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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19346-7 - Episcopal Power and Ecclesiastical Reform in the German Empire: Tithes, Lordship, and Community, 950–1150 John Eldevik Index More information

Index

Adalbero II of Eppenstein, duke of Carinthia, Aquileia, patriarchate, 209 199, 210 Arbeo, bishop of Freising, 91, 120 Adalbero, bishop of Bamberg, 121, 210 Arduin of Ivrea, king of Italy, 28, 145 Adalbero, bishop of Würzburg, 206, 219 Arezzo, 18, 136, 146 Adalbert I, archbishop of Mainz, 259 cathedral of S. Donato, 18, 152 Adalbert of Ballenstedt, Saxon count, 241 Aribert, archbishop of Milan, 141 opposition to Henry IV, 241 Aribo I, count palatine in the east, 124, 191 Adalbert, bishop of Passau, 192 Aribo II, count palatine in Bavaria, 209, 210 Adalbert, margrave of Tuscany, 100, 135 Aribo III, Styrian noble, 204, 208, 213 Adalongus, bishop of Lucca, 159 tithe agreement with Gebhard I, 202 Adalpaldo, Lucchese priest, 164 Aribo, archbishop of Mainz, 112, 209 Adela, wife of Aribo I, 124 Aribo, margrave in the east, ancestor of the Adelheid, wife of Otto I, 135, 145 Aribonids, 122 Admonitio Generalis, 76, 78 Aribonids, comital dynasty, 124, 126, 189, 191, Admont, monastery in Styria, 179, 180, 185, 206, 208, 213 207, 208, 211, 212, 214, 261, 262, 266 aristocracy, 258 Agnes, German empress, 206, 207, 217, 222 in Italy, 146 Albertoni, Giuseppe, historian, 6 in the Middle Rhine, 235 Alcuin of York, Anglo-Saxon scholar in Saxony and Thuringia, 232, 233, 234, 266 views on tithes, 51–3 Arn, archbishop of Salzburg, 52, 88, 92, 94, Alexander II, pope, 137, 168, 174, 244 186 Althoff, Gerd, historian,81 , 144 Arnold von Selenhofen, archbishop of Altmann, bishop of Passau, 206 Mainz, 114 Altötting, monastery, 192 Arnulf of Carinthia, East Frankish king, 98, 121, Ambrose, saint 122, 203 on tithing, 43 Arnulf of Milan, chronicler, 142 amicitia, 80, 81, 188, 189, 262 Arnulf the Bad, duke of Bavaria, 122, 188–9, Anderson, Benedict, historian, 230 191, 213 Angenendt, Arnold, historian, 104 secularizations under, 125, 188 Annales S. Petri Antiqui, 260 Aschaffenburg, 109 Anno II, archbishop of Cologne, 224, 240 Auderam, Lucchese archdeacon, 161, 165 Ansegis, abbot of St. Wandrille, 68, 69, 87, 100 Augustine, saint Anselm I, bishop of Lucca, 137, 167, 168. sermons attributed to, 46 See also Alexander II, pope on tithing, 43 Anselm II, bishop of Lucca, 137, 167, 168, 169, Austria 170, 171, 172, 173 historiography, 20 canon law collection of, 265 vita of, 173, 174 Baldwin, archbishop of Salzburg, 127, 183, 206 Appadurai, Arjun, sociologist, 14, 154 Bamberg, 99, 104, 121, 210

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19346-7 - Episcopal Power and Ecclesiastical Reform in the German Empire: Tithes, Lordship, and Community, 950–1150 John Eldevik Index More information

