Talking Animals Beast Poetry, 750-1150

Jan M. Ziolkowski

University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia Cover stamp: Illustration of the Tityrus from John Vinycomb, Fictitious and Symbolic Creatures in Art (London, 1906).

Copyright © 1993 by the University of Pennsylvania Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of Ameriea

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ziolkowski, Jan M. Talking animals: medieval Latin beast poetry, 750-1150 I Jan M. Ziolkowski. p. cm—(Middle Ages series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8122-3161-9 1. Latin poetry, Medieval and modern—History and criticism. 2. Animals in literature. I. Title. II. Series. PA8065.A54Z55 1993 871' .030936—dC2O 92-46709 CIP Contents

Acknowledgments xi

Introduction 1

1: Inspirations and Analogues 15

Fables and Taies 15 Christian Animal Symbolism 32 Classical Poetry 35

2: Beast Narrative and the Court of 47

Alcuin and Other Carolingian Poets 47 “The Sick Lion” and “The Sad Calf” 61

3: Further Beyond Fable 67

“The Nanny Goat” 67 Sedulius Scottus’s “The Ram” 69 Walahfrid Strabo’s Man and Eagle 79 Mystical Poems with Talking Birds 105

4: Toward Narrative Complexity 110

Eugenius Vulgarius’s “Comic Visions” 110 Leo of Vercelli’s “Meter” 116 Conclusion 128 viii Contents

5 : Dramatic and Dialogic Beast Poems 131

Beast Flytings 135 Insect Debates 139 Flytings in the Schools 142 Animals in Place of People 146 Animals in Popular Theater and Ritual 147 Conclusion 151

6: The Calf-Monk and Wolf-Monk in Performance 153

Introduction to the Ecbasis Captivi 153 The Prologue 160 The Outer Story (Part 1) 163 The Inner Story 176 The Outer Story (Part 2) 191 Conclusion 193

7: Ysengrim, the Wolf-Monk with a Name 198

“The Cock and Fox” and “The Wolf” 198 The Ysenprimus and Its Author 210 Monkish and Wolfish Rules 213 The Liturgy Strikes Back 219

Conclusion 235

Appendices (Translations) 241

1. , “The Cock and Wolf ” 241 2. Alcuin, Letter 181 242 3. Cuono of St. Nabor, “The Peacock and Owl” 244 4. Egbert of Liège, “The Bear, Wolf, and Fox” 245 5. Eugenius Vulgarius, “Comic Visions” 246 6. Froumund of Tegernsee, Poem 19 248 7. Leo of Vercclli, “Meter” 249 Contents ix

8. Physiologus Latinus (Versio B) 260 9. Sedulius Scottus, “The Ram” 262 10. Theodulf, “The Battle of the Birds” 265 11. Theodulf, “The Fox and Hen” 268 12. Theodulf, “What Do the Swans Do?” 269 13. Thierry of St. Trond, “Weep, Dogs” 272 14. Walahfrid Strabo, “To Erluin” 273 15. William of Blois, “The Quarrel of the Flea and Fly” 274 16. “The Altercation of the Spider and Fly” 278 17. “The Ass Brought before the Bishop” 280 18. “The Cock and Fox” 281 19. “The Flea” 289 20. “Gout and the Flea” 290 21. “The Hawk and Peacock” 290 22. “The Lombard and Snail” 292 23. “The Louse” 293 24. “The Prose of the Ass” 294 25. “The Sad Calf” 295 26. “The Sick Lion” 295 27. “The Swan Lament” 297 28. “The Swan ” 298 29. “The Testament of the Ass” 299 30. “The Testament of the Piglet” 299 31. “The Wolf” 301 32. “The Wrangle of the Dwarf and Hare” 303

Bibliography 305

Primary Sources 305 Secondary Sources 316

Index of Subjects and First Lines 341 Index of Subjects and First Lines

Numerals in italics refer to the texts translated in the appendices.

Aaron, 33, 270 Alexander Neckham. See Neckham, abecedarius, 107,128 Alexander “About a Bald Man Met by a Midge,” 140 Alexander the Great, 85-86, 273 Abraham, 58, 70, 73, 127. See also Isaac Alfonso, King, 121 Abyssus, 24.7 allegory, types of, 158-59 accessus ad auctores, 23,161 , 187, 221 acedia, 162 alpha and omega, 177 Achilles, 10, 291, 303 alphabet, 135, 138, 207 Adalhard of Corbie, 55, 60 Altercacio aranee et musce. See “Altercation Adam, 178 of the Spider and Fly, The” Adam Scot, 193 Altercatio magistri et discipuli. See “Dispute Ademar of Chabannes, 20, +9-50,51 of a Master and Student, The” Adomnan, 105 Altercatio nani et leporis. See “Wrangle of the Adonics, 112,113,116,125,128 Dwarf and Hare, The” Adrastus, 10, 303 “Altercation of the Spider and Fly, The,” adultery of the heart, 190 139-42, 278-80 Aegeus, 271 Amalar of Metz, 161,164,169-71,178,182, “Aegrum fama fuit quondam iacuisse leo- 185,187,190 nem,” incipit. See “Sick Lion, The” , 35,59, 77, 169, 200 Aeneas, 10, n, 127,177,184, 303 Ambrosian strophe, 199 Aesop, 7, 8, 15-16, 19, 24, 28, 47, 60, 237. See “amen,” 226, 227 also Fable Amor, 97 aetas horatiana, 28 Anacreontic meter, 113, 246 Aethelwulf, 55 Anchises, 177 Agamemnon, 167 André of Fleury, 24 Ahasuerus, 180 angels, 103, 108 Ahikar, 18, 68, 147, 206-7 Angers, 145 Aimoin, 29 animals: attitudes toward, 32, 69; disguise Alciphron, 86-87 and mask, 134, 147,150—51, 209; nick­ Alcuin, 44, 67, 157. Works: “The Cock and names and codenames, 54-57, 119, 121, Wolf” 3,5, 25, 26, 48-54, 63, 66, 69, 79, 146. See also Nom parlant 104, 128-29, 164, 195, 199—200, 202, 239, Anjou, 216 24/; “Letter 181,” 55, 242; nightingale la­ Annunciation, 186 ment, 40, 43; “Plangamus cuculum, Daf- Anonymus Neveleti, 20,117 nin dulcissime, nostrum,” 55-56, 61, 146 Anselm, Bishop of Tournai, 216 Aidhelm: De virginitate, 93; riddles of, 35, ant and fly, 41, 139 41, 42-43, 44, 45, 74,153; voces animan- anthropomorphism, 6, 21, 32, 47, 54, 104, 211 tium of, 37 Anubis, 43, 264 Aldrada, 221, 222 ape, 238 342 Index

