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Talking Animals Medieval Latin Beast Poetry, 750-1150

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Talking Animals Medieval Latin Beast Poetry, 750-1150 Talking Animals Medieval Latin Beast Poetry, 750-1150 Jan M. Ziolkowski University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia Cover stamp: Illustration of the Tityrus from John Vinycomb, Fictitious and Symbolic Creatures in Art (London, 1906). Copyright © 1993 by the University of Pennsylvania Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of Ameriea Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ziolkowski, Jan M. Talking animals: medieval Latin beast poetry, 750-1150 I Jan M. Ziolkowski. p. cm—(Middle Ages series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8122-3161-9 1. Latin poetry, Medieval and modern—History and criticism. 2. Animals in literature. I. Title. II. Series. PA8065.A54Z55 1993 871' .030936—dC2O 92-46709 CIP Contents Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 1: Inspirations and Analogues 15 Fables and Taies 15 Christian Animal Symbolism 32 Classical Poetry 35 2: Beast Narrative and the Court of Charlemagne 47 Alcuin and Other Carolingian Poets 47 “The Sick Lion” and “The Sad Calf” 61 3: Further Beyond Fable 67 “The Nanny Goat” 67 Sedulius Scottus’s “The Ram” 69 Walahfrid Strabo’s Man and Eagle 79 Mystical Poems with Talking Birds 105 4: Toward Narrative Complexity 110 Eugenius Vulgarius’s “Comic Visions” 110 Leo of Vercelli’s “Meter” 116 Conclusion 128 viii Contents 5 : Dramatic and Dialogic Beast Poems 131 Beast Flytings 135 Insect Debates 139 Flytings in the Schools 142 Animals in Place of People 146 Animals in Popular Theater and Ritual 147 Conclusion 151 6: The Calf-Monk and Wolf-Monk in Performance 153 Introduction to the Ecbasis Captivi 153 The Prologue 160 The Outer Story (Part 1) 163 The Inner Story 176 The Outer Story (Part 2) 191 Conclusion 193 7: Ysengrim, the Wolf-Monk with a Name 198 “The Cock and Fox” and “The Wolf” 198 The Ysenprimus and Its Author 210 Monkish and Wolfish Rules 213 The Liturgy Strikes Back 219 Conclusion 235 Appendices (Translations) 241 1. Alcuin, “The Cock and Wolf ” 241 2. Alcuin, Letter 181 242 3. Cuono of St. Nabor, “The Peacock and Owl” 244 4. Egbert of Liège, “The Bear, Wolf, and Fox” 245 5. Eugenius Vulgarius, “Comic Visions” 246 6. Froumund of Tegernsee, Poem 19 248 7. Leo of Vercclli, “Meter” 249 Contents ix 8. Physiologus Latinus (Versio B) 260 9. Sedulius Scottus, “The Ram” 262 10. Theodulf, “The Battle of the Birds” 265 11. Theodulf, “The Fox and Hen” 268 12. Theodulf, “What Do the Swans Do?” 269 13. Thierry of St. Trond, “Weep, Dogs” 272 14. Walahfrid Strabo, “To Erluin” 273 15. William of Blois, “The Quarrel of the Flea and Fly” 274 16. “The Altercation of the Spider and Fly” 278 17. “The Ass Brought before the Bishop” 280 18. “The Cock and Fox” 281 19. “The Flea” 289 20. “Gout and the Flea” 290 21. “The Hawk and Peacock” 290 22. “The Lombard and Snail” 292 23. “The Louse” 293 24. “The Prose of the Ass” 294 25. “The Sad Calf” 295 26. “The Sick Lion” 295 27. “The Swan Lament” 297 28. “The Swan Sequence” 298 29. “The