Index

baptismal churches, 23, 68–71, 92 Bourdieu, Pierre, sociologist. See capital, in the Bavarian marches, 116, 193 symbolic in Carolingian period, 23 Bowlus, Charles, historian, 122 and episcopal itineraries, 69 Boyd, Catherine, historian, 72, 140 as established in Carolingian law, 68 Bresslau, Harry, historian, 204 lay possession of, 149 Breves Notitiae, 119, 186 monastic possession of, 229 Brown, Peter, historian, 55 as recipients of tithes, 74 Brown, Warren, historian, 23, 91 tithe boundaries, 72–3, 75, 235 Brunhofer, Ursula, historian, 28, 147 baptismal churches, in Lucca. See pievi Bruno, archbishop of Cologne Bardo, archbishop of Mainz, 108, 110, 112, 113, vita of, 96 216, 217, 218, 240, 242 Buc, Philippe, historian, 13 Barthélemy, Dominique, historian, 3 Bührer-Thierry, Geneviève, historian, 191 Barton, Richard, historian, 4 Büraburg, early episcopal, 109 Baugulf, abbot of Fulda, 85 Burchard I, bishop of Halberstadt, 206 Bavaria, 21, 23, 24, 44, 50, 53, 72, 74, 88, 94, 95, and tithe dispute with Hersfeld, 247 103, 113, 115, 116, 118, 122, 126, 130, 186, Burchard II, bishop of Halberstadt, 241 187, 188, 190, 193, 196, 209, 238, 266 opposition to Henry IV, 241 under the Liutpoldinger, 122 Burchard of Worms, bishop and canon law Beatrice of Canossa, mother of Mathilda, 169 compiler, 9, 100 Bedos-Rezak, Brigitte, historian, 205 Decretum, 57 Belisarius, Lucchese priest, 149 Burchard of Würzburg, bishop, 47 Benedict I, bishop of Lucca, 170 Burchard, bishop of Worms Benedictus Levita, capitulary editor, 69, 77, 86, Decretum, 101 87, 100 Burchard, Thuringian count, 237 Benno II, bishop of Osnabrück, 88, 241 tithe dispute with Corvey and Herford, 221 Cadolingi, comital family, 156 vita of, 56 Caesarius of Arles, bishop, 45, 61 Berengar I, king of Italy, 145, 147 sermons on tithing, 45–6, 47, 77 Berengar, bishop of Passau, 193 Calixtus II, pope, 170, 175 Bergkirchen, baptismal church near Freising, 70 canon law, 9, 15, 60, 264. See also Benedictus Berkhofer, Robert, historian, 4 Levita; Burchard of Worms; Gratian; Bernhardt, John W., historian, 229 Pseudo-Isidorian decretals; Regino of Berno, bishop of Mâcon, 82 Prüm; individual councils and synods Bernwulf, bishop of Würzburg, 85 applied in tithe disputes, 90, 94 Berschin, Walter, philologist, 57, 58 and Carolingian reform, 72 Bertha, wife of margrave Adalbert, 135 and church property, 38 Berthold, count and advocate of and episcopal visitations, 57 Ravengiersburg, 227, 228 Irish, 48 Berthold, duke of Carinthia, 127 and proprietary churches, 124 Bigott, Boris, historian, 8 in twelfth century, 264 Bilstein, counts of. See Rugger Canossa, fortress, 136, 167 Bingen, town on the Rhine, 105, 109, 111, 235 Capannoli, corte in the Val d’Era, 130, 158, 161, 171 Bisson, Thomas N., historian, 4, 259 capital, symbolic, 15, 155 Bleidenstadt, monastery, 108 capitanei, 143, 155, 167, 177, 262 Bohemia, 245 and ecclesiastical benefices, 147 Boniface I, Frankish count in Tuscany, 133 capitularies Boniface of Canossa, margrave of Tuscany, ad Salz (803/04), 69, 78 136, 169 Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae, 51 Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary and de Villis, 77 reformer, 44, 106, 108, 229, 248 Ecclesiastica (810/813?), 69, 87 reorganization of Bavarian church, 117 for the Missi, 83 on tithing, 63 Heristal (779), 65–7, 72, 87 vita of, 56, 248–9 last of, 146 Bonizio, Milanese knight, father of archbishop Mantuanum Secundum (813), 71 Landulf, 141 Olonna (825), 71 306

Index

capitularies, episcopal, 76, 77, 78, 79 Conrad II, German emperor, 53, 112, 141, 167, Carinthia, duchy, 123, 126, 127, 210, 212, 261 210, 216 dukes of, 123 grants of tithes, 38 Carinthia, march of (to 976), 122 and the valvassores of Milan, 141 Carolingians, 60, 94, 103, 118, 128, 232, 256 Conrad the Younger, duke of Carinthia, 210 effectiveness at governing, 23 Conrad, bishop of Lucca, 150 empire as a state, 10, 21–2 Conradiner, Franconian dynasty, 237 legacy in Italy, 148 Constable, Giles,historian, 83 and tithe legislation, 64 Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum, 88, casa massarica, 161 121, 124 castellans. See knights Corvaia, village near Versilia (Viareggio), 166 castles, 137, 154, 155, 165, 168, 171, 172, 177, 259, Corvaresi, prominent family in Marlia, 166 260, 263, 266 Corvey, monastery, 221 Cerbaie, area SE of Lucca, 152 Costambeys, Marios, historian, 4 Chadaloh, count in the Chiemgau, 191 Coterozzo, fortress near Vaccoli, 166 chancery councils episcopal, 221 Châlons-sur-Saône (813), 48 royal, 127, 146, 196 Council of Aachen (816), 63 Charlemagne, Frankish emperor, 38, 52, 65, 66, Council of Châlons (813), 69 89, 91, 118, 249 Council of Châlons i(813), 81 creation of new bishoprics, 104 Council of Duisberg (929), 98 grants of tithes, 38 Council of Hohenaltheim (916), 98 Chiemgau, district in Bavaria, 119, 191, 195, Council of Mâcon (585), 45, 48, 62 196 Council of Mainz (813), 87 Chiemsee, monastery, 89 Council of Mainz (847), 74 conflict with Freising, 90 Council of Pavia (845–50), 74 chorbishops, 109, 118, 120, 124 Council of Toledo (Third), 87 Chrodegang, bishop of Metz, 82 Council of Tours (567), 45 Chunerad, brother of Sisemund of Council of Tribur (1036), 53 Montemagno, 161 Council of Verneuil (755), 84 Chunimund, father of Rodiland, Lucchese Council of Worms (829), 80, 87 aristocrat, 157 in Reisbach, Freising and Salzburg (800), 89 Cipolla, Carlo M., historian, 183 Synod of Ascheim (756), 62, 89 Cluny, monastery, 82, 225 Synod of Augsburg (952), 99 Codex Eberhardi, Fulda cartulary, 75 Synod of Erfurt (1073). See Erfurt, Synod of Coffridus, judge in Lucca, 165 Synod of Hohenaltheim (916), 188 Colle Mancoli, property in Valdottavo, 164 Synod of Ingelheim (948), 98 Collectio Dionysio-Hadriana, 76 Synod of Lorch, 192 Colliclo, area near Pescia(?), 165 Synod of Mistelbach, 193 coloni (dependent peasants) Synod of Tribur (895), 98 and tithes, 36, 37, 38, 46, 61, 238, 240 Synod of Trosly (909), 74 colonization, 121 Cozroh, canon of Freising, 89, 90, 91 Columbanus, Irish missionary, 83, 84 Crespina, village, 159 complacitationes, 189, 198, 203 Cunigunda, countess in the Hunsrück, 235 confirmation, episcopal Cunimundinghi, Lucchese family, 164 for lay donations, 218, 226 Cuniperga, wife of deacon Gherard, 163 confirmation, royal Cushing, Kathleen, historian, 257 for Fulda, 85 for Hersfeld, 249 De Institutione Laicali. See Jonas of Orléans, for Mantua, 100 bishop for Salzburg, 88, 207 de Jong, Mayake, historian, 8 Conrad (Chunerad), bishop of Lucca, Decretum of Gratian. See Gratian 112, 161 Dedi I, Saxon margrave, 223, 233, 241, 251 Conrad I, archbishop of Salzburg, 260, 262 opposition to Henry IV, 241 vita of, 261, 264 Dedi II, Saxon margrave, 241 Conrad I, German king, 98, 188 Depreux, Philippe, historian, 23 307

