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GEORGE F. KENNAN PRESIDENT "•» ^ W. WALTON BUTTERWORTH VICE PRESIDENT ELBERT G. MATHEWS SECRETARY-TREASURER JOHN M. MCSWEENEY ASSISTANT SECRETARY-TREASURER BARBARA P. CHALMERS EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

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ALTERNATES PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY RAYMOND A. HARE HAROLD N. WADDELL THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL EDITORIAL BOARD JOHN M. ALLISON CHAIRMAN FRANK S. HOPKINS VOL. 27, NO. 9 SEPTEMBER, 1950 G. FREDERICK REINHARDT EUGENE DESVERNINE WI LLI AM J. HANDLEY CORNELIUS J. DWYER JOAN DAVID MANAGING EDITOR COVER PICTURE: The Petersburg, near Bonn, headquarters of the Allied High Com¬ ROBERT M. WINFREE missioners. HICOG photo—courtesy Claude Jacoby. ADVERTISING MANAGER

EDUCATION COMMITTEE EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES ON AMALGAMATION 11 NILES W. BOND CHAIRMAN BENJAMIN M. HULLEY By Cornelius J. Dwyer, FSO JOSEPH S. SPARKS MRS. ELBRIDGE DURBROW MRS. JOHN K. EMMERSON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COIN 15 ALTERNATES By Richard Scott MRS. WILLIAM L. KRIEG EVAN M. WILSON WINNING FRIENDS SOUTH OF THE BORDER 17 ENTERTAINMENT COMMITTEE By Gilbert Crandall, FSR JACK D. NEAL CHAIRMAN FULTON FREEMAN G. FREDERICK REINHARDT STUART W. ROCKWELL RUMORS IN THE FOREIGN SERVICE 19 DOUGLAS MACARTHUR, II By Herve J. I’Heureux, FSO

ALTERNATES MISS G. EDITH BLAND THOMAS S. ESTES REPRINT FROM THE WASHINGTON POST 23 WELFARE COMMITTEE WILLIAM O. BOSWELL THE BOOKSHELF—Francis C. deWolf, Review Editor 26 WILLIAM E. FLOURNOY. JR. Frank S. Hopkins A. G. Simson DAVID A. THOMASSON Harvey Boyd Otterman Russell B. Thornton This publication is not official and material appearing: herein represents only personal opinions, and is not in¬ DEPARTMENTS tended in any way to indicate the official views of the Department of Letters to the Editors 3 State or of the Foreign Service as a whole. Twenty-Five Years Ago 14 The Editors will consider all manu¬ scripts submitted to the American Marriages 16 Foreign Service Journal. If accepted, the author will be paid a minimum of Editors’ Column one cent a word on publication. Pho¬ tographs accompanying articles will, The Employee Attitude Survey 22 if accepted, be purchased at one dol¬ lar each. Five dollars is paid for Association Launches Membership Drive 22 cover pictures. News From the Department 24 Copyright, 1950, by the American Foreign Service Association. Service Glimpses 28 Issued monthly at the rate of $4.00 a year, 40 cents a copy by the Amer¬ News From the Field 30 ican Foreign Service Association, 1809 G Street, N. W., Washington 6, D. C. Foreign Service Changes 44 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., un¬ Births — 48 der the Act of March 3, 1879. In Memoriam 50 BE YOUR OWN CIGARETTE EXPERT says-Ralph A.Goss PROMINENT TOBACCO FARMER. DURHAM. N. C.

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DOES OUR INSPECTION SYSTEM WORK? May 7, 1950 To THE EDITORS, AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: The present inspection system is, I think, subject to abuse. In any case it fails to render the maximum benefit WELLBORN MOTORS, INC. to the Service. Admittedly, very few members of the public at large are even aware of the existence of Foreign Service CHRYSLER-PLYMOUTH inspectors. But some Congressmen, who consider the For¬ (DIRECT FACTORY DEALER) eign Service appropriations, probably are. More important, the inspection system can affect the attitudes of Foreign Service officers and employees and the impressions they make upon the public in the performance of their duties. It is even responsible for the advancement of certain officers and employees, and the retardation or separation of others. The essence of my criticism is that the Foreign Service inspectors, as senior and regular Foreign Service officers, are closely allied in habits, sympathies and, frequently, by personal acquaintance with the principal officers of each post they visit. Their inspection cannot be in any way- compared with the impersonal and unbiased examination of a corporation’s financial status which a firm of independent auditors renders annually to the stockholders, -or with the investigation of broader scope sometimes made by a firm of management engineers.

Does Advance Notice Distort the Picture? What happens when an inspector visits a post? Usually the date of his visit is known well in advance, and every¬ thing is “spruced up” in anticipation of his arrival. The staff is put on the alert. When the inspector arrives he will, as likely as not, be the personal guest of the principal offi¬ cer; at least the principal officer will surely take pains to wine and dine him. The inspector will probably seek a brief interview with each junior officer and with some of the staff employees; in speaking with him, however, each such subordinate will be well aware that the inspector is really a “buddy” of the principal officer, and will govern HOMER BRETT, FSO (Ret’d) President his tongue accordingly. SIDNEY WELLBORN General Manager It will be obvious that this is written by a junior officer. I am, however, entirely sincere in saying that it has not ANDREW WAHL Sales Manager been inspired by any grievance against any individual in¬ spector. Nor do I mean to suggest that a deliberate collu¬ THOMAS TALBERT Service Manager sion has ever existed between Foreign Service inspectors and principal officers, to the detriment of the Service. My criticism is directed solely against the inspection method and the inherent attitudes it would seem to engender. Call SLigo 1333 1100 EAST-WEST HIGHWAY Must Inspectors be Recruited from the Service? Washington Directory SILVER SPRING, MD. It is my suggestion that the Inspectors’ Corps should be rigidly separated from the remainder of the Foreign Serv¬ ice. Obviously casual outsiders could not be recruited to this duty; the inspectors must be men of considerable back¬ ground and closely acquainted with the requirements of the Foreign Service. Nevertheless, the calling of a Foreign Service inspector is certaiidy a less specialized profession than that of an accountant, an efficiency expert, or a bank examiner. It seems probable that qualified persons, such as members of the State Department outside of the Foreign (Continued on page 5)

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THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL LETTERS TO THE EDITORS (Continued from page 3) Service, officers of other departments of the Government, or officers of private corporations, could be detailed to tem¬ porary tours of duty of one or two years as Foreign Serv¬ ice inspectors. Private organizations might willingly give their officers leave for this purpose. A Foreign Service of the maximum efficiency would obviously be in the interests of such organizations as General Electric or Sears, Roe¬ buck. The Service should benefit from the fresh point of view which representatives of such organizations might supply. To revert to the analogy of the auditing of a Corpora¬ tion’s records, it is obvious that there would be little con¬ fidence in the report of an accountant who was an intimate of the officers of the company or who was himself a regular officer thereof temporarily functioning as an “impartial” examiner. The Foreign Service has, in the Selection and Promotion and Review Boards deliberately attempted to establish im¬ partial methods and standards. The need for complete impartiality on the part of the Inspectors’ Corps is no less important; it should contribute both to better morale with¬ in the Service and to greater confidence on the part of the public. FSO-6

• The JOURNAL would welcome further comments on this subject. Meanwhile one other side of the picture was so well presented in the remarks of Chief Inspector Howard K. Travers ivhich were published in the January, 1949, News Letter that we are reprinting excerpts from them here. “Because of his experience and general knowledge con¬ cerning the many phases of administrative and substantive work in the field and in the United States, an Inspector should be able to inspire closer understanding and team¬ ■ Favorite meeting place of For¬ work between the Department of State and the several other end-users in the United States on the one hand and the field eign Service men in the Nation’s services abroad on the other. “The Inspector should act as a friendly adviser to For¬ Capital. A few blocks from the eign Service personnel in an endeavor to solve any personal Department of State. Convenient problems which may affect their usefulness to the Service and should rectify any real grievances. to all points of interest in Wash¬ “The Inspector should act as the eyes and the ears of the Director General in order to keep him fully informed con¬ ington. Exclusive Men’s Bar. cerning field conditions and should receive and pass on to the Director General through the Chief of the Inspection Famous food. Coffee Shop. Gay Corps any suggestions or constructive criticisms from the field which would result in an improvement of the Service. Cocktail Lounge. Air Conditioned “On the other hand, the Inspector should be in a position in the summer. to speak with authority on behalf of the Director General in the field and through the Chief Inspector to the various offices and divisions of the Department of State. “In order to fulfill its obligations, the Inspection Corps must be indoctrinated into all phases of the requirements of the Foreign Service as well as volicy decisions. This should be accomplished by requiring each Inspector to return to Washington every three or four months in order to be briefed as to existing policies concerning the district in which he is to inspect. In addition to discussions with the Director General and the Chief of the Inspection Corps, he A HILTON HOTEL should sit in informally in the weekly meetings of the di¬ rectors of the area offices, thus permitting the Inspector not WASHINGTON, D. C. only to make sure that the field is properly interpreting the State Department’s instructions but also to be in a position to discuss intelligently the problems of the reporting officers C. J. MACK in the Department of State. The Inspector should also visit GENERAL MANAGER the various end-users in order to coordinate the views of the field and the Department. (Continued on page 7)

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6 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL LETTERS TO THE EDITORS (Continued from page 5) “The Inspectors are ready and willing to listen to the trials and tribulations of each and every member of the Foreign Service and will endeavor to correct any injustice or mis¬ understandings, not as policemen, but as father confessors and friends.” “THE CONSUL” To the Editors, AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: In order to prevent the entire American Foreign Service from acquiring a mass guilt complex due to reading too many accounts of Gian-Carlo Menotti’s “The Consul, ’ I should like to present a little evidence on the other side. When my father was in Frankfort, Germany, last year he naturally had a number of business dealings with the Con¬ sulate General, in connection with passports, etc. Upon his return to the United States, he told me about an employee FEDERAL STORAGE there whose name he didn’t remember, but whom he de¬ scribed in the most glowing terms as a w'onderful man, a powerful influence for good, and an example for all to follow. As far as I could gather, this employee was (and COMPANY I trust still is) a kind of receptionist, happily endowed with the ability to expand his job into that of ministering angel. My father said he was a Negro, with a pleasant voice, Every Modern Facility for the Safe Handling equally fitted to console the frustrated in German or English. and Care of Household Treasures He gave all those waiting in the lobby the impression that once they had intrusted their names to him, they could cease tormenting themselves about whether or not they would Private Rooms for Furniture eventually get taken care of by the proper official. He had, Certified Cold Storage Vaults for Furs said my father, a superabundance of tact and a mastery of Rug Cleaning and Storage the soft answer that turneth away wrath, with the result that Porto-lockers and Chests for Woolens in the eyes of the public everything was well in the Consulate Vaults for Silverware General even on the busiest days, and each and every case was being carried forward with all possible speed and zeal. Piano and Art Sections “Whoever this employee may be,” my father added, “he’s Fumigation Chambers a good advertisement lor the Foreign Service. He might not Home Inspection and Insurance Service have done anything for us, really, but he looked as though Packing and Forwarding he was doing a great deal, and that was enough to make Nation-wide Long Distance Moving everyone in the waiting room a lot happier.” (Allied Van Lines) Lift Vans for Foreign Shipments (Boivling Green) Sympathy vs. Red Tape Motor Vans for Local Moving I don’t know his name, either, but he is obviously talented. I once met a gentleman who had this same talent, and I am still grateful to him. He was a Foreign Service Officer in Bordeaux in September, 1939, at the time when hordes of 1701 Florida Ave. ADams 5600 American tourists were trying to get back home in ships which hadn’t arrived in Bordeaux yet. There was absolute¬ Washington 9, D. C. ly nothing this officer could do for any of us beyond telling us to wait patiently, which we didn’t want to hear because we already knew' there was nothing else to do. These idle hordes of tourists. I among them, spent a good part of their Officers Directors E. K. MORRIS BRUCE BAIRD ample leisure looking for a scapegoat. A less understanding President H. RANDOLPH BARBEE consul would have found himself the innocent victim of H. RANDOLPH BARBEE DANIEL L. BORDEN this situation before a day or two had passed—but not this First V ice-Pres. M. F. CALNAN JAMES M. JOHNSTON P. M. DEMING highly commendable gentleman! He treated us all as if we Vice~Pres. and Treasurer HENRY P. ERWIN were his sons, daughters, and favorite cousins in distress, FREDERIC N. TOWERS D. P. GAILLARD V ice-Pres. and Counsel so that we went away from an interview with him charmed JAMES M. JOHNSTON P. M. DEMING into patience and confident that as soon as something could Secretary ALLISON N. MILLER be done, this consul could be depended upon to do it. I S. WEBSTER ADAMS CARROLL MORGAN Asst. Vice-Pres. E. K. MORRIS imagine that my father’s friend in Frankfort has this same A. RUSSELL BARBEE DONALD F. ROBERTS benevolent influence on the public. Having been a member Asst. Secretary FREDERIC N. TOWERS RAYMOND O. BABB C. G. WARFIELD of the public waiting endlessly in the lobby myself, I can Asst. Secretary ROBERT W. WILSON agree with my father when he says that in his opinion a good •77. receptionist whose heart overflows with charity can be more valuable than ten highly efficient officers working feverishly (Continued on page 9)

