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Class Struggles in France 1848-1850
Karl Marx The Class Struggles in France, 1848-1850 Written: December January-October 1850; Published: as a booklet by Engels in 1895; Source: Selected Works, Volume 1, Progress Publishers, Moscow 1969; Proofed: and corrected by Matthew Carmody, 2009, Mark Harris 2010; Transcribed: by Louis Proyect. Table of Contents Introduction (Engels, 1895) ......................................................................................................... 1 Part I: The Defeat of June 1848 ................................................................................................. 15 Part II: From June 1848 to June 13, 1849 .................................................................................. 31 Part III: Consequences of June 13, 1849 ................................................................................... 50 Part IV: The Abolition of Universal Suffrage in 1850 .............................................................. 70 Introduction (Engels, 1895)1 The work republished here was Marx’s first attempt to explain a piece of contemporary history by means of his materialist conception, on the basis of the prevailing economic situation. In the Communist Manifesto, the theory was applied in broad outline to the whole of modern history; in the articles by Marx and myself in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, it was constantly used to interpret political events of the day. Here, on the other hand, the question was to demonstrate the inner causal connection in the course of a development which extended over some years, a development -
Resistance to Institutions and Cultural Distance: Brigandage in Post
Resistance to Institutions and Cultural Distance Brigandage in Post-Unification Italy* Giampaolo Lecce Laura Ogliari Tommaso Orlando § This version: July 2018 Abstract We study how cultural distance affects the rejection of imposed institutions. To do so, we exploit the transplantation of Piedmontese institutions on Southern Italy that oc- curred during the Italian unification. We assemble a novel and unique dataset containing municipal-level information on episodes of brigandage, a form of violent uprising against the unitary government. We use the geographic distance from local settlements of Pied- montese descent as a proxy for the cultural distance between each municipality and the new rulers. We find that cultural distance from the origins of the transplanted institutions is significantly associated with more intense resistance to these institutions. We provide evidence that our results are partially explained by a clash between the content of the Piedmontese institutions and local social norms. Our findings further suggest that the re- jection of transplanted institutions may have a long-lasting effect on political participation. Keywords: Institutions, Institutional Transplantations, Culture, Social Unrest, Electoral Turnout JEL classification: N43, D74, P16, Z10 *The authors are indebted to Maristella Botticini, Nicola Gennaioli and Guido Tabellini for many fruitful conversations and for their continuing support. We are very thankful to Rosario Crin`o,Paola Giuliano, Stelios Michalopoulos, Massimo Morelli and Paolo Sestito for useful -
Passive Revolution: a Universal Concept with Geographical Seats
1 Passive revolution: A universal concept with geographical seats Abstract In this article, I argue that Antonio Gramsci’s concept of passive revolution makes a foundational contribution to International Relations (IR), yet has been relatively under appreciated by the broader discipline. Within the Historical Sociology of International Relations, uneven and combined development has recently been postulated as a key trans-historical law that provides a social theory of the ‘international’. Drawing from, but moving beyond these debates, I will argue that passive revolution is a key conditioning factor of capitalist modernity. I will demonstrate how the concept of passive revolution is the element that explains the connection between the universal process of uneven development and the manner in which specific combinations occur within the capitalist era as geo- political pressures, in tandem with domestic social forces become internalised into geographically specific state forms. It therefore offers a corrective to the frequently aspatial view that is found in much of the literature in IR regarding uneven and combined development. Additionally, passive revolution provides a more politicised understanding of the present as well as an important theoretical lesson in relation to what needs to be done to affect alternative trajectories of development. Key words Gramsci, passive revolution, uneven development, capitalism, revolution 2 Introduction The title of this article takes its cue from a remark by Antonio Gramsci in the Prison Notebooks -