Index

Deutinger, Roman,historian, 75 Fanning, Stephen, historian, 6 Diecimo, village, 171 Farofolo, son of Farfolo, lord of San Disibodenberg, monastery, 109 Miniato, 159 Dodico, count, 112 Feistritz, village in Styria, 201 dominium. See lordship feudal mutation. See feudal revolution Donnuccio, major Lucchese lease holder, 158–9 feudal revolution, 5, 10, 258, 259 Dopsch, Heinz, historian, 213 outside France, 257 Dorla, village in Thuringia, 109, 232, 237 feudalism, 8, 141, 172, 257 Duby, Georges, historian, 3, 184 and the church, 138, 147, 151 language of, 173, 264 Edict of Rotharius, 72 Fichtenau, Heinrich, historian, 181, 198 Egbert, abbot of Fulda, 239 fideles, 74, 199, 212, 262, 263 Egbert, count of Braunschweig, 233 fidelitas, 26, 131, 137, 138, 145, 154, 173, 189, 259, Egbert, count of Weimar, 232 264, 265 Egbert, Saxon margrave, 233 Fleckenstein, Josef, historian, 7 Ekkehard II, margrave of Meißen, 233 Florence, 146, 154 Ekkehardinger, comital dynasty, 233 Forcheim, 108 Elemperto, bishop of Arezzo, 136 forgery Elici, area near Massarosa, 163, 164 Fulda’s papal privilege. See exemption Eligius of Rouen, saint privileges vita of, 55 Le Mans, 85 Eltville, village north of Mainz, 236 Osnabrück, 88, 221 empire, German Pseudo-Isidore. See Pseudo-Isidorian as a historiographical problem, 19 decretals and regional history, 24 of tithe agreements, 182, 203 Eppensteiner, comital dynasty, 123, 204, 205, formularies 208, 209, 259 Formulae Marculfi, 186 supporters of Henry IV, 261 Formulae Salzburgenses, 186, 187 Eppo, bishop of Zeitz, 241 Fraolmo, viscount of Lucca, 161, 165, 166 Eppo, Carinthian noble Frederick I, archbishop of Salzburg, 125, 127, tithe agreement with Baldwin of Salzburg, 191, 203, 204 195 Frederick, archbishop of Mainz, 96, 112, 217 Eppstein, counts of, family of Siegfried I of Frederick, count palatine in Saxony, 226, 237 Mainz, 221 opposition to Henry IV, 241 Erfurt, 2, 109, 110, 219, 224, 237, 239, 260 Fredianus, saint. See Lucca: S. Frediano Synod of (1073), 1, 244, 248, 252, 253 Freed, John B., historian, 193 Synod of (1074), 253 Freising, 117, 120 Eriteo, advocate of S. Martino, 151 possessions in Carinthia, 120 Erkambert, bishop of Freising, 70 Friesach, town in Styria, 121, 192, 195, 201 Erkanbald, archbishop of Mainz, 108 frontiers. See marches Erkanbald, Burggraf of Mainz, 113 Fulda, monastery, 1, 83, 84, 107, 215, 228, 239, Erlstätt, church near Traunstein, Bavaria, 246, 248 195, 196 early tithe disputes, 85 Ernst, Styrian noble, 204 economy of, 110, 229, 230 tithe agreement with Gebhard I, 201 foundation of, 228 Eschwege, royal estate, 232 sources for, 31 estates, royal territorial power of, 237 as centers of power, 110 tithe dispute with Siegfried I of exemption privileges Mainz, 253 for Hersfeld, 249 Fulda’s forged, 83, 84, 85, 250 Garfagnana valley, 26, 38, 127, 129, 132, 135, 157, monastic, 83, 85, 109, 219, 230, 240, 248 161, 164, 166, 171, 177 Geary, Patrick J., historian, 16 familia, 238, 254 Gebeni, urban prefect of Mainz, 242 episcopal, 194, 212, 237 Gebhard I, archbishop of Salzburg, 33, 127, 259. monastic, 110, 243 See also Chapter 5, passim 308