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8 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL LETTERS TO THE EDITORS (Continued from page 7) behind the scenes. I would only add that the most efficient AMERICAN EASTERN officer, too, is more valuable to the reputation of the con¬ sulate in direct ratio to his kindness and understanding. As OVER 20 YEARS EXPERIENCE IN THE my father put it, “The public is pathetically eager for a kind word.” And he also said, with vicarious generosity, “What ever that man in Frankfort gets as a salary, it ought to be NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST doubled!” IN PHILINDA KRIEG (Mrs. William L. Krieg) TRADE PICTURE PUZZLE SHIPPING (OWNER AND AGENT) DEVELOPMENT

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ittention OFFICERS AND PERMANENT AMERICAN EMPLOYEES OF THE FOREIGN SERVICE Barcelona, Spain, (EXCEPT Reserve Officers) To THE EDITORS: Are you enjoying adequate protection? Have you AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: made satisfactory provision for your family? A large proportion of your colleagues are deriving real secur¬ In case someone may have wondered whose hands are ity at very low cost through their participation in the in the foreground of the picture of Minister and Mrs. plan of group life insurance and hospital-surgical Donald R. Heath in the July 1950 “Journal,” page 13, coverage for dependents provided by the American I am sending you this note. Foreign Service Protective Association. Members of the Association also have the advantage of from The hand holding a thermos and the hand reaching for $1,500 to $3,000 free insurance (depending upon their a biscuit belong to my wife, Caroline. class) as well as Accidental Death and Dismember¬ The hand holding a sandwich is mine. ment Insurance in the amount of their basic group insurance. For example, if a Member holding $13,000 JAMES E. BROWN, JR. insurance ($10,000 basic group insurance plus $3,000 (ex-Counselor of Legation at Sofia, Bulgaria.) free insurance) should suffer a fatal accident the beneficiary would receive the $13,000 insurance plus $10,000 under the Accidental Death and Dismember¬ ment insurance, makinq a total of $23,000. The comments in the Announcement of March I, 1949, about hospital-surgical coverage for Members will not apply subsequent to May 31, 1950. The Acci¬ dental Death and Dismemberment Insurance became effective at 12 o'clock noon March I, 1950. The schedules in the Announcement of March I, 1949 will not apply to those applying for membership after May 31, 1950, as new classifications were estab¬ lished effective beginning June I, 1950. You will find application forms at the back of the Announcement of March I, 1949 which should be on file in all Foreign Service establishments, or you may receive an application form by writing direct to the Association. American Foreign Service Protective Association Care the Department of State Washington 25, D. C.

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10 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE

FOREIGN E JOURNAL Ctt PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

VOL. 27, NO. 9 WASHINGTON, D. C. SEPTEMBER, 1950

A public opinion type of survey discloses the varying attitudes which go to make up Departmental and For¬ eign Service points of view on amalgamation.

By CORNELIUS J. DWYER, FSO

Most employees are in favor of some kind of “integra¬ Staff Officers and 84% of Reserve Officers think amalgama¬ tion” of Departmental and Foreign Service personnel, but a tion would be a good thing for them, presumably because very large proportion have reservations in regard to the they believe many of the present barriers to their advance¬ thorough-going amalgamation recommended by the Hoover ment would be removed. Employees below the officer grade Commission, according to a recent survey of attitudes among in both the Department and Foreign Service favor integra¬ all categories of Department and Foreign Service personnel tion from the personal viewpoint, by small majorities. conducted by the National Opinion Research Center of the University of Chicago. Representative Group Polled Eighty-one percent of Civil Service Officers (Grades GS-6 The employee attitude survey was sponsored by the Secre¬ and higher), 78% of Foreign Service Staff Officers, and tary’s Committee on Personnel, which was requested to make 59% of Foreign Service Officers favor integration from a recommendations concerning the personnel management of theoretical viewpoint. the Foreign Service and the Department of State. Ques¬ However, the Hoover Commission recommendation was tionnaires were sent to 2,204 employees, divided equally be¬ quite specific: tween the Department and the field, with about 500 going to “The personnel in the permanent State Department es¬ Civil Service Officers (GS 6-15) and 600 to Foreign Serv¬ tablishment in Washington and the personnel of the For¬ ice Officers, Staff Officers, and Reserve Officers and the rest eign Service above certain levels should be amalgamated to those in the clerical grades. Seventy-one percent of the over a short period of years into a single foreign affairs questionnaires were returned, a high proportion for this type service obligated to serve at home or overseas and con¬ of survey. The replies to the questionnaires, which had been stituting a safeguarded career group administered sepa¬ worked out with the assistance of the National Opinion Re¬ rately from the general Civil Service.” search Center, were analyzed by this organization and a re¬ Mr. Forrestal added a reservation to this recommenda¬ port on this study has recently been submitted to the special tion : three-man advisory committee on amalgamation, headed by “It is of crucial importance that this process not be Janies Rowe. permitted to operate so as to destroy the morale or spirit of either group.” If the phrases “obligated to serve at home or overseas” and “career group” mean what the Foreign Service has always understood them to mean, an amalgamation of the Cornelius J. Dwyer, our type recommended by the Commission might “operate so newest Journal Board mem¬ as to destroy the morale or spirit” of Departmental officers, ber, is a former newspaper¬ since only 27% of them would be willing to accept assign¬ man. Now on loan to ECA his former (first) post was ments to any post in the world. At the same time, only 42% London. of Foreign Service Officers favor a single foreign affairs service, from the point of view of themselves and their own careers. In contrast to the Foreign Service Officer’s view, 68% of

SEPTEMBER, 1950 11 One of the most interesting facts to emerge from the poll of Staff Officers and 96% of CSO’s also have the career view¬ is that, as the report states, “the overwhelming majority of point. The majority of Civil Service and Foreign Service employees in all groups are satisfied with their present jobs.” clerks and Reserve Officers also plan to spend their working The most satisfied group are the Reserve Officers, 70% of lives with the Department or the Foreign Service. whom are “very satisfied with the work they are now doing The pollsters asked all classes of employees the following and 25% of whom are “mainly satisfied” for a total of 95%. question: “As compared with the Foreign Service, what par¬ FSO’s are a close second with 62% “very satisfied,” 32% ticular advantages do you see to Civil Service employment “mainly satisfied,” total 94%. CSO’s and FSSO’s show the in the Department as things are now?” The most important same percentage of satisfaction, 92%. Even the secretaries advantage seen to Civil Service employment was, of course, and clerks run about 80% satisfied. Thus, in spite of all the the chance to live in the United States with a more stable complaints which form a major part of the conversational home life and greater comforts. Forty-eight percent of FSO’s stock-in-trade of all classes of employees, the vast majority and 45% of CSO’s mention this as an advantage, although are secretly happy in their work in the vital field of Foreign there are more Staff Officers who can find no particular Affairs. One might well doubt if there are very many other advantages to Civil Service employment than who mention large organizations which can boast the same percentage of this factor. Both FSO’s and CSO’s lay stress on the greater employee satisfaction as the State Department. job opportunities and more rapid promotion which are avail¬ able in the Department. Another advantage frequently men¬ Career Viewpoint Predominant tioned is the security, higher pay and other benefits of Civil Similarly, the majority of those questioned regard their Service employment. employment by the Department or Foreign Service as a life¬ time career and do not plan to take outside employment Viewpoints on Amalgamation Advantages Vary later on. As might be expected, the percentage holding this A similar question was asked regarding the advantages of attitude is highest among the Foreign Service Officers, 95% the Foreign Service. The report analyzes the replies in the of whom regard their work as a lifetime career. About 80% following words: “The advantages of service abroad are viewed differently by the various categories of personnel. Foreign Service offi¬ Not everyone can go to cers, staff officers and reserve officers all put primary em¬ Paris. Would amalgama¬ phasis on the greater professional opportunities available in tion mean that Departmen¬ the Foreign Service, the advantages of foreign experience to tal officers receive assign¬ any individual’s career. Foreign Service clerks, on the other ments like this? At the hand, are more concerned with the personal opportunities right the flag on the Con¬ sulate General at Shanghai for travel and life in foreign countries. The Foreign Service is lowered for the last time officers and reserve officers most often mention the greater on April 25, 1950. Below material advantages of employment in the Foreign Service, are the men who had to and one FSO in five mentions the elite status of his group take it down. Left to Right: John F. Morgan, as a special advantage. Administrative Officer; A. “Departmental personnel, both clerks and officers, men¬ Sabin Chase, Chief of the tion first of all the greater professional opportunities and Political Section; Walter P. interesting nature of the work as the chief advantage of the McConaughy, Consul Gen¬ eral; Edwin J. M. Kreti- Foreign Service, and officers also stress the higher pay and mann, Executive Officer. superior retirement system. One-fourth of the Civil Service clerks find the chance to travel and live abroad especially appealing.”

Appraisal of Colleagues’ Views Only 16% of FSO’s report that most of the people in their offices or posts are favorable to Amalgamation, while 44% in general are definitely unfavorable. The percentages are almost reversed for other categories of personnel.

Table 14 “In general, from the point of view of the efficient organization of the foreign affairs of the United States, do you think the establish¬ ment of a single foreign affairs Service is desirable or not desirable?” CSO CSC FSO FSSOFSROFSSC Very desirable 55% 47% 33% 59% 73% 43% Somewhat desirable 26 22 26 19 9 22 Total in favor (81) (69) (59) (78) (82) (65) Somewhat undesirable 8 6 23 9 9 9 Very undesirable 3 5 12 4 7 Total opposed ...... (11) (11) (35) (13) ( 9) (16) Undecided or no opinion 8 20 6 9 9 19

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

In General .... When individuals are asked directly if they favor an integrated service from the theoretical viewpoint, however, the analyses are overwhelmingly favorable as can be seen from the following table.

THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Table 15 Table 26 “Taking everything into consideration, which one of the following “In general, from the point of view of yourself and your own career, statements best describes your own personal attitude toward the would you favor the establishment of a single foreign affairs Service, idea of serving abroad?” or are you opposed to the i dea?” CSO CSC CSO CSC FSO FSSO FSRO FSSC I would not be willing to serve abroad under any Very much in favor ...... 42% 37% 21% 49% 68% 33% Somewhat in favor 22 16 circumstances 10% 20% ..... 22 21 19 19 I’d rather not serve abroad, but would do so if as¬ Total in favor ...... (641 (59) (42) (68) (84) (52) signed 18 13 Somewhat opposed . 12 9 31 10 5 14 It’s all the same to me; I have no preference at all 1 2 Very much opposed 8 5 13 4 2 7 With certain reservations, I would welcome service Total opposed ...... (201 (14) (44) (14) (21) ( 7) abroad 61 55 Undecided or no opinion __ 16 27 14 18 9 27 I’d welcome service abroad without any reservations— 10 10 Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Total 100% 100% Specifically .... It is interesting to note that most departmental personnel Many, however, who favor the establishment of a single have no objection to taking a non-competitive examination foreign affairs service from the theoretical viewpoint, are less to determine whether they would be technically qualified to enthusiastic w'hen they think of its possible effect on their perform overseas work. Few seem to doubt their ability to own careers. pass such an examination, since 90% of departmental offi¬ cers and 80% of the clerks feel that their particular skills Table 20 could be used effectively abroad. Seventy percefit of them “What (personal) advantages (to yourself or your career) do you see would have no objection to undertaking a variety of work (in the complete or partial integration of the two Services) ?” assignments, largely outside of their special fields of interest, CSO CSC FSO FSSO FSRO FSSC assuming that they were at about the same level of difficulty Chance to get broader view of and responsibility. work, gain new experience (general) , 21% 18% 16% 15% ft 10% Chance to learn more through j Is a transfer in the offing? Be sure to let us know when 11 foreign or U. S. travel (spe¬ jf so that we can keep your Journal coming to you. g cific) 44 40 40 33 ft 37 jp NOTE: Journals are not accepted at the Foreign Service . Chance to travel abroad or live m Mail Room for either forwarding or holding. in U. S _ 20 28 48 21 ft 33 Greater chance of promotion, iiniuiiiiiuiiuiyii!iiminuiBiiiuuiiijiiH!iimiuBiiiiiiiiffliBiiiuii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii[HiiiniDHiBii*iiiHiHramiiiiiiiiiii!raiiuiiiiBtiiififfl|iiiMinHiis^ advancement 23 6 19 29 ft 10 Simpler, more efficient admin¬ “Although fewer than half of the employees in the Depart¬ istrative procedures ... 9 15 5 7 ft 10 ment say they could accept overseas assignments immediate¬ Other job benefits: higher pay ly, almost 4 out of 5 of the officers would be ready within the retirement, security, etc. 10 4 7 7 ft 4 Pride, satisfaction of working next five years. One-third of the departmental officers ex¬ in better Service 4 1 6 ft 4 press a willingness to spend more than half of their time Miscellaneous advantages 2 i 1 1 ft 6 abroad and another % are willing to spend 3 to 5 years 1 ague or unclassifiahle _ 1 4 2 2 ft 6 overseas out of every 10.” More than one answer per¬ mitted 134% 116% 139% 121% 120% Table 29 “If assigned, would you be willing to serve at practically any post in Table 23 the Service (including those with adverse health or living conditions), or would you be willing to serve only at certain posts?” “What (personal) disadvantages (to yourself or your career) do you CSO CSC see (in the complete or partial integration of the two Services) ?” Percent of Those Seeing Disadvantages Willing to serve anywhere—..— 27% 25% CSO CSC FSO FSSO FSRO FSSC Would serve only at certain posts 60 48 Having to disrupt home, take Don’t know, undecided- i 3 7 job overseas or in Washing¬ Wouldn’t serve under any conditions : 10 20 ton 68% 70% 10% 23% ft 36% Fewer chances for advance¬ Total 100% 100% ment, more competition for The chief reason for this attitude is concern about the jobs _ 10 10 43 17 ft 11 Loss of job benefits, financial health and welfare of their families at the less desirable disadvantages 14 10 31 25 ft 7 posts. Such reasons are given by approximately two-thirds Possibility of unsuitable work of those who would be upwilfftig to serve - any where, For assignments 22 9 11 20 ft 11 Lower Service morale, danger example: 4. ■-v» of bureaucracy .... 7 4 44 25 ft 32 “Because of my responsibility to my family, I Miscellaneous disadvantages ... 2 3 1 ft 4 would not want to serve where they were inade¬ Vague or unclassifiahle 2 4 1 3 ft 7 quately taken care of.” More than one answer per- “As I am married and would want my wife with mitted 125% 108% 107% 143% 114% me, I would not care to subject her to possible Overseas Assignments danger or illness.” Employees at the higher grades also express concern On the broad question of overseas service, nearly all about the nature of the work at. certain posts, or the relevance classes of personnel think it would be a good idea if all of particular posts to their field, of interest., As one says: departmental personnel, engaged in substantive foreign af¬ “Assignment to a post not characteristic of the fairs work, were required to serve a few years overseas. functions on which I am working would hardly 93% of reserve officers held this view, 89% of FSO’s, and provide usefjil experience.” 84% of CSO’s. The lowest percentage in favor was registered by Civil Service clerks and, even among them, 71% would MORE PAGES FOR MORE READERS favor such a requirement. GIVE A JOURNAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR CHRISTMAS

SEPTEMBER, 1950 13 Table 30 “Distinction is often made between present employees now If Willing to Serve Only at Certain Posts: ‘'Why?’1 serving in the Department, and those hired after a single Percent of Those system was put into effect, and between those unable to Answering go, as contrasted with those who are unwilling. CSO CSC Concern over health, hardship, lack of facilities at ‘It seems to me that it would be extremely unfair to certain posts 69% 66% faithful employees who had accepted their position in the Concern over nature of work at certain posts 31 14 first place without any understanding that they would Concern over language limitations, or preference be¬ have to go abroad, to be deprived of the privileges of cause of proficiency 3 7 their positions as a result of integration. New employees Special objection to particular posts, or special pref¬ erence for others _ 3 11 could be hired on a different basis. Miscellaneous reasons „ , 1 4 ‘Persons unwilling to serve abroad should be given Don’t know, just prefer some to others . 7 11 fewer promotional opportunities, but persons unable to serve abroad because of health, etc., should not be Total , , : 114% 113% penalized.’ ” One surprising result of the survey is the overwhelming Table 33 objection to the institution of the “selection-out system” in “Assuming an integrated foreign affairs Service, which one of the any integrated service. The majority of employees in each following courses of action do you think the Department should take, group view the idea with disfavor. The clerical personnel is in the case of employees who are unable or unwilling to serve particularly opposed and, even among the FSO’s, only % abroad?” definitely favor the system. CSO CSC FSO FSSO FSRO FSSC The Rowe Committee has already drafted its report al¬ Give them five years and then JOURNAL try to place them with an¬ though it had not been made public at the time the other government agency if went to press. We know, however, that the Committee con¬ they are still unable or un- sidered the results of the employee attitude survey in con¬ willing to go __ 17% 11% 28% 25% 25% 21% junction with Mr. Forrestal’s warning in drafting its report, Let them remain in the home branch, but give them fewer and we can be confident that the report reflects this studv. promotional opportunities 9 10 17 18 27 25 Let them remain in the home branch on an equal basis with those who do serve, ZJwenty Z^iue 'IJeard provided they meet all other 9° requirements of their job .... 62 67 33 40 34 44 Other Suggestions 8 7 16 13 7 4 ^amei d3. Stewart Undecided, Don’t know 4 5 6 4 7 6

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% ABOUT PEOPLE. HERSCHEL JOHNSON was ap¬ pointed Secretary-Treasurer of the Foreign Service Asso¬ “A question was asked, for example, concerning the treat¬ ciation; COERT DU BOIS went to Paris and Berlin to see ment of those Departmental employees who are unable or how the new Immigration Law was working; and NOR¬ unwilling to serve abroad, and we find a general mood of MAN ARMOUR was en route from Rome to his new post leniency. As might be expected, the Foreign Service groups at Tokyo. are more likely to urge severer measures, but even among • these a majority favor keeping them in their present jobs. ON LEAVE: AMBASSADOR WILLIAM PHILLIPS; “Almost two-thirds of the Departmental employees, and MINISTER ROBERT WOODS BLISS; DIPLOMATIC a little over one-third of the Foreign Service groups, would SECRETARIES WARDEN Me K. WILSON and ORME not discriminate in any way against present personnel who WILSON, Jr.; CONSULS SAMUEL T. LEE, GEORGE D. are unwilling to accept overseas assignments. HOPPER and PAUL C. SQUIRE; VICE CONSUL GIL¬ “About half of the Foreign Service groups and about a SON G. BLAKE, Jr. and HARRY A. HAVENS, Foreign quarter of the Departmental officers would either give the Administration, Department. recalcitrant employees five years’ grace, and then try to CONSUL ADDISON E. SOUTHARD, during his vaca¬ place them elsewhere; or they would let them remain on tion, motored from Washington to Louisville, Kentucky, their jobs but give them fewer promotional opportunities. covering a distance of over 2000 miles! “The ‘other suggestions’ almost invariably stress the need • for a flexible system under which each case would be judged FRANK P. LOCKHART IS HONORED. Prior to his on its own merits. It is perhaps significant that such senti¬ departure for Hankow, Consul General Lockhart was en¬ ments are most often expressed by the Foreign Service officer tertained at luncheon at Rauscher’s by colleagues in the groups. For example: Division of Far Eastern Affairs. “These questions seem to me to represent a wrong ap¬ • proach to the whole matter. Let’s not substitute mechanics WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN DIES. One of the out¬ for leadership. A man should be moved from a given job or standing figures of American political life passed from the post when he begins to get stale or narrow. This question scene when William Jennings Bryan, three times candidate puts foreign service in the category of ‘serving time’ and of his party for President, and Secretary of State under treats people as cattle—‘Give them,’ ‘Let them,’ ‘etc.’ Woodrow Wilson from March, 1913 to June 1915, died Exceptions must be made for Department employees whose in his sleep on the afternoon of July 26, at Dayton, Ten¬ technical knowledge outweighs their need for foreign ex¬ nessee. Mr. Bryan had gone to the little mountain town to perience. Other Department personnel have special training lead the prosecution in the famous Scopes case—a test which could not be utilized in embassy work. case brought under the Tennessee statute forbidding the “This would depend on several factors: the age of the teaching of evolution in state-supported schools. individual, the quality of his work, his family status, etc. (Continued on page 50)

