Electrostatic Charging Due to Separation of Ions at Interfaces: Contact Electrification of Ionic Electrets Logan S
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Electrokinetic Soil Processing in Waste Remediation and Treatment: Synthesis of Available Data
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1312 153 Electrokinetic Soil Processing in Waste Remediation and Treatment: Synthesis of Available Data YALCIN B. AcAR AND JIHAD HAMED Electrokinetic soil processing is an innovative in situ technique cantly affect the flow, the flow efficiency, and the extent of to remove contaminants from soils and groundwater. The process ion migration and removal in electrokinetic soil processing. is an alternative to conventional processes, with significant eco nomic and technical advantages. This paper provides a compre hensive review of the literature on electrokinetic soil processing. ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA IN SOILS The fundamentals of electrokinetic phenomena in soils and their potential use in waste management are presented. A synthesis of Coupling between electrical, chemical, and hydraulic gra available data on the technique is presented. Engineering impli dients is responsible for different types of electrokinetic phe cations regarding the current-voltage regime, duration energy nomena in soils. These phenomena include electroosmosis, requirements, and soil contaminant characteristics are provided. This review indicates that the process can be used efficiently to electrophoresis, streaming potential, and sedimentation po remove ions from saturated soil deposits. tential, as shown in Figure 1. Electroosmosis and electropho resis are the movement of water and particles, respectively, caused by application of a small direct current. Streaming The need to remove contaminants from soil and groundwater, potential and sedimentation potential are the generation of a the high cost of current remediation techniques ($50 to $1,500 current by the movement of water under hydraulic potential per cubic yard of soil), and limited resources lead to an ev and movement of particles under gravitational forces, re erlasting strife to find new, innovative, and cost-effective in spectively. -
Streaming Potential Analysis
ABSTRACT WANG, YUN. Colloidal Behavior of Polyampholytes. (Under the direction of Dr. M. A. Hubbe). Polyampholytes are polymers that have both positively and negatively charged groups in the same chain. In recent years polyampholytes have started to be used in papermaking applications, as well as in sludge treatment processes. Benefits, in the case of papermaking, have included increased dry-strength and faster removal of water. But the molecular mechanisms by which such benefits are achieved have not been fully understood. This thesis project focused on effects related to polyampholyte charge density. A series of polyampholytes with a fixed charge ratio but different charge density was used for the experiments. Analysis methods included pH titrations, streaming current titrations, and adsorption isotherms. From pH titrations the charge density of cationic and anionic groups under different pH were calculated. From streaming current tests the net apparent charge density under different pH was calculated. And from adsorption tests it was found that the highest adsorbed amounts were achieved in certain cases corresponding to the highest content of ionic groups on the polyampholytes. Adsorption depended strongly on pH. Substantial differences were observed when comparing results obtained with polyampholyte samples versus ordinary polyelectrolyte samples with same charge density of cationic or anionic groups. Colloidal Behavior of Polyampholytes by YUN WANG A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science PULP AND PAPER SCIENCE Raleigh 2006 APPROVED BY: ________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Chair of Advisory Committee BIOGRAPHY The author was born on November 10, 1981 in Changzhou, Jiangsu province, People’s Republic of China. -
On the Effect of Hydrodynamic Slip on the Polarization of a Nonconducting Spherical Particle in an Alternating Electric Field
Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications Mechanical Engineering 2010 On the Effect of Hydrodynamic Slip on the Polarization of a Nonconducting Spherical Particle in an Alternating Electric Field Hui Zhao University of Nevada, Las Vegas, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/me_fac_articles Part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons, Mechanical Engineering Commons, and the Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Commons Repository Citation Zhao, H. (2010). On the Effect of Hydrodynamic Slip on the Polarization of a Nonconducting Spherical Particle in an Alternating Electric Field. Physics of Fluids, 22(7), 1-15. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/me_fac_articles/557 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Article in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Article has been accepted for inclusion in Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. On the effect of hydrodynamic slip on the polarization of a nonconducting spherical particle in an alternating electric field Hui Zhao Citation: Phys. Fluids 22, 072004 (2010); doi: 10.1063/1.3464159 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3464159 View Table of Contents: http://pof.aip.org/resource/1/PHFLE6/v22/i7 Published by the AIP Publishing LLC. -
Decontamination of Soil Using Electro-Osmosis. Jihad Tawfiq Ah Med Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1990 Decontamination of Soil Using Electro-Osmosis. Jihad Tawfiq aH med Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Hamed, Jihad Tawfiq, "Decontamination of Soil Using Electro-Osmosis." (1990). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5054. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/5054 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. -
Dem-Cfd Analysis of Contact Electrification and Electrostatic Interactions During Powder Handling Processes
DEM-CFD ANALYSIS OF CONTACT ELECTRIFICATION AND ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS DURING POWDER HANDLING PROCESSES CHUNLEI PEI BEng A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham September 2013 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT Electrostatic phenomena are pervasive in powder handling processes. In this study, contact electrification and electrostatic interactions during powder handling processes are explored using the discrete element method coupled with computational fluid dynamics (DEM-CFD), in which contact electrification and electrostatic interaction models are developed and implemented. The effects of particle shape on contact electrification are also investigated, for which multi-sphere methods are adapted and implemented into the DEM-CFD. The electrostatic and dynamic behaviours in various powder handling processes are then analyzed, which include contact electrification of spherical particles during fluidization; electrostatic interactions during deposition of mono-charged and bi-charged particles; contact electrification and electrostatic interactions of spherical particles during fluidization; contact electrification of elongated particles in a vibrating container and particles of arbitrary shapes in a rotating drum. -
5. Chemical Physics of Colloid Systems and Interfaces
Published as Chapter 5 in "Handbook of Surface and Colloid Chemistry" Second Expanded and Updated Edition; K. S. Birdi, Ed.; CRC Press, New York, 2002. 5. CHEMICAL PHYSICS OF COLLOID SYSTEMS AND INTERFACES Authors: Peter A. Kralchevsky, Krassimir D. Danov, and Nikolai D. Denkov Laboratory of Chemical Physics and Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria CONTENTS 5.7. MECHANISMS OF ANTIFOAMING……………………………………………………..166 5.7.1 Location of Antifoam Action – Fast and Slow Antifoams 5.7.2 Bridging-Stretching Mechanism 5.7.3 Role of the Entry Barrier 5.7.3.1 Film Trapping Technique 5.7.3.2 Critical Entry Pressure for Foam Film Rupture 5.7.3.3 Optimal Hydrophobicity of Solid Particles 5.7.3.4 Role of the Pre-spread Oil Layer 5.7.4 Mechanisms of Compound Exhaustion and Reactivation 5.8. ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA IN COLLOIDS……………………………………...183 5.8.1 Potential Distribution at a Planar Interface and around a Sphere 5.8.2 Electroosmosis 5.8.3 Streaming Potential 5.8.4 Electrophoresis 5.8.5 Sedimentation Potential 5.8.6 Electrokinetic Phenomena and Onzager Reciprocal Relations 5.8.7 Electric Conductivity and Dielectric Response of Dispersions 5.8.7.1 Electric Conductivity 5.8.7.2 Dispersions in Alternating Electrical Field 5.8.8 Anomalous Surface Conductance and Data Interpretation 5.8.9 Electrokinetic Properties of Air-Water and Oil-Water Interfaces 5.9. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF DISPERSIONS AND MICELLAR SOLUTIONS………….207 5.9.1 Static Light Scattering 5.9.1.1 Rayleigh Scattering 5.9.1.2 Rayleigh-Debye-Gans Theory 5.9.1.3 -
Integration of Micro-Supercapacitors with Triboelectric Nanogenerators for a Flexible Self-Charging Power Unit