Index

early career, 206 Hartwig, count palatine in Bavaria, son of later vita of, 179 Aribo I, 193, 194 letter to Hermann of Metz, 207 Hartwig, Gewaltbote and count palatine in the opposition to Henry IV, 207 east, 123 and tithe agreements, 197–208, 260, 266 Hartwig, Gewaltbote in Carinthia, 209 vita of, 179, 185, 258 Hassegau, district in eastern Saxony, 232, 247 Gebhard, bishop of Prague, 245 Hasungen, monastery in Hessen, 225 Gelasius I, pope, 44. See also tithe, Hatto I, archbishop of Mainz, 100, 108, 111, quadripartition of 112, 237 Gerbald, bishop of Liège, 78, 82 Hatto, abbot of Fulda, 85 Gerhoh of Reichersberg, monastic author, Hatto, bishop of Freising, 70, 91, 93, 94 262 dispute with Tegernsee and Chiemsee 91 Gerlich, Alois, historian, 235 Havelberg, 99 Gernrode, Saxon monastery, 233 Hedwig, wife of Berthold of Ravengiersburg, Gerold, bishop of Mainz, 106 227, 235, 236 Gerstungen, peace of, 253 Heiligenstadt, village in Thuringia, 219, 237 Gewilib, bishop of Mainz, 106 Heining, village near Passau, 192 Gherard d. Morecto, advocate of Lucca, Hemma of Gurk, countess, 126 166, 168 Hen, Yitzhak, historian, 47, 51 Gherard I, bishop of Lucca, 151 Henry I, duke of Bavaria, 127 Gherard, brother of Sisemund, 161 Henry I, German king, 188, 231, 237 Gherard, deacon, later bishop of Lucca, Henry II (‘the Quarrelsome’), duke 158–9, 174 of Bavaria, 123 Gherardeschi, comital dynasty, 136, 171 Henry II, German emperor, 60, 104, 121, 127, Ghiselfrid, brother of Peter II of Lucca, 152 230, 232, 254 Giandrea, Mary Frances, historian, 12 Henry III, duke of Carinthia, 127 Giovanni, son of Rodiland, 157, 158 Henry III, German emperor, 167, 206, 210, 216, Giovanni, son of vicedominus Ostrifuso, 165 217, 219, 222, 233 Gisela, German empress, 217 Henry IV, duke of Bavaria. See Henry II, Glantschach, church in Carinthia, 203, 214 German emperor Gorze, monastery, 207 Henry IV, German emperor, 1, 11, 17, 88, 113, Goslar, royal palace, 223 137, 143, 168, 169, 206, 207, 218, 220, Göss, convent in Styria, 197, 201, 202, 203, 222, 223, 227, 233, 238, 240, 241, 247, 251, 204, 209 252, 253, 255, 261, 266 Gottfried, archbishop of Milan, 141 Henry of Eppenstein, duke of Carinthia, 213, Gratian, canonist, 170, 264 261, 262 on tithes, 264–5 Henry Raspe, landgrave of Thuringia, 260 Gregory of Tours, bishop, 54 Henry V, German emperor, 249 Grimaldo, priest of S. Christina in Massa Herard, bishop of Tours, 79 Pisana, 161 Herford, convent, 221 Guidi, comital family, 156 Herlihy, David, historian, 6, 26, 183 Guido, bishop of Lucca, 159, 164 Herold, archbishop of Salzburg, 127 Guido, brother of bishop Teudgrim of Herrenchiemsee, collegiate church, 125 Lucca, 160 Hersfeld, monastery, 1, 38, 108, 215, 228, Gunther, archbishop of Salzburg, 127 246, 249 Gunther, bishop of Bamberg, 223 economy of, 229, 230 Gunther, count of the Chiemgau, 124 foundation of, 228 Gurk, monastery and bishopric, 126, 179, 202, sources for, 31 208, 212, 214 territorial power of, 237 tithe dispute with Halberstadt, 248 hagiography tithe dispute with Siegfried I of Mainz, revisions in the eleventh century, 56 253 Hartnid, advocate of Göss, 201, 204, 209 Hezilo, bishop of Hildesheim tithe agreement with Gebhard I, 201 and the riot at Goslar, 223 Hartwig, archbishop of Salzburg, 124, 126, Hildebrand, judge in Lucca, 165 196, 209 Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, 81 309