Apella, 127, 250 Bagao, 271 , 114-15,167, 246, 247, 269 bait, 191 Apuleius: Golden Ass, 12, 13, 26, 39, 238 Balaam, 33, 269 Arabia, 294 Baldo, Novus Aesopus, 30 Arator, 154 Balduin of Liesborn, Abbot, 215, 216 Arbald, 267 Balduinus, 210 Arcadia, 263 banquet, 159, 185, 188, 264, 269-71. See also Archilochos, 150-51 Feasting Arduin of (), 118, 119-20, baptism, 188, 190, 233 122,124 Basil, 303 Aries, 72, 73, 262, 264 Batrachomymachia. See “Battle of the Frogs Aristophanes, 151 and Mice, The” Aristotle, 94. See also Pseudo-Aristotle “Battle of the Frogs and Mice, The,” 10, 11, Arno, 54 26, 31, 201 Arnold, Abbot of Fleury, 24 bean, 173 Arras, 216 bear, 58, 61, 64, 65, 114, 135, 224, 225, 245-46, artistic representation of animals, 11, 31, 34, 255, 272, 292, 295-97, 304 142, 147, 207-8, 235 beaver, 12 Asaph, 187 Bede, 92, 101, 181 asp, 76 Beelzebub, 277 ass, 36-37, 39,58, 114, 125, 137- 39, 144, bellwether, 204 146-47, 148, 150, 196, 243, 247, 253-54, benedicite (“bless you”), 203, 217, 222, 226, 294-95, 299-, as monk, 162-63; as priest, 227, 302 255, 280-81; burial of, 119, 257; in lion’s Benedict, Saint, of Nursia, 232 skin, 6, 26, 116, 123-24, 128, 251-52, wild, Benedict (Roman canon), 58 114, 247- See also Balaam; Carcophas; Benedict’s Rule, 98, 154, 159, 162, 168, 174, 177, Feast of the Ass 180, 184, 217, 220, 224, 225, 226, 227 “Ass Brought before the Bishop, The,” 69, Benjamin, 204 280-81 , 113 ass-man, 26 Berechiah Ha-Nakdan. See Ha-Nakdan, Auctores octo morales, 20 Berechiah Augustine, 24,32-33, 158, 172, 200, 222 Bernard of Clairvaux, 32 Augustine, Archbishop of England, 101 Bertiliana, 230 “Auri stemmate nexas,” incipit. See De Beselel, 270 carminis impeditione causa thematis bestiary, 2, 3, 34, 48, 236. See also tropolqgice Physwlocfus aurochs, 295 Bethlehem, 294 Ausonius, 36, 37, 38 Bible, 32, 43, 48,57, 69, 79, 128, 129, 154, 159, Avian, 11,19-20, 23, 26, 27, 32, 34, 35, 42, 45, 176, 195, 233; Genesis (4.2, 18.7, 25.67), 58, 86, 123, 153 (22.13), 70, 73, 75; Exodus (7.10-12), 33, “Avis hec magna,” incipit. See “Hawk and (12.9), 78, (24.5), 170, (22.1), 172, (12), 173, Peacock, The” (3.5), 178, (20.5, 34.7), 188, (49.27), 204; An’wZyn of Arthur, 113 Leviticus (15.16-17), 100, 102, (21.20), 230; Numbers (22.28), 33; Deuteronomy baa and bee, 77, 264 (23.10-11), 100, 102, (22.10), 174, (5.9), Babrius, 20, 21, 29, 74, 86 188; Joshua (9.4-6), 62, (5.16), 178, Babylon, 285 ,(24.12) 190; Judges (14.6), 58; 1 Samuel Babylonian literature, 63 (18.7), 183; 2 Samuel (11.1), 156, 176; 2 Bacchus, 55—56, 167-68, 280 Samuel (12.1-14), 172; 3 Kings (10.2), 186; badger, 124, 206 4 Kings (2.24), 58; Esther (4.11,5.2, 8.4), Index 343

