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Origin and Migration of Petroleum in the Gidgealpa Ridge Area, Cooper/Eromanga Basins, South Australia

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Origin and Migration of Petroleum in the Gidgealpa Ridge Area, Cooper/Eromanga Basins, South Australia ORIGIN AND MIGRATION OF PETROLEUM IN THE GIDGEALPA RIDGE AREA, COOPER/EROMANGA BASINS, SOUTH AUSTRALIA A thesis presented by CHRISTIAN OLIVIER EDUARD HALLMANN To the Geological Institute In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DIPLOM In the subject GEOLOGIE-PALAEONTOLOGIE Diplomarbeit Diploma thesis University of Cologne Cologne, Germany WS ’04 / ’05 ORIGIN AND MIGRATION OF PETROLEUM IN THE GIDGEALPA RIDGE AREA, COOPER/EROMANGA BASINS, SOUTH AUSTRALIA Christian O.E. Hallmann _________________________________________ Nothing in nature is random… A thing appears random only through the incompleteness of our knowledge Spinoza, Ethics I ____________________________________________________ CONTENTS Contents Contents I List of Figures IV List of Tables VII Declaration VIII Acknowledgements IX Abstract (English) X Abstract (German) XII CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Scope of this thesis 2 1.2 Location of the study area 3 1.3 History of petroleum exploration 4 CHAPTER TWO REGIONAL GEOLOGY 5 2.1 Geological evolution of Australia 5 2.2 Tectonic setting 6 2.2.1 Warburton Basin 7 2.2.2 Cooper Basin 9 2.2.3 Eromanga Basin 9 2.2.4 Study area 9 2.3 Sedimentary record 10 2.3.1 Warburton Basin units 10 2.3.2 Cooper Basin units 12 2.3.3 Eromanga Basin units 16 CHAPTER THREE PETROLEUM GEOLOGY 19 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 Source rocks 19 I CONTENTS 3.3 Reservoirs 20 3.4 Traps 21 3.5 Oils 21 3.6 Thermal and subsidence history and expulsion events 22 3.7 Study area 23 CHAPTER FOUR EXPERIMENTAL 26 4.1 Sample selection 26 4.2 Sequential flow through extraction 28 4.3 Medium pressure liquid chromatography 30 4.4 Iatroscan TLC-FID 32 4.5 Solid phase extraction 33 4.6 Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry 34 CHAPTER FIVE SOURCE FACIES 36 5.1 n-Alkane distribution 36 5.2 Isoprenoid biomarkers 37 5.2.1 Pristane and phytane 37 5.2.2 Results and discussion 39 5.2.3 Hopanoids 39 5.2.4 Steroids 40 5.2.5 Results and discussion 42 CHAPTER SIX CARBAZOLE DISTRIBUTION 44 6.1 Introduction 45 6.2 Maturity, Expulsion and Facies controls 47 6.3 Warburton Basin input 56 6.4 Migration fractionation 61 6.5 Synopsis 66 CHAPTER SEVEN FILLING AND MIXING 68 7.1 Aromatic hydrocarbon parameters 68 7.1.1 Methylphenanthrenes 68 7.1.2 Araucariacaean markers 69 7.1.3 Maturity discrepancies 70 7.2 Eromanga Basin reservoirs 73 7.2.1 Filling of the Namur Sandstone 74 II CONTENTS 7.2.2 No second charge for Birkhead reservoirs 75 7.2.3 Hutton Sandstone – a site of active oil mixing 77 7.2.4 The Poolowanna Fm. – no access for Jurassic oils 81 7.3 Cooper Basin reservoirs 82 7.3.1 Warburton Basin influx 82 7.3.2 Family 1 versus Family 2 oils 86 7.4 Synopsis 87 CHAPTER EIGHT CONCLUSIONS 92 REFERENCES 95 APPENDICES I Abbreviations and units II Data tables III Flow chart III LIST OF FIGURES List of Figures Chapter 1 Figure 1 Location of the Cooper, Eromanga and Warburton Basins on the Australian continent. Figure 2 Structural features of the western Cooper Basin, highlighting the location of the study area. Chapter 2 Figure 3 Palaeogeographic setting of the Eromanga Basin during the Middle Jurassic. Figure 4 Generalized stratigraphic column of the Warburton, Cooper and Eromanga Basin sedimentary sequence. Figure 5 NE-SW trending cross section through the southern Gidgealpa Dome, levelled on various horizons. Chapter 3 Figure 6 Generalized subsidence chart of the Cooper and Eromanga Basins. Figure 7 Schematic North-South trending cross section through the Gidgealpa Ridge, showing oil and gas accumulations. Figure 8 Location of liquid and gaseous petroleum accumulations in the Gidgealpa Ridge. Chapter 4 Figure 9 Sub sea contour map of the top Toolachee Formation highlighting well locations and corresponding sample types. Figure 10 Schematic principle of pore-filling by multiple oil charges in the Warburton, Cooper and Eromanga Basins. Figure 11 Simplified principle of sequential flow trough extraction. Figure 12 Relative solubility of n-carbazole, 9-methylcarbazole, 9-phenylcarbazole and fluoren-9-one in four different organic solvents. Figure 13 Principle of Iatroscan thin layer chromatography-flame ionizing detection (TLC-FID). Figure 14 Principle of compound class separation by solid phase extraction (SPE). IV LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 5 Figure 15 Typical gas chromatograms of Cooper and Eromanga Basin oils. Figure 16 Diagram reflecting the distribution of acyclic isoprenoids and paraffins in oils and source rock extracts. Figure 17 Gas chromatographic elution order of hopane isomers and picture of the hopane carbon skeleton. Figure 18 Gas chromatographic elution order of sterane isomers and picture of the sterane carbon skeleton. Figure 19 Diagram of homohopane distribution, reflecting the depositional redox state of source rocks. Figure 20 Distribution of C27, C28 and C29 steranes in source rock extracts and