Index

Hirsau, monastery, 207 knights, 141, 173, 174, 193, 223, 227, 236, 238, Hofkapelle. See royal chapel 259, 266. See also lordship; milites; Howe, John, historian, 267 ministerials Hrabanus Maurus, abbot of Fulda, archbishop as a class, 4, 173 of Mainz, 78, 85, 108 in Milan, 142 Hugh of Provence, king of Italy, 100, 135, and tithes, 238, 239 145, 152 Königssundergau, district in Hessen, 221 Hugo, count in Marlia, 166 Kotabert, Salzburg chorbishop, 190 Hugo, king of Italy, 135 Kuchenbuch, Ludolf, historian, 14 Hugo, margrave of Tuscany, 146, 161 Humbert of Silva Candida, reformer, 139, Lambach, monastery in Upper Austria, 207 147, 261 Lambert of Spoleto, king of Italy, 140, 145, 153 Hummer, Hans, historian, 4, 266 Lampert of Hersfeld, chronicler, 1, 31, 218, 225, 241, 246, 250, 252, 253, 258 Ildebrand, lord of Montemagno, 172 Lampertus, son of vicedominus Ostrifuso, 165 Ildebrando da Maona, lord of Montecatini, land lordship. See lordship, territorial 171, 173 Landesgeschichte, 7, 24–5, 27 immunity privileges, 135 landscape, 27 for canons, 135 Landulf Senior, Milanese chronicler, 141, 142, episcopal, 147, 235 143, 180, 184 for Fulda, 239 Landulf, archbishop of Milan (claimant), monastic, 16, 83, 134, 229, 237 142, 143 and power, 85 Landulf, son of the castellan Bonizio, 142 royal, 99, 100, 111, 134 Laviano, area on the Arno (uncertain), 160 imperial church system, 9, 99, 111, 126–7, Rodiland, father of Giovanni, 157 147, 257 leasing. See livelli changes in eleventh century, 95 Leo IX, pope, 218, 219 incastellamento, 26, 156 Leo, judge in Lucca, 163, 167, 169 Inghifrid, brother of Rodiland, 158 Leyser, Karl, 12 Innes, Matthew, historian, 4, 22, 107 Libri Feudorum, legal treatise, 147, 155 Innichen, monastery, 120 Libri tres contra simoniacos. See Humbert of Silva inquests, episcopal Candida regarding tithes, 198, 220 Licetro, castle in Montemagno, 172 inquests, public. See placitum Lippoldsberg, convent in Hessen, 218, 220, 224 inquisitio. See inquests Liudolf, brother of Otto I, rebel, 112, 127 Investiture Controversy, 31, 137, 141, 143, 168, Liutpold (Leopold) of Babenberg, margrave in 197, 213, 224 the east, 121 Italy Liutpold, archbishop of Mainz, 111, 206, 217, historiography, 20 218, 219, 247 Liutpold, margrave of Carinthia, count of the Jeremiah, bishop of Lucca, 148, 149, 150 Donaugau, 122, 188 Jerome, saint Liutpoldinger, Bavarian dynasty, 95, 122–3 on tithing, 43, 44 Liutpram, archbishop of Salzburg, 125, 187 John II, bishop of Lucca, 166, 167, 168, 173 livelli John XIII, pope, 230 attempts to restrict, 168 Jonas of Orléans, bishop as benefices, 141, 151, 152, 153, 155 De Institutione Laicali, 79–80 and episcopal politics, 131–2, 133, 136, 141, Jonas of Orléans, bishop, 79 148, 150, 151, 153, 173 Jones, Anna Trumbore, historian, 6 historical background, 130 Julianus Pomerius, monastic author, 63 in Pisa, 136 rent collected from, 153 Kaiser, Reinhold, historian, 36 and social networks, 145, 157, 158, 168 Kaiserswerth, coup at, 222 and tithe rights, 139, 176 Kaufungen, convent, 240 as a tool of social power, 154, 164, 264 tithes belonging to, 110 Lombards, 128 Keller, Hagen, historian, 26 Lombardy, 21, 97, 126 310

Index

Lorch, (Enns), town in Upper Austria, 54, 103, Altenmünster, 107 114, 120, 192 cathedral of St. Martin, 106, 111, 112, 217, lords of Montemagno, 264 227, 236 lordship, 13, 165, 170, 228, 265 St. Alban, 106, 111, 234, 242 episcopal, 14, 97, 208, 253, 254, 256 St. Jakob, 114, 218, 219, 242 and knights (castellans), 8, 12 St. Lambert, 107 territorial, 24, 172, 175, 178, 227, 230, 237, St. Mary, 109 258, 263 St. Nikomedes, 106, 219, 242 Lothar I, Frankish emperor, 71 St. Peter, 109, 241, 246 Lothar II, king of Italy, 135, 152 St. Stephen, 109 Louis II, king of Italy, 145, 148 mallus, 89 Louis the Child, East Frankish king, 7, 126 Mammoli, area north of Lucca, 172, 173, 174 Louis the German, East Frankish king, 119, Mann, Michael, sociologist, 14 124, 187 manorialism, 110, 129 Louis the Pious, Frankish emperor, 8, 64, 73, marches, 208, 229, 260 95, 119 Carinthian, 199 Lucca in the east (Bavarian), 119, 121, 123, 126 archives, 144 in the east (Saxon), 231, 232, 233, 241 cathedral chapter, 100, 133, 134, 135, 146, 163, Maria-Wörth, church in Carinthia, 121 164, 165, 168, 172, 175, 177 Markwart of Eppenstein, margrave, 208, coin mint, 154 209, 210 early history, 127–9 tithe agreement with Gebhard I, 197–208 economy, 129, 154 Markwart, margrave, ancestor of the judicial/notarial class, 134, 144, 169 Eppensteiner, 123, 209 sources for, 31 Marlia, area north of Lucca, 157, 166 urban churches Massa Macinaia, area near Lucca, 135, 160, cathedral of S. Martino, 132, 133, 135, 151, 161, 164 159, 164, 166, 168 Massarosa, area west of Lucca, 135, 160, 163, 165 S. Angelo, 160 Mathilda of Canossa, margravine of Tuscany, S. Donato, 132, 134 137, 169, 171, 172, 175 S. Frediano, 132, 133 McKitterick, Rosamond historian, 258 S. Gervasio, 149, 150 Meginher, abbot of Hersfeld S. Pietro Maggiore, 160 and tithe dispute with Halberstadt, 247 S. Ponziano, 169 Melchizidek, Old Testament king, 40, 43, 64 S. Ponziano, 134 Melichar, Erwin, historian, 265 S. Reparata, 132 memory S. Tomasso, 168 archival, 145, 242, 250 S. Vincenzo, 132 aristocratic, 235 and the Tuscan margraves, 146, 169 and church property, 174, 185, 220 urban commune, 137, 175 and historiography, 216, 246, 247, 260 Ludowinger, comital dynasty, 233, 236 institutional, 88, 250, 254, 266 Ludwig the Bearded, ancestor of the and place, 103, 218 Ludowinger, 234, 242 and reform, 19, 267 Lull, archbishop of Mainz, 62, 108, 229 social, 83, 182 vita of, 249 mensa episcopalis, 160 Merseburg, 232 Magdeburg, 99, 104 Methodius, saint and missionary, 120, 122 Magyars, 18, 122, 152, 184, 188 Metz, 110 invasions, 97, 116, 193, 213 Middle Rhine, region, 44, 75, 105, 107, 110, 119, Mailloux, Anne, historian, 133 124, 126, 266 Mainz rural settlements, 110–11 archdiaconates, 109 Milan, 147, 154, 177, 184 Burggraf, 112 miles. See knights early history, 105–9 milites, 141, 143, 238, 239. See also knights economy of, 111, 243 Millstatt, monastery in Carinthia, 202, 204, urban churches and monasteries 211, 213 311

