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The Politics of Nationalism in Cambodia's Preah Vihear Conflict

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The Politics of Nationalism in Cambodia's Preah Vihear Conflict The Politics of Nationalism in Cambodia’s Preah Vihear Conflict with Thailand The State, the City and the Border Kimly Ngoun A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The Australian National University April 2017 © Copyright by Kimly Ngoun 2017 All Rights Reserved Statement of Originality I certify that this thesis is my own work, except where otherwise is acknowledged. Kimly Ngoun i Acknowledgements Writing a PhD thesis such as this would not be possible without the support of many people and institutions. I wish first to express my deep gratitude to the Australian Government and the Australian people for their great generosity in supporting me in my study and fieldwork trips through the Australian Leadership Awards (ALA) scholarship. I also would like to thank Gina Abarquez and her colleagues at the Australian National University (ANU)’s Australia Awards Liaison Office for facilitating communication between the university and my scholarship. I am grateful to my informants in Phnom Penh and Preah Vihear province for their time, insights, and friendliness. Without their cooperation, this study would not have been possible. A number of provincial officials in Preah Vihear provided me with valuable documents and information. Staff at the National Archive in Phnom Penh facilitated the search for and copying of relevant materials for my thesis. I owe an enormous debt of thanks to my co-supervisors, Philip Taylor and Andrew Walker for their support, encouragement, advice and guidance. Philip generously spent hours each time he met me in Canberra and Phnom Penh to help me clarify my thoughts and refine my arguments. His dedication, fast responses to my emails, and quick reading and feedbacks on drafts of my thesis were a great source of inspiration for me to complete the thesis. Andrew introduced me to the academic world of research and inspired me to also include ordinary people at the border in my study. His advice and supervision of my thesis research proposal writing, fieldwork, and post-fieldwork writing helped shape the thesis’s structure. Two other members of my supervisory panel, Tyrell Haberkorn and Nicholas Farrelly, generously provided advice on my research and valuable comments on some draft chapters. Nick Cheesman, Anthony Reid, Maurizio Peleggi and two anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments on my article adapted from chapter 6 and published in Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. Therefore, their comments also benefited chapter 6 of my thesis. At the ANU, I would like to thank Greg Fealy, Tamara Jacka, and Edward Aspinall of the Department of Political and Social Change (PSC) for providing me an office space and a supportive environment for my research and writing. Thuy Pham and Allison Ley ii copyedited the thesis and my various writings. Helen McMartin, Julie Fitzgibbon and Hisako Yamauchi provided me encouragement and administrative support. Officers at CartoGIS in the ANU College of Asia and the Pacific produced the wonderful maps for this thesis. Other PSC academic staff, Sally Sargeson, Paul Hutchcroft, Marcus Mietzner, Jonathan Unger, Trevor Wilson, Jong-sung You, Maev O'Collins, Anita Chan, Sally White, Virginia Hooker, Paul Kenny, and Beibei Tang provided me encouragement and insights that also benefited my thesis and research. I was also fortunate to receive moral support and friendship from many of my fellow PhD scholars in the department including Norshahril Saat, Colum Graham, Obaidul Haque, Fajran Zain, David Gilbert, Sofiah Jamil, Ahmad Muhajir, Syamsul Rijal, Daungyewa Utarasint, Sri Wahyuningroem, Peter Chaudhry, Danang Widoyoko, Daniel McFarlane, Usman Hamid, Dominic Berger, Rungrawee Chalermsripinyorat, Brendan Forde, Gerard McCarthy, Tom Power, Lauren Richardson, Teresa Jopson, Aisi Shang, Azmil Tayeb, Ana Alonso, Peter O’Donnell, Quinton Temby, Bayu Dardias Kurniadi, Prajak Kongkirati, Chit Win, Burhanuddin Muhtadi, Evan Hynd, Tu Phuong Nguyen, Liam Gammon, and Ronald Holmes. I cannot imagine how stressful and lonely my PhD student life would have been without their friendship. I also benefited from the comments and encouragement I received from my presentations at various conferences and workshops in Australia, Singapore, Thailand, and the United States of America. I wish to thank my department, PSC, and my scholarship for funding my travel to the Khmer Studies Conference at Ohio University. The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore also funded my travel to a conference there. Kdei Karuna Organization and Mahidol University International College (MUIC) supported my travel and accommodation during the conference at MUIC. I also owe enormous thanks to three Cambodian scholars, Khing Hoc Dy, Ang Choulean, and Sorn Samnang for their great generosity in giving me lengthy interviews. The data from the