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A Molecular and Embryonic Study of Apomixis in Cassava (Manihot Esculenta

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A Molecular and Embryonic Study of Apomixis in Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Euphytica 102: 9–13, 1998. 9 c 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. A molecular and embryonic study of apomixis in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) ; Nagib M.A. Nassar 1, Marco Andre Vieira1, Clibas Vieira2 & Dario Grattapaglia3 1 Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade de Bras´ılia, C.P. 04477 Bras´ılia D.F. 70919; 2 Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade de Vicosa, Vicosa, MG 36570, Bras´ılia; 3 Laboratorio´ de Genetica´ de Plantas CENARGEN-EMBRAPA – C.P. 02372 Bras´ılia D.F.; ( author for correspondence) Received 10 February 1997; accepted 10 September 1997 Key words: embryo sac, RAPD, interspecific hybrid Summary In cassava, apomixis fixes heterosis and avoids transmission of systemic pathogens which complicate vegetative propagation of the crop. A combination of evidence from maternal inheritance of RAPD markers and the structure of the embryonic sac in large progeny sets of two distinct genotypes have further confirmed the occurrence of apomixis in cassava. We could advance further on earlier reports of the detection of apomixis in four ways: (1) we could arrive at an estimate of the rate of facultative apomixis in the range of 2%; (2) we detected the occurrence of apomixis in a second genotype, derived from a different interspecific cross; (3) apomictic behavior was demonstrated in an F1 individual and (4) parallel embryonic evidence was generated that corroborate the potential occurrence of apomixis by apospory. The fact that apomixis was detected in an F1 interspecific hybrid hints to the possibility of directly transferring genes for apomixis from a wild relative to cultivated cassava. Introduction va genotypes could be maintained through successive generations. Apomixis in cassava was noted for the first Cassava (Manihot esculenta), yuca, mandioca, manioc time by Nassar (1980) while working on interspecific is the most important staple crop in the tropics and sub- hybridization. Later its presence was observed geneti- tropics. It is food for more than 600 million people in cally by the same author (Nassar, 1994) and confirmed the world (FAO, 1994). Cassava is propageted vegeta- by RAPD marker analysis in a single clone (Gratta- tively by stem cuttings. Vegetative propagation perpet- paglia et al., 1996). uates superior genetic combinations, but also favors The rationale behind the analysis of putative the accumulation of viral and bacterial diseases that apomixis with the RAPD assay has been described reduce productivity and may lead to the extinction of earlier (Grattapaglia et al., 1996). Our working hypoth- superior genotypes. If seeds were used to propagate esis is that a truly apomictic seedling would display an the crop, systemic pathogen contamination could be identical RAPD pattern of bands to the maternal parent avoided. However, the breakdown of genetic superior- for all the markers surveyed. Polymorphisms, i.e. non- ity due to genetic segregation in the progenyhas always maternal bands in the offspring or vice-versa would excluded this approach. reject the hypothesis of apomixis and indicate their Heterozygosity is responsible for vigor could be zygotic nature. This work extends our earlier report efficiently fixed by apomixis in cassava. This phe- of the molecular detection of apomixis in cassava by nomenon is defined as a process in which certain analyzing a larger sample of progeny individuals and plants produce seeds without fertilization. This means showing further evidence from embryological studies bypassing female meiosis and syngamy to produce for facultative apomictic behavior in two distinct cas- embryos genetically identical to the maternal par- sava genotypes. ent. Through apomictic reproduction, superior cassa- MENNEN/zet: Pips Nr.:150696; Ordernr.:233449-wg BIO2KAP euph4374.tex; 18/05/1998; 10:48; v.7; p.1 10 Material and methods sities of the ethidium bromide stained samples to those of lambda DNA standards. For the RAPD assay, work- Plant material ing stocks of genomic DNA were diluted in water at a concentration of 2.5 ng/l. Two putative apomictic cassava clones, identified by Arbitrary ten-base primers (kits OP-A through numbers 031 and 200 were used in this study. Clone OP-Z) were obtained from Operon Technologies Inc. 031 was selected based on vigor in an F2 population (Alameda CA). Amplification reactions (13 l) were resulting from a cross between an interspecific hybrid carried out according to Williams et al. (1990) with (M. dichotoma M. esculenta) and cultivated clone the following modifications: 0.4 mM ten-base primer, Branca Santa Catarina. Clone 200 is an F1 individual 10 g/ l Non-acetylated Bovine Serum Albumin (New from hybridization between cultivated cassava and M. England Biolabs), 5 to 10 ng of genomic DNA and glaziovii. Progenies from both clones were obtained by 1 unit of Taq DNA Polymerase. Amplifications