Testament of the Ass” 299 30. “The Testament of the Piglet” 299 31. “The Wolf” 301 32. “The Wrangle of the Dwarf and Hare” 303 Bibliography 305 Primary Sources 305 Secondary Sources 316 Index of Subjects and First Lines 341 Index of Subjects and First Lines Numerals in italics refer to the texts translated in the appendices. Aaron, 33, 270 Alexander Neckham. See Neckham, abecedarius, 107,128 Alexander “About a Bald Man Met by a Midge,” 140 Alexander the Great, 85-86, 273 Abraham, 58, 70, 73, 127. See also Isaac Alfonso, King, 121 Abyssus, 24.7 allegory, types of, 158-59 accessus ad auctores, 23,161 alleluia, 187, 221 acedia, 162 alpha and omega, 177 Achilles, 10, 291, 303 alphabet, 135, 138, 207 Adalhard of Corbie, 55, 60 Altercacio aranee et musce. See “Altercation Adam, 178 of the Spider and Fly, The” Adam Scot, 193 Altercatio magistri et discipuli. See “Dispute Ademar of Chabannes, 20, +9-50,51 of a Master and Student, The” Adomnan, 105 Altercatio nani et leporis. See “Wrangle of the Adonics, 112,113,116,125,128 Dwarf and Hare, The” Adrastus, 10, 303 “Altercation of the Spider and Fly, The,” adultery of the heart, 190 139-42, 278-80 Aegeus, 271 Amalar of Metz, 161,164,169-71,178,182, “Aegrum fama fuit quondam iacuisse leo- 185,187,190 nem,” incipit. See “Sick Lion, The” Ambrose, 35,59, 77, 169, 200 Aeneas, 10, n, 127,177,184, 303 Ambrosian strophe, 199 Aesop, 7, 8, 15-16, 19, 24, 28, 47, 60, 237. See “amen,” 226, 227 also Fable Amor, 97 aetas horatiana, 28 Anacreontic meter, 113, 246 Aethelwulf, 55 Anchises, 177 Agamemnon, 167 André of Fleury, 24 Ahasuerus, 180 angels, 103, 108 Ahikar, 18, 68, 147, 206-7 Angers, 145 Aimoin, 29 animals: attitudes toward, 32, 69; disguise Alciphron, 86-87 and mask, 134, 147,150—51, 209; nick­ Alcuin, 44, 67, 157. Works: “The Cock and names and codenames, 54-57, 119, 121, Wolf” 3,5, 25, 26, 48-54, 63, 66, 69, 79, 146. See also Nom parlant 104, 128-29, 164, 195, 199—200, 202, 239, Anjou, 216 24/; “Letter 181,” 55, 242; nightingale la­ Annunciation, 186 ment, 40, 43; “Plangamus cuculum, Daf- Anonymus Neveleti, 20,117 nin dulcissime, nostrum,” 55-56, 61, 146 Anselm, Bishop of Tournai, 216 Aidhelm: De virginitate, 93; riddles of, 35, ant and fly, 41, 139 41, 42-43, 44, 45, 74,153; voces animan- anthropomorphism, 6, 21, 32, 47, 54, 104, 211 tium of, 37 Anubis, 43, 264 Aldrada, 221, 222 ape, 238 342 Index Apella, 127, 250 Bagao, 271 Apollo, 114-15,167, 246, 247, 269 bait, 191 Apuleius: Golden Ass, 12, 13, 26, 39, 238 Balaam, 33, 269 Arabia, 294 Baldo, Novus Aesopus, 30 Arator, 154 Balduin of Liesborn, Abbot, 215, 216 Arbald, 267 Balduinus, 210 Arcadia, 263 banquet, 159, 185, 188, 264, 269-71. See also Archilochos, 150-51 Feasting Arduin of Ivrea (King of Italy), 118, 119-20, baptism, 188, 190, 233 122,124 Basil, 303 Aries, 72, 73, 262, 264 Batrachomymachia. See “Battle of the Frogs Aristophanes, 151 and Mice, The” Aristotle, 94. See also Pseudo-Aristotle “Battle of the Frogs and Mice, The,” 10, 11, Arno, 54 26, 31, 201 Arnold, Abbot of Fleury, 24 bean, 173 Arras, 216 bear, 58, 61, 64, 65, 114, 135, 224, 225, 245-46, artistic representation of animals, 11, 31, 34, 255, 272, 292, 295-97, 304 142, 147, 