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À L'avènement Des Premiers Métazoaires Édiac Évolution des environnements sédimentaires du bassin de Podolya (Ukraine) à l’avènement des premiers métazoaires édiacariens Yevheniia Soldatenko To cite this version: Yevheniia Soldatenko. Évolution des environnements sédimentaires du bassin de Podolya (Ukraine) à l’avènement des premiers métazoaires édiacariens. Géologie appliquée. Université de Poitiers; Uni- versité nationale des mines (Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine), 2018. Français. NNT : 2018POIT2269. tel- 02064630 HAL Id: tel-02064630 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02064630 Submitted on 12 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THESE Pour l’obtention du Grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE POITIERS (Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées) (Diplôme National - Arrêté du 25 mai 2016) Ecole Doctorale : Gay Lussac Secteur de Recherche : Terre solide et enveloppes superficielle Présentée par : Yevheniia Soldatenko ************************ Evolution des environnements sédimentaires du bassin de Podolya (Ukraine) à l’avènement des premiers métazoaires édiacariens ************************ Directeur de Thèse : Prof. Abderrazak El Albani ************************ Soutenue le 18 mai 2018 devant le Jury d’Examen composé de Professeur Abderrazak El Albani Professeur Maryna Ruzina Docteur Claude Fontaine Professeur Viktor Nesterovsky Professeur Alain Trentesaux Chercheur-Academie Leonid Shumlyanskyy Docteur Maria Ovtcharova Abstract On the East European Platform (EEP), Neoproterozoic siliciclastic sediments have revealed a typical animal fauna of Ediacaran in the Podolya basin. The geological data are typical of marine tidal domain and suggest that this fauna lived under a water depth that did not exceed the euphotic zone. After this period, the basin, located on the edge of the Ukrainian Shield, has remained safe from tectonic events and its subsidence was low, which explain that these deposits are unmetamorphosed and unaffected by processes of burial diagenesis. These conditions allowed both the preservation of animal fossils and argillaceous minerals. Thus, four levels rich in IS mixed-layers could be identified as bentonites, altered pyroclastic products. Zircons of the youngest bentonite, which caps the fossiliferous levels, have been dated (238U/206Pb ratio) to 556±1 Ma, so Podolya's ediacaran macrobiota is of older age. Moreover, the variations of the kaolinite content in sedimentary pile indicates the neighboring mainland of the Baltica micro-continent (current EEP), source of the detritism, has been subjected to temperate-warm-temperate climate cycle. According to the paleomagnetic data, this shows that Baltica migrated from high to low latitudes and followed a retrograde motion. The kaolinite-poor fossil stratas can be correlated with high latitude position of Baltica, close to the northern border of Rodinia and of Avalon micro- continent. Our results make it possible to better situate the Ediacarian fossils of Ukraine in relation to the global biochronostratigraphic scale, but also to better understand the spatial and temporal relationships of Podolya’s ediacaran biota compared to other faunas located in the vicinity of Baltica at this time. The new data and primitive morphologies of Podolya's fossils – usually compared to the only fossils of White Sea (Russia) - might explain why Ediacaran biota from Podolya Basin has more phylogenic resemblance to some Avalon’s macrofossils. Key words: geology, Earth Sciences, sedimentology, biota, Neoprotorozoic, Precambrian, Ediacara, Earth history. 2 Résumé Sur la Plateforme Est Européenne (PEE), des sédiments silicoclastiques néoprotérozoïques ont livré une faune animale édiacarienne type dans le bassin de Podolya. Sa géologie montre un domaine marin littoral et indiquent que cette faune vivait dans la zone euphotique. Situé en bordure du Bouclier Ukrainien, le bassin est resté à l'abri des événements tectoniques et sa subsidence a été faible, ce qui explique l’absence de métamorphisme et de processus liés à la diagenèse d’enfouissement. Ces conditions ont permis la préservation des fossiles d’animaux et des minéraux argileux. Ainsi, quatre couches riches minéraux interstratifiés (IS) ont permis d’identifier des bentonites i.e. des produits pyroclastiques altérés. Les zircons de la bentonite la plus récente, qui coiffe les niveaux fossilifères, ont été datés (238U/206Pb) à 557-555 Ma ; le macrobiota édiacarien de Podolya est donc plus âgé. De plus, les variations de teneurs en kaolinite dans la