180; Job (38.36), 49; Psalms (21.17), 76, Caelius Aurelianus, 102 (35.7), 125, (90.1?), 138, (117.16), 181, (41-2), Caesar Augustus, 176, 261 18?, (34-8), 185, (49.li), 187, (66), 233; Cahors, 26s Proverbs (30.31), 49, (6.19), 178; Wisdom calf, 11,58, 62-63, 150,154-55, 161—93 (4-6), 97; Isaiah (59.17), 178, (3.3.1), 192; passim, 295; as designation for talented Ezechiel (18.2), 188; Matthew (11.28-30), boy, 146; as metaphor for Christ, 186; as 100, (23.24), 124, (21.5), 138, (7.15), 159, monk, 158-59, 162-63, 168; fatted, 172 (18.12), 159, (9.27-31), 162, (4.52-53), 162, Cambridge Songs, 91, 160, 164 (11.5), 174, (19-24), 183, (15-30), 188-89, camel, 44, 124, 183, 254 (2.16) , 193, (26.75), 200, (7.15), 204, 212, Camilla, 75 (18.12), 204, (10.16), 204, (6.34), 220, Canace, 89, 97 (21.19), 223, (5.43-44), 232; Mark (14.68- Cannae, 60, 267 72), 200, (5.2-16), 231; Luke (23.39-43), canon, literary, 47 77, (i5.4), 159, (22.20), 170, (19.8), 172, 203, capon, 114, 247 (22), 172, (7.22), 174, (2.1), 176, (5.1), 179, Carcophas, 224, 229 (13.32), 193, (10.3, 15-4), 204, (8.20-35), Cantas-Lieder, 145 231, (6.27, 6.35), 232; John (13.9), 78, (3-13), Carmen de philomela, 37-38 91, (10.11-16), 204; Acts (28.3-5), 33, Carmen de senectute. See “Poem on Old (25.16) , 180, (20.29), 204, (8.18), 217; Ro­ Age” mans (13.11), 184, (2.12-13), 191; Ephesians Carmen Winrici. See Winrich of Trier (6.17), 178; 1 Peter (5.8), 138; 2 Peter (2.16), Carmina burana, 105,107 33; Apocalypse (13.18), 233; Apocryphal Carthaginians, 266 Acts of Peter (31-32), 87; Apocryphal cat, 43-44, 74, in-12, 242; cat and fox, Apocalypse of Paul (16), 103. See also Par­ fable of, 12 able; Psalms Cato, 114—15, 248, 273, 280-, author of Dis- bird parliament, 133 tichs, 211; Marcus Porcius, 44. See also birds, as image of soul, 107; catalogue of, Liber Catonianus 36,56 Catullus, 38 blackbird, 55,113, 186, 242, 24^, 247, 269 Caxton, William, 234 Black Forest, 189 Cena Cypriani. See “Cyprian’s Supper” Blair, Eric Arthur. See Orwell, George cento, 74, 156, 177 Blandigny, monastery of, 216, 226 Cerberus, 43, 73, 74, 76, 127, 131, 264 “bless you.” See Benedicite Cervantes, Miguel de, 13 blood-sacrifice, 164, 175, 183 chains. See Bondage boar, 36-37, 224, 247, 29s chalice, 166,170 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 23 Charlemagne, 13, 47, 48,53,54-56, 61, 65, , 52, 89, 179, 192, 211 67, 99, 115, 146 bondage, 164,168,171, 174, 194 Charles (in Eugenius Vulgarius, “Comic Boniface, 41 Visions”), 114, 248 box structure. See Structure Charles the Bald, 57, 80 Brie, 269 Charroux, 53, 268 Brinsley, John, 22 Charybdis, 276 Bruno, 224, 225 Chaucer, 48, 85, 163 Bucephalus, 273 chick, 243 buck, 127, 257, 258 chimera, 304 bull, 192, 29s Chretien de Troyes, 164 burning bush, 178 Christ, 75-79, 125, 166, 169, 173, 176, 178-82, 184-86,188-93, 243, 244, 259, 260, 268, 288 Cacus, 73, 74, 263 Christmas, 57, 79, 209 Cadmus, 10, 303 Chrysostom, John, 171, 182 344 Index cicada, 247 “Cur me torquetis morsu lacerante penali,” Cicero, 39, 94,107,114-15, 138, 146, 24? incipit, 135 circator, 179 curse: of bird, 244; of tongue and eyes, 284. Circe, 131, 290 See also Malediction “Clangam, filii,” incipit. See “Swan Se­ Cynics, 131 quence, The” Cyprian, 57. See also “Cyprian’s Supper” Claudius, 280 “Cyprian’s Supper,” 57-59, 91, 115, 116, 183, “Clerk and Nightingale, The,” 133 186 cock, 55,111-12,131, 241-4}, 247, 2$I, 281-88-, and bull, 16; and fox, tale of the, 6, 26, dactylic hexameter, 128, 154, 156, 199 199, 200-201; as preacher, 199; as priest, Daedalus, 88, 274 199-200. See also Alcuin, “The Cock and Damoetas, 270 Wolf”; “Cock and Fox, The” Danae, 277 “Cock and Fox, The,” 5, 6, 26, 198—202, Daniel, 270 204, 208, 216, 281-89 Dante, 80, 85, 88, 89, 103 codename. See Animals, nicknames and Daphnis, 55-56, 71, 72 codenames Darwinism, 33 Codrus, 247 David, 56, 172, 187, 228, 2S9, 260, 262, 269, 270 Columban, 55, 105 Day of Judgment. See Doomsday Conde, Jean de, 133 De asino ad episcopum ducto. See “Ass Conflictus ovis et lini. See Winrich of Trier Brought before the Bishop, The” confraternity book, 99 deafness, 174 Conrad II, Emperor, 118 debate, 13, 132-34 Conrad of Hirsau, 23, 237 “Debate of the Sheep and Flax Plant, The.” Conrad of St. Avoid. See Cuono of St. See Winrich of Trier Nabor De calvo a culice obviato. See “About a Bald coot, 179 Man Met by a Midge” Corinna, 38, 40, 27} De capra. See “Nanny Goat, The” Cornomannia, 58 De carminis impeditione causa thematis tropol- Corvigar, 211, 217, 228-29 opice, 116 Corvinianus, 270-71 December, 125-26, 259 cow, 8, 9 Decretum Gelasianum, 35 coyote, 219 deer, 58, 247 crab, 203-4 Delia, 56, 269 crane, 105-6, 271 De Lombardo et lumaca. See “Lombard and “Crevit in aecclesia monstrum, genitore Snail, The” Losinga,” incipit. See De symoniaca heresi De lupo. See “Wolf, The” cripple, 187 Demetrius of Phalerum, 26 Croesus, 184, 185 demon, 53, 92, 101,104, 190, 231 crow, 247, 269-, fable of vain, 27. See also Deor, 122 Raven De pediculo. See “Louse, The” Crucifixion, 79, 160, 194. See also Crux De pulice. See “Flea, The” Crusade, Second, 216, 229 De ratione duodectm sipnorum, 186 crux, 77-78,108,177,180-81, 189, 191-92, De symoniaca heresi, 206 254, 26s Diana, 73 cuckoo, 54,55-56,144,146, 242, 248, 269 Dido, 127 “Cuckoo and the Nightingale, The,” 132 diptych structure. See Structure Culex. See “Gnat, The” “Disce, leo supplex, apices sine murmure Cuono of St. Nabor, 109, 244-45 nostros,” incipit. See “Learn, Lion” Cupid, 97 “Dispute of a Master and Student, The,” 143 Index 345 distribution of body parts, 39, 124-25, 128 epimythium, 18,50-52 Dit du denier et de la brebis, 133 epitaph, for animal, 14,15, 36, 38, 40, 70, 73, Dodo, 54,55-56 109, 129, 154, 189-90,192,195, 232, 238, doe, 34, 294 244-45, 265, 273, 293, 300 dog, 8, 10, 36, 40, 43,59, 64, 69, 74, 76, 82, epyllion, 70, 79 99, i?5, I9I, 263-65, 272—73, 296, 304-, Alban, Erasmus, , 40 272', Frisian, 272; Molossian, 272 erection, 96-97 dog-fly, 171 Erlebald, 92 domesticus hostis, 192 Erluin, 98, 99 dominus vobiscum, 217, 227 Esau, 58, 59,175 . See Ass Esther, 180 Doomsday, 181, 233 “Est monachus factus lupus hie sub dog­ Dositheus. See Pseudo-Dositheana mate tractus,” 147 Hermeneumata Etana, 85 Doubs, 208 Ethiop, 74, 76, 249, 263 dove, 55, 242, 247 etymology, 44-45, in, 209, 218 doxology, 106, 107, 109 eucharist, 108, 164, 170,173, 193, 231. See also draught of love, 223, 226 Blood-sacrifice dream, 83, 92-98, 171 Eufrasia, 268 “Dreambook of Daniel,” 95 Eugenius III, Pope, 216, 217, 233 dromedary', 294 Eugenius of Toledo, 36-37, 42, 45 Dunbar, William, 132 Eugenius Vulgarius, 109-16, 205; “Comic dung heap, 285 Visions,” 5,58-59, 109, 128, 155, 246-48 dwarf, 10, 149, 172, 248, 303 Eurydice. See Orpheus Eusebius, the tiddler, 41, 42 eagle, 34,54,55,56, 81-88, 93, 98,100,102— ewe, 37 4, 114, 242, 247, 274', and tortoise, fable of, excommunication, of insects and rodents, 33 22, 86 excretion, 79-105 passim, 124, 127 Easter, 25,57,58, 78,105,108,153-55,159-60, execution, of animals and birds, 13, 32, 33 163-65, 169-72, 178, 182, 185-87, 190, exemplum, 24, 226, 237, 238 193-94, 203, 218, 291 Exeter Book, 42 ecbasis, 157-58 Ezechiel, 285 Ecbasis captivi, 2, 5, 25, 35, 40, 42, 44, 47,59, 63, 69, 109, no, 116, 123, 129, 146, 153-97, fable, 1,15-32,198, 200-201, 241, 284, 287-88, 203, 208, 210, 223, 227, 230, 239; recitation 297', Aesopic, 1, 13,15-16, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, of, 151-52 28, 68; and lying, 16, 18, 155, 237; and par­ eclogue, 71 able, 16, 18; and peasants, 28; and slaves, “Ecussum cornu gemeret dum forte ca- 7, 28; contest, 68; in art, 24-25; in educa­ pella,” incipit. See “Nanny Goat, The” tion, 2, 4, 21-24, 26, 42, 128; in iambic “Egbert of Liège, 29, 42-43, 45, 146, 155, poetry, 150—51; language of, 10; social im­ 163, 193, 202-3, 24s-46 plications of, 8-9, 25, 202; structure of, 1, Einhard, 56 2, 17, 25, 34, 50,128—29, 201, 238; versified, elegiac verse, 112, 128, 139, 202, 210 2, 8. See also Aesop; Fabulw, Moral Elijah, 270 fabula and fabella, 25, 28, 29, 64, 123,126,155, Elisha, 58 195 Enkidu, 85 fairy tale, 66, 70, 198. See also “Once upon a envelope structure. See Structure time” epicedium, 70 falcon: and kite, fable of, 51-52; and owl, Epic of Gilgamesh, The, 85 fable of, 12; in battle, 267 epigram, 41, 42, 45 Falernus, 114, 247 346 Index