Nano Research 2015, 8(12): 3934–3943 DOI 10.1007/s12274-015-0894-8 Integration of micro-supercapacitors with triboelectric nanogenerators for a flexible self-charging power unit Jianjun Luo1,§, Feng Ru Fan1,2,§, Tao Jiang1, Zhiwei Wang1, Wei Tang1, Cuiping Zhang1, Mengmeng Liu1, Guozhong Cao1,3, and Zhong Lin Wang1,4 () 1 Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China 2 Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China 3 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA 4 School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA § These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 17 July 2015 ABSTRACT Revised: 6 September 2015 The rapid development of portable and wearable electronic devices has Accepted: 8 September 2015 increased demand for flexible and efficient energy harvesting and storage units. Conventionally, these are built and used separately as discrete components. © Tsinghua University Press Herein, we propose a simple and cost-effective laser engraving technique for and Springer-Verlag Berlin fabricating a flexible self-charging micro-supercapacitor power unit (SCMPU), Heidelberg 2015 by integrating a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and a micro-supercapacitor (MSC) array into a single device. The SCMPU can be charged directly by ambient KEYWORDS mechanical motion. We demonstrate the ability of the SCMPU to continuously energy harvesting, power light-emitting diodes and a commercial hygrothermograph. This inves- energy storage, tigation may promote the development of sustainable self-powered systems and triboelectric nanogenerator provide a promising new research application for supercapacitors. -
Influence of Electrostatic Potentials on Rotating Discs for Liquid Spraying Adhemar Brandini Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1978 Influence of electrostatic potentials on rotating discs for liquid spraying Adhemar Brandini Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Brandini, Adhemar, "Influence of electrostatic potentials on rotating discs for liquid spraying " (1978). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 6373. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/6373 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. -
Nanogenerators As a Sustainable Power Source: State of Art, Applications, and Challenges
nanomaterials Review Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source: State of Art, Applications, and Challenges Sridhar Sripadmanabhan Indira 1 , Chockalingam Aravind Vaithilingam 1,* , Kameswara Satya Prakash Oruganti 1 , Faizal Mohd 1 and Saidur Rahman 2,3 1 School of Engineering, Faculty of Innovation and Technology, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, No. 1, Jalan Taylor’s, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] (S.S.I.); [email protected] (K.S.P.O.); [email protected] (F.M.) 2 Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia; [email protected] 3 American University of Ras Al Khaimah, 31291 Ras Al Khaimah, UAE * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +00-6012-354-3891 Received: 7 April 2019; Accepted: 13 May 2019; Published: 20 May 2019 Abstract: A sustainable power source to meet the needs of energy requirement is very much essential in modern society as the conventional sources are depleting. Bioenergy, hydropower, solar, and wind are some of the well-established renewable energy sources that help to attain the need for energy at mega to gigawatts power scale. Nanogenerators based on nano energy are the growing technology that facilitate self-powered systems, sensors, and flexible and portable electronics in the booming era of IoT (Internet of Things). The nanogenerators can harvest small-scale energy from the ambient nature and surroundings for efficient utilization. The nanogenerators were based on piezo, tribo, and pyroelectric effect, and the first of its kind was developed in the year 2006 by Wang et al. -
Contact Electrification Induced Interfacial Reactions and Direct
Chemical Science View Article Online EDGE ARTICLE View Journal | View Issue Contact electrification induced interfacial reactions and direct electrochemical nanoimprint Cite this: Chem. Sci.,2017,8,2407 lithography in n-type gallium arsenate wafer† Jie Zhang, Lin Zhang, Wei Wang, Lianhuan Han, Jing-Chun Jia, Zhao-Wu Tian, Zhong-Qun Tian and Dongping Zhan* Although metal assisted chemical etching (MacEtch) has emerged as a versatile micro-nanofabrication method for semiconductors, the chemical mechanism remains ambiguous in terms of both thermodynamics and kinetics. Here we demonstrate an innovative phenomenon, i.e., the contact electrification between platinum (Pt) and an n-type gallium arsenide (100) wafer (n-GaAs) can induce interfacial redox reactions. Because of their different work functions, when the Pt electrode comes into contact with n-GaAs, electrons will move from n-GaAs to Pt and form a contact electric field at the Pt/n-GaAs junction until