pile sédimentaire indiquent que le continent Baltica voisin (actuelle PEE), source du détritisme, a connu une succession de climats tempéré-chaud- tempéré. En accord avec les données paléomagnétiques, Baltica a donc migré depuis les hautes vers les basses latitudes avant d’amorcer un mouvement rétrograde. Les strates fossiles pauvres en kaolinite peuvent être corrélées avec une position de Baltica en latitude élevée, près de la bordure nord de Rodinia et du continent Avalon. Nos résultats permettent de situer les fossiles édiacariens de l'Ukraine sur l'échelle biochronostratigraphique mondiale, et de mieux comprendre les relations spatio- temporelles du biote de Podolya par rapport aux autres macrofaunes situées à proximité de Baltica à cette époque. Les nouvelles données et les morphologies primitives des fossiles de Podolya – d’ordinaire uniquement comparées à celles de la Mer Blanche (Russie) - pourraient expliquer la ressemblance phylogénique entre le biote édiacarien d’Ukraine et certains macrofossiles d'Avalon. Mots clés : géologie, Sciences de la Terre, sedimentologie, biote, Neoproterozoïque, Précambrien, Ediacara, Histoire de la Terre 3 Remerciements Je voudrais tout d’abord remercier mes deux directeurs de thèse, les professeurs Abderrazak El Albani et Maryna Ruzina, pour leur constant soutien scientifique et moral. Cela a été un grand plaisir et un honneur de travailler avec vous qui m’avez fait partager votre expérience durant ces trois années. Je remercie infiniment toute l’équipe IC2MP pour l’accueil si chaleureux et amical pendant mes séjours à Poitiers. Je voudrais exprimer des remerciements particuliers au professeur Alain Meunier pour son expérience et ses connaissances, qu’il a bien voulu partager avec moi, et surtout pour ses mots d’encouragement qui m’ont beaucoup motivée. Ma gratitude va tout spécialement à Claude Fontaine qui m’a encouragée dans les moments les plus difficiles de mon doctorat, en me donnant confiance en moi-même et en m’apprenant à gérer mon travail : « Génia, n’oublies pas qu’une thèse c’est un marathon et pas un sprint » (dixit) ; mais aussi en m’apprenant le français scientifique. Je voudrais également dire un grand merci à Claude Laforest qui m’a soutenue tant sur le plan du travail de terrain que moralement pendant les trois expéditions qui ont été réalisées en Ukraine. J’aimerais également exprimer toute mon amitié à « l’équipe d’Abder » - Lauriss, Idalina, Olabodé, Stellina, Grâce, Jérémie, Cindy, Anastasia et Maxime ; les uns pour le plaisir d’avoir partagé mon stage de Master II, les autres pour avoir échangé des idées et même travaillé dans le cadre de ma thèse. J’ai une pensée toute particulière pour Natalia Matskova, avec qui nous avons partagé nos moments difficiles de thésardes et qui est devenue mon âme sœur. Je voudrais aussi remercier mes deux rapporteurs, les professeurs Leonid Shumlyanskyy et Alain Trentesaux, qui ont bien voulu être juges mon manuscrit de thèse. Je remercie également l’Ambassade de France en Ukraine pour la bourse de thèse en cotutelle qui m’a été octroyée, ainsi que pour tout le soutien qu’elle a pu m’apporter. J’aimerais remercier l’Université Nationale des Mines devenue « l’Université Technique de Dnipro » pour son soutien dans les nombreux problèmes administratifs rencontrés. Je remercie l’Université Nationale de Kiev de Schevtschenko et surtout Professeur Viktor Nesterovskyi qui est devenue notre partenaire pendant les travaux de terrain. Je veux également exprimer ma reconnaissance envers Monique et Maurice Point qui m’ont accueilli à Poitiers et sont devenus ma famille française pendant mes séjours. Enfin, je dédie ma thèse à mes parents – Svetlana et Valeriy. C’est grâce à vous que j’ai pu atteindre ce but. Merci pour la confiance que vous avez placé en votre fille, qui a pu partir en France pour réaliser ses rêves, petits et grands ! 4 Sommaire Introduction générale 9 Chapitre I – Etat de l’art à propos de l’apparition des Premières traces de Vie sur Terre 12 I.1 Les premières traces de vie ? 13 I.1.1 La vie entre 4,0 Ga et 650 Ma? 14 I.1.2 Archéen (4,0/3,8 – 2,5 Ga) 14 I.1.3 Paléo-Mésoprotérozoïque (2,5 Ga – 1,0 Ga) 14 I.1.4 Néoprotérozoïque inférieur (1,0 Ga – 650 Ma) 16 I.2 Les révolutions du Néoprotérozoïque 17 Etapes cruciales dans le développement de la Vie sur Terre 17 I.3 l’Ediacarien: la nouvelle révolution biologique 22 I.3.1 La spécificité des nouvelles formes de vie 22 I.3.2 Leur répartition dans l’espace 24 I.3.3 Leur variabilité dans le temps 26 I.4 Evolutions paléoenvironnementales au cours de l’Ediacarien 27 I.4.1 Géodynamique
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