H Tns AM The Other Side of the Coin

A Fulbright Grantee Tells His Story

by Richard Scott

I had just returned to London from a ten-day visit to ately I wrote off to Mallory Browne enthusiastically accept¬ France. I had been to Strasbourg and to Paris to cover ing his Government’s invitation. It was all very sudden and for my newspaper, the Manchester Guardian, the meetings very unexpected. of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe and These grants under the Smith-Mundt Act are adminis¬ the Council of the Organization for European Economic tered by the State Department. I understand that they have Cooperation (O.E.E.C.), which had been taking place in been available since 1939 to persons from the Western these two cities. On my desk in my office was a great pile of hemisphere but that 1950 was the first year in which funds correspondence, foreign newspapers, hand-outs from various have been available for persons from Europe or the rest Embassy information bureaus, invitations to a couple of of the world. I was the first grantee from the United King¬ receptions, and the normal mass of papers that accumulate dom. I understand that the State Department laid down the during one’s absence. I didn’t have a great deal of time to policy on the basis of which the selection of candidates was look through this pile. A good many of the papers received to be made and left the actual nomination of the individual no more than a very perfunctory glance and were deposited to the Information Counselor in each of the United States in the large waste-paper basket by my side. Embassies concerned. The State Department policy govern¬ ing the selection of candidates from the United Kingdom, I Embassy Cachet am told, was that candidates should be persons who, by The contents of one of these letters, however, struck me reason of the nature of their professional work, would be in as a little odd. It was typewritten on paper bearing the position to make wide use in their own countries of the stamp of the United States Embassy in London. It was fruits of their three-month visit to the United States. Clear¬ addressed to me personally and began “Dear Mr. Scott.” ly a newspaperman had strong claims for consideration Yet, as I began to read its contents it clearly seemed merely under such terms of reference. to be a routine hand-out from the Embassy Information No Strings Attached Service giving me details (rather belatedly it occurred to me) of the passage through Congress of the Smith-Mundt No obligations are attached to the acceptance of these Act, or Public Law 402. It went on to explain briefly the grants. The grantee is expected to confer with men and purposes for which the American Congress had decided to women in the United States who are themselves directly or appropriate funds under this Act. It informed me that one indirectly concerned in the same field as he is himself. That of the principal categories of persons to whom grants under is about all. Nowhere is it laid down that a grantee must the Act were made was described as “leader and specialist.” do this or that he must not do that. The assumption is Well, I had a lot more papers to look at and I hadn’t yet that the Information Counselors will not select a person begun to write my piece for that night’s Manchester who would be likely to try and spend his three months lying Guardian. So I thought I wouldn’t bother just then to read on his back sunning himself on the coast of Florida. any further. It obviously wasn’t important. I happen to have had some personal experience in Eng- But of course the next couple of lines in the Embassy’s letter completely changed my view. They made it clear in L. to R. Oliver J. Caldwell, Chief, Federal Programs Section, Division of fact that the letter I was about to discard as a hand-out of Exchange of Persons; Richard Scott, writer on foreign affairs for the Manchester Guardian; and Raymond H. Fisher, Professional Programs minor significance or interest was probably one of the most Section, Federal Programs Branch, Division of Exchange of Persons, exciting letters I had ever received. Those next two lines Department of State. Department of State Photo informed me that I was formally invited on behalf of the Government of the United States to spend three months in the States through a grant under the terms of the Smith- Mundt Act. The category under which I was invited was “leader and specialist.” My fare, first class, from my home to Washington and back and all authorized travel in the United States would be paid and I would receive a per diem sum of $10 as well. The letter was signed by Mr. Mal¬ lory Browne, the Information Counselor in the American Embassy in London, himself an old newspaper-man. It had already lain unopened and unanswered on my desk for over a week. I immediately sent a note to my editor in Man¬ chester enclosing the Embassy letter and expressing the hope that he would feel it would be useful for me to accept the American Government’s invitation. Next day I had a reply from my editor saying that by all means I should accept and that the paper would be glad to provide me with any additional money that would be necessary. Immedi¬ land of taking care of visiting foreign newspapermen. I ernment agencies including the ECA and MDAP; and, know something of the difficulties and the snags. The great¬ finally, a number of good friends. est of these, I suppose, is to arrive at the happy medium be¬ In respect to my tour of the country 1 had to decide tween completely exhausting and confusing your visitor whether I should concentrate on one or two regions and try through excessive zeal in displaying to him every facet of to get to understand them fairly thoroughly or whether I the nation’s life and history and on the other hand of en¬ should try and get at least a glimpse and a very rough suring that he does see everything and everyone he wants to working knowledge of as much of the country as I could. see. During my three months in the United States this Wisely or not (I’m still not sure! I chose the latter. The only important areas I was unable to visit were the deep arduous and delicate task has largely been performed by South and the North West, but in order to fit in the eighteen two members of the Exchange of Persons Division of the cities and towns I visited in the other regions meant that I State Department. For my three weeks in Washington I was could stay no longer than from one to three days in each, one of the burdens borne on the youthful, but fortunately with the exception of New York where I spent a week. massive, shoulders of Mr. James White. My welfare, once In each of my stopping places I normally called at the I had left the capital, was the responsibility of Mr. Adrian offices of the local newspapers and had a talk with the Moore. In both cases I was fortunate. They each managed editor or a member of his staff and in addition I had. to convey the impression of being personally interested that through the kindness of Adrian Moore and of other friends I should make the most of my visit. As a matter of fact in Washington, amassed quite a list of people to see in each that was a strikingly common characteristic among the of the places in which I was to stop. In New Orleans, San people I met throughout the country. They nearly always Francisco and New York the State Department has Orien¬ seemed personally interested in contributing in one way or tation and Service centers and in these three cities the another to increasing my knowledge of the country, its cus¬ State Department officials took a great deal of trouble in toms and its history—in other words, of making my visit making arrangements in advance for me to meet people. a success. Throughout my nearly three months stay in the United States I have only written one article for my paper. That I arrived in New York on board the Queen Elizabeth on was a purely political piece, written immediately after leav¬ April 26th and decided to come straight on to Washington ing Washington, in which I attempted to give an estimate the next afternoon. Here I discussed, first with James of U. S. policy towards the broad question of creating White, the people and the things I would like to see in closer unity in the Atlantic community. When 1 get back to Washington and then with Adrian Moore the places I London I intend of course to write some more general should like to visit in the rest of the country. My two chief articles about the United States. They won’t be easy to aims were to understand as fully as I could the theory and write. The United States is a vast area to try to cover in a the practice of government in the United States; both its period of three months. One’s impressions cannot fail to be application in the states and federally. Secondly to find out grossly superficial. Nevertheless I have no doubt but that what the American Administration, Congress and people this three-month visit will enable me over the ensuing years were feeling about the main current problems in the field to write more intelligently and informedly about the main of international affairs. The fulfillment of both these aims problems in international relations since today it is the meant that I had to spend a certain amount of time in United States which is the greatest single force in the Washington, the Federal capital and the city in which I international scene. Some first-hand understanding of the would expect to find some of the best informed and best country, its political system and the way its people live equipped minds not only in the Congress and Administra¬ and the way they react to events is essential to anyone who tion but among my colleagues of the press. It also clearly has to write about international affairs. meant that I should not devote more than a portion of my time to the eastern seaboard. I had to get out and at least MARRIAGES try and see something of the main regions of the country. LE BRETON-WELLES. Mrs. Adele Harman Welles, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Archer Harman and FSO David I decided therefore to spend my first three weeks in LeBreton. Jr., were married on August 5, 1950, at Edgar- Washington and then to spend the next seven going around town, Massachusetts. Mr. LeBreton, Jr., is Second Secre¬ the country as far and as wide as time w'ould allow'. tary of Embassy at Warsaw, Poland. Such is the hospitality and the kindness of Americans LOCKHART-DOUGLAS. Miss Jean Lucia Douglas, towards the stranger, and I believe also the genuine interest daughter of Mr. Richard Douglas and the late Mrs. Doug¬ in his reactions to America and the American way of life, las and Mr. Frank P. Lockhart, Jr., were married on August that, once arrived in Washington, it was not so much a 25, 1950, in Washington. D. C. Mr. Lockhart, son of the question of trying to get people to see me as trying to fit late Consul General Frank P. Lockhart, is assigned to the in all the people I wanted to see. Without exception, I Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs in the Department. think, however busy or important they were, they never failed to give me at least a quarter of an hour of their time VAIL-HUGHES. Miss Elaine Hughes, FSS, was married — and it was often a good deal more. Those people to on July 28, 1950, in the American Embassy at San Salvador whom I did not already have a personal introduction were I where she has been a member of the staff I to Mr. Roger called up by James White and an appointment made. This Vail, a free-lance writer. was of course enormously helpful in that it saved me a MOORE-DE AVELLAR. Miss Ruby de Avellar and Mr. good deal of time and, being as reticent as most of my Donald L. Moore were married in Mexico City on August countrymen, a certain amount of embarrassment. 1 man¬ 4, 1950. Mrs. Moore is in the Budget and Fiscal Section of aged to meet and to have useful talks with most of the out¬ the Embassy at Rio de Janeiro. standing newspaper and radio commentators on interna¬ tional affairs; half a dozen Senators from both parties, A BIGGER ASSOCIATION CAN DO MORE FOR YOU. many members of the State Dept, and of one or two Gov¬ EVERY MEMBER GET A MEMBER! 16 r THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Winning Friends South of the Border

by Gilbert A. Crandall, FSR

The Cantro Culturel Paraguayo Americano in Asuncion, one of the many American cultural centers in Latin America. everyone to participate. Surprisingly enough, local income has been increasing from year to year and the center is now about 60% self-supporting. To enable this and other On Calle Estigarribia, two blocks from Palma, the “Main smaller centers to continue with their good work, the De¬ Street” of Asuncion, capital of tiny land-locked Paraguay, partment assists financially in varying degrees. stands a large one-story white cement house. High win¬ The center in Asuncion was founded in 1942, shortly dows open out a few feet above the narrow sidewalk and after our entry into the war. Prior to that time we were an adjacent wall encloses a spacious garden-patio. This a relatively unknown distant neighbor to most Paraguayans. building, which is frequently decorated with the Stars and Our diplomatic relations were friendly enough and Para¬ Stripes as well as with the Paraguayan banner, was once guayans still remembered us for the favorable decision of the home of an ex-vice president of the Republic, but today President Hayes in the arbitration of the Paraguavan- a bronze plaque at the entrance designates it as the Centro Argentine boundary dispute of 1874. However, the Chaco Roosevelt. War of the 1930’s was still fresh in Paraguayan minds and Probably no more than a few dozen people in the United many Paraguayans continued to believe the completely false States are aware of the existence or purpose of this insti¬ but none the less damaging rumor which circulated through¬ tute, but to Asuncenos, the descendants of Spanish con- out the country during the conflict to the effect that we quistadores and Guarani Indians, the Centro occupies a had aided Paraguay’s enemy, Bolivia. In 1942 Axis agents very important position in community life. Each year and sympathizers were particularly active in that section of since it was founded, hundreds of Paraguayans have gathered South America spreading anti-American propaganda. Ob¬ there to study English, the language of their friends north of viously the organization of a society devoted to creating the Rio Grande, and literally thousands have attended lec¬ friendship and understanding of the United States was tures, exhibits, and other of its activities designed to pro¬ greatly to be desired and was another step in the develop¬ mote interest, friendship, and understanding of the United ment of the Good Neighbor Policy. States. Through the efforts of this organization a vast The formation of the Centro Cultural Paraguayo-Ameri¬ number of Paraguayans, who would not otherwise have cano was undertaken by a group of Paraguayans, pro- had the opportunity, have learned something of our lan¬ American in sentiment, many of whom had studied at guage, customs, traditions, history, and culture. American universities or visited the United States. These people were encouraged and assisted by our Embassy and Centers are Autonomous the small American colony in Asuncion. Within a short This American cultural center, like the twenty-nine other time English language classes were started and the Franklin cultural institutes operating in seventeen other American re¬ D. Roosevelt Library opened. Throughout the war the publics, is a locally autonomous cultural society organized Centro was the rallying point for pro-American and pro- under local law. And, along with the other centers, it is Allied sympathizers in Paraguay. assisted by the Department of State through the Institutes For a short time after the war local interest in the center Branch, Division of Libraries and Institutes. The Depart¬ declined. However, this was only a temporary situation ment provides the centers with American personnel to con¬ resulting mainly from the fact that Paraguay was suffering duct the English instructional program and to assist in other a series of revolutions and political upheavals. Since 1947, ways. Cultural materials such as American books, maga¬ enrollment in English classes has exceeded all expectations zines. and newspapers, which are in constant demand in the and there are now more students than the institute can con¬ center libraries, are also supplied. veniently handle. Membership has been strengthened and The center in Paraguay, although it has a capacity student attendance at all functions is higher than ever. enrollment, a membership of over 1,000 and receives gen¬ Seven years ago it would have been rare to encounter a erous local contributions, is unable to meet operating ex¬ Paraguayan who could speak English. French and German penses entirely out of local income. Paraguay is not a were for all intents and purposes the only languages taught wealthy country and the institute must strive to keep class in the schools. Today it is not uncommon to find Para¬ fees and membership dues as low as possible to enable guayans, in all walks of life, who can speak English with