falsehood, 76, 178, 190 Freiburg im Breisgau, 207 fasting, 25, 91, 160, 164-65, 170, 173, 182, 195 Freud, Sigmund, 94, 95-98, 104 faun, 233 frog: and calf, fable of, 11; fable of puffed- Faunas, 278 up, 8, 9, 27 feasting, 91, 160, 169, 195, 202-3, 214, 264. Froumund of Tegernsee, 56, 144, 146, See also Banquet; Food 148-49, 195, 248-49 Feast of the Ass, 40, 150 Fulda, 80 Festus, 180 Fury, 247 fig tree, cursed, 162, 283 fish, 203-4, 220 Gabaonites, 62 Fitz Stephen, William, 142-43 Gadarene swine, 231 flax plant, 133 Gairard, 263 flaying, 64, 65, 66, 180, 218, 224-25, 228, 239, Galilee, 182 246, 297 Gallus et Vulpes. See “Cock and Fox, The” flea, 273-78, 289-90. See also “Gout and the Ganymede, 84-85, 87, 97, 98, 277, 278 Flea” Gaudri, Bishop, 209 “Flea, The,” 11, 139, 289-90 Gauls, 268 “Flevit lepus parvulus,” incipit. See “Little Gauzlin, Abbot of Fleury, 24 Hare Wept, The” gazelle, 68 flock, 76 Gennesaret, 179 fly, in—12, 140, 273-80, 291. See also Ant and genre, 1, 2, 6, 11, 13-15, 17, 70, 123 fly; Dog-fly; Spider and fly Gerbert of Aurillac. See Sylvester II, Pope flyting, 14, 42, 69,131-39,195. See also Germany, 189 Invective Geroldus of Tournai, 216 folklore, 12, 18,53, 95-97, 106-7,134, 198 Ghent, 196 folktale, 7, 29, 30, 42, 46, 64, 84, 99, 104, Gitto, 149, 248 no, 129, 130,197, 213 gloss, quotational, 157, 160, 169, 188, 190, food, 213, 214, 275; monastic, 172-73, 203, 193, 194, 196, 211 227, 302. See also Banquet; Feasting Glossa ordinaria, 186, 190, 192 fool, 58 glossary. See Pseuda-Dositheana Hermeneu- footwashing, 78, 178, 263 mata-, Voces animantium Formosus, Pope, in, 115 gnat, 38, 171, 273 “Forte lupus quidam per pascua lata “Gnat, The,” 38, 40, 139, 273 uagantes,” incipit. See “Wolf Goes to goat, 36-37, 67-69, 74, 125, 136, 167-68, Hell, The” 247, 232, 238, 269 Fortuna, 234, 263, 283 goatskin, 243 fourfold restitution, 172, 202, 203, 301 Goliath, 73, 74, 263 fox, 3, 32, 44,58, 76, 109, 113-14, 118-19, goose, 54, 269 120, 123, 124, 171-93 passim, 219, 243-46, “Gout and the Flea,” 63, 290 247, 230, 233, 261-62, 268, 281-84, 287-88, graffito, 138 296-97-, and enmity with wolf, 3, 42, grapevines, 161 64-65, 127-29, 154-55, 176-77, 196, Gregory the Great, Pope, 90, 95,101-2, 200 197, 211, 232; and partridge, fable of the, Gregory of Tours, 145 26, 49-50,53; and raven, fable of the, 27; greyhound, 36 and worn shoes, 62, 63, 149, 297-, in griffin, 85-86, 136-37 sheep’s clothing, 74, 264. See also Cock; Grunnius Corocotta, pig, 39, 299-300 Reinard Guibert of Nogent, 209 Francis, Saint, 33 Gurevich, Aron, 95 fraus fraudata, 199 Fredegar, 28-29 Hades, 73, 127, 172 freedman, 8, 28. See also Fable and slaves ham, 44, 156, 220, 226, 229 Index 347

