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57-Prothero (Troublesome).P65 Sullivan et al., eds., 2011, Fossil Record 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 53. 602 MAGNETOBIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE MIOCENE TROUBLESOME FORMATION, MIDDLE PARK BASIN, CENTRAL COLORADO DONALD R. PROTHERO Department of Geology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041 Abstract—The Troublesome Formation consists of a discontinuous sequence of tuffaceous floodplain siltstones about 300 m (1000 feet) thick mantled over Laramide paleotopography in the Middle Park Basin, between Kremmling and Granby, Colorado. It first produced Miocene fossil mammals in 1908, but the chronostratigraphy has never been fully resolved. New paleomagnetic studies, along with previous 40Ar/39Ar dates and mammalian biostratigraphy, greatly improve the dating of the deposits. Paleomagnetic sampling was conducted over most of the limited exposures that produce diagnostic mammal assemblage or radiometric dates. Most samples had a slight overprint due to goethite, but yielded directions during the low-temperature thermal demagnetization that seemed to be held in magnetite and passed a reversal test. Petrographic examination of the rocks showed abundant magnetite with no significant hematite. The oldest localities (Moore Reservoir, Granby) contain early-middle Arikareean mammals and an ash date of 23.5 Ma, and correlate with Chrons C6C-C6r (23-28 Ma). Except for the Highway 40 locality, which spans the Arikareean-Hemingfordian boundary (Chron C5Er, 18.75-19 Ma), the latest Arikareean (19-23 Ma) is virtually missing from the region. The Barger Gulch section appears to span the early Hemingfordian to early Barstovian (Chrons C5Br-C5Er, 15-18.5 Ma), based on four ash dates and mammals. The Four Dogs-Beached Canoe localities span the early-late Barstovian boundary (Chron C5ADr, 14.5-14.8 Ma). Most of the late Barstovian is missing. The Junction and Gravel Gulch localities are both earliest Clarendonian (Chron C5n-C5r, 9.8-11.0 Ma) based on the ash date of 11.0 Ma and fossil mammals. This new chronostratigraphy shows that although the Troublesome Formation spans the interval between 11 and 25.5 Ma, the formation is very discontinuously deposited, with long intervals of time unrepresented by rocks or fossils. INTRODUCTION by J.W. Gidley (which is actually a deciduous “Merychippus” tooth, according to Peter Robinson, pers. commun.). Lovering (1930, p. 74) Fossiliferous rocks in the Middle Park Basin of Colorado (Fig. 1) reported additional mammal fossils from the region (the musk deer were first informally called “lake beds” by Marvine (1874, p. 157), but Blastomeryx, the camel Procamelus, the horse Parahippus, and the were named the Troublesome Formation (after the ghost town of Trouble- chalicothere Moropus elatus), identified by Harold Cook as late some and Troublesome Creek, just east of Kremmling) in an unpublished Arikareean in age (then considered early Miocene, but now is mostly late doctoral dissertation by Richards (1941). They were then formally named Oligocene – Tedford et al., 2004). Lovering and Goddard (1950) reported and published by Lovering and Goddard (1950, p. 41). The unit consists an Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene age for the formation, based on of deeply weathered and (for the most part) poorly exposed tuffaceous supposed brontothere bones collected by Richards (1941) from near floodplain siltstones (not lake deposits, as Izett, 1968, showed) which Barger Gulch. As Izett (1968, p. 46) pointed out, the material is too mantle Laramide topography over about 20 square miles of land covered fragmentary to confidently identify as brontothere. Izett and Lewis then by grasses and sagebrush. Because they fill local sub-basins and thin made further collections in 1961 and 1962 at several places, including the toward the Laramide uplifts, the thickness of the formation is highly U.S. Highway 40 Roadcut locality (see below), which yielded fossil variable. The few good exposures mean that most outcrops are discon- mammals of latest Arikareean and earliest Hemingfordian age. These tinuous small patches of siltstone in gullies or in roadcuts. Except for collections were discussed by Izett and Lewis (1963) and further collec- Barger Gulch, there is no place where a relatively thick section can be tions were identified by Lewis (1969). These authors concluded that the measured. Consequently, the true thickness of the formation is hard to Troublesome Formation yielded both early Arikareean (Marsland equiva- determine. Izett (1968, p. 40-41) estimated a maximum thickness of 400 lent) and Hemingfordian (Sheep Creek equivalent) faunas. In the 1960s, feet (121 m), but in the same paper (1968, p. 58) he gave a measured the University of Colorado began to make extensive collections in the thickness of 969 feet (295 m) in the Barger Gulch section (which only area, briefly summarized by Robinson (1968). These existing collec- spans the time interval between 18-15 Ma, or early Hemingfordian to tions, along with new collections, became the dissertation project of the early Barstovian). As Kron (1988, p. 22) noted, the numerous beds of late Donald G. Kron, who fully documented dozens of localities with at ash and siltstone are hard to tell apart, let alone trace over long distances least 101 species of fossil mammals, 34 of which were unique to the area. with extensive vegetative cover. A complete composite section is impos- Kron completed his doctorate, but never published it, so his dissertation sible to assemble, because there are multiple eruptions of ashes of similar (Kron, 1988) is still the primary reference for mammalian paleontology appearance and geochemistry. of the formation. Relatively little work has been undertaken on the Starting in 1961 and continuing past his recent retirement, Glen Troublesome fossils since Kron’s death in 2001. This is tragic, since the Izett conducted the most detailed mapping and collection of the forma- collections at the University of Colorado Museum in Boulder, and espe- tion. His work is published in a series of reports and maps (Izett, 1968, cially at the U.S. Geological Survey in Denver, are large and impressive 1974; Izett and Barclay, 1973), and is the foundation for all other re- (many nearly complete skulls and partial skeletons of camels, pronghorns, search on the formation. rhinos, horses, oreodonts, carnivores, and many other taxa) and deserve The first discoveries of fossils mammals, and attempts to date the further study. Troublesome Formation, estimated the age as “Miocene” (Cockerell, According to Kron (1988), these collections now include faunas 1908; Burbank et al., 1935) based on a Parahippus specimen identified from the middle Arikareean (latest Oligocene, about 24 Ma) to the early 603 At each suitable exposure, paleomagnetic sites (3-6 samples per site) were taken as oriented blocks of rock with simple hand tools, and then wrapped and carried back to the laboratory. There they were subsampled into core-sized cylinders using sandpaper, or if the sample was too crumbly, casts into disks of Zircar aluminum ceramic in a mag- netically shielded room. The samples were then analyzed on a 2G Enter- prises cryogenic magnetometer with an automatic sample changer at Occidental College. After measurement of natural remanent magnetiza- tion (NRM), the samples were demagnetized in alternating fields (AF) of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mT (millitesla) to prevent the remanence of multi- domain grains from being baked in, and to examine the coercivity behav- ior of each specimen. AF demagnetization was followed by thermal demagnetization of every sample at 50°C steps from 100 to 630°C to get rid of high-coercivity chemical overprints due to iron hydroxides such as goethite, and to determine how much remanence was left after the Curie temperature of magnetite (580°C) was exceeded. Results were plotted on orthogonal demagnetization (“Zijderveld’) plots, and average directions of each sample were determined by the least-squares method of Kirschvink (1980). Mean directions for each sample were then analyzed using Fisher (1953) statistics, and classified according to the scheme of Opdyke et al. (1977). RESULTS Rock magnetic analysis Orthogonal demagnetization (“Zijderveld”) plots of representa- tive samples are shown in Figure 2. In a few samples (Fig. 2A) there was a simple single component of remanance, but most samples (Figs. 2B-G) had an overprinted component that gradually disappeared as the samples were AF demagnetized, then vanished after 200°C, suggesting that it was largely held in chemical remanence of an iron oxide or hydroxide, such as goethite. After this overprint was removed, a stable component was apparent in the first low-temperature demagnetization steps that steadily lost intensity toward the highest temperatures (suggesting that it was held in a low-coercivity mineral), and was usually gone by 580°C, the Curie temperature of magnetite. Both the low coercivity and the lack of remanence above 600°C suggests the primary remanence is largely held FIGURE 1. A, Index map showing distribution of outcrops of the Troublesome in magnetite, with only slight overprints due to goethite and minimal Formation (after Lewis, 1969, fig. 1). B, Detail map showing major localities hematite present. A few samples had very unstable behavior and could and geographic features. Abbreviations: 4D BC = Four Dogs-Beached Canoe; BG = Barger Gulch; GE = Granby East; GG = Gravel Gulch; Gr = not be used, and others crumbled before they could be analyzed. These Granby locality; Hwy 40 = Highway 40 locality; Jct = Junction locality; were eliminated from the calculations, so some sites have fewer than the MR = Moore Reservoir. 3-6 sample directions originally collected and measured. This magnetic behavior and the suggested mineralogy were con- Clarendonian (late middle Miocene, about 10 Ma), or about a 14 m.y. firmed by petrographic examination of the tuffaceous specimens. Izett span of time in a section that is at most just a few hundred meters thick. (1968, p. 47) found abundant magnetite and ilmenite crystals in his Thus, the section is not only patchy and sporadically exposed, but samples but no hematite.
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