applications, systems and/or deployment architecture and testing requirements. Quality Reliability Eng—Develops, applies, and maintains quality and Commission eligible. Telecommuting permitted. Significant domestic travel reliability standards for processing materials into partially finished or required. Requires Bachelors+5 yrs exp OR Masters+3 yrs exp (#660373); or finished product. Requires MS (#660306); or MS+1 yr exp (#660307). Masters+3 yrs exp (#660374).

09a.p73.NA [P].indd 73 8/13/15 3:37 PM Intel Mobile Communications North America Inc. has opening(s) in San Diego, CA. Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications will be accepted through 09/21/15. EOE Become a published Firmware Eng—Conduct or participate in multidisciplinary research and collaborate with design, layout and/or hardware engineers in the author in 4 to 6 weeks. design, development, and utilization of productivity enhancement layout tools and design rule checkers, electronic data processing IEEE Access is a multidisciplinary journal that allows you to: systems software. Requires MS (#660257); or MS+1 yr exp (#660258). • Publish articles in 4 to 6 weeks • Expect the IEEE trusted peer review with Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect a typical one-third acceptance rate software systems. Perform network product design, development, • Reach millions of global users testing, and analysis of software applications. Requires BS+5 yrs exp through the IEEE Xplore® digital library OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660259); MS (#660260); MS+1 yr exp (#660261); with free access to all or MS+3 yrs exp (#660262). • Submit multidisciplinary articles that do not fit neatly in traditional journals Systems Eng (Comm)—Emphasis on communication systems • Integrate multimedia and track usage and citation data for each engineering tasks as required to support electronic networks. Design published article and develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems • Connect with readers oriented products. Requires MS (#660263); or MS+1 yr exp (#660264). through commenting • Publish without a page limit Systems Eng (Hardware)— Emphasis on design, development, for only $1,750 per article integration and troubleshooting of electronic systems. Design and develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems oriented IEEE Access... a multidisciplinary open access journal that’s worthy products. Requires MS (#660397); or MS+1 yr exp (#660396). of the IEEE.

Systems Eng (Platform)— Emphasis on delivering platform feasibility analysis and collaterals throughout the platform life cycle. Design and Learn more at: develop electronic or electromechanical equipment or systems oriented www.ieee.org/ieee-access products. Requires MS (#660399); or MS+1 yr exp (#660398). 14-PUB-246 12/14

Intel Corporation has opening(s) in Intel Americas, Inc. has opening(s) in Intel Corporation has opening(s) in DuPont, Bellevue, WA. Combination ed/exp Eau Claire, WI. Combination ed/exp WA. Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email accepted inClient: some Fragomenpositions in lieu acceptedAE: in Ginger some positions in lieu resume to [email protected] and of degree. IO#:To apply, 9996-2 email resume of degree.Handler: To apply, Joe email resume reference the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications will be accepted to [email protected]#: A and to [email protected]: 7-28-15 and through 09/21/15. EOE reference thePublication: job # below. IEEE Apply San to Diegoreference Size: the 3.25x4.75 job # below. Apply to Software Eng—Assess and advise on each job # of interest. Applications will each job # of interest. Applications will be accepted through 09/21/15. EOE machine characteristics that affect software be accepted through 09/21/15. EOE systems. Perform network product design, Graphics Software Eng—Responsible development, testing, and analysis of software Component Design Eng—Design for developing multiple aspects applications. Requires MS (#660068). and develop electronic components. of graphics software, display System Validation Eng—Plan and execute Requires MS (#660070). driver development and simulation validation testing. Requires MS (#660069). environment development. Requires Intel Corporation has an opening BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs Intel Corporation has opening(s) in Fort Collins, CO. Combination in Columbia, SC. Combination ed/ exp (#660388); MS+3 yrs exp exp accepted in some positions (#660387); or PhD (#660389). ed/exp accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to Columbia_jobs@ Software Eng—Assess and resume to FortCollins_jobs@intel. intel.com and reference the job advise on machine characteristics com and reference the job # below. # below. Apply to each job # of that affect software systems. interest. Applications will be Applications will be accepted Perform network product design, accepted through 09/21/15. EOE through 09/21/15. EOE development, testing, and analysis BIOS Eng—Develop platform of software applications. Requires Component Design Eng—Design BIOS, reference code and related documentation for Intel silicon MS (#660028); or MS (#660249 and develop electronic components. products. Requires BS+5 yrs exp position situated at client site). Requires MS (#660111). OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660067).