FRENCH REVOLUTION PART 3 from the Directory 1794-1799 To
FRENCH REVOLUTION PART 3 From the Directory 1794-1799 to Napoleon Bonaparte The Terror July 1793-July 1794 Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety Inscription on Engraving from 1795, after pyramid: Thermidor “Here lies all Robespierre guillotines the France.” executioner, after all France has been guillotined Constitutions of 1791 and 1793 are beneath his feet COUP D’ĖTAT OF THERMIDOR JULY Execution of Robespierre, 1794 Saint Just, Couthon July 1794 End of the Jacobin Terror, start of White Terror" -- execution of 72 leading Jacobins in one day The Directory takes power 1794- 1799 The Directory: July 1794-1799 Paul Barras one of the five Directors making up the executive council Legislature under Directory is Drawing of bicameral: member of Council of Council of Elders = upper house Elders -- pseudo-Roman Council of 500 = lower house robes Constitution of the Year V 1795 Third constitution – one every two years 1791, 1793 Ends universal male suffrage Indirect elections (electoral college like USA) Bicameral legislature upper house as more elite restraint on lower house LOUIS XVII -- never reigned son & heir of Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette b. 1785 d. 1795 June in prison of illness at age 10 (age 8 at time of Marie Antoinette’s trial) Set back for royalist hopes for restoration of monarchy – but the eventual Louis XVIII restored in 1814 was the brother (in exile since 1792) of King Louis XVI executed in Jan 1793. REVOLT OF GERMINAL (Spring 1795): Parisian sans culottes riot, call for "bread & Constitution of 1793," but no more political -
Jacobinism from Outside
Rapport, M. (2015) Jacobinism from outside. In: Andress, D. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution. Series: Oxford handbooks. Oxford University Press: Oxford, pp. 503-520. ISBN 9780199639748. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/122611/ Deposited on: 17 August 2016 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk 1 Jacobinism from Outside In 1796, as a war-weary British government sought peace talks with the French Republic, Edmund Burke railed against treating with the ‘regicides’. The European conflict, he argued, was in fact a civil war, ‘between the partizans of the antient, civil, moral, and political order of Europe against a sect of ambitious and fanatical atheists which means to change them all.’ The Jacobinism, he insisted, was a ‘sect aiming at universal empire’.1 Burke was not alone: John Robison, a Scottish natural philosopher, and the former Jesuit, Augustin de Barruel, both published works in 1797 arguing that the revolution was an international conspiracy of freemasons and freethinkers. For Barruel, Jacobinism was nothing less than Freemasonry finally revealing its ultimate, dark purpose. Cranky though such claims now appear, in the late 1790s for Europeans bending before the roar of revolution and war, they offered an all- embracing explanation for the crisis.2 Yet Barruel, Burke and Robison used the term ‘Jacobin’ very loosely, reinforcing a conservative tendency to define any dissent as dangerous. Almost always inaccurate, such a use of the label probably seemed more plausible because ‘Jacobinism’ rapidly changed in France itself, as the Revolution rattled forward on its breakneck course. -
Kazdan Pak Dissertation
UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Italy's Primary Teachers: The Feminization of the Italian Teaching Profession, 1859-1911 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7fh45860 Author Pak, Julie Kazdan Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Italy’s Primary Teachers: The Feminization of the Italian Teaching Profession, 1859-1911 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Julie Kazdan Pak 2012 © Copyright by Julie Kazdan Pak 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Italy’s Primary Teachers: The Feminization of the Italian Teaching Profession, 1859-1911 by Julie Kazdan Pak Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Geoffrey Symcox, Chair This dissertation concerns the feminization of the Italian teaching profession between the introduction of pre-Unification schooling in 1859 and the nationalization of that system in 1911. By feminization, this dissertation refers both to the gradual assumption of the majority of elementary teaching positions by women and to a transformation in the nature of the position itself. Through an examination of educational periodicals, school records, government inquests, and accounts by teachers and pedagogical theorists, it argues that rather than the unintended consequence of economic constraints or shifting labor patterns, feminization was fundamentally connected to larger processes of centralization and modernization in the Italian school system. Following an introductory chapter outlining the major national, religious, and gender debates of ii the Unification era, the second chapter of the dissertation argues that the figure of the female elementary teacher became embroiled in the contest between local and national interests, furthering the drive toward centralization. -