207-8, 235 beaver, 12 Asaph, 187 Bede, 92, 101, 181 asp, 76 Beelzebub, 277 ass, 36-37, 39,58, 114, 125, 137- 39, 144, bellwether, 204 146-47, 148, 150, 196, 243, 247, 253-54, benedicite (“bless you”), 203, 217, 222, 226, 294-95, 299-, as monk, 162-63; as priest, 227, 302 255, 280-81; burial of, 119, 257; in lion’s Benedict, Saint, of Nursia, 232 skin, 6, 26, 116, 123-24, 128, 251-52, wild, Benedict (Roman canon), 58 114, 247- See also Balaam; Carcophas; Benedict’s Rule, 98, 154, 159, 162, 168, 174, 177, Feast of the Ass 180, 184, 217, 220, 224, 225, 226, 227 “Ass Brought before the Bishop, The,” 69, Benjamin, 204 280-81 Beowulf, 113 ass-man, 26 Berechiah Ha-Nakdan. See Ha-Nakdan, Auctores octo morales, 20 Berechiah Augustine, 24,32-33, 158, 172, 200, 222 Bernard of Clairvaux, 32 Augustine, Archbishop of England, 101 Bertiliana, 230 “Auri stemmate nexas,” incipit. See De Beselel, 270 carminis impeditione causa thematis bestiary, 2, 3, 34, 48, 236. See also tropolqgice Physwlocfus aurochs, 295 Bethlehem, 294 Ausonius, 36, 37, 38 Bible, 32, 43, 48,57, 69, 79, 128, 129, 154, 159, Avian, 11,19-20, 23, 26, 27, 32, 34, 35, 42, 45, 176, 195, 233; Genesis (4.2, 18.7, 25.67), 58, 86, 123, 153 (22.13), 70, 73, 75; Exodus (7.10-12), 33, “Avis hec magna,” incipit. See “Hawk and (12.9), 78, (24.5), 170, (22.1), 172, (12), 173, Peacock, The” (3.5), 178, (20.5, 34.7), 188, (49.27), 204; An’wZyn of Arthur, 113 Leviticus (15.16-17), 100, 102, (21.20), 230; Numbers (22.28), 33; Deuteronomy baa and bee, 77, 264 (23.10-11), 100, 102, (22.10), 174, (5.9), Babrius, 20, 21, 29, 74, 86 188; Joshua (9.4-6), 62, (5.16), 178, Babylon, 285 ,(24.12) 190; Judges (14.6), 58; 1 Samuel Babylonian literature, 63 (18.7), 183; 2 Samuel (11.1), 156, 176; 2 Bacchus, 55—56, 167-68, 280 Samuel (12.1-14), 172; 3 Kings (10.2), 186; badger, 124, 206 4 Kings (2.24), 58; Esther (4.11,5.2, 8.4), Index 343 180; Job (38.36), 49; Psalms (21.17), 76, Caelius Aurelianus, 102 (35.7), 125, (90.1?), 138, (117.16), 181, (41-2), Caesar Augustus, 176, 261 18?, (34-8), 185, (49.li), 187, (66), 233; Cahors, 26s Proverbs (30.31), 49, (6.19), 178; Wisdom calf, 11,58, 62-63, 150,154-55, 161—93 (4-6), 97; Isaiah (59.17), 178, (3.3.1), 192; passim, 295; as designation for talented Ezechiel (18.2), 188; Matthew (11.28-30), boy, 146; as metaphor for Christ, 186; as 100, (23.24), 124, (21.5), 138, (7.15), 159, monk, 158-59, 162-63, 168; fatted, 172 (18.12), 159, (9.27-31), 162, (4.52-53), 162, Cambridge Songs, 91, 160, 164 (11.5), 174, (19-24), 183, (15-30), 188-89, camel, 44, 124, 183, 254 (2.16) , 193, (26.75), 200, (7.15), 204, 212, Camilla, 75 (18.12), 204, (10.16), 204, (6.34), 220, Canace, 89, 97 (21.19), 223, (5.43-44), 232; Mark (14.68- Cannae, 60, 267 72), 200, (5.2-16), 231; Luke (23.39-43), canon, literary, 47 77, (i5.4), 159, (22.20), 170, (19.8), 172, 203, capon, 114, 247 (22), 172, (7.22), 174, (2.1), 176, (5.1), 179, Carcophas, 224, 229 (13.32), 193, (10.3, 15-4), 204, (8.20-35), Cantas-Lieder, 145 231, (6.27, 6.35), 232; John (13.9), 78, (3-13), Carmen de philomela, 37-38 91, (10.11-16), 204; Acts (28.3-5), 33, Carmen de senectute.
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