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CROP PROTECTION PROGRAMME Epidemiology, Vector Studies And CROP PROTECTION PROGRAMME Epidemiology, vector studies and control of Banana streak virus in East African highland bananas R7529 (ZA0365) FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT 1st February 2000 – 31st March 2003 Natural Resources Institute – University of Greenwich National Agricultural Research Organisation – Uganda University of Reading – Reading, UK Date FTR completed: 15 July 2003 This publication is an output from a research project funded by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID. [R7529 Crop Protection Programme] Project details Title of project: Epidemiology, vector studies and control of banana streak virus in East Africa highland bananas. R Number: R7529 Project leader: Lawrence Kenyon Institution: Natural Resources Institute CPP Production System: High Potential CPP Purpose: HP1. Yields improved and sustainability enhanced in high potential cropping systems by cost effective reduction in losses due to pests. Commodity base: Bananas and Plantains Beneficiaries: Banana growers and consumers in Uganda/East Africa. Target Institutions: NARO, Kawanda, Namulonge, INIBAP, BARNESA, IITA/ESARC, Makerere University Geographic focus: East Africa; Uganda (but findings are likely to be applicable more widely) Project Partners Natural Resources Lawrence Kenyon, Timothy Chancellor, Richard Lamboll, Institute (Nawshad Joomun MSc Student) Uganda National Banana Wilberforce Tushemereirwe, Jerome Kubiriba, Charles Research Programme Murekezi, Dezi Ngambeki University of Reading Tim Wheeler, Ermias Kebreab, Simon Gowen, Savitri Abeyasekera International Institute of James Legg (and NRI), Jackie Hughes, Philip Ragama, Tropical Agriculture Suluman Okech ii Executive Summary Before the start of this project, Banana streak virus (BSV) had been reported as being an increasingly important constraint to the cultivation of East African highland bananas in certain areas of Uganda. However, little was known about the epidemiology of the disease or its effect on the growth and productivity of banana plants. Monitoring virus-indexed plants planted in small plots within areas of relatively high BSV incidence in Ntungamo and Rakai districts confirmed that there is natural, vectored, spread of BSV in the field in Uganda. The rate of spread appeared to be location and season-dependent, while the pattern of incidence in a larger planting of the local variety “Kisansa” in Rakai suggested that both longer distance primary spread and short- distance secondary spread (to near neighbours) occurred. Mealybugs were identified as the most likely vector of BSV and several different species were found colonising banana plants in Uganda; a key to the identification of the mealybugs found on banana plants in Africa was developed. Controlled transmission experiments have so far indicated that nymphs of a Planococcus species and Dysmicoccus brevipes cultured from banana on pumpkin fruits are capable of transmitting a strain of BSV (from Kawanda) from banana to banana. Associated work under project R7478 revealed that there are at least 12 different strains or species of BSV Badnavirus infecting banana in Uganda, and it is possible that these have different vector species specificities. Data collected on the physiology and growth of bananas in trials at Kawanda and Mbarara indicates that even in the mother crop, infection with BSV can cause a significant reduction in photosynthetic ability and a consequent reduction in productivity (yield and quality). In these trials, providing good crop management generally resulted in a decrease in symptom severity in infected plants, and where symptoms were mild, good management gave a significant increase in yield. The indications are that this trend will be even more pronounced in subsequent crops (ratoons) from these trials. These findings were supported by observations from farmers' fields in Ntungamo where symptoms were generally more severe and bunch weights were generally smaller where the plants were less well cared for and under greater stress. Different farmer management practices also appeared to have an effect on mealybug abundance (average numbers of colonies per plant), but so far no association has been observed between mealybug prevalence and BSV incidence (proportion of plants infected). Responses to a rapid rural appraisal questionnaire revealed that most banana growers in regions where BSV is present recognise and can accurately describe the symptoms, but tend to associate them with causes such as poor soils, drought and weevil infestation rather than with a viral cause. They thus tend to use inappropriate measures to try to control the symptoms. Most farmers obtained their agricultural information from local extension services, although neighbouring farmers, the radio and the church were also regular sources of information. Many farmers said that they would rogue plants with BSV symptoms, though this appears to be a practice of last resort. The results from these studies indicate the potential benefit of simple cultural management practices in reducing the spread and mitigating the effects of BSV, and hence of improving banana productivity in parts of Uganda. The conclusions provide a foundation for developing strategies to combat the impact of BSV, but further work is required to determine which combinations of the cultural practices are most beneficial and under which circumstances. iii Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..............................................................................................III BACKGROUND............................................................................................................. 1 PROJECT PURPOSE.................................................................................................. 2 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................ 2 Activity 1: BSV epidemiology and vectors.............................................................2 Activity 2: Stress and BSV activation and expression.........................................4 Activities 3 & 4: Management Effects on BSV, Physiology and Growth............4 Activities 5 & 6: Benchmark sites and Socio-economic aspects........................5 Activity 7: Strengthening capacity. .........................................................................6 Additional activity: BSV diagnosis and variability..................................................6 OUTPUTS....................................................................................................................... 7 Output 1: BSV epidemiology and vectors ..............................................................7 Output 2: Stress and BSV activation and expression. .........................................8 Outputs 3 & 4: Management Effects on BSV, Physiology and Growth..............8 Output 5 & 6: Benchmark sites and Socio-economic aspects...........................11 Output 7: Strengthening Capacity.........................................................................11 Additional Output: BSV diagnosis and variability................................................12 CONTRIBUTION OF OUTPUTS TO DEVELOPMENTAL IMPACT ..................13 Project publications/outputs..................................................................................14 BIOMETRICIANS SIGNATURE................................................................................15 REFERENCES............................................................................................................16 Associated Annexes 1. Epidemiology of Banana streak virus (BSV) in East African Highland Bananas (Kubiriba Tushemereirwe and Kenyon) 2. Identification of mealybugs on banana and plantain in Africa (Watson and Kubiriba, 2003?) 3. Impact of Banana streak virus on the growth and yield of banana var. Cavendish Williams (Musa AAA) and var. Mbwazirume (Musa AAA-EA) (Wheeler, Murekezi, Gowen, Kebreab and Tushemereirwe.) 4. Effect of farmers’ cultural practices on Banana streak virus (BSV) expression in Ntungamo (Murekezi and Kubiriba) 5. Farmer knowledge and perceptions of Banana streak virus on East African highland bananas in villages with relatively high BSV incidence in south-western Uganda (Ngambeki, Kubiriba, Murekezi, Ragama and Lamboll) 6. Baseline survey report: Banana streak virus on East African Highland bananas in south and western Uganda (Ngambeki, Kubiriba, Murekezi and Ragama) 7. Detection of BSV in Ugandan bananas (Kubiriba, Joomun and Kenyon) iv Background Information should include a description of the importance of the researchable constraint(s) that the project sought to address and a summary of any significant research previously carried out. Also, some reference to how the demand for the project was identified. At the start of this project, banana streak disease was becoming an important constraint to banana and plantain production in many banana growing regions of the world. Symptoms indicative of the disease had first been described from Côte d’Ivoire in 1979 (Lassoudière, 1979), though the causal agent, Banana streak virus (BSV; genus Badnavirus) was only identified in 1986 (Lockhart, 1986). Banana streak has become an emotive issue in East Africa, and especially in Uganda where the disease had been called the ‘AIDS of banana’ in the national press. An epidemic was reported and studied in the Rakai District in the south of Uganda (Tushemereirwe et al., 1996). The causes of
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