The History of Napoleon Buonaparte
THE HISTORY OF NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE JOHN GIBSON LOCKHART CHAPTER I BIRTH AND PARENTAGE OF NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE—HIS EDUCATION AT BRIENNE AND AT PARIS—HIS CHARACTER AT THIS PERIOD—HIS POLITICAL PREDILECTIONS—HE ENTERS THE ARMY AS SECOND LIEUTENANT OF ARTILLERY—HIS FIRST MILITARY SERVICE IN CORSICA IN 1793. Napoleon Buonaparte was born at Ajaccio on the 15th of August, 1769. The family had been of some distinction, during the middle ages, in Italy; whence his branch of it removed to Corsica, in the troubled times of the Guelphs and Gibellines. They were always considered as belonging to the gentry of the island. Charles, the father of Napoleon, an advocate of considerable reputation, married his mother, Letitia Ramolini, a young woman eminent for beauty and for strength of mind, during the civil war— when the Corsicans, under Paoli, were struggling to avoid the domination of the French. The advocate had espoused the popular side in that contest, and his lovely and high-spirited wife used to attend him through the toils and dangers of his mountain campaigns. Upon the termination of the war, he would have exiled himself along with Paoli; but his relations dissuaded him from this step, and he was afterwards reconciled to the conquering party, and protected and patronised by the French governor of Corsica, the Count de Marbœuff. It is said that Letitia had attended mass on the morning of the 15th of August; and, being seized suddenly on her return, gave birth to the future hero of his age, on a temporary couch covered with tapestry, representing the heroes of the Iliad. -
How to Build a Dissident Public Order. Actors and Strategies of the Neapolitan Folks' Political Mobilization During the 1848
How to build a dissident public order. Actors and strategies of the Neapolitan folks’ political mobilization during the 1848 revolution Pierre-Marie Delpu To cite this version: Pierre-Marie Delpu. How to build a dissident public order. Actors and strategies of the Neapolitan folks’ political mobilization during the 1848 revolution. Rechtskultur - Zeitschrift für Europäische Rechtsgeschichte/European Journal of Legal History/Journal européen d’histoire du droit, Edition Rechtskultur, 2019, pp.145-161. 10.36213/8-8. halshs-03156967 HAL Id: halshs-03156967 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03156967 Submitted on 9 Mar 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. How to build a dissident public order. Actors and strategies of the Neapolitan folks’ political mobilization during the 1848 revolution Pierre-Marie Delpu When revolution broke out in Palermo on January 12 1848 and then spread throughout the whole Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, it constituted the first experience of massive po- litical mobilization in the state. It followed from a long tradition of riots and revolutions since the Early Modern period1, and very quickly became part of a wider revolutionary wave, both Italian and European, and mainly characterised by the delegitimation of the Bourbon monarchy as an institution and as a means of government. -
Sir William Hamilton KB, PC, FRS, FRSE (13 December 1730 – 6 April 1803)
Sir William Hamilton KB, PC, FRS, FRSE (13 December 1730 – 6 April 1803) Married Emma Hart (Lyon) at St Marylebone Parish Church on 6 September 1791 Sir William Hamilton was a Scottish diplomat, antiquarian, archaeologist and vulcanologist. After a short period as a Member of Parliament, he served as British Ambassador to the Kingdom of Naples from 1764 to 1800. He studied the volcanoes Vesuvius and Etna, becoming a Fellow of the Royal Society and recipient of the Copley Medal. His second wife was Emma Hamilton, famed as Horatio Nelson's mistress. Hamilton was born on 13 December 1730 (or 12 January 1731) in either London or at Park Place, Berkshire, the fourth son of Lord Archibald Hamilton, governor of Jamaica and seventh son of the 3rd Duchess of Hamilton, and Lady Jane Hamilton, daughter of James Hamilton, 6th Earl of Abercorn. His mother was a favourite, and possibly a mistress, of the Prince of Wales and William grew up with his son George III, who would call him his "foster brother". At age nine, he went to Westminster School, where he made lifelong friends of Frederick Hervey and David Murray. Hamilton used to say that he was born with an ancient name and a thousand pounds; as a younger son he would have to make his own way in life. So, six weeks after his sixteenth birthday, he was commissioned into the 3rd Foot Guards as an ensign. He spent some time with the regiment in the Netherlands, and advanced to lieutenant in 1753. In September 1757 he was present as aide-de-camp to General Henry Seymour Conway at the abortive attack on Rochefort. -