SEPTEMBER, 1950 17 considerable facility. In the public schools about 90% of many firms have made sizeable contributions toward their all students studying languages are enrolled in English support. Union Oil of California, recently engaged in classes. Of course, credit for this accomplishment is not exploratory activities in Paraguay, has been a staunch sup¬ due entirely to the American cultural center but there can porter of the institute there. be no doubt that the institute has made a tremendous con¬ Commenting on the center in Asuncion, Ambassador tribution to this end. Fletcher Warren recently said: “In this post-war era we As has been indicated, teaching English is not the only desire and need the friendly understanding by the Para¬ activity of the center. A well rounded program of social, guayan people of what the United States is, and of what it cultural and informational activities provides Paraguayans, stands for. The Centro Cultural Paraguayo-Americano is an many of whom never study our language, with an oppor¬ Teacher James Passarelli, of Chicago, with a group of Paraguayan tunity to learn something about the United States. Picnics, students of English. square dances, Fourth of July celebrations and similar social affairs make it possible for them to meet and get acquainted with members of the American group in Asun¬ cion. Last year Dr. Harvey Johnson of Northwestern University visited the institute and gave a series of eight lectures on various subjects relating to American history and culture. Although every lecture was well attended, the three delivered in English attracted the largest audiences, indicating an increasing understanding of our language. Documentary films and travelogues about America exhibited at the center are always of interest to Paraguayans and the Roosevelt Library serves over 500 readers a month. Two plays presented in English by American members of the institute during the past two years have attracted capa¬ city audiences at Asuncion’s Municipal Theater.

Funds a Chronic Problem The center in Asuncion is meeting with growing success but it does have its problems and obtaining sufficient funds to meet expenses is not the least of them. The Department of State renders financial assistance to this and other in¬ stitutes, but appropriations made available to the Depart¬ ment for this purpose have unfortunately not kept pace with the rapidly expanding program. Although there are more than 600 Paraguayans enrolled in English classes at the center in Asuncion, the Department has only been able to furnish the institute with two American instructors and an administrator. Native teachers trained by the institute assist with the program, hut the students prefer Americans, particularly for conversation and pronunciation courses. Cultural centers have been making a great contribution to the development of techniques and methods of teaching Paraguayans and Americans alike enjoy reading magazines from the English to Latin Americans, a subject which, until recently, United States in the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library of the American had received scant attention. Faced with a dearth of teach¬ center in Asuncion. ing materials, the institutes have undertaken to produce their own textbooks, several of which have been accepted institution successfully serving that end. The longer it for publication by American publishing houses. The serves, the closer will be United States-Paraguayan relations Asuncion center has recently produced a series of five and the better will be the mutual understanding. I trust the texts based on materials originally prepared at the center Centro has come to be a permanent instrument for the in Mexico City by a staff of American experts. These texts promotion of that understanding.” are made available to the students at a very small cost. The center has gone one step further toward this end by Paraguayans, as well as other Latin Americans, are be¬ successfully completing an intensive fund-raising campaign ginning to develop a genuine interest and better understand¬ in order to solve the space problem imposed by its expand¬ ing of the United States and there can be no doubt that the ing activities. With the whole-hearted cooperation of the cultural centers have played an important role in bringing Ambassador and the opportune and generous contributions this about. However, we are still a distant neighbor to of local Paraguayan and American business firms and indi¬ most of Latin America and if lasting hemispheric solidarity viduals the center was able to complete the financial ar¬ is to be achieved we must not cease in our efforts to become rangements, thus distinguishing it as the first cultural center better acquainted with the other American republics. The to complete a successful drive to acquire permanent quar¬ cultural centers can contribute to this end by lessening ters. Although the center has not yet occupied its new language barriers and by the development of cordial per¬ quarters, the move will provide the center with a much sonal relations between ourselves and the people of the larger and more attractive building which will be equipped other republics. to meet the demand upon its facilities. The Centro Cultural American business firms operating in Latin America have Paraguayo-Americano has done much to cement the ties been quick to recognize the valuable work the institutes between North Americans and Paraguayans and deserves are performing. In many instances these firms have direct¬ recognition for reaching the goal which marked a mile¬ ly benefited by having their native employees study English stone in its history and molded the desires of many of its at the institutes. In recognition of the efforts of the centers, members into a reality.

18 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL /?«umors in methe Jc^roreian s*eruice FACT OR FANCY? Several months ago, disturbed by the morale-sapping rumors which had spread through large segments of the Service, the Executive Committee of the Foreign Service Association started going after the facts. Here, Chairman Herve J. L’Heureux brings you the results of the Committee’s quest.

In recent years there has been a feeling of unease among takeovers of liquidat¬ some members of the Service—a kind of mass insecurity ing war agencies. that has no place in a career service, a sense of being lost Comparing total in the shuffle. It has seemed to affect both individuals and strength at the begin¬ the Service as a whole. ning of calendar years Some of this uneasiness has crystallized into complaints since the passage of and rumors whose repetition feeds the gnawing worry. The the Foreign Service Executive Committee of the Foreign Service Association has Act, it will be seen that made a careful study of this problem. To the extent that it is possible I propose to balance those rumors with facts the Staff Corps is be¬ which the Committee has obtained from responsible officials. low its 1946 peak, while the Officers Corps Harris d• Ewing Relation Between Staff Corps and Officer Corps is 40% larger than it Herve J. L'Heureux was at that time. How¬ Most frequently heard is the statement that the Staff Corps ever, in the past few years both groups have been reduced is being expanded at the expense of the Officer Corps. in numerical size. This rumor gained currency owing to the considerable time lag between the appointment of the last previous class Reduction in Force of FSO’s and the class in June 1950, and a failure to dis¬ tinguish between regular and special programs. At the Reduction in force, a subject for headlines in Washington time of the appointment of the most recent class in June these days, is something that concerns all employees of the 1950, the strength of the Officer Corps was 1140 regular Service, particularly when an appropriation bill is pending and 92 special program. At the same time the strength of before Congress. It is hoped that any possible cutback can the FSS Corps was 3711 regular and 2659 special program, be weathered through loans of Foreign Service personnel of whom 1842 were HICOG employees. to other agencies and assignment to new special programs In short, the expansion of the Foreign Service has taken and through not filling vacancies as they occur. Career place outside the regular program. The Staff Corps has service planning and fluctuating appropriations are almost indeed been expanded by these special programs as has the impossible to synchronize. During 1948-1949, owing to Reserve Officer group, but not at the expense of the regular shortages of funds, over 100 persons went on loan to ECA, Foreign Service Officer category. For the record, it should MDAP, DP, and HICOG programs. be pointed out that over the past twelve years the size of Reduction in force is also a measure of whether the the FSO Corps has almost doubled and it has shown a Foreign Service Staff has been protected at the expense of steady increase since the end of the war. It is true, as the the FSO Corps. During the fiscal year 1949, the extreme table below shows, that the Staff Corps has increased even shortage of funds necessitated cuts in many places. The more rapidly, but this increase occurred during and shortly table on the next page shows how the reduction in staff was after the war as a result of expanding clerical functions and distributed among the various categories of employees:

Comparison of the Growth of the FSO Corps and FSS Corps 1938 to 1950 (Regular Program Only)* Others Percentage Percentage (Clerks and Percentage Increase or Increase or Miscellaneous Increase or Year FSO Decrease FSR Decrease Now FSS) Decrease Jan. 1, 1938 702 — 0 — 836 — Jan. 1, 1939 715 + 1.8 0 — 876 + 4.8 Jan. 1, 1940 826 + 15.5 0 — 997 + 13.8 Jan. 1, 194.1 842 + 1.9 0 — 1055 + 5.8 Jan. 1, 1912 857 + 1.7 0 — 1383 + 31.1 Jan. 1, 1943 856 0.1 0 — 1890 + 36.6 Jan. 1. 1944 826 — 3.5 0 — 2210 + 16.9 Jan. 1, 1945 792 — 4.1 0 — 2566 + 16.1 Jan. 1, 1946 820 4- 3.5 0 — 4025 + 56.8 .• » May 1. 1947 996 + 21.4 222 3648 lan. 1, 1948 1220 + 22.4 78 • 3731 * Jan. 1, 1949 1175 3.7 89 + 11.0 3560 — 4.6 lan. 1. 1950 1148 — 2.2 76 — 14.6 3636 -J- - 2.1

‘Except for figures for 1947. Only available figures are for May, 1947, and no breakdown is available.

SEPTEMBER. 1950 19 Comparison of Reductions in Employment the FSO employees in the five grades between FSO-2 and by Categories, Fiscal Years 1948 and 1949 FSO-6 ($10,330—$3630). The result of this and other differences in pay scales is that one FSO promotion is the Net Percentage 1949 Category 1948 Actual Reductions Reduction Estimate approximate equivalent of three successive FSS promotions. FSO 1315 100 7.6 1215 (The possibility of two or three jump increases is dealt with FSS 3966 356 9.0 3610 later.) In other words, an FSS-8 employee who receives a FSA 5886 286 4.8 5500 class promotion every two years would reach approximately the same salary level six years later as the FSO-5 who The FSS category, it will be noted, was cut slightly more might wait six years for his promotion to FSO-4. in proportion than the FSO. This opens up the question of whether the pay scale steps Comparable to this complaint of the FSO’s is the feeling for FSO and FSS should be changed. There has been con¬ among some Staff people that they are the Orphan Annies siderable comment that the Staff Corps system has too many of the Service, cold-shouldered and overlooked except when grades and some comment to the effect that the Officer Corps it comes to parceling out the chores. Undoubtedly there has too few. Serious consideration is being given to this have been individual examples of shortsighted snobbery, problem at the present time and while no immediate action but what is characteristic of one officer should not be ap¬ is contemplated, it appears probable that a proposal will plied wholesale to his colleagues. Admittedly, in the past be made to reduce the number of FSS grades at some future the rules of the Association itself (originally limited to date when the timing seems appropriate to seek amendments Foreign Service Officers I must have given credence to this to the Foreign Service Act. kind of talk. But the Association has changed with the The high rate of promotion for FSS employees in 1949 times. Recognizing that there are Service, not Staff, Reserve, and 1950 was occasioned primarily by the installation of or Officer, problems, Association membership was opened the classification plan during these years with an adjustment some time back to all members of the Foreign Service. period that is quite comparable to similar adjustments made Promotions for FSO’s at the time the Foreign Service Act of 1946 was Another group of complaints concerns promotions. One hears (1) that Staff officers receive more pay for their age level and experience; (2 I that Staff corps people serve in the same positions for years and years without receiving the recognition and promotions due them; and 13) that the promotion rate in the Staff corps is more rapid than in I he Officer group. To a limited extent all these statements are true, but pro¬ grams already initiated should, before too long, have the system in balance. There are two types of promotions open to both the FSS and FSO employees, promotions from one class to a higher class and salary advancements within a given class or grade. Both groups receive the latter type of salary advancement on an annual basis except that FSO’s receive theirs on July 1 of each year, provided they have had at least nine months of service at a given salary level, while FSS’s receive theirs on the anniversary of their last salary increase. Any ques¬ tion as to rapidity of promotion, therefore, must be con¬ Illustrating the effect of promotions on morale looked impossible until fined to promotions from one class to another. we received this group photo from Henry Unverzagt in Chihuahua. The At the outset, one must realize that there is a range of happy expressions, he assures us, resulted from instructions to "smile as if you had just received a promotion." From left to right they are: 1st fifteen classes to which FSS employees are normally as¬ row, Mary S. Corinha, Rafael F. Torres, Henry T. Unverzagt, Charley signed in contrast to seven classes for FSO’s. Compara¬ L. Rice, Adela Prieto. Back row, Juan M. Ordonez, Simona Serrano, bility. in fact, exists only between FSS employees at the Felix O. Lucero, Lily Olga Beck, Carmen Loewenstein, Carlos Venegas eleven grades between FSS-1 and 11 ( $9150 — .$3570) and and Miguel Mendoza. passed.” A second reason was the decision to raise recruit¬ The Displaced Persons program is one of several to which Foreign Service personnel have been loaned. Here, in the DP Visa Office at ing levels which necessitated an immediate increase for all Salzburg are I. fo r„ Anita Telleen, FSS; Wayne Fisher, FSO; Zoe Dagg, personnel in the lower salary levels to the new minimum. FSS; and William White, FSS. In the background are photos of some Several hundred promotions were made simultaneously of the 17.000 DP's who have been visaed by the office. for this reason. It will be seen from the following table that in 1951 the s will be in a favorable position as compared with the FSS’s who enjoyed a more favorable position in the two previous years, when many promotions and readjust¬ ments occurred which were long overdue.