Index

ministerials, 194, 212, 238, 260, 266. Passau, 38, 47, 88, 103, 117, 120, 123, 185, 192, See also knights 193, 197 political power of, 237 Patzold, Steffen, historian,8 Mishnah, 41 Pauler, Roland, historian, 8 missi, 80, 85, 149, 160, 191 penitentials, 48, 49 under the Carolingians, 22 of Burchard of Worms. See Burchard of monasticism Worms and reform, 207, 225, 266 Irish, 49 Monte Pisano, 129, 132 Lorcher Beichte, 50 Montecatini, castle in the Valdinievole, 171 Penitential of Merseburg, 49 Montemagno, lords of, 161, 171, 172, 174 Penitential of St. Hubert, 49 Moravia, 120, 122 Penitential of Theodore, 49 Moriano, area north of Lucca, 171, 263, 264 Reichenauer Beichte, 50 Mühlhausen, assembly at, 238, 240, 241, 251 Pescia, village, 129, 161, 165, 166 Peter Damian, reformer, 140, 147, 174, 258, 259 Niederaltaich, monastery Peter II, bishop of Lucca, 135, 151, 165 polyptic of, 116 Peter, anti-bishop in Lucca, 168 Nörten, church near Hannover, 218, 220 Peter, bishop of Arezzo, 152 North, William, historian, 18 Pibo, bishop of Toul, 241 Notitia Arnonis, 88, 89, 119, 186, 187, 195, 197 Pietro, priest of S. Lorenzo in Vajano, 150 pievi, 68, 71. See also Chapter 4, passim Oci, count palatine, founder of Ossiach, 193 alienation of, 139–40, 170 Oci, Gewaltbote in Carinthia, 209 Camaiore, near Versilia, 161, 168 Odalbert, archbishop of Salzburg, 182, 188–9, disputes over, 149 193, 194, 195, 198, 209, 213, 265 Loppia, in the Garfagnana, 157 family of, 192 reclamation of, 171 Odilo, duke of Bavaria, 116, 117 S. Ambrogio, in Elici, 163 Orlamünde, village in Thuringia, 227 S. Christina, in Massa Pisana, 160 Osnabrück. See Benno II, bishop of S. Christina, in Massa Pisana, 161 Ossiach, monastery in Carinthia, 58, 193, 197, S. Christina, in Massa Pisana, 165 198, 199, 202, 204, 209 S. Genesio, in Vico Vallari, 168 Ostmark. See marches S. Gervasio, near San Miniato, 159, 160, 164 Ostrifuso, episcopal vicedominus in Lucca, 165 S. Hippolyte, in Aniano in the Otakare, comital dynasty, 213 Garfagnana, 152 Otgar, arcbhishop of Mainz, 87 S. Lorenzo, in Vaccoli, 158, 160 Otloh of St. Emmeram, hagiographer, 248 S. Lorenzo, in Vajano, 150 and revision of the Vita Bonifatii, 248 S. Maria di Atriana, in Valtriano, Otting. See Alotting near Pisa, 159 Otto I, German emperor, 104, 123, 127, 135, 145 S. Maria di Quarratiana, in Corazzano, 159 Otto II, German emperor, 111, 123, 127, 142, 143 S. Maria, in Pescia, 161 Otto III, German emperor, 127, 134 S. Pancrazio, in Marlia, 157, 158, 161, 163, 164 Otto of Northeim, duke of Bavaria, 241 S. Paolo, in Turinghi, 164 opposition to Henry IV, 241 S. Regulo, in Gualdo (dioc. Livorno), 129 Otto, count of Weimar, 232, 233, 235, 250, 251 S. Stefano, in Villora, 161 tithe agreement with Siegfied I, 226, 250 SS. Stefano and Cristofero Ottonians, 7, 11, 60, 97, 231, 232, 254. (dioc. Livorno), 136 See also individual monarchs sub-leasing of, 150, 152 in Italy, 100, 133, 134 Pilgrim I, archbishop of Salzburg, 126 new episcopal foundations, 99 Pilgrim I, bishop of Passau, 185, 192 rebellion against, 123, 127 Pilgrim of Ortenburg, patriarch of Aquileia, 262 Paderborn, 112 pilgrimage, of the bishops (1064), 223 pallium, 207, 217, 218 Pippin III, Frankish king, 62 Pannonia, 122, 124 Pisa, 136 Pascal II, pope, 170 placitum, 70, 140, 146, 149, 151, 161, 166, 169, Paschasius Radbertus, monastic author, 86 172, 198, 258 312

