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Key Factors Involved in Stress-Induced Microspore Embryogenesis in Barley and Rapeseed: DNA Methylation, Arabinogalactan Proteins and Auxin

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Key Factors Involved in Stress-Induced Microspore Embryogenesis in Barley and Rapeseed: DNA Methylation, Arabinogalactan Proteins and Auxin UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Departamento de Genética TESIS DOCTORAL Key factors involved in stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in barley and rapeseed: DNA methylation, arabinogalactan proteins and auxin MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Ahmed Abdalla Eltantawy Directoras Pilar S. Testillano M.C. Risueño Almeida Madrid, 2016 © Ahmed Abdalla Eltantawy, 2016 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES BIOLÓGICAS LABORATORIO DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA DEL POLEN DE PLANTAS CULTIVADAS FACTORES CLAVE IMPLICADOS EN LA EMBRIOGÉNESIS DE MICROSPORAS INDUCIDA POR ESTRÉS EN CEBADA Y COLZA: METILACIÓN DEL DNA, PROTEÍNAS DE ARABINOGALACTANOS Y AUXINA TESIS DOCTORAL AHMED ABDALLA ELTANTAWY MADRID, 2016 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES BIOLÓGICAS LABORATORIO DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA DEL POLEN DE PLANTAS CULTIVADAS KEY FACTORS INVOLVED IN STRESS-INDUCED MICROSPORE EMBRYOGENESIS IN BARLEY AND RAPESEED: DNA METHYLATION, ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEINS AND AUXIN Ph.D. thesis AHMED ABDALLA ELTANTAWY MADRID, 2016 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE GENÉTICA FACTORES CLAVE IMPLICADOS EN LA EMBRIOGÉNESIS DE MICROSPORAS INDUCIDA POR ESTRÉS EN CEBADA Y COLZA: METILACIÓN DEL DNA, PROTEÍNAS DE ARABINOGALACTANOS Y AUXINA MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR: AHMED ABDALLA ELTANTAWY VºBº DIRECTORES DE TESIS Fdo. Dra. Pilar S. Testillano Fdo. Dra. M.C. Risueño Almeida Fdo. Ahmed Abdalla ElTantawy MADRID, 2016 LABORATORIO DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA DEL POLEN DE PLANTAS CULTIVADAS CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES BIOLÓGICAS CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS DÑA. PILAR SÁNCHEZ TESTILLANO Y DÑA. MARIA DEL CARMEN RISUEÑO ALMEIDA, INVESTIGADORES DEL CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS EN EL CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES BIOLÓGICAS DE MADRID CERTIFICAN: QUE LA TESIS DOCTORAL TITULADA: “FACTORES CLAVE IMPLICADOS EN LA EMBRIOGÉNESIS DE MICROSPORAS INDUCIDA POR ESTRÉS EN CEBADA Y COLZA: METILACIÓN DEL DNA, PROTEÍNAS DE ARABINOGALACTANOS Y AUXINA”, REALIZADA POR EL LICENCIADO EN BIOLOGÍA AHMED ABDALLA ELTANTAWY, EN EL CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES BIOLÓGICAS (CSIC) BAJO SU DIRECCIÓN REÚNE LAS CONDICIONES EXIGIDAS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR EN BIOLOGÍA EN MADRID, 2016 FDO. DRA. PILAR SÁNCHEZ TESTILLANO FDO. DRA. M. CARMEN RISUEÑO ALMEIDA El trabajo que se presenta en esta memoria de Tesis Doctoral ha sido realizado en el grupo de investigación de BIOTECNOLOGÍA DEL POLEN DE PLANTAS CULTIVADAS del CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES BIOLÓGICAS de Madrid, del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, con ayuda de una beca del PROGRAMA JAE PREDOCTORAL DEL CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS (JAEPre 2010-052) La investigación ha sido realizada en el marco de los siguientes proyectos: -Proyectos del Plan Nacional: BFU2008-00203 BFU2011-23752 AGL2014 – 52028-R -Proyecto de cooperación internacional: Acción integrada Hispano-Portuguesa PRI-AIBPT-2011-0763 A mi querido padre, Tú me animaste a terminar este trabajo Te echo de menos mucho إلى أبى الغالى, أنت من شجعنى على إنهاء هذا العمل إشتقت إليك كثيرا ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. Pilar Sánchez Testillano and Dr. María del Carmen Risueño. To Dr. Pilar for supporting my Ph.D. study and related research in her laboratory, for her patience and motivation. Her guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. To Dr. María del Carmen for forcing me to look at research and my work in different ways and for opening my mind supporting my success in this Ph.D. thesis. I could not have imagined having a better supervisors and mentors for my Ph.D. study. I would like to thank Dr. María Teresa Solís González who worked with me as a professor and a very nice colleague. She helped me in severalexperiments of this thesis and she taught me carefully the molecular biology techniques, as well as to understand the experimental results. Also I thank her for her help over the writing of my publications in this thesis. I thank Dr. Silvia Coimbra, professor in Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Portugal, and her group for their advise in the selection and the work with the AGPs monoclonal antibodies to complete my immunofluorescence experiments, and for her aceptance to analyze the AGP genes by qPCR in her laboratory. I would also like to thank all my colleagues of the laboratory, Dr. Hector Rodríguez Sanz for teaching me the microspore culture techniques of rapeseed , for his critical comments over this work and also for his jovial talks, Dr. Ivett Bárány for her teaching of barley microspore cultures and Dr. Mohamed Faisal, both for their help and thoughtful suggestions over my experiments and for taking care of the plants in my vacations. I thank Vanesa Cano for her complementary work included in one of my publications in this thesis, which contributed to the success of this thesis. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Deepak Prem, Elena, Jacobo, Eduardo and Yolanda for the very nice time in our laboratory and for their advices during my Ph.D. study. I thank Khaled, Rabeh, Mourad and Khouzima for their encouragement and for their stimulating discussions, for the sleepless nights in which we were working together before deadlines. Of course, I thank all my friends in Spain for their helps to have fun during my holydays particularly, Marta Burgos Gonzalez, Laura, Albia Begum, Siad El Sisi, Rabea, Mohamed Amine, David, Cristopher, Fatiha and Mohamed Ali Gaya. Special thanks for my roommates in my apartment, Rafael and his wife Dalia with their beautiful sons because I really felt that I was in my house. I would also thank my other roommates, Max and Miguel for spending a lot of fun times with me. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family: my parents, my brother and my sister for supporting me spiritually throughout this thesis and my life in general. Figure 5: Rapeseed plant Brassica napus INDEX RESUMEN/ ABSTRACT ………………………………………………........ 1 RESUMEN ………………………...…………………………………….. 3 ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………… 9 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………. 15 1. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS …………………. 17 . 1. a. Alternation of generations …………………………………….… 17 1. b. Microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis in Angiosperms ..... 18 1. c. Megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis in Angiosperms ….. 21 1. d. Double fertilization in Angiosperms ……………..……...……… 22 2. ZYGOTIC EMBRYOGENESIS ……………………………………... 24 2. a. Development of dicotyledonous embryo ……………………… 25 2. b. Development of monocotyledonous embryo ………………….... 27 2. c. Factors involved in embryogenesis …………………………… 29 3. ZYGOTIC EMBRYOGENESIS VERSUS SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS …………………………………………………. 30 4. MICROSPORE EMBRYOGENESIS ……………………………….. 32 4. a. The developmental pathway of microspore embryogenesis …... 34 4. b. Factors affecting microspore culture ………………………… 35 4. c. The application of microspore embryogenesis in plant breeding 37 5. PLANT SYSTEMS TO STUDY MICROSPORE EMBRYOGENESIS …………………………………………………. 38 5. a. Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) ……………………………….. 38 5. b. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ……………………………… 42 6. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ………………………………….. 45 6. a. DNA methylation ………………………………...…………….. 47 7. ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEINS (AGPs) ……………………… 49 7. a. The structure of AGPs ………...…..……………………………. 50 7. b. AGPs during pollen development and microspore embryogenesis 52 8. AUXINS ………………………………………………………….… 55 OBJECTIVES ………………………………………………………………... 61 RESULTS ……………………………………………………………………. 67 PUBLICATION I: Changes in DNA methylation levels and nuclear distribution patterns after microspore reprogramming to embryogenesis in barley ………………………………………………………………………… 69 ABSTRACT ………………………………………………….……… 71 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………... 72 MATERIAL AND METHODS …………………………………….. 74 RESULTS ………………………………………………………..….. 75 DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………….. 82 PUBLICATION II: 5-azacytidine promotes microspore embryogenesis initiation by decreasing global DNA methylation, but prevents subsequent embryo development in rapeseed and barley ………………………………. 89 ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………. 91 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………... 92 MATERIAL AND METHODS ……………………………………... 94 RESULTS ………………..………………………………………….. 100 DISCUSSION ………………………...……………………………... 115 PUBLICATION III: Arabinogalactan protein profiles and distribution patterns during microspore embryogenesis ad pollen development in Brassica napus ………………………………………………………………. 125 ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………. 127 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………... 128 MATERIAL AND METHODS ……………………………………... 130 RESULTS …………………………………..……………………….. 133 DISCUSSION …………...…………………………………………... 145 ANNEX 1 to publication III: AGPs are induced after microspore embryogenesis initiation in barley ………………………………………….. 151 ANNEX 2 to publication III: The blocking of AGPs by Glucosyl-Yariv reagent impairs microspore embryogenesis initiation and progression in rapeseed and barley …………………………………………………………... 157 PUBLICATION IV: Auxin increase and distribution, and effects of auxin inhibitors on microspore embryogenesis initiation and progression in barley . 167 ABSTRACT …………………………………………………….…… 169 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………... 170 MATERIAL AND METHODS ………………………………….….. 173 RESULTS ………………………………………………………..….. 177 DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………….. 187 GENERAL DISCUSSION …………………………………………………... 193 1. SIMILAR KEY FACTORS ARE
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