FSS Promotions and Year FSO Promotions Readjustments 1948 14% 23% 1949 20% 52% 1950 20% 50% 1951 lest.) 27% 18.9";,

*This adjustment was necessitated by the classification surveys made in 1947 and 1948 which revealed a very large numbe.* of people who had been underpaid for years. It is often alleged that Foreign Service staff employees generally receive promotions of two or more classes. While this is not common nor is it expected to occur frequently under the new staff promotion system, it did occur in a considerable number of instances following the reclassifica¬ tion of positions at field posts in the past two years. How¬ ever, it was felt that such action was proper to rectify errors of long standing. The relative responsibilities of the FSO Corps vis a vis the FSS Corps is indicated by the number and percentage of persons occupying key positions in the Foreign Service. Using the base salaries of general program personnel only, there are currently in the $8,000 to $10,000 salary level about 1% of FSS personnel in contrast to 17% of ISO’s. The number of FSS individuals at this salary level is in¬ creasing, but is still far below the actual number of FSO employees. The table is taken from the 1951 budget ma¬ terial. Foreign Service Employees in the $8,000 to $10,000 Levels With Percentage Relationship to All Employees in the Same Category

FSO FSS 1949 1950 1951 1949 1950 1951 Total Employees 1215 1123 1171 3610 3508 3700 No. Paid $8,000-110,000 247 199 201 25 38 39 17.2 . .7 1.1 1.05 Percent Paid $8,000-$ 10,000 20.3 17.7 Tananarive is one of the hardship posts. Here, in front of the Con¬ sulate are: Seated, Watchman Ali Dahoma, Chauffeur Joseph, Messen¬ ger Jumbo Rakotoarisaona, Cook Ramanantony, Table-boy Ravelojaona, Home Leave aiul Transfers Messenger Emile, Washwoman Rosette, Housekeeper Razafy. Standing, Clerk Ratsimihara, Clerk Brissonnette, Accountant Rabenja, Consul Gen¬ Home leave is another source of discontent. By the end eral Fernald, Clerk Rananja, Mrs. and Jeffrey Weintraub, Vice Consul of next fiscal year it is expected that the present backlog will Weintraub, Dr. C. J. Fernald, Chief Clerk Lebrun. have been greatly reduced and that leaves will be granted much more closely to the date due. Considerable progress be transferred in as replacements. Add to this the desire was made this fiscal year. Out of 1495 eligible employees to give employees at non-hardship posts reasonably frequent who applied for home leave, 1300 had been offered it and changes of scene and it is small wonder that a great many 1058 actually took the opportunity. transfers take place each year. A recent study showed that Catching up on home leave has indirectly given rise to employees are transferred on the average of every 32 another complaint—too many and too frequent transfers months. betw'een posts. Many of the complaints about frequent transfers come About a year ago, special stress was laid upon combining from persons transferred away from “good” posts. The transfers with home leave, thereby conserving funds and cheers from the employee transferred from a hardship post reducing the number of cases where an individual received to the vacancy at the “good” post are often drowned out. home leave a few months after arrival at a new post. This During 1949 there were approximately 450 such transfers latter situation had given rise to legitimate criticism. Trans¬ from hardship to non-hardship posts. The types of trans¬ fers now are somewhat more frequent since employees come fers as reported in the News Letters from July to December, up for special consideration shortly after completing a two- 1949, are listed below: year tour of duty at a particular post. Distribution by Type of 1271 Transfers During The policy of the Department has been and continues to the Last Six Months of 1949 be that transfers will be made as required for the good of the service. Specifically this has meant observance of cer¬ Total Percentage tain principles, among them: Transfers from Non-hardship Posts (1I Personnel will not normally be asked to remain at to Hardship Posts . .. 322 25.3 differential posts, including hardship and unhealthful Transfers from Hardship Posts to Non-Hardship Posts .. 221 17.4 posts, longer than two years and in some cases they will Transfers from Hardship Posts to be transferred out after shorter periods of service. Other Hardship Posts 151 11.9 (2) Personnel will normally not remain at any one Transfers not involving Hardship Posts . . 577 45.4 post for such a long period that they lose perspective or Total Transfers ;— ----- . 1271 100.00 become too thoroughly identified with the interests of a particular country. Too Fete People for Too Much Work 13) Whenever possible home leave and transfer w ill be combined, thereby bringing transfers up for consider¬ Contributing to the lost-in-the-shuffle feeling are a num¬ ation at the end of two or four years abroad. ber of complaints focussed on the lack of staff and equip¬ Observance of the first principle requires relatively fre¬ ment. Typewriters, desks, file cabinets, etc., are almost as quent transfers since more than 1000 staff employees, or regulation-bound as people. Equipment in Shanghai might 2Q'/( of the totai, are stationed at approximately 100 hard¬ be earmarked for Manila—the problems of getting it there ship posts throughout the world. As these individuals are or of getting by at Manila until it arrives are always annoy- transferred out, an equivalent number of employees must (Con/inued on page 23)

SEPTEMBER, 1950 THE form of bringing all other officer groups into something like the present FSO system, with careful attention being paid to the shape of the pyramid and age-in-grade relationships, or whether amalgamation would take place on Civil Service FOREIGN JOURNAL terms, i.e. a flat salary-for-salary merger, which, of course

27 SEPTEMBER, 1950 No. 9 0*7 would be very unfair to most Foreign Service Officers below Class 2. In replying to the questionnaire, some apparently were thinking of the first type of amalgamation while others PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY feared the second. THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION Unfortunately, those who analyzed the poll, perhaps be¬ 1809 G STREET, N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. cause of unfamiliarity with the different standards of train¬ ing and promotion of the Civil Service and Foreign Service, The American Foreign Service Association lumped a good many Foreign Service objections to the sec¬ ond type of amalgamation under the heading “too much The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and voluntary- association of the members, active and retired, of The Foreipn Service of the competition. The phraseology may be a bit misleading. We United States and the Department of State. The Association was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among members of the Foreign doubt if the majority of Foreign Service officers are afraid Service and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united of fair competition from any one. What those who made efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. the comments summarized under this heading probably felt was that they would lose the competition before it was fairly started by the introduction of a great many GS-14’s and 15’s THE EMPLOYEE ATTITUDE SURVEY of relatively junior years into a combined service at a grade In the article, “Employee Attitudes on Amalgamation” in level above that of veteran Foreign Service officers who this issue, reporting the results of a recent survey conducted would thereby be effectively blocked from further promotion. among personnel of the Department and Foreign Service, Thus, it is evident that Foreign Service officer attitudes the author, Mr. Dwyer, states that the survey shows that the on the possible effects of amalgamation on their own careers vast majority of Departmental and Foreign Service em¬ —as distinct from their theoretical approval of the idea— ployees “are secretly happy in their work in the vital field will depend to a very large extent on the exact form of of Foreign Affairs.” whatever proposal is finally presented, and especially on the Does this mean that employees really do not mind the details of salary and grade relationships. verbal abuse to which they are constantly subjected, or the When the specific details of the amalgamation proposals unsatisfactory living conditions with which they frequently become known, and those involved know what would hap¬ have to cope? We think not. We believe a distinction should pen to them, it might be wise to take another survey of be drawn between content of work and conditions of work. employee attitudes on the kind of amalgamation being rec¬ More than 90 per cent of Departmental and Foreign Service ommended. employees of officer grade are satisfied with the content of Incidentally, it seems somewhat strange that the survey their work, according to the survey; they feel that they are did not include the obvious question: “Do you believe it performing a function of vital importance to their country would be possible to obtain the benefits of an integrated in these days of crisis and for the overwhelming majority service through administrative changes under present legis¬ this job satisfaction obviously overbalances the general dis¬ lation?” It would be very interesting to see what answers advantages of a foreign affairs career. Nevertheless, if over¬ such a question would bring forth. seas employees had been asked if they are satisfied with We want to repeat here that the JOURNAL is still in favor health and housing conditions at their present post, or if of the integration of Departmental and Foreign Service per¬ either overseas or domestic employees had been asked if they sonnel into a single foreign affairs service, but that the form felt that the public appreciated the value of the work they that such integration takes is the issue of crucial importance. were doing, replies would quite likely have disclosed grave We believe that the most important consideration is not dissatisfaction with conditions. So while morale in all grades whether there be one service or two; it is whether or not is generally high, none of us should abandon our efforts to personnel policies are maintained which select for work in improve conditions which constantly threaten to under¬ foreign affairs the ablest individuals, provide attractive ca¬ mine it. reer conditions and incentives to keep these men putting The JOURNAL feels that the employee attitude survey has forth their finest efforts, and safeguard lifelong workers in been considerably more useful in exploring the nuances of both the Department and Foreign Service against sudden and feeling among Departmental personnel about amalgamation arbitrary developments which make nonsense of the goals than in revealing the whys and wherefores of Foreign Serv¬ they have set themselves and their strivings toward these ice attitudes concerning the subject. The reason for this goals. seems fairly obvious. Departmental personnel have not been particularly inter¬ ested in the details of amalgamation. Most of them have apparently not anticipated that they might be reduced in pay ASSOCIATION LAUNCHES MEMBERSHIP DRIVE or relative position. What has concerned them most is the stark fact that overseas service of some kind or other would During the past few weeks application forms for member¬ be required, and those who drew up the poll quite properly ship in the American Foreign Service Association have been asked a long series of questions designed to bring out the mailed to every post. The Association’s membership repre¬ conditions under which Departmental personnel would be sents only about twenty-five percent of those eligible. If willing to accept overseas service. during the current drive every member should take it upon However, Foreign Service personnel, especially the For¬ himself to get another member the Association would be eign Service officers, were more or less commenting in the 5,000 strong—a powerful voice to represent Service interests. dark. It makes a good deal of difference to the Foreign The Association’s officers feel that a worthwhile increase Service officer group whether amalgamation would take the in services to members has been achieved during the past

22 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL year in its new book service to members. Another real aid had full representative responsibility in Mexico City for a is now in the planning stage—the cooperative association time, during the difficult regime of Gen. Venustiano Car¬ described in the report of the annual meeting which was ranza. His subsequent career carried him through 14 diplo¬ published in your August JOURNAL. matic assignments and included rugged service in revolu¬ The Association was created to serve you, and it does tionary Spain and in Moscow. serve you in a multitude of ways. Those in Washington who “Thurston is one of us, ’ a Mexican general remarked to are members of the various committees of the Association, the writer. “He’s a revolucionario!” That was a high or on the staff of THE JOURNAL, devote many hours, after compliment. Revolucionario no longer means an enemy long and trying days in their offices, to serving you. They of the established order in Mexico. It is an expression of need and deserve your support. Won’t you do your share to comradeship among the old-timers who saw Mexico come help them do a more effective job? through her period of revolutionary turmoil and have con¬ More members of the Association make possible more tributed to her subsequent reconstruction and progress. Association services for members. More readers for your JOURNAL enable us to obtain more advertising revenue and bring you a bigger, more attractive JOURNAL. An application blank is printed on page 25. There are forms now at every post. MAIL YOURS TODAY! RUMORS IN THE FOREIGN SERVICE