Index

Poppo, bishop of Trier, 121 Reginbodo, brother of count Sigibodo of Poppo, duke of Thuringia, 108 Mainz, 234 Poppo, patriarch of Aquileia, 209 Reginhard, Bavarian noble and advocate of Populonia, 158 Salzburg, 190 Porcari, area east of Lucca, 158, 159, 166, 167, Reginhard, brother of Siegfried I of Mainz, 221 173, 259 Regino of Prüm, chronicler and canon law Pöschl, Arnold, historian, 184 compiler, 77, 98, 100 power, 13, 14, 22, 228 Reuter, Timothy, historian, 6, 12, 96, 267 episcopal, 96, 107, 111, 112, 135, 147, 220, 227, Reynolds, Susan, historian, 27 258, 263 Rheingau, district in the Middle Rhine, 234, royal, 148 235, 236 precaria, 36, 130, 239 Richardis, abbess of Göss, 209 Pressburg, battle of, 122, 188 Riculf, archbishop of Mainz, 85, 108 Priwina, Moravian prince, 124 Rieneck, counts of. See Ludowinger property Rihni, wife of archbishop Odalbert of changing perceptions of, 259 Salzburg, 191 concepts of, 216 ritual, 11, 13 of the church, 143, 183 Rodiland, episcopal vassal in the Val d’Era, 130 as benefice, 235 Rodiland, father of Giovanni, lease holder in exchanges of, 189–92 Marlia, 163 proprietary church, 124 Rodiland, memorialized in donation by in Bavaria, 124–5 Adalpaldo, 164 in Italy, 140 Rodiland, son of Sisemund, landowner in in the Middle Rhine, 234 Vaccoli, 166, 174 in Thuringia, 226 Roffredus, Lucchese archdeacon, 165 in Tuscany, 130 Romano-Germanic Pontifical, 111 legal theory, 184 Rösener, Werner, historian, 229 monastic, 219 Rosenwein, Barbara, historian, 83, 147 parochial rights for, 199, 202, 203, 212 Rossdorf, church in Hessen, 234 and partition of tithes, 44 royal chapel, 111, 127, 206, 207 Pseudo-Isidorian decretals, 86, 100 Rugger (Rudiger) II, advocate of Fulda, 232 treatment of church property in, 86 Rugger III, founder of Gernrode, 233 Rugger, son of Wigger, 232 quartese, partition of tithes, 177 Rupert, abbot and bishop of Salzburg, 116

Rafolt, Salzburg ministerial, 190, 192 S. Donato, church in Longoria (Arezzo), 153 Rangerio, bishop of Lucca, 170, 172, 173, 174 S. Maria a Monte, village SE of Lucca, 129, Rather of Verona, bishop, 60 152, 263 Ravengiersburg, church in the Hunsrück, 227, S. Salvatore, church in Valdottavo, 164 228, 235, 236 S. Salvatore, monastery in Sesto, 134 rebellion Saalfeld, monastery, 225, 226, 228 resistance to tithes as, 243 Salians, 11, 123, 254. See also individual of Saxons and Thuringians, 1, 232, 241, monarchs 251, 255 and Italian politics, 167 reform, 185, 257 Salzburg and church property, 17, 139, 168, 177, 184, confraternity book of St. Peter’s, 117 196, 268 early history, 20, 103, 114–20 Gregorian, 8, 208, 253, 256, 257 episcopal chancery, 186, 197, 203, 214 and historical consciousness, 252–3 monastery of St. Peter, 31, 116, 125, 196, 207 in the eleventh century, 17 San Miniato, lords of, 159 of lower churches, 227 San Miniato, village SE of Lucca, 129, 160, 168, monastic. See monasticism 176, 177 social contexts of, 267 Santifaller, Leo, historian, 7 under Carolingians, 56–60, 72–3 Saxon War. See rebellion Regensburg, 117 Saxony, 24, 51 Reggio, 158 tithe imposed in, 51 313

Index

Schmid, Karl, historian, 3 Styria, region, 121, 126, 179, 193, 208, Schwarzmaier, Hansmartin, historian, 157, 212, 213 160, 169 Suchan, Monika, historian, 8, 9 seals, 202–3 Sulza, collegiate church in Thuringia, 226, episcopal, 205 227, 237 and identity, 204–5 Sunderold, archbishop of Mainz, 108 Segromigno, village NE of Lucca, 164 synods. See councils Semmler, Josef, historian, 217 Serchio, river, 129, 158, 171, 176, 177 Tassilo, duke of Bavaria, 62, 91, 92, 118 Sergi, Giuseppe, historian, 146 Tassilo, priest of S. Hippolyte, 152 servi (dependent peasants) Tegernsee, monastery, 89 and tithes, 37, 46, 70, 194, 238, 240 conflict with Freising, 92 servitium, 69, 70, 191, 225, 226, 230, 237 Tellenbach, Gerd, historian, 216 episcopal, 69, 70 Teodald, bishop of Arezzo, 136 royal, 65 Teudgrim, bishop of Lucca, 143, 265. Sesto, in the Garfagnana, 164 See Chapter 4, passim Severinus, saint and missionary, 54, 114 family of, 160 vita of, 54 Teudgrim, son of Farofalo, lord of San Miniato, Sidonius, bishop of Mainz, 105 159, 160 Siegburg, monastery, 225 Theodo, duke of Bavaria, 117 Siegfried I, archbishop of Mainz, 1, 108, 112, Theodulf, bishop of Orléans, 77 113, 215, 219, 220, 222, 224, 225, 226, Theuerkauf, Gerhard, historian, 101 227, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, Thietmar I, archbishop of Salzburg, 188 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 250, 251, Thietmar II, archbishop of Salzburg, 127, 183 252, 253, 258, 259 Thietmar of Merseburg, chronicler, 232 early career, 221–3 Thuringia, province, 266 opposition to Henry IV, 223 as a duchy, 231 tithe agreement with Otto of Weimar, 250 early history, 232 tithe dispute with Fulda and Hersfeld, 251 geography of, 231 tithe dispute with Thuringians, 251 law, 231 Siegfried, brother of Rodiland, 158 Mainz possessions in, 237 Siegfried, east Saxon count, 232 opposition to tithe reform, 251 Sighardinger, comital dynasty, 124, 126, 127, 189 peace agreement, 251 Sigibodo, urban count of Mainz, 234 tithe Sirico, son of Donnuccio, 166 alienation to laymen, 174, 177, 195, 197, 235, Siro, bishop of Genoa, 177 256, 258 Sisemund, landowner in Vaccoli, 166 as benefice, 190, 193, 238, 264 Sisemund, lord of Montemagno, 161 and church fathers, 44 Sisemund, son of Chunerad, 161 as a commodity, 15, 175 Slavs, 51, 52, 53, 115, 118, 180, 181 in the early church, 43 Sonnlechner, Christoph, historian, 23 and hagiography, 54–61 Sorbano, area W of Lucca, 164 imposed on recent converts. See tithe, Slavic Spanheimer, comital dynasty, 261 and kinship ties, 211 St. Blasien, monastery, 207 monastic, 83–9 St. Lamprecht, Eppensteiner family monastery, in New Testament, 41 121, 204, 213 in Old Testament, 39–41 St. Martin, church in Feistritz, 204 in the penitential tradition, 48–50 St. Pancratius, church in Orlamünde, 226 and power, 16, 47, 53, 145, 175, 229 St. Peter, church in Erfurt, 224 problems collecting, 71, 79–82, 99, 137, 153, St. Peter, church on the Jechaberg, 109 219, 235, 260 St. Peter-im-Holz, church in Carinthia, 118, 121 quadripartition of, 44, 73, 89, 93, 177 Staab, Franz, historian, 242 recovering possession of, 31, 177, 180, 216, state. See Carolingians 219, 243. See also tithe agreements Sts. Peter and Alexander, church. resistance to. See tithe, problems collecting See Aschaffenburg as secular tax, 35–9