Haman, 180 27—28, 154, 169,178; and the ideal of delec- Ha-Nakdan, Berechiah, 9 tatio and utilitas, 23, 237; quotation of, Hannibal, 60, 267 125-27, 129, 154, 160-61, 165-67, 179, 182, Harberd, 270 183-84, 191, 193, 195, 211 hare, 10, 40, 272, 295, 303-4 horn, 58, 68, 70, 72, 76—77, 121, 136, 144, 226, Harris, Joel Chandler, 7, 47-48, 213. See also 262, 292, 293, 295-, animal caught by, 74, Rabbit, Brer; Remus, Uncle 264; oath by, 263 Harrowing of Hell, 160, 194 hornet, 171 Hartgar, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 263 , 36 hawk, 8, 108, 267 Hrabanus Maurus, 57, 59, 80,164, 178 “Hawk and Peacock, The,” 107-9, 195, Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim, 113, 155 290 -92 Hugo, Margrave, 120, 256 heaven, 32, 80-85, 93, 94, 96, 99, 100, 102- humor, 7; biblical, 57,59, 175, 183, 187; clois­ 4, 108, 274 ter, 89, 203, 209; of animal wills, 40; of Hebrew, 58,187 bodily functions, 82-83; of etymological Hector, 10, 293 wordplay, 44; of incongruity or similarity hedgehog, 44, 154, 157, 158, 169-72, 183-84, between animals and people, 10, 11, 138, 248 167, 169; of quotation, 127, 156-57, 183, 193 heifer, 150 hunter, 58 Heito, 80, 90, 102 hybrid, 36-37 hell, 80 hydra, 113-14, 247 helmet, 178 hyena, 115, 248 Heinrich der Glichesaere, 235 hymn, 108, 160, 182, 184,187, 220, 222 hen, 268 Henry, 171 iambic, 112, 128, 150-51 Henry II, Emperor, 118 ibis, 242 Henryson, Robert, 117 Icarus, 88 Hercules, 10, 293 impurity, 99-100 herd, 158, 171, 191 “In cute sudanti sub veste pediculus hesit,” herdsman, 64, 67-68, 73-74, 163, 168, 175, incipit. See “Louse, The” 177,182 India, 189 Heribert, Archbishop of Cologne, 129 “In mediis reor esse bonis, quod carpere Heribert of Losinga, 206 dotes,” incipit. See “Altercation of the Heriger, Archbishop of Mainz, 91 Spider and Fly, The” Hermannus Contractus, 133 insults, 7,132, 137,142, 145 hermeneumata. See Pseudo-Dositheana introit, 225, 230 Hermeneumata invective, 132, 149, 151. See also Flvting Herod, 193, 194, 262 loca monarchorum. See “Monkish Pranks” heron, 113, 246 Ireland, 70, 106 Hesiod, 8 Irishman, 270 hexaemeron, 34 Isaac, 70, 73, 75, 78,128, 263. See also Abraham , 36—37, 294 Isengrin. See Ysengrim Hiram, 271 Isidore of Seville, 18—19, 29, 36, 42,189, 193 Hispericafamina, 143 Holland, Richard, 132 Jacob, 260 Holy Ghost, 173, 233 Jauss, Hans Robert, 1,117 Holy Land, 179 Jerome, 24,38-39,158; Life of St. Malchus , 84, 269, 303 of, 182, 190 Honorius Augustodunensis, 200 Jerusalem, 270 hook, 191, 287 Jesse, 260 Horace, 67, 88, 259, 269, 27i\ and fables, n, Jew, 30, 127, 180, 185 348 Index

Job, 270 161, 166, 195-96, 201, 202, 208, 210, 239, John, 115, 24X 249-60 John, Saint, 8+ leopard, 68, 182-84 John Vili, Pope, 58 Lesbia, 38 John of Capua, 30 Lethe, 73, 262, 273 John of Garland, 19 Leudegasius, Bishop of Mainz, 29 John Scot Eriugena, 194 Leviathan, 191, 200, 287, 288 John the Deacon, 57-59, 115, 116 Liber Catonianus, 20 Jonah, 59, 181 Liège, 70 Jordan, 294 Life of St. Malchus. See Jerome Joshua, 62 lion, 34,55,58,59, 61, 63, 77, 115, 116, 125, Jove. See Jupiter 136-38, 147, 178-79, 242, 233, 234, 238, 260, Judah, 260 263, 293-97, 304 Judas, 169, 183, 191, 194 lioness, 247 Judith, wife of Louis I, 99 lion-king, tale of the sick, 5-6, 25, 63-66, Julian, Bishop of Toledo, 31, 48 116,154-55, 176-90,196, 223-25, 228, 233, Julian of Vézelay, 49 293-97 Jung, Carl, 94 “Little Hare Wept, The,” 40 Juno, 278 liturgy, 107, 108, 160,169, 173, 185, 187, 211. Jupiter, 82, 84, 88, 166-67, 193, 274, 277, 278 See also Alleluia; “Amen”; Blood-sacrifice; Juvenal, 211 Easter; Eucharist; Footwashing; Hymn; Juvencus, 154, 157, 180, 188-90 Introit; Lent; Mass; Maundy Thursday; Parody of liturgy; Paternoster; Pax\ Pen­ Kalila wa Dimna, 30 tecost; “Salve festa dies”; Tu autem kingdom, peaceable, 114 lives of saints. See Saints and animals Kipling, Rudyard, 48, 234 Livy, 44 Kish, 85 locust, 171 kiss, 168-69, 179, 184, 187, 193, 226, 230, 231, Loire, 269 2« Lombard, 10, 61, 120, 292-93 kitchen, 157, 183, 227 “Lombard and Snail, The,” 10-11, 292-93 kite, 51-52, in-12, 113, 125, 247, 257, 238 Lombardy, no, 118 kyrie eleison, 187 London, Jack, 34, 48, 201 Lord’s Prayer. See Paternoster La Fontaine, Jean de, 26 Lothar II, King, 57 lamb, 34, 75, 78, 172, 193, 264, 290-, and wolf, Louis I “the Pious,” 80, 99 114, 204, 247; raw and cooked, 173 louse, 249. See also “Louse, The”; Nit lament for dead animal, 38, 40 “Louse, The,” 11, 139, 293 Lamuel, 269 Lucan, 174, 211 Lacerna, 167 Lucian, “The Dream, or the Cock,” 13, 131; Laws, Old and New, 164, 170, 175-76, “The Fly,” 141; “Menippus and Cer­ 180-81, 191,194 berus,” 131 lawyer, 293, 300 Lucifer, 215 “Learn, Lion,” 137-39,144-47 Lucina, 73, 263 Leeu, Gerard, 234 Lucius, 270 left, symbolism of direction, 164 “Lucius, or the Ass,” 26 Lent, 25, 160, 161, 164-65, 169-70, 172, 187, Luna, 73, 263, 264 193 Lupanus descendons in Auernum. See “Wolf Leo III, Pope, 55 Goes to Hell, The” Leo VI, Emperor, 115, 116 Luther, Martin, 24, 40 Leo, Bishop of Vercelli, 116-29, 231, 236, Lydgate, John, 133 239, 26o\ “Meter,” 5, 6, 26, 46, 65, 128-29, lynx, 247, 293 Index 349