(Continued from page 21)

ing and time-consuming, even though funds for the trans¬ MEXICO LOSING A FRIEND IN THURSTON portation are included in the budget estimates. Shortage of stenographic and clerical help is another By BENJAMIN MUSE chronic problem. Two of the major contributing causes of this shortage are lack of funds and rapid turnover. It Reprinted, with permission of THE WASHINGTON POST, is unlikely that either of these gremlins can ever be com¬ August 27, 1950. pletely routed, but the fund situation is being brought force¬ fully to Congressional attention and personnel policies are MEXICO CITY.—While Mayor William O’Dwyer of New constantly under scrutiny from the standpoint of their effect York is preparing with due publicity for his entry into upon turnover. There is a paradox here. To reduce ex¬ diplomacy, a self-effacing but very effective American am¬ pensive turnover, advancement out of the clerical ranks is bassador is preparing to make his exit from the diplomatic- held out as an inducement to continued service. And this scene. Walter Thurston, whom O’Dwyer will succeed within in itself constitutes turnover among the stenographers. Add a few days as United States Ambassador to Mexico, is about to this the high rate of attrition at the end of the first over¬ to retire after 36 years of diplomatic service. seas assignment, and it is not surprising that despite the The Mexicans are flattered that a man of the political recruitment of hundreds of stenographers each year, there prominence of the Mayor of New York is resigning from is a continuing shortage of them in the field. that office to become ambassador to this country. From all FP does not determine how many persons are assigned to they have heard about them, they think they will like the a post. That is worked out by the different geographic O’Dwyers. bureaus. It does have control over who fills what job. The But there is a feeling of genuine regret at losing earnest, Service has grown so that, while an effort is made to utilize kindly and superlatively tactful Thurston. “He never fussed personal knowledge so far as possible, a large number of at us,” a Mexican official told the writer. “We could always assignments must be made without the benefit of a personal work things out with him.” acquaintance with the individual being assigned. In a wide range of activities, Thurston has convinced The problem of staffing some 250 posts scattered around Mexicans of his sincere interest in their welfare, and par¬ the world is a difficult one. Replacements, transfers, illness ticularly in the spectacular industrial development which has and home and local leave keep the average post complement taken place here in recent years. Without neglecting any down to 80 percent of what it would be if all employees point of American representation, he has been, as a Mexican were on the job all the time. There are always about 500 columnist put it, a “just friend” of Mexico. Foreign Service employees in Washington receiving medical Never a Backslapper treatment, in training, on leave or assigned to the Depart¬ ment. Here again, management does recognize that fact Thurston is a career diplomat who came up the hard way. and is taking steps to correct it, as far as it is possible. He worked hard in the days when hard work was not a specialty of diplomatic service men, and he still works hard. Amalgamation In addition to directing a 400-man embassy and attending diplomatic and ceremonial functions, he makes an average Although, at the time of the preparation of this article, of a dozen speeches a month, mostly to Mexican gatherings it is understood that the committee, which was appointed in Spanish. by the Secretary to study the entire problem of the so-called To Americans who like a backslapper, Thurston’s tempera¬ “amalgamation,” has completed its work and it has sub¬ mental dignity is sometimes forbidding. Nobody calls him mitted a report to the Secretary, the report has not yet been “Walter.” But he has won the respect, and in a measure, made public. The Executive Committee of the Foreign Serv¬ too, the affection, of Americans here. They regard his four- ice Association has been assured that it will have an oppor¬ year tenure as marking a solid achievement in Mexican- tunity to study the report and to comment upon it before American friendship and rate him high among the United the recommendations made therein are actually accepted States ambassadors who have served in this capital. and implemented. In the meantime, it is the view of the Thurston is ending his long diplomatic career in the city Executive Committee that there is no present basis for where he began it—as a clerk, in 1914. Two years later he pessimism in the Foreign Service.

SEPTEMBER, 1950 23 NEWS from the DEPARTMENT Joan David

Those “Letters to the Editors” national Claims Commission in the Department are JOSIAH Thinking back over the past twelve months we realize MARVEL, RAYMOND MCKEOUGH and ROY G. BAKER. that one question has cropped up consistently in our talks BENJAMIN GERIG, Director of the Office of Dependent with people in the Foreign Service. It usually starts “Now, Area Affairs in the Department, has been designated US about those Letters to the Editors . . .” Representative on the UN Special Committee on Economic, If a letter-writer does not wish his name to appear, he Social and Educational Conditions in Non-self-governing must nevertheless send it in with a notation indicating that Territories which met at Lake Success starting in mid- it is not to be used. No publication prints letters which August. Phyllis L. LeRoy, of the same office, has been are sent in anonymously. When a letter which is to be named one of the Advisers. published under a pseudonym arrives in the JOURNAL office Appointments the name of the writer and the address of the post from which it was sent are removed as soon as we have checked 0. EDMUND CLUBB, FSO. has been appointed Director of to make sure that the purported signer is an actual person. the Office of Chinese Affairs in the Bureau of Far Eastern The JOURNAL has never received an inquiry as to the iden¬ Affairs. tity of a writer who chose to use a pseudonym. Louis J. HALLE, JR., is now Policy Planning Adviser on The JOURNAL, we feel, fills some very important needs the staff of the Assistant Secretary for Inter-American in addition to keeping the Service posted on Washington Affairs. developments and who’s doing what. Through the Letters column it can, and sometimes does, function as a kind of collective conscience for the Foreign Service. It is a legiti¬ mate channel through which grievances can be brought to the attention of authorities, and through which the field can register its opinion of administrative changes and/or the need for them. Even though there may be unanimous dis¬ agreement on the part of our Editorial Board with the views expressed in a particular letter, there is unanimous agree¬ ment that the column should be an open forum. There is no censorship of ideas in our selection of letters each month. Everyone has a right to be heard.

The Richards Bill H. R. 9002, the bill to increase annunities of retired FSO’s, was tabled on September 1, by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. The adverse action was taken de¬ spite vigorous testimony in support of the bill given by H. P. MARTIN, the Department’s Director of Personnel, who appeared before the Committee. It was Mr. Martin’s second appearance on behalf of the bill, in addition to his appearance before a House Com¬ Department of State Photo mittee, which had resulted in the passage of the bill by the Carlisle H. Humelsine is sworn in as Deputy Under Secretary of State House. At the first Senate hearing a Senator had requested by Chief Ceremonial Officer Raymond D. Muir as the new Ambassador information regarding other Federal employees who might to Greece, John E. Peurifoy, and Secretary of State Dean Acheson demand similar treatment. With the cooperation of the look on. Bureau of the Budget, facts were collected to show that most other Federal employees had already received a similar Acting Directors respectively of the newly created Office increase and, as Mr. Martin pointed out during questioning, of Near Eastern Affairs and Office of African Affairs are “all this bill does is to balance the equities.” Committee FSOs FRAZER WILKINS and ELMER BOURGERIE. (The Office members felt, however, that in view of the Korean situation of African and Near Eastern Affairs has been abolished.) any increases in annuities should be deferred for the time New appointments in the Bureau of European Affairs are being. THEODORE C. ACHILLES, FSO, Policy Planning Adviser; The Department plans to go back at the next session of HOMER M. BYINGTON, JR., FSO, Director, Officer of Western Congress to request the increase. European Affairs; FRANCIS T. WILLIAMSON, Deputy Direc¬ tor; RICHARD H. DAVIS, FSO, Officer in Charge USSR Missions and Commissions Affairs. Chairman of a joint State-Defense Department Mutual Defense Assistance Program survey mission to Portugal is The Honorable .... ELI STEVENS of the Department of State. A record amount of front-page space this month was Nominated by the President to make up the US Inter¬ taken up with Ambassadors—present, former, and future.

24 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Biggest share of publicity went to the President’s surprise CROUCH, who has been assigned to the Embassy in Paris appointment of New York’s Mayor O’Dwyer as Ambassador as Assistant Administrative Officer. to Mexico in place of career Foreign Service Officer Am¬ “Why Americans Hate the State Department” is the title bassador Walter Thurston. of a DEMAREE BESS article in the August 19th Saturday Eve¬ Another change was in the works with the appointment ning Post. Those who have been exposed to the wholesale by the President of Ambassador to Costa Rica Joseph Flack condemnation of people outside of insulated Washington to be Ambassador to Poland. ’He will replace J. Waldeman may take some comfort from the author’s insistence that Gallman, who becomes Deputy for Foreign Affairs at the “The chiefs of the State Department . . . fail in their duty National War College. unless they resist the temptation to be popular at the ex¬ pense of being right.” The Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern. FSO GEORGE F. KENNAN’S leavetaking from the Depart¬ South Asian, and African Affairs Raymond A. Hare, FSO, ment for a year’s study at Princeton (announced the day has been named Ambassador to Saudi Arabia and Minister our August issue was wrapped for mailing) evoked nation¬ to Yemen in place of retiring Ambassador J. Rives Childs. wide editorial comment—a kind of public thanks for the Burton Y. Berry, FSO, has been appointed to Mr. Hare’s labors of a devoted public servant. former position. Ambassador to Venezuela Walter J. Donnelly has been Retired Officers named by the President as U. S. High Commissioner for We have started putting aside a few pictures for a Service Austria. He will replace General Geoffrey Keyes. This Glimpses page of retired officers and would welcome others is in line with the policy announced by the US, Britain to add to it. and France last May or replacing their military occupation A number of retired FS officers living in D. C. met at the authorities in Austria with civilian commissioners. Recalled home of GEORGE GREGG FULLER August 15 and discussed from retirement to fill the post of Ambassador to Venezuela plans for establishing an association of retired FS officers. was veteran FSO Norman Armour. Twenty officers have agreed to assist in organizing and Former Ambassador to the USSR, General Walter Bedell launching such an association. Further details will be given Smith, will take over this month as Director of the US later in future issues of the JOURNAL. Central Intelligence Agency. Rear Admiral Hillenkoetter, Considerable publicity accompanied the action of a num¬ whom he replaces, is being granted the sea duty he has ber of former State Department-Foreign Service officials who requested. urged that a convention of Atlantic nations be held to dis- (Continued on page 52) Personals

Department Press Chief MIKE MCDERMOTT has now com¬ Clip and Mail Today pleted thirty years’ service with the Department. Among the messages of congratulation that poured in was a phone To: American Foreign Service Association, call from the President. c/o Department of State, FSO PAUL U. GUEST, bound from Saigon to Vientiane, Washington 25, D. C. capital of Uaos, to open the U. S. Uegation Office there, es¬ Check One caped injury when the Air France plane on which he was a □ Enclosed please find $8.00 for my active membership in passenger crashed. the American Foreign Service Association. FSO HOMER SHERMAN FOX, Economic Counselor ill Brus¬ sels and Deputy Chief of the ECA mission there, has now I I Enclosed please find $5.00 for my associate membership been appointed Acting Chief of the ECA mission to Belgium. in the American Foreign Service Association. He replaces JOHN NUVEEN, who is returning to his invest¬ □ Enclosed please find $4.00 for my subscription to THE ment banking business. AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. A former Vice President of the Columbia Broadcasting System, DAVIDSON TAYLOR, has been appointed as a special Name : „ — — — consultant to the Department with the task of “initiating (please print) and coordinating the direction of a number of research and development projects being undertaken ... to find Address new and improved means of getting the truth into areas of the world from which it is now partly or wholly excluded.” FSO PAUL PADDOCK, recently assigned to the Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, at Denver, Colorado, under the out-of-Washington assignments program, is now Make check or money order payable to at the Canadian National Defense College, Kingston, On¬ AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION tario. His appointment marks the first time an American has been invited to attend that institution. Active Members, $8.00* per annum: Chiefs of Mission, August 31st marked the retirements of Miss ELSIE M. Foreign Service Officers, Foreign Service Reserve Officers, CAREY from the Passport Division and Miss FRANCES B. and all Foreign Service Staff Corps, on active duty. PAXSON from the Division of Communications and Records. Both women had been with the Department for approxi¬ Associate Members, $5.00* per annum: Former active mately thirty years. members, all professional personnel of the Department of State and other officers and employees of the Department BRUCE U. MCDANIEL, formerly chief of the Department’s Procurement and Supply Branch, has been appointed Deputy holding positions of comparable responsibility. Chief of the Operating Facilities Division of the Office of -Includes subscription to THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE Administration for HICOG. He succeeds EDWARD C. JOURNAL.