oils, shown in sterane ternary diagrams and a plot of C27/C29 sterane vs. Pr/Ph. Chapter 6 Figure 21 Elution order of, and mass to charge ratio of fragments produced by carbazole isomers during GC-MS analysis. Figure 22 Relationship between thermal maturity and alkylcarbazole concentrations in source rock extracts. Figure 23 Relationship between maturity and benzocarbazole concentrations, and between maturity and the benzocarbazole a/(a+c) ratio in source rock extracts. Figure 24 Relationship between ratios of alkylcarbazoles and thermal maturity in source rock extracts and DST oils. Figure 25 Ternary diagrams showing the relative distribution of 1-, 2-+3- and 4-methylcarbazole in source rock extracts, DST oils and residual oils. Figure 26 Ternary diagrams showing the relative distribution of 2-, 3- and 4-methylcarbazole in source rock extracts, DST oils and residual oils. Figure 27 Relationship between ratios of alkylated carbazoles and the facies dependent Pr/Ph ratio. Figure 28 Plot of 1-/9-methylphenanthrene vs. 3-/2-methylcarbazole, reflecting mixing processes between Cooper-, Eromanga- and Warburton-derived oils. Figure 29 Plot of 1-/9-methylphenanthrene vs. 1,8-dimethylcarbazole/(1,8-dmc+1-ethylcarbazole) showing the ratios’ potential to discriminate between Permian and Jurassic oils. Figure 30 Plot of 1-/9-methylphenanthrene vs. 1,7-/1,6-dimethylcarbazole, showing the potential of 1,7- /1,6-dmc to distinguish between Warburton Basin influenced oils and the remainder samples. Figure 31 Plot of 1,8-dmc/(1,8-dmc+1-ec) vs. 2-/(2-+3-)methylcarbazole indicating three zones of increased Warburton Basin affinity for residual oils. Figure 32 Typical methyl- and dimethylcarbazole mass chromatograms of pre-Permian, Permian and Jurassic samples. Figure 33 Plots showing that the benzocarbazole a/(a+c)ratio in oils is neither dependent on maturity nor on facies. Figure 34 Benzocarbazole concentrations in oils decrease with decreasing benzocarbazole a/(a+c) ratio, indicating secondary migration fractionation processes. Figure 35 Fractionation behaviour of 1-/(1-+4-) methylcarbazole, benzocarbazole b/(a+b+c) ratio and C3/C2 carbazole during secondary migration. Figure 36 Relationship between shielded vs. exposed carbazole isomers and C3/C2 carbazole ratios, indicating fractionation processes. Figure 37 Series of ternary plots showing carbazole isomeric and carbazole compound class fractionation during primary and secondary migration. V LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 7 Figure 38 Phenanthrene and methylphenanthrene mass chromatogram and carbon skeleton. Figure 39 Structure of Araucariacaean biomarkers. Figure 40 Example of an Araucariacaean mixing plot, featuring endmember areas and mixing ratios. Figure 41 Example of a sequential extraction chart, indicating symbols and colour coding that will be kept throughout the chapter. Figure 42 Distribution of oil pools in the southern Gidgealpa dome, featuring lateral maturity variations. Figure 43 Isoreflectance map of the Birkhead Formation source rock. Figure 44 Mixing plot of samples from the Namur Sandstone. Figure 45 Sequential extraction chart of a Namur sandstone core from well 24. Figure 46 Mixing plot of samples from the Birkhead Formation. Figure 47 Sequential extraction chart of a Birkhead Fm. core from well 30. Figure 48 Mixing plot of samples from the Hutton Sandstone, part I. Figure 49 Mixing plot of samples from the Hutton Sandstone, part II. Figure 50 Sequential extraction chart of a Hutton sandstone core from well 17 (hanging wall part). Figure 51 Sequential extraction chart of a Hutton sandstone core from well 17 (footwall part). Figure 52 Mixing plot of samples from the Poolowanna Formation. Figure 53 Mixing plot of samples from the Toolachee Formation. Figure 54 Sequential extraction chart of a Toolachee Fm. core from well 7. Figure 55 Sequential extraction chart of a Toolachee Fm. core from well 8. Figure 56 Mixing plot of samples from the Patchawarra Formation. Figure 57 Selected GC traces from the southern Gidgealpa dome. Figure 58 Comparison of maturity and migration distance of Permian and Jurassic oils. Figure 59 Model for the filling history of the Hutton-Birkhead-Namur system. Figure 60 Reconstructed charging history of Permian oils in the Gidgealpa area. VI LIST OF TABLES List of Tables Chapter 4 Table 1 List of samples that were analysed and evaluated in this study. Table 2 Comparison of the extraction efficiency of Sequential Flow Through Extraction (SFTE) versus Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE). Chapter 6 Table 3 Summarised overview of literature data on carbazoles. Table 4 List of samples that have received a pre-Permian input, as suggested by three discrete carbazole parameters. Chapter 7 Table 5 Pattern of consistently varying migration distance in residual oils that contain a pre-Permian component, as indicated by the benzocarbazole a/(a+c) ratio. VII DECLARATION Declaration Herewith I declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief, this work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution, nor does it contain any material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text.
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