M acareas. See Canace 228, 257, 302; satire of, 214. See also Ass; Macrobias, 23, 94-95 Calf; Wolf as monk Maecenas, 126,166 monkey, 124 Magirus, cook, 299 -300 “Monkish Pranks,” 57 magpie, 269 moral, 1, 2, 3,17-18, 25, 50-52, 86, 199, Malchus, 182. See also Jerome 200-201, 208; ethical, 8. See also Epimy- malediction, of animal, 109, 214, 245. See also thium; Promythium Curse Moses, 76, 178 man and grateful animals, story of, 30 moufflon, 36-37 Mancio, 267 mouse, country and city, n, 27,169; Pan- mannjafhadr, 132 nonian, 272. See also “Battle of the Frogs manuscripts, 10, 20,34, 61, 62, 67, 73, 81, and Mice, The”; Mice 105,109,113,135,138,139, 201, 208, 210, , 8, 36-37,120,121,123, 251 212; of Leo’s “Meter,” 122, 129; of the Ec- “Multi sunt presbyteri qui ignorant, quare,” basis captivi, 42,153,157-58,163,168,175; incipit, 200 of riddles, 42, 46; of Sedulius Scottus, 71 mumming, 150 mare, 36-37 “Musa, mihi ante alias predulcis arnica so- Marie de France, 13, 31,52, 65, 147, 207 rores,” incipit. See “Wrangle of the Dwarf Marienhafe, 207-8 and Hare, The” Marquis, Don, 140-41 Muses, 12, 72, 269, 275, 303 Mars, 247, 266 Martial, 38 “Nanny Goat, The,” 5, 67-69 Martin, Saint, 224 Naples, in Mary, 93 Nativity, 79 mass, 170,185, 220, 230-33 Nebuchadnezzar, 185 Matthew of Vendóme, 139 Neckham, Alexander, 20, 22, 86 Maundy Thursday, 78, 169, 178 Nehemiah, 270 Medea, 290 Nemesian, 179 medieval Latin culture, 14 New Year, 150, 209 Megaera, 280 Nicolaus of Myra (the Sophist), 10 Menalcas, 55—56, 270 Nigel of Canterbury: Speculum stultorum, 3, Menippus of Gadara, 131 5, 6, 13, 26, 30, 40, 63, 77,109, 123,147, 152, Meuse, 264 161, 205, 210, 215, 235, 237 mice and the weasels/cat, 31, 183 nightingale, 8, 12-13, 42, 45, n6, 134, 159, Midrash, 76 186, 246-47, 269-, competition with, 113, Milesian tales, 38- 39 187; lament of, 40, 43, 195; praise of, 38 milk and milk-products, 62-63, 164, 194, 295 night-raven, 45 miming, 57, 62,116, 143, 147-51, 195 Nimrod, 271 Minnetrank. See Draught of love nit, 249, 293 “Mitte recordar i monimenta vetusta, Ter- Nivard of Ghent, 210. See also Tsengrimus enti,” incipit. See “Terence and His nocturnal emission, 98-103 Mocker” nom pari ant, 151 mock epic, 10-11, 26, 70, 77, 79,139, 201 Northmen, 189 mole, 249 notation, musical, 105 monastery, 93, 98, 100, 134, 143, 145, 151-52, Notker Balbulus, 61, 164 161 Novus Avianus, 20 monastic custom and rule, 177, 181, 202-3, nut, 46, 65, 117, 128, 259, 279 211-12, 217-34 passim mongrel, 36—37 obscenity, 174 monk, 53-54,56, 98, 99, 100, 103, 145, 161, Odo of Cheriton, 9, 31, 32, 51-52, 86,139, 192, 196—97; cowl of, 124, 203, 223, 225, 203 350 Index odor of sanctity, 103 92, 146, 156-57, 201, 203; of liturgy, 13, 78, Odysseus, 131 212, 218-34 passim Old Comedy, 151 parrot, 38, 186-87, 189, 269 old wives’ tales, 21 partridge, 242. See Fox “Olim lacus colueram,” incipit. See “Swan Partridge, The, 42 Lament, The” “Parue pulex, sed amara lues inimica puel- Olympus, 78, 84, 179, 265 lis,” incipit. See “Flea, The” Omphale, 278 Paschasius, 265 “once upon a time,” 66,163, 245, 29s Passion, 79, 159, 186 oral circulation of literature, 4, 6, 29, 31, 32, pastor, 71, 75 39, 40, 46, 64, 129, 190, 236 paternoster, 184, 207, 231 Orcus, 127, 247, 255 patronage, 215 “Ordine presbiteri dum promoturus asel- Paul, 180, 204 lum,” incipit. See “Ass Brought before Paul the Deacon, 5, 61, 65, 145 the Bishop, The” Paulus Albarus, 37 Orff, Carl, 105 pax, 169, 217, 225, 226, 230, 232. See also Kiss Orient, 294 peacock, 108, 109, 244-45, 247, 268, 269, “Orientis partibus,” incipit. See “Prose of 290-91 the Ass, The” peasant, 96, 98, 99, 214, 230, 236, 299 Orion, 298-99 penis, 98 Orpheus, 269, 277\ and Eurydice, 52-53, 148 penitential, 101, 102, 147-48,150 Orwell, George, 6, 8, 47, 60, 234 Pentecost, 105, 195 otter, 154, 169-71, 173, 177, 188, 191, 193 Perotti, Niccolo, 67-68 Otto, 250 Persephone, 172 Otto III, Emperor, 118, 120 Persius, 74, 146 Ouidius de Itipo. See “Wolf by Ovid, The” Peter, 181, 200, 206 Ovid, 11, 36, 38, 40, 46, 60, 74, 84, 88-89, Peter, Bishop of Ivrea, 118 97, 1.39, 154, 203, 211 Peter of Beauvais, 35 Ovidiana, 11, 139, 203 Peter of Blois, 139 owl, 12-13, 45, ¡09, 113-14, 134, 244-45, 247, Peter the Venerable, 231 261, 269 Phaedrus, 7-9,12, 20, 26-27, 28,31, 41, 67, Owl and the Nightingale, The, 12, 133-34 74, 82, 139, 140 ox, 27, 34, 114, 243, 247, 295 Phaethon, 88 Pharaoh, 256 Paderborn, 55 Pharisee, 124, 188, 250 Palatine, 138 Phoebus. See Apollo Pan, 73, 263 Physiologus, 2, 3, 6, 15, 34-35, 42, 46, 83, 108, Pancatantra, 29—30, 204 129, 135, 154, 186, 189, 195, 235, 236, 260-62 Panther, The, 42 pig, 38-39, 44, 131, 172, 230-31, 299-300. See parable, of the Good Samaritan (Luke also Boar; Sow 10.29-37), 75; of the lost sheep and shep­ pilgrim, 62, 226 herd, 159, 204; of the prodigal son (Luke Pitulus, 272 15.23-30), 172; of the vineyard (Matthew plagiarism, 156 20.1-16), 161-62; of the wheat and tares Plato, 8, 38-39, 107 (Matthew 13.30), 161-62, 189. See also Plutarch, 131 Fable and parable “Poem on Old Age,” 179 pard, 177,178, 184-86, 187-89, 295 Pocta Astensis, 20, 153 Paris, 147 Poitiers, 207 Parma, 147, 208 Pollachar, 81, 88, 91-92, 93, 97-99, 101, 102, parody, 10-n, 38-40, 60, 70, 79, 82, 90-91, 104, 273 Index 351