314

Index

and social networks, 189 Verfassungsgeschichte, 25 Slavic, 53, 180, 181, 212, 214 Versilia (Viareggio), 135, 161, 165, 166, 176 tithe agreements, 182, 185, 192, 194, 195, 198, Via Francigena, 128, 152 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, Vicopelago, area S of Lucca, 165 218, 219, 220, 226, 240, 254, 260, 266 Villach, town, 121 tithe disputes, 257 Villora (Villa), village SE of Lucca, 161 in Freising, 94 Violante, Cinzio, historian, 165, 227 Thuringian, 2, 17, 215, 238, 253, 260 violence, feudal, 4, 5, 98, 173 tithe rights, 16, 31, 38, 76, 84, 93, 105, 109, 115, Virgil, bishop of Salzburg, 117, 118, 124 141, 144, 145, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160, 175, Vita Sancti Lulli. See Lull, archbishop of Mainz 176, 177, 193, 194, 195, 197, 203, 204, 215, Vita Uodalrici. See Ulrich of Augsburg 217, 220, 221, 224, 234, 237, 238, 242, 247, 248, 250, 262 Walaram, Frankish magnate, 108 defended in historical writing, 246 Walfrit, Carinthian noble and social networks, 208 tithe agreement with Baldwin of toponymics (as family names), 156 Salzburg, 195 Toubert, Pierre, historian, 25 Wehlt, Hans-Peter, historian, 229 Traditionsbücher, 30, 33, 127, 181, 182, 189, 193, Weidinger, Ulrich, historian, 229 197, 212 Weimar, town in Thuringia, 232 of Admont, 261, 262 counts of, 233 Codex Balduuini, 183, 194, 196, 197 Weinfurter, Stefan, historian, 101 Codex Fridarici, 182 Welf IV, duke of Bavaria, 234 Codex Odalberti, 182, 190, 194 Wels-Lambach, comital dynasty, 206, 213 Codex Thietmari, 183, 196 Werenhard, Thuringian noble, 239 of Freising, 197 White, Hayden, historian, 29 of Passau, 197 Wickham, Chris, historian, 26, 133, 150, 165 of Säben-Brixen, 6 Widera, Erica, historian, 99, 101 of St. Peter’s in Salzburg, 196 Widerad, abbot of Fulda, 223, 238 Traungau, district in Bavaria, 122, 189, 207, 213 Widukind of Corvey, chronicler, 237 Turinghi, area W of Lucca, 164 Wigger, Hessian count, 232, 242 Tuscany, 19, 21, 26, 33 Willelmo, lease recipient in Corazzano, duchy, 128 159, 160 regional aristocracy, 146, 155 Willeram, son of Isimbald, 164 rural communes, 175, 263 William of Sanntal, count, 126 Tyrol, 6 William, abbot of Ossiach, 198, 199, 202 William, ancestor of the counts of Weimar, 232 Uberto, judge in Lucca, 169, 172 William, archbishop of Mainz, 112 Udalrich, brother of Siegfried I of Mainz, 221 William, count of Weimar, 233, 250 Ulrich of Augsburg, bishop, 56, 96, 205 William, margrave of Sanntal, husband of vita of, 56–60, 96 Hemma of Gurk, 210 Ulrich of Eppenstein, patriarch of Aquileia, 261 Willigis, archbishop of Mainz, 75, 109, 111, 112, 193, 216 Vaccoli, village S of Lucca, 132, 158, 160, 161, Wolfgang, bishop of Regensburg 166, 167, 177 and monastic reform, 125 Val d’Era, 129, 130, 158, 177 Wolfram, bishop of Regensburg, 207 Valdinievole, 38, 129, 135, 163, 166, 168, 171 Wood, Susan, historian, 77, 83, 184 Valdottavo, village, 164 valvassores, 141, 143, 177 Zeckiel-Eckes, Klaus, historian, 86 Venantius Fortunatus, poet, 55 Zenobio, bishop of Pisa, 136

315