74 | Sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG

09a.p74.NA [P].indd 74 8/11/15 1:05 PM Intel Americas, Inc. has opening(s) in Intel Corporation and Intel Americas, Inc. have opening(s) in Plano, TX. Combination ed/exp Oakbrook Terrace, IL. Combination ed/ accepted in some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to [email protected] and exp accepted in some positions in lieu reference the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications will be accepted through of degree. To apply, email resume to 09/21/15. EOE [email protected] and Intel Corporation positions: reference the job # below. Apply to each job App Developer—Develops, implements, and maintains computer-based systems to meet business # of interest. Applications will be accepted requirements. Requires BS+3 yrs exp (#660229); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+1 yr exp (#660230); or through 09/21/15. EOE BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660231). Software Eng—Assess and advise Security Researcher—Responsible for secure design, development and operation of Intel’s on machine characteristics that affect hardware and software products and services. Requires MS (#660234). software systems. Perform network Software Eng—Assess and advise on machine characteristics that affect software systems. product design, development, testing, and Perform network product design, development, testing, and analysis of software applications. analysis of software applications. Requires Requires MS (#660235). MS (#660227); or MS+1 yr exp (#660228). SW Quality Eng—Authors detailed software quality requirements to meet quality standards. Requires MS (#660236); or MS+1 yr exp (#660237). Intel Americas, Inc. has opening(s) in New York, NY. Combination ed/exp accepted in Systems Analyst—Responsible for directing and participating in the analysis, design and some positions in lieu of degree. To apply, evaluation enterprise-wide systems (such as: Oracle, SAP, Baan, Peoplesoft, etc.) to meet business email resume to [email protected] requirements. Requires BS or equivalent+3 yrs exp (#660238); BS+3 yrs exp (#660239); BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660240); or Masters (#660241). and reference the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications will be accepted Technical Support Eng—Provides technical support to field engineers, technicians, and product through 09/21/15. EOE support personnel who are diagnosing, troubleshooting, repairing and debugging complex electro/ mechanical equipment, computer systems, complex software, or networked and/or wireless Product Mkt Eng—Provide technical support systems. Requires BS or equivalent+3 yrs exp (#660242). for product(s) and/or product family. Conduct Intel Americas, Inc. position: competitive product/pricing analysis and market research; evaluate sales performance Technical Support Eng—Provides technical support to field engineers, technicians, and product and formulate and review strategic long range support personnel who are diagnosing, troubleshooting, repairing and debugging complex electro/ plans, goals, and objectives for specific product mechanical equipment, computer systems, complex software, or networked and/or wireless systems. Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs exp (#660245); or MS+3 yrs exp (#660246). areas. Requires BS+3 yrs exp (#660225).

Intel Corporation has opening(s) Intel Americas Inc. has opening(s) in Intel Corporation has opening(s) in Idaho in Calabasas, CA. Combination ed/ Lancaster, PA. Combination ed/exp Falls, ID. Combination ed/exp accepted accepted in some positions in lieu in some positions in lieu of degree. To exp accepted in some positions of degree. To apply, email resume apply, email resume to IdahoFalls_ in lieu of degree. To apply, email to [email protected] and [email protected] and reference the job # resume to Calabasas_jobs@intel. reference the job # below. Apply to below. Apply to each job # of interest. each job # of interest. Applications will Applications will be accepted through com and reference the job # below. be accepted through 09/21/15. EOE 09/21/15. EOE Applications will be accepted through Software Eng—Assess and advise Software Eng—Assess and advise 09/21/15. EOE on machine characteristics that affect on machine characteristics that affect software systems. Perform network Component Design Eng—Design software systems. Perform network product design, development, testing, product design, development, testing, and develop electronic components. and analysis of software applications. and analysis of software applications. Requires MS (#660030). Requires MS (#660217). Requires BS+1 yr exp (#660214).

Intel Americas, Inc. has opening(s) Intel Corporation has opening(s) in Intel Corporation has opening(s) in Champaign, IL. Combination ed/ Longmont, CO. Combination ed/exp accepted in some positions in lieu in Irvine, CA. Combination ed/exp exp accepted in some positions in of degree. To apply, email resume accepted in some positions in lieu lieu of degree. To apply, email resume to [email protected] and of degree. To apply, email resume to to [email protected] and reference the job # below. Apply to each job # of interest. Applications will be [email protected] and reference reference the job # below. Applications accepted through 09/21/15. EOE the job # below. Apply to each job will be accepted through 09/21/15. EOE Firmware Eng—Conduct or participate # of interest. Applications will be Software Eng—Assess and advise in multidisciplinary research and collaborate with design, layout and/ accepted through 09/21/15. EOE on machine characteristics that affect or hardware engineers in the design, software systems. Perform network development, and utilization of Component Design Eng—Design product design, development, testing, productivity enhancement layout tools and develop electronic components. and design rule checkers, electronic data and analysis of software applications. processing systems software. Requires Requires BS+5 yrs exp OR MS+3 yrs Requires PhD (#660031). MS (#660218). exp (#660215); or MS (#660216).

SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | north american | Sep 2015 | 75

09a.p75.NA [P].indd 75 8/11/15 1:11 PM And nOW this…

Reed Relay Redux This simple device, once crucial to telephone exchanges, lives on in portable defibrillators

Invented in 1922 by a professor at Leningrad Electrotechnical University, the reed switch contains two slivers of wire that make contact in the presence of a magnet. Bell Telephone Laboratories evolved this device into the reed relay, in which the switch is controlled by an electromagnet. By the 1960s, reed relays were a fundamental component of telephone exchanges. Their ultralow power consumption also made them popular for space applications, including the Apollo missions. Although solid-state components eventually eclipsed reed relays for telephone switching, they’re still useful when you need to stop very low currents from leaking away (as in photomultiplier detectors) or are handling high voltages (as in cardiac defibrillators). Along the way, the price of reed switches and relays has come down considerably. A reed switch optimized for aerospace once cost about US $200. Modern reed switches go for well under a dollar, and vintage reed relays like the ones in this ad from IEEE Spectrum’s February 1965 issue can still be found on eBay. — Robert Colburn, IEEE History Center

76 | Sep 2015 | north american | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG photograph by Randi Klett

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