Polyphemus, 271 red, 119 Pompey, 273 refrain, 122 Poppo, Archbishop of Trier, 158 Reichenau, 79-80, 90, 93, 99, 102 Potiphar, 271 Reinaerts Historie, 30, 181 praise and blame, in Indo-European soci­ Reinard, 211- 34 passim eties, 145 relics, 229-231 prayer, 185 Remus, Uncle, 7, 8, 64, 213, 234 preacher, 199—200 Renard the Fox, 2, 3,12; cycle of, 4, 26, 30, Priapus, 278 48, 64, 77, 152, 235, 237, 238 probatio pennae, 135,138, 162 Reparatio lapsi. See Chrysostom, John progymnasmatic exercises, 22 “Response of Gregory to Bishop Augus­ promythium, 18, 22, 51 tine,” 101-2 propaganda, animal stories as, 6, 9 Responsum beati Gregorii ad Augustinum Propertius, 183-84 episcopum. See “Response of Gregory “Prose of the Ass, The,” 294-95 to Bishop Augustine” proverb, 31, 112, 138-39,170, 207, 211 Restoration of a Fallen Man. See Chrysos­ Prudentius, 154, 157, 163-65, 168-69, 172-73, tom, John 178, 181, 184, 189, 200 resurrection, 108, 159, 170, 181, 186 Psalms, 24, 31, 76,117, 125, 129, 172,177, 184, Reuben, 294 185,193, 207, 222, 233, 242, 261. See also Reynke de Vos, 30 Bible rhinoceros, 144 Pseudo-Aristotle, 106 Rhone, 267 Pseudo-Dositheana Hermeneumata, 22, 64 rhythmus, 107,118, 128 Pseudo-Hugh of St. Victor, 216 Riculf, 56 purgation, 80, 81, 83, 94, 98, 102, 103 riddle, 14, 15, 18, 36, 40-46, 61, 65, 66, in, purgatory, 80, 102-3 128,129, 154, 236 pygmy, 271 Riddles, The, 42 Pythagoras, 131 right, symbolism of direction, 164, 181 ring-dove. See Dove “Quaerebat maerens matrem per prata vitel- roebuck, 294, 29s lus,” incipit. See “Sad Calf, The” role reversal, 58 “Quid mihi caprigero cornuque minaris,” roman, 3 incipit, 135-37, 145 Roman de Renart, 3, 4, 13,15, 65, 124, 169, Quintilian, 21, 27, 28, 146 177, 212-13, 235 quotation, 13,52, 69-70, 74-77, 126-27, Roman de Renart le Contrefait, 1 129-30,153,157,165,175-76, 211, 232. See Romans, 266, 267 also Gloss, quotational; Horace, quota­ , 57, in, 171,183, 267 tion of; Vergil, quotation of Romulus, 19-20, 22, 26, 27, 32, 34, 39, 41, 45, 74 Rabbit, Brer, 7, 64, 212 rooster, 58 Rabelais, 91 Rothar, 268 ram, 37, 43-44, 74, 244. See also Sedulius Royal Frankish Annals, 121 Scottus, “Ram, The” Rutulian, 183, 266 Ratpert, 62 raven, 27, 55 - 57,113, 242, 247, 249, 269-71, 273, “Sad Calf, The,” 5, 62-63, 69, 295 297 Saint Agatha, 122 reading aloud. See Recitation Saint-Evre, 129, 153 reason, power of, 32-33 saints and animals, 33-34, 46, 124 recitation, 5, 25,53, 57, 109,130, 142, 143, 150, Salaura, 211, 230—34 155 salmon, 204 352 Index

salt, 286 sheep, 159; and she-goat, fable of, 67. See “Salve festa dies,” 159-60, 220 also Herdsman Samson, 58 shoes, 178; worn, 62, 63, 149, 248 San Paolo fuori le mura (Rome), 208 shrew, m-12 Saône, 267 Sichem, 294 Satan, 200, 215, 287, 288 “Sick Lion, The,” 5, 25, 46, 61-62, 63, 67, scatology, 82, 83, 105, 133 69, 105, 112-13,116, 128-29, 149, 225, 239, scepter, 180 29S-97 schools: beast literature in, 236, 259; fables as Sigihard, 248 exercises in, 2; flytings in, 138, 142-46, Silenus, 269 151-52; performances in, 5; Physiologies in, Silvius, 114, 247 35; praise of insects in, 141-42; riddles in, Simon, 206 40—41, 42; voces animantium in, 38; will Simon Magus, 87 and testament in, 39-40 Simon of Ghent, 210 screech-owl. See Owl Simon of Saint-Bertin, 163 scribe, 124, 254 singing, of wolves, 53, 172, 224, 227; of pigs, Scylla, 276 231. See also Nightingale sea, 105,107 siren, 187 seabird, 269, 271 Sithiu, 216 “Seafarer, The,” 107 sixty-six, significance of number, 230, 233 Second Shepherds’ Play, The, 79 slave. See Fable Sedulius, 154, 157, 161-62, 169, 181, 183, 187, snail, 10, 292-93 188, 191, 211 Socrates, 8 Sedulius Scottus: collectaneum, 143-44; sodomy, 102 “Our Glory Returns,” 71-73; “The Ram,” Solinus, 42 5, 40, 4.3-44, 45, 67, 69-71, 73—79, 105, Solomon, 185-86 116, 127-28, 129, 157, 195, 196, 205, 215, 239, Somniale Danielis. See “Dreambook of 262-6s Daniel” Semonides, 151 Song of Songs, 260, 262 Seneca, 23,114-15, 248 Soviet system, as represented in Animal senna, 132, 137 Farm, 6, 8-9 Sennacherib, 192 sow, 36-37, 234. See also Salaura “Sepe lupus quidam per pascua lata va- Sparano, 118, 119-20, 123, 196, 257, 260 gantes,” incipit. See “Wolf, The”; “Wolf sparrow, 38, 55, 242, 243 by Ovid, The” “Spera celi duodenis,” incipit. See De ra- sequence, 105, 128 tione duodecim signorum Sergius III, Pope, in, 115-16, 205 spider, 96; and fly, 139-41, 278-80 serpent, 38 Sprotin, 226 Seton, Ernest Thompson, 34, 48, 201 stable, 174 shackle. See Bondage stag, 150, 293-, caught by horns, 74 Shakespeare, 148 stallion, 37. See also Corvigar Sheba, 294; Queen of, 185 “Stans apto consistono,” incipit. See “Cock sheep, 36, 71-74, 76, 77, 79,133, 262, 296-, and Fox, The” and wolf, 115, 203, 301, 302. See also Bell­ Statius, 38, 303 wether; Ewe; Lamb; Ram; Sheepfold; steed, 29s Sheepskin; Shepherd steer, 158-59 sheepfold, 205, 206, 244 Stcinhowel, Heinrich, 24 sheepskin, 72, 262. See also Fox in sheep’s stichomythy, 132 clothing; Wolf in sheep’s clothing stork, 63, 29s shepherd, 38,58, 71, 75-76, 301-3-, and lost Streitgedicht, 132,137 Index 353