interviews with them make invaluable contributions to the framework and writing of Chapter 3. I am also very grateful to my friends and colleagues whose encouragement and moral support have sustained me throughout the years. I wish to thank Koy Vuthy, Pen Titsopheak, Pen Piseth, Chea Srun, Chim Chamroeun, Leng Thearith, Peou Chivoin, Cheunboran Chanborey, Chheng Kimlong, Pa Chanroeun, Chhoeun Kongkea, Poonnatree Jiaviriyaboonya, Boonyisa Boonyakiatibutr, Dulyapak Preecharush, Justine Chambers, iii Sango Mahanty, Binod Chapagain, Wen-Ti Comet Sung, Nicole Jenne, Noel Hidalgo Tan, Ruji Yeoh, Becky Gidley, Wahyuddin Halim, Sok Udom Deth, Lim Sovannarith, Roth Hok, Leang Sim Onn, Pich Pheaktra, Ouk Vibol, Phok Buntheoun, Chan Tola, Khan Bophan, Chan Virak, Teng Somongkol, Khan Chandy, Keuk Channarith, Yi Rosa, Thon Vithou, Thun Theara, Khon Munty, Preap Chanmara, Long Sarou, Kuy Meas Samnang, Nuon Virak, Chim Poly, Keo Tai, Soeung Saran, Mey Sithin, Lim Sereyroth, Im Samruol, Srey Socheat, Keo Chenda, Var Veasna, Or Phanith, Seng Sary, San Phalla, Tan Sodany, Sok Say, Sok Soth, and many others to whom I wish to apologise for not including all their names. I should not forget to thank the individuals who wrote recommendation letters and supporting documents to support my application for the ALA scholarship. I am grateful to Dr. Klairung Amratisha, His Excellency Pit Chamnan, His Excellency Lav Chhiv Eav, and Mr. Tith Mab. I am also grateful to Dr. Klairung, my MA thesis supervisor, who inspired and encouraged me to continue writing. She said to me, “Kimly, you can do it.” I wish to thank Neak Chandarith for his help with introducing me to the ANU and assisting my settlement in Canberra. My landlord, Christine Kong, and her husband, Jimmy, provided me and my family with a lot of help and friendship. I am also grateful to the Cambodian community in Canberra and the Cambodian Student Association in Canberra for their kindness, help, and friendliness. Dinners and parties at their homes and weekend friendly football matches gave me a bit of a break from my thesis writing, helped me and my family feel at home, and enriched our experiences of living in the Aussie capital. I am also indebted to the educators at Central Canberra Family Day Care or Cubby who provided day care and education for my child Rithysak Ngoun. I wish to thank Katharine, Teresa, Shelbie, Leila, Korynn, Abby and Jean. My concentration on my thesis research and writing would not have been possible without their help. My late maternal grandfather, Duong Bak Thuy, was a great inspiration to me. He taught me to value education and hard work for the betterment of life. My late paternal grandmother, Pok, who passed away when I was half way through my PhD journey, provided care and love. My maternal grandmother, Neang, and my paternal grandfather, Ngoun, provided encouragement and love. Words are not enough to express my gratitude to them. iv My late parents-in-law, Ne Sovannary and Ry Sarun, and sister-in-law, Ry Nalin, were excited to hear that I won the scholarship to study in Australia. Unfortunately, they passed away three months before I left Cambodia for Canberra. This thesis is dedicated in fond memory of my parents-in-law. My siblings, Nguon Kunthea, Nguon Kunthy, Nguon Kuntheavy, and Nguon Vichet provided help and care. I thank my sister and brother-in-law, Ry Navy and Ry Rotha, and aunt, Ry Eng, for their support and encouragement. I must also thank my wife, Ry Kolap, and my son, Rithysak Ngoun, for their love, care and encouragement. Rithysak was born in Canberra in 2011 when I commenced my PhD study. Throughout the years, I have seen my son growing up much faster than my thesis writing. Kolap and Rithysak cheered me up when I felt stressed and frustrated with the slow progress of my thesis writing. They have supported me throughout my PhD journey. Therefore, this thesis is also dedicated to them. Finally, I owe an enormous debt of thanks to my parents, Sok Im and Sov Pheng, for their love, care, support and encouragement. They are the greatest source of inspiration to me. Although they did not have the opportunity to finish primary school due to Cambodia’s civil war, they have a strong belief in the value of education. They encouraged me and my siblings since we were kids to study hard and to aim as high as possible. They told us that education was the only hope to lift our family out of poverty. My parents worked extremely hard to send me and my siblings to school. They did not buy new clothes for themselves so that they could save money for us to buy books and pay for our private English classes. To them, I dedicate this thesis. v Abstract This thesis examines the politics of nationalism in Cambodia during the conflict between Cambodia and Thailand over the Preah Vihear Temple. Existing studies of the dispute between these two countries over Preah Vihear tend to adopt a top down approach. Many of them focus on the historical and legal dimensions of the contested claims and on Thailand’s role in the conflict.
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