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Decontamination of Soil Using Electro-Osmosis. Jihad Tawfiq Ah Med Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

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Decontamination of Soil Using Electro-Osmosis. Jihad Tawfiq Ah Med Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1990 Decontamination of Soil Using Electro-Osmosis. Jihad Tawfiq aH med Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Hamed, Jihad Tawfiq, "Decontamination of Soil Using Electro-Osmosis." (1990). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5054. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/5054 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. • University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-13-16 USA 313 761-4700 800 521-0600 Order Number 9123197 Decontamination of soil using electro-osmosis Hamed, Jihad Tawfiq, Ph.D. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1990 UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 DECONTAMINATION OF SOIL USING ELECTRO-OSMOSIS A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Civil Engineering BY Jihad T. Hamed M.S., University of Texas at EL Paso, 1986 December 1990 DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS, WHOSE LOVE, SUPPORT, UNDERSTANDING AND ENCOURAGEMENT NEVER CEASED TO INSPIRE ME ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere thanks to his major advisor Dr. Y?Jcin B. A car for his patient supervision during the period in which this study was carried out. My appreciation is also extended to Dr. Robert J Gale for his valuable suggestions and for serving in my committee. I would like to extend my thanks to Dr. Mehmet T. Tumay, Dr. Joseph N. Suhayda, Dr. Dipak Roy, Dr. J. Dorr oh, and Dr. Bengston for serving in my committee. I would also like to extend my appreciation to the Board of Regents for awarding this study which provided me the financial assistance necessary to conduct this work. Finally, the author wishes to express his sincere thanks to his parents, brothers, and sisters for their love, understanding and encouragement throughout his graduate education. Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURE ...................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 1 1.1 Scope of Study ............................................... 3 CHAPTER H LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................. 4 2.1 Electrokinetic Phenomena in Soils .................................. 4 2.2 Review of Theories for Electro-Osmosis .................... 10 Water Transport 2.2.1 Double Electric Layer Theory(Helmholtz) . 11 2.2.2 Schmid Theory ................................................. 11 2.2.3 Spiegler Friction Model ................................... 15 2.3 Potential Uses of Electrokinetics in Waste .................. 18 Management 2.4 Synthesis of Available Data .......................................... 19 2.5 Removal of Contaminants by Electrokinetic ............... 34 Soil Processing CHAPTER HI MODELLING OF ACID/BASE DISTRIBUTIONS 37 3.1 Analytical Modeling ........................................................ 37 3.1.1 Chemistry by Electrode Reactions and pH Gradients .............................................. 38 3.1.2 Mass Transfer in the System .............. 42 3.2 Predictions of The Analytical Model .......................... 48 CHAPTER IV METHODOLOGY ........................................................ 53 4.1 Testing Program ............................................. 53 4.2 Permeation Fluid . 58 4.3 Contaminants ............................................................... 58 4.4 Testing Equipm ent .......................................................... 58 4.5 Specimen Preparation ...................................................... 63 4.6 Testing Procedure ........................................................... 64 CHAPTER V ANALYSIS OF RESULTS ......................................... 67 5.1 Feasibility Tests .............................................................. 67 5.1.1 Pb(II) ................................................................ 67 5.1.1.1 Electrical Potential Gradients and Flow ................................................. 69 5.1.1.2 Effluent pH ........................................ 73 5.1.1.3 pH Profiles ........................................ 73 5.1.1.4 Conductivity ...................................... 78 5.1.1.5 Efficiency of Pb(II) Removal ............ 85 5.1.1.6 Energy Expenditure ........................... 91 5.1.2 Cd(II) ...................................................... 95 5.1.2.1 Electrical Potential Gradients and Flow 95 5.1.2.2 Effluent pH ...................................... 102 5.1.2.3 pH Profiles ..................................... 105 5.1.2.4 Conductivity ................................... 107 5.1.2.5 Efficiency of Cd(II) Removal .... 109 5.1.2.6 Energy Expenditure ........................ 113 5.1.3 CrfTII) ................................................. 115 5.1.3.1 Electrical Potential Gradients and Flow 115 5.1.3.2 Effluent pH ............ 125 5.1.3.3 pH Profiles ..................................... 125 5.1.3.4 Conductivity ................................. 128 5.1.3.5 Efficimcy of Cr(DI) Removal .... 131 5.1.3.6 Energy Expenditure ........................ 134 5.2 Concentration and Current Density Effects ......................................................... 136 5.2.1 Efficiency of Removal ................................... 140 5.2.2 Energy Expenditure ..................................... 149 CHAPTER VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ........................... 163 6.1 Implications .................................. 163 6.1.1 Electrochemistry .......................................... 163 6.1.2 Efficiency ................................ 164 6.2 Conclusions .................................................................. 168 REFERENCES ............................................................................. 172 APPENDICES ............................................................................................ 178 v Experimental Results for Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cr(H) .. 180 APPENDIX A: i APPENDIX B: Two-Dimensional Finite Element Method Formulation for the Analytical Model ............................................ 208 APPENDIX C: Two-Dimensional Finite Element Method Code for the Analytical Model ............................................ 218 APPENDIX D: Reprint Permission from Hamed, et al. 1991 .... 230 APPENDIX E: A two Dimensional Finite Element Program for Advective/Dispersive Migration of Reactive Contaminants ...................................................... See Packet Vita ........... ....................................................................................... 231 vi List of Tables Table 2.1 Analysis of Laboratory Data Reported for Removal of Chemicals by Electrokinetics ........................... 21 Table 2.2 Synthesis of Field Data Reported for Removal of Chemicals by Electrokinetics ........................................... 30 Table 4.1 Typical Physical and Chemical Properties .......................... 54 Table 4.2 Characteristics of Georgia K aolinite ....................................... 55 Table 4.3 Summary of Testing Program ............................................... 59 Table 5.1 Summary of Testing Program and Processing Data ............ 68 Table 5.2 pH Distributions Across
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