“Stridula musca volans calvum conspexit thief, 69, 73, 74, 77- 78,124, 174,192, 263-65, euntem,” incipit. See “About a Bald Man 268, 283, 301 Met by a Midge” Thiegaud, 209 structure, 117, 129-30; box, 238; diptych, Thierry of Saint-Trond, 40, 272 -73 113; envelope, 153-56, 159, 160, 195; ordo three boys in furnace (in Theodulf, “What artificialis, 213; triptych, 128, 201. See also Do the Swans Do?”), 185, 270 Fable, structure of three holy languages (in Ecbasis captivi), 187 Suetonius, 37 “Thrush and the Nightingale, The,” 132 swallow, 54 Thyrsis, 270 swan, 34,54, 113, 186-87, 189, 244, 24é, 255, Tiber, 167 269, 297-98. See also “Swan Lament, The”; Tierdichtung, 1-2 “Swan Sequence, The” tiger, 304 “Swan Lament, The,” 105, 107, 297-98 Tisiphone, 280 “Swan Sequence, The,” 5, 67, 79, 105-7, titles, 42-43 109, 129, 195, 196, 298 Tituli Augienses, 92-93 swatter, fly, 276 Tityros, 37, 70-71, 73-77, 263, 269 Sylvester II, Pope, 129 tityrus, 36-37, 74 Symphosius, 40-44,139,156, 195 tonsure, 203, 207, 225, 229, 302 tortoise, 86, 248. See also Eagle and tortoise Tabulae ceratae Assendelftianae, 21,123 Toul, 153, 195 tail: of eagle, 89; loss of, 32 Toulouse, 265, 267 Tatto, 92 Tours, 267 Tatwine, 41, 155 trials of beasts, 33. See also Execution “Temporibus priscis pulix lacérasse po­ trickster stories, 13, 30, 32, 47,197, 212-13, ternes,” incipit. See “Gout and the Flea” 219, 234, 236, 237 Ten Commandments, 181, 190 Trier, 153, 185, 195 Terence, 143 Trinity, 108, 291 “Terence and His Mocker,” 143, 162, 223 triptych structure. See Structure Terentius et delusor. See “Terence and His Troy, 11, 191, 276 Mocker” Tu autem, 221 testament. See Will and testament , 118 “Testament of the Ass, The,” 40, 124, 299 Turnus, 10,157, 184, 303 “Testament of the Piglet, The,” 38-39, 40, turtledove, 113, 24^ 124, 299-300 Tydeus, 10, 303 Testamentum asini. See “Testament of the Ass, The” Ubertus Rufus, 118-19, 120 Testamentum porcelli. See “Testament of the Umbos, 69 Piglet, The” uncle, 191, 214, 221, 233 Teucrians, 266 unicorn, 182 Thackeray, William, 15 Urban II, Pope, 207 Theobald, 35 Theodore of Canterbury, 102, 150 Theodulf of Orléans, no; “The Battle of Van den Vos Reinaerde, 198, 235 the Birds,” 46,59-61, 66, 116, 128, 265- Vedastus, 216 67\ “The Fox and Hen,” 53—54, 109, Venantius Fortunatus, 154, 155, 160, 163, 182, 268\ “What Do the Swans Do?” 59, 187, 194 269-72 “Venerat ad segetes Lombardus, circuit Thessaly, 267, 273 illas,” incipit. See “Lombard and Snail, Theudebert, 29 The” Theuderic, 29 Venus, 277, 278 354 Index

Vergil, io, 58,59, 79, 270, 273-, myth of Gany­ wheat, 161-62, 189, 222, 223 mede in, 84-85, 97; quotation of, 11, 43, will and testament, of animal, 14,15,36, 73, 74-75, 127, 154, 157, 163, 175, 177, 178, 38-40, 238, 299-300 183, 211 William V, Duke of Aquitaine, 120-21, 129 Vergiliana, 139 William of Blois, 139, 274-78 verse forms. See Adonics; Ambrosian William of Conches, 23 strophe; Anacreontic meter; Dactylic Williamson, Henry, 34 hexameter; Elegiac verse; Rhythmus wine, 185 Versus de accipitre et pavone. See “Hawk and winnowing, 222, 295 Peacock, The” Winrich of Trier, 133-34, 227 Vertumnus, 272 wisdom books, 18 viper, 292 wolf, 8, 28-29, 36,54,55, 76, 123, 125, 136, virgin, 93, 182, 231 154, 164-93 passim, 241, 245-46, 247, virginity, 93 253-58, 292, 295, 304', and ass, 31, 48, 116, Visio cuiusdam clerici de poenis Fulradi in pur- 127, 147, 203; as devil, 158, 193; as doctor, gatorio, 90 128; as monk, 124, 128, 129,147, 196, Visio cuiusdam pauperculae mulieris, 90 202-4, 206-8, 210, 257, 301-3-, as name, vision, 81-83, 89-91, 94 270; as priest, 31; as shepherd, 114, 124, Vita Malchi. See Jerome 205; hide of, 180; in school, 147, 206-8; vixen. See Fox in sheep’s clothing, 159, 204-6, 218; trial voces animantium, 15,36-38, 42,113,116,129 of the, 123-24. See also Alcuin, “The Vosges, 153 Cock and Wolf”; Fox and enmity with vulture, 273 wolf; Fox in sheep’s clothing; Ysengrim “Wolf, The,” 5, 198-99, 202—4, 208, 301 -3 Wakefield pageant, 79 “Wolf by Ovid, The,” 202-3 Walahfrid Strabo: “To Erluin,” 79-105, 107, “Wolf Goes to Hell, The,” 202 109, 273-74'- “Wetti’s Vision,” 80, 81, worms, food for, 190, 273, 291 87-88, 92, 98, 186 “Wrangle of the Dwarf and Hare, The,” Walter of Egmond, Abbot, 215, 216 10-11, 303-4 Walter the Englishman, 20 “Wanderer, The,” 107 Ysengrim, wolf, 209-34 passim Warner of Rouen, 146 Ysengrimus, 3, 4, 5, 13, 26, 40, 47, 63, 66, 116, wasp, 171, 190 147,152, 155, 196-97, 198, 201, 204, 208, weasel, 58 210-36, 238-39 weaving metaphor, 155—56 Ysengrimus abbreviates, 227 wet dream, 102, 103 Wetti, 90 Zacchaeus, 172, 203 whale, 59, 181 Zeno of , 57 Whale, The, 42 Zephyr, 247