C a T H O L I C C H U R C H
EC A TP H OI L IP C H A C HN U R CY H Fourth Sunday of Easter April 25, 2021 recently passed away from Covid-19. Our thoughts and prayers FROM POPE FRANCIS are with Don Romagnuolo, his family, friends and brethren, as well as the parishioners at Casamari. Requiescat in pace. NEW BLESSEDS OF CASAMARI Dear brothers and sisters, On April 17 in the Abbey of Casamari, Simeon Cardon and five companion martyrs, Cistercian monks of that Ab- bey, were proclaimed Blessed. In 1799, when French soldiers with- drawing from Naples sacked churches and monasteries, these meek disciples of Christ resisted with heroic courage, unto death, to defend the Eucharist from desecration. May their example spur us to a greater commitment of fidelity to God, even capable of transforming society and making it more just and fraternal. A round of applause for the new Blesseds! During the French invasion of the Kingdom of Naples in 1798, Napoleon’s Grande Armée installed the short-lived and widely unpopular Parthenopean Republic, a treacherous Franco- Jacobin satellite state propped up with French bayonets. Though Sicily remained in control of the Bourbons, the brutal conquest of the Neapolitan portion of the Kingdom was violent and bloody, and as so often is the case with anti-Bourbon his- torians, the abominable crimes of the Republic receive little to no attention in comparison to the loyalists’ reprisals. Among the many atrocities committed by the so-called “enlightened” conquerors, was the massacre of six Cistercian friars on May 13, 1799 at the Gothic Abbey of Casamari, bor- dering the Papal States. -
ORU History & Humanities Modern World
Oral Roberts University Digital Showcase Textbooks Educational Materials 2019 ORU History & Humanities Modern World - Reader I 1600 - 1850 Gary Pranger Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalshowcase.oru.edu/textbooks Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Pranger, Gary, "ORU History & Humanities Modern World - Reader I 1600 - 1850" (2019). Textbooks. 1. https://digitalshowcase.oru.edu/textbooks/1 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Educational Materials at Digital Showcase. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textbooks by an authorized administrator of Digital Showcase. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ORU HISTORY & HUMANITIES MODERN WORLD - READER I 1600 - 1850 Gary K. Pranger, Editor 1 THE MODERN WORLD I 1600-1850 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE 5 1. INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL OVERVIEW 7 2. TIME LINE 3. THE RENAISSANCE Gary K. Pranger 12 4. THE REFORMATION Gary K. Pranger 20 5. RESTORATION & GLORIOUS REVOLUTION Harold Paul & Gary K. Pranger 46 6. EUROPE AND FRANCE 1600-1715 J. Franklin Sexton & Gary K. Pranger 54 7. NEOCLASSICAL LITERATURE David Ringer 80 8. THE ENLIGHTENMENT Gary K. Pranger 90 9. THE LASTING SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT L. Lee Peterson & Gary K. Pranger 96 10. THE GERMAN EMPIRE AFTER 1648: PRUSSIA & AUSTRIA Gary K. Pranger 113 11. 18TH CENTURY STATE COMPETITION 1713-1763 J. Franklin Sexton 132 12. ECONOMICS & HISTORY Gary K. Pranger 136 13. MARX & MARXISM: IDEAL AND REALITY 148 14. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY NOVEL Carl Hamilton 157 15. METHODISM Harold J. Paul 163 16. THE FIRST GREAT AWAKENING Gary K. Pranger 176 17. GREAT BRITAIN & THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1763-1815 J. -
Duke University Dissertation Template
Subaltern Readers in Nineteenth-Century French and Italian Novels by Fiammetta Di Lorenzo Department of Romance Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Roberto Dainotto, Advisor ___________________________ Anne F. Garréta ___________________________ David F. Bell ___________________________ Paola Gambarota ___________________________ Anne-Gaëlle Saliot Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 i v ABSTRACT Subaltern Readers in Nineteenth-Century French and Italian Novels by Fiammetta Di Lorenzo Department of Romance Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Roberto Dainotto, Advisor ___________________________ Anne F. Garréta ___________________________ David F. Bell ___________________________ Paola Gambarota ___________________________ Anne-Gaëlle Saliot An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 i v Copyright by Fiammetta Di Lorenzo 2019 Abstract In this work I analyze the ways the figure of the fictional subaltern reader in Italian and French novels of the 19th century tends to dramatize her or his exclusion from the public sphere, while attempting, at the same time, to institute new forms of commonality with his or her reader.