IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas
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IEEE Std 145-1993 (Revision of IEEE Std 145-1983) IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas Sponsor Antenna Standards Committee of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Approved March 18, 1993 IEEE Standards Board Abstract: Definitions of terms in the field of antennas are provided. Keywords: antennas, definitions, propagation, terminology The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USA Copyright © 1993 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 1993. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 1-55937-317-2 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Authorized licensed use limited to: McMaster University. Downloaded on June 01,2012 at 21:05:11 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 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Downloaded on June 01,2012 at 21:05:11 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Introduction (This introduction is not a part of IEEE Std 145-1993, IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas.) This document is a revision of IEEE Std 145-1983, IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas, and corrects minor errors that appeared in that printing. The original standard was issued in 1969. The following persons were on the working group that developed this document: Donald G. Bodnar, Chair Charles C. Allen Edward Joy Antoine G. Roederer A. David Bresler Walter K. Kahn Allen C. Schell Richard H. Bryan Flemming H. Larsen Alan J. Simmons Robert B. Dybdal Richard B. Mack G. P. Tricoles William J. English Allen C. Newell Michael T. Tuley E. S. Gillespie H. George Oltman Edward A. Urbanik Edward Hart A. David Olver A. T. Villeneuve Doren Hess Harold R. Raemer Jonathan D. Young The following persons were on the balloting committee that approved this document for submission to the IEEE Standards Board: Charles C. Allen Doren Hess Antoine G. Roederer Donald G. Bodnar Edward Joy Allen C. Schell A. David Bresler Walter K. Kahn Alan J. Simmons Richard H. Bryan Flemming H. Larsen G. P. Tricoles Robert B. Dybdal Richard B. Mack Michael T. Tuley William J. English Allen C. Newell Edward A. Urbanik E. S. Gillespie H. George Oltman A. T. Villeneuve Edward Hart A. David Olver Jonathan D. Young Harold R. Raemer When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on March 18, 1993 it had the following membership: Wallace S. Read, Chair Donald C. Loughry, Vice Chair Andrew G. Salem, Secretary Gilles A. Baril Ben C. Johnson Don T. Michael* Clyde R. Camp Walter J. Karplus Marco W. Migliaro Donald C. Fleckenstein Lorraine C. Kevra L. John Rankine Jay Forster* E. G. “Al” Kiener Arthur K. Reilly David F. Franklin Ivor N. Knight Ronald H. Reimer Ramiro Garcia Joseph Koepfinger* Gary S. Robinson Donald N. Heirman D. N. “Jim” Logothetis Leonard L. Tripp Jim Isaak Donald W. Zipse *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal James Beall Richard B. Engelman David E. Soffrin Stanley I. Warshaw Christopher J. Booth IEEE Standards Project Editor iii Authorized licensed use limited to: McMaster University. Downloaded on June 01,2012 at 21:05:11 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Contents CLAUSE PAGE 1. Overview.............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Scope............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Background.................................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Reference ..................................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Definition structure ...................................................................................................................... 3 2. Definitions............................................................................................................................................ 3 iv Authorized licensed use limited to: McMaster University. Downloaded on June 01,2012 at 21:05:11 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas 1. Overview 1.1 Scope It is assumed in this standard that an antenna is a passive linear reciprocal device. Thus, where a definition implies the use of an antenna in a transmitting situation, its use in a receiving situation is also implicit, unless specifically stated otherwise. When an antenna or group of antennas is combined with circuit elements that are active, nonlinear, or nonre- ciprocal, the combination is regarded as a system that includes an antenna. Examples of such cases are an adaptive antenna system and a signal-processing antenna system; the complete conical-scanning, monopulse, and compound interferometer systems also fall in this category. For terms that are quantitative, it is understood that frequency must be specified. For those in which phase or polarization is a significant part of the definition, a coherent source of power is implied. Whenever a term is commonly used in other fields but has specialized significance in the field of antennas, this is noted in the title. When applying terms pertaining to radiation characteristics, such as gain, polarization, beamwidth, etc., to multiple-beam antennas, each port shall be considered to be that of a separate antenna with a single main beam. For polarization diversity systems that may include active devices, these terms apply to each polariza- tion state for which the antenna is adjusted. Throughout this standard, where phasors are used, or are implied, the time convention shall be taken to be exp(jωt). 1.2 Background The definitions of terms contained herein, for the most part, stand alone and are easily understood out of context. The terms pertaining to gain, directivity and polarization, however, are interrelated and hence require some elaboration. The viewpoint taken for polarization is that this term can be used in three related meanings. It can apply a) To a field vector at some point in space b) To a plane wave c) To an antenna The polarization of a field vector specifies the shape, orientation, and sense of the ellipse that the extremity of the field vector describes as a function of time. This applies to any field vector: electric field, magnetic field, velocity field in a plasma, displacement field in a solid, etc. In a single-frequency plane wave, a speci- fied field vector