were open pollination. Thirty seven progeny plants of each performed in 96-well microwell plates using a MJ clone were used in the anatomic and molecular studies. Research PT-100 thermal controller. RAPD products were analyzed by electrophoresis in 1.5% or 2.0% Embryo sac analysis agarose gels containing 0.2 mg/ml ethidium bromide. Gel images were captured and digitalized with an Morpho-structural development of embryo sacs were Eagle-Eye II system (Stratagene CA). Gel scoring was studied histologically. Unpollinated pistillate buds at performed directly from the gel images on a computer presumably 1 day pre-anthesis and pollinated pistils screen and images stored electronically on a laser CD. at post-anthesis were sampled and immediately fixed A set of 24 arbitrary primers selected earlier for in Farmer’s fixative (1:3 = glacial acetic acid:95% high multiplex content and discrimination power in ethanol) in the field between 7.30 and 12.00 mid day. cassava (Grattapaglia et al., 1996) were used. The Fixed pistils were dissected under a dissection micro- presence and absence of RAPD fragments was scored scope (magnification 40, transmitted light). Dissect- by visual inspection of the gel images. Informative ed ovules were dehydratedin ethanol series and cleared RAPD markers were identified as described previ- overnight in the benzyl-benzoate-four-and-a half (BB- ously (Grattapaglia & Sederoff, 1994). Two replicate 41=2) fluid (lactic acid:chloral hydrate:phenol:clove RAPD analysis experiments including DNA extrac- oil:xylene:benzyl benzoate = 2:2:2:2:1:1, w/w devised tions, RAPD assays and marker scoring were carried by Herr (1982),treated in a modified Herr’s fluid as pre- out with the set of selected primers on the putatively viously reported by Ogburia & Adachi (1994). Trans- apomictic individuals to confirm the patterns of bands parent ovules were then observed using an Olympus observed. BX5O microscope equipped with Nomarski’s differ- ential interference contrast (DIC) optics and a 100-W high pressure mercury lamp with appropriate filters Results and discussion for optimal viewing and photography. Both megaspo- rangia and megagametophytes components were pho- The two sets of maternal parent and 67 offspring indi- tographed and printed by a Sony color video printer viduals were genotyped with 24 selected arbitrary ten- Mavigraph UP-1200. One hundred and twenty seven base primers. Each selected primer amplified an aver- ovules from clone 031, and one hundred and thirty age of 8.25 clearly interpretable RAPD fragments with four ovules of clone 200 were used in the embryo sac a range of 5 to 14 fragments. A total of 198 clear- analysis. ly interpretable and reproducible RAPD markers were surveyed in this study. This number of markers was DNA extraction and RAPD assay considered to provide a representative genome cover- age for the objective of this study. On the average, Total genomic DNA was isolated from 200 mg of fresh 81% of the scored RAPD bands were monomorphic leaf tissue ground in liquid nitrogen using the CTAB between maternal parent and progeny set in the two protocol of Doyle & Doyle (1987), modified by the families. The remaining bands were polymorphic and addition of 1% PVP and 1% 2-mercaptoethanol to the thus useful for testing the hypothesis proposed herein. isolation buffer. DNA concentration was estimated by Figure 1 is an example of a RAPD profile generated gel electrophoresis comparing the fluorescence inten- using primer OPG-5. The arrows indicate diagnostic euph4374.tex; 18/05/1998; 10:48; v.7; p.2 11 Figure 1. RAPD patterns for maternal clone 200 and 24 progeny individuals generated using primer OPG-5. From left to right the first lane is 1 Kb ladder (Gibco-BRL) fragment size marker followed by the maternal parent and offspring individuals. The arrow indicates a polymorphic RAPD marker of estimated size 1000 bp absent in 10 individuals used to demonstrate the non-apomictic nature of these off springs. RAPD markers that revealed the non-apomictic nature Given the number of markers surveyed, the probability of some offspring. that complete uniformity in RAPD markers between Progenies of clones 031 and 200 displayed a high the maternal parent and their respective progeny indi- uniformity of DNA fingerprints.However, it was possi- viduals happened due to chance alone was equal or less ble to find markers that readily showed that individuals than 103 in both clones. Therefore putative apomixis were not derived from apomixis, except for one indi- was detected in progenies of both clones, 031 and 200, vidual in each progeny. In the progeny of clone 031 at a rate of 3.13 and 2.70, respectively. These results individual 4 (Figure 2) showed a pattern of RAPD clearly indicate that the type of apomixis detected in bands identical to the maternal one for all primers this study is facultative and occurs at very low frequen- examined. The same identical pattern was observed cy in cassava. in individual 5 in the progeny of clone 200. A total of 261 ovules were analyzed histological- Although it would seem very unlikely that the ly.
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