their electron Fermi levels (EF) become equal. In the presence of an electrolyte, the potential of the Pt/electrolyte interface will À Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. shift due to the contact electricity and induce the spontaneous reduction of MnO4 anions on the Pt surface. Because the equilibrium of contact electrification is disturbed, electrons will transfer from n-GaAs to Received 12th September 2016 Pt through the tunneling effect. Thus, the accumulated positive holes at the n-GaAs/electrolyte interface Accepted 16th December 2016 make n-GaAs dissolve anodically along the Pt/n-GaAs/electrolyte 3-phase interface. Based on this principle, DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04091h we developed a direct electrochemical nanoimprint lithography method applicable to crystalline www.rsc.org/chemicalscience semiconductors. -
Design and Construction of an Emg Multichannel Acquisition System Prototype
POLITECNICO DI TORINO III Faculty of Engineering Degree in Mechatronics Engineering Master Thesis DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN EMG MULTICHANNEL ACQUISITION SYSTEM PROTOTYPE Relator: Prof. Marcello Chiaberge Sebastián Aced López DLR German Aerospace Center Dipl. Inf. Holger Urbanek September 2012 Summary This thesis presents the design and construction of an Electromyography (EMG) high−density acquisition system prototype at the Deutschen Zentrums für Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) Bionics group in Munich− Germany. It does not intend to come up with new principles of EMG recording, but its scope is to search, compare, simulate, construct and validate nowadays available solutions that fulfill the imposed requirements. The design consists in ten functional blocks that cover all the system aspects from the power supply to the measuring electrodes. In order to construct the circuit prototype, some classical solutions were implemented and some novelty configura- tions were explored, for instance: a novelty DC rejection filter without grounded resistors, to prevent degradation of the front−end amplifier Common Mode rejec- tion (CMR) and the driven shields that solved the problem of amplifying the EMG signal at a considerable distance from the source. This document covers all the way in between the muscles and the computer, that EMG signals go through: electrodes, esd protection, shield cables, DC rejection, amplification, Driven Right Leg feedback, filtering, isolation and digitization. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank all the people at the DLR in Germany that helped me and thought me so many things during this six intense months. Specially I want to thank to Patrick van der Smagt, for the great opportunity of working in his lab, to Holger my supervisor and Robert my other supervisor. -
Contact Electrification Induced Interfacial Reactions and Direct
Chemical Science View Article Online EDGE ARTICLE View Journal | View Issue Contact electrification induced interfacial reactions and direct electrochemical nanoimprint Cite this: Chem. Sci.,2017,8,2407 lithography in n-type gallium arsenate wafer† Jie Zhang, Lin Zhang, Wei Wang, Lianhuan Han, Jing-Chun Jia, Zhao-Wu Tian, Zhong-Qun Tian and Dongping Zhan* Although metal assisted chemical etching (MacEtch) has emerged as a versatile micro-nanofabrication method for semiconductors, the chemical mechanism remains ambiguous in terms of both thermodynamics and kinetics. Here we demonstrate an innovative phenomenon, i.e., the contact electrification between platinum (Pt) and an n-type gallium arsenide (100) wafer (n-GaAs) can induce interfacial redox reactions. Because of their different work functions, when the Pt electrode comes into contact with n-GaAs, electrons will move from n-GaAs to Pt and form a contact electric field at the Pt/n-GaAs junction until their electron Fermi levels (EF) become equal. In the presence of an electrolyte, the potential of the Pt/electrolyte interface will À Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. shift due to the contact electricity and induce the spontaneous reduction of MnO4 anions on the Pt surface. Because the equilibrium of contact electrification is disturbed, electrons will transfer from n-GaAs to Received 12th September 2016 Pt through the tunneling effect. Thus, the accumulated positive holes at the n-GaAs/electrolyte interface Accepted 16th December 2016 make n-GaAs dissolve anodically along the Pt/n-GaAs/electrolyte 3-phase interface. Based on this principle, DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04091h we developed a direct electrochemical nanoimprint lithography method applicable to crystalline www.rsc.org/chemicalscience semiconductors.