SEPTEMBER. 1950 25 Francis C. deWolf The BOOK SHELF . Review Editor

The Administration of American Foreign Affairs. By useful for a number of reasons. It vividly illuminates the James L. McCamy. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, N. Y public relations problem which the Department has inherited 364 pages. July 24, 1950, Trade Price $4—Text Price from the wartime period, when it was ill-equipped to meet $3. complex new situations effectively, and when many em¬ REVIEWED BY FRANK SNOWDEN HOPKINS ployees displayed a negativistic traditionalism. It shows how difficult a problem we have in bringing about a smooth Professor McCamy’s thesis in this thoughtful but also and effective administrative machinery for foreign relations. somewhat disappointing book is that the United States has And it demonstrates anew the kind of prejudice the Depart¬ “reached its full stature in foreign relations without having ment faces in seeking in an equalitarian society to obtain attained the administrative maturity to go with its strength.” and develop the ablest individuals for foreign affairs leader¬ In an admirably conceived series of chapters he reviews ship. the weaknesses of our Government for dealing with various In this connection, Professor McCamy makes quite a aspects of foreign relations, and calls for administrative point of the fact that 30 per cent of Departmental officers reforms to strengthen the machinery. and 36 per cent of Foreign Service officers attended private Among the principal weaknesses which he lists are the secondary schools, against a national average of 9 per cent. following: (1) Too much diffusion of activities, too little To him these statistics seem to be evidence that the Depart¬ coordination of policy-making in the Department of State; ment is characterized by social snobbery, or something ap¬ (2) a lack of top level coordination between the various proaching it. Writing amid the prosperous rolling farm¬ federal departments dealing with foreign affairs; (31 de¬ lands of Wisconsin, he seems unconscious of the opposite ficiencies in both number and quality of personnel in the implication, which is that the public high schools of Ameri¬ Department of State and Foreign Service; (4) deficiencies ca are not effectively meeting the challenge of the private both in the collection of intelligence and in the proper schools in the quality of their educational preparation. utilization of intelligence for making policy decisions; (5) Certainly there is nothing in the Department’s selection the inefficiency of Congress in dealing with problems of procedures to give the private school product any competi¬ foreign relations; and (6) inadequate appropriations for tive advantage; the competition is free and open, and high the civil administration of foreign affairs, crippling our school graduates would hardly constitute the overwhelming machinery for the formulation and execution of foreign majority of those chosen if there were prejudice against policy. them. As long as Professor McCamy deals with generalities, But behind this rather querulous raising of a minor point, his book serves a useful purpose. He has tackled the over¬ there lurks an unstated premise, which is that in the United all problem with energy and imagination, and has defined States we should not try to select the ablest people to the issues successfully. Unfortunately, however, his book handle our foreign affairs, but rather a representative cross- suffers from myopia and prejudice in those aspects of for¬ section of social and economic classes. Although raised eign affairs in which he participated personally during six on a farm and educated at rural public schools and a State- years of wartime experience. He is disturbed because there supported small college, this reviewer cannot buy the class¬ were frictions between the wartime emergency agencies and conscious line of argument. We need in foreign affairs the our established foreign affairs machinery; and instead of ablest and best trained officials our country can produce; seeing these frictions in broad historical and sociological and somehow this need must be reconciled with the kind perspective, he uses them in partisan fashion as clubs with of “leveling” sentiment which Professor McCamy seems to which to belabor the Department and Foreign Service. That represent. there were faults also on the other side, or that there are basic factors in the American culture which generate rivalry Atoms of Thought. By George Santayana, assembled attitudes in Government, seems not to have occurred to him. and edited by Ira D. Cardiff. The Philosophical Library. Indeed, a major defect of the book is that it seems unable Inc., 15 East 40th Street, New York, N. Y., 1950. 284 to place the problem of foreign affairs administration in pages. $5.00 the context of the kind of people we Americans are in our attitudes toward authority, in our distrust of intellectualism REVIEWED BY A. G. SIMSON in any form, in our dynamic forward drive to “get things Atoms of Thought is a collection of pertinent sayings done,” in our competitive impulses, in our impatience with and pithy observations extracted from the numerous books established patterns which interfere with short-run objec¬ and articles of George Santayana. Dr. Cardiff has shown nice tives, and in our definitions of what is “practical” and judgment in selecting and assembling the material, and therefore worth doing. The book which satisfactorily re¬ particularly, in steering a middle course between overlong lates our basic characteristics as Americans to the chal¬ quotations on the one hand and brevity to the extent of loss lenges we face in administering foreign relations remains of force or even ambiguity on the other hand. yet to be written. The serious thinker will find illumination as well as food To this reviewer, however. Professor McCamy’s book was for thought in Dr. Santayana’s precise and clear-cut state-

26 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL merits in behalf of science and human experience as founda¬ himself as a mature philosopher as well. The book, “Out tion stones in philosophical thought. Those who enjoy of My Later Years,” consists of sixty collected essays writ¬ good writing for its own sake will derive sheer pleasure ten during the past fifteen years dealing with a diversity of from the terse clarity and diamond-like brilliance of his subject-matter—moral issues, the relativity theory, Zionism, language. socialism, world government, education, and many other The anthology includes observations on most of the ac¬ topics. They represent ‘The personal opinion of one man” tivities and problems which complicate and vex civilized founded upon “his own personal experience.” existence. A few random examples may illustrate the type The majority of the essays are magnificently written. of subject matter to be found in the book. Some of the shorter pieces could easily be just as well “To delight in war is a merit in the soldier, a dangerous placed in the field of poetry as in the field of prose. For quality in the captain, and a positive crime in the state- example, at the conclusion of one of the shorter essays, he man.” states: “I live in that solitude which is painful in youth, “A government is not made representative or just by but delicious in the years of maturity.” the mechanical expedient of electing its members by uni¬ Many of the essays express Einstein’s deep-rooted belief versal suffrage. It becomes representative only by embody¬ in the need for a supranational organization capable of ing in its policy, whether by instinct or high intelligence, enforcing its decisions as the only method by which peace the people’s conscious and unconscious interests.” may be maintained. Still other essays state his belief in “When men and women agree, it is only in their con¬ “the free and responsible development of the individual” clusions; their reasons are always different.” as the basic requirement of a good society. All reveal the “Peace itself means discipline at home and invulnera¬ fact that here is a man of originality and independence, one bility abroad—” who always thinks and acts for himself. Atoms of Thought is a useful reference book for speak¬ This independent expression of Einstein will of course ers and writers and its usefulness is greatly enhanced by lead to controversy among the readers. That is to be ex¬ twenty-odd pages of index of both paragraph titles and of pected when one is confronted with such originality of 6alient words in the text. thought. Each reader, however, will find in the essays “a moving document of the workings of a conscientious, pro¬ New Dictionary of American Politics by E. C. Smith found and deeply humane mind.” and A. J. Zurcher, Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1949, 437 pages, $3.25. If You Were Born in Russia. By Arthur Goodfriend. Reviewed by HARVEY BOYD OTTERMAN, JR. Farrar Straus, New York, 1950, 191 pages, $5.00. The “New Dictionary of American Politics” by Smith & Zurcher would be a highly useful addition to the library of This is a sobering book about the thoroughness of the any American. Soviet indoctrination of its citizens. Arthur Goodfriend The “Dictionary” is a comprehensive collection of terms takes a theoretical Russian family and pictorially and verb¬ used daily in discussions of both international and domestic ally pictures their daily life. The babies receive the current affairs and of terms which have become famous messages of the Soviet Agit-Prop with their mother’s milk. through wide usage in the past. Among other things the At school, in youth groups, at work, in the newspapers, at book contains short descriptions of significant international church, in the local store, at play, in their jokes—wherever agreements, statements of the constructions which have been a Soviet citizen turns, there is no escape, nor is there any given the various Articles of the Constitution, and synopses alternative, from the anti-American, pro-Stalinist propa¬ of important Acts of Congress. Definitions of political ganda line. This book underscores the lesson of Goethe slogans and slang expressions are given as well as explana¬ when he said, “Nothing is more frightful than ignorance tions of the structure and functions of the agencies of the in action.” federal government. Leading decisions of the courts are The book, although redundant because of its approach, also included providing a short statement of the holding in offers considerable food for thought. It indicates that the each case plus an explanation of the significance of the de¬ only source of non-Stalinist ideas is the aging grand¬ cision in American history. Famous quotations, their mean¬ mother. This isn’t comforting when we remember that ings, and the circumstances of their utterance are also to be old age is not respected in the Soviet Union, and that the found. next generation of grandmothers will have even less know¬ The definitions given in the “Dictionary” are accurate as ledge of non-Communist subjects. The book also indicates far as they go. Obviously, a book of 400 pages which under¬ the tread-mill life of the average Soviet. Good work is takes to include so much material cannot devote much space rewarded by the establishment of yet higher work norms, to any item. Therefore, a person needing information in any until, “We’re like dogs chasing our tails—we never catch detail on these subjects should not expect to find it in this up! volume. On the other hand, it is surprising how much in¬ If You Were Born In Russia suffers, however, from Mr. formation the authors have been able to include so as to Goodfriend’s failure to “intrude into the narrative” an give the reader a good picture of the circumstances sur¬ identification of the distortions of fact. A reader, un¬ rounding each topic and an adequate understanding of it. acquainted with United States—or Russian—history might While this book can hardly be classified as light reading mistake some of the falsehoods for truth. Only in a few it is a very useful aid to a more comprehensive appreciation instances does the author effectively satirize the differences of political and economic affairs. between the “Promised Land of Bolshevik Promises” and the every-day hard reality of the Soviet citizen. Out of My Later Years. By Albert Einstein. Philosophi¬ W.P.R. cal Library, New York, 1950. 276 pages. $4.75. Reviewed by RUSSELL B. THORNTON BY, FOR AND ABOUT THE FOREIGN SERVICE. Dr. Einstein has long been esteemed as an eminent au¬ thority in the field of physics; in this volume he reveals SUBSCRIBE TO THE JOURNAL TODAY!

SEPTEMBER, 1950 27 >eruice

WMi n9i

t was an all-Service wedding (top) in Washington on May 26th whl ;SS and Sara Cummings FSS were married. Here, left to right, are ,the bride's aunt), Mrs. Basil Macgowan (the wife of FSS Basil MacJ ative speaker of Russian at the Institute), the bride and groom, Coll ithe groom's father and best man for the occasion), and Retired FS| gowan (formerly Consul General in Moscow) the bride's Carried in Brussels (center left) on October 4, 1949, were Monique FSO Wayne Fisher. t was home leave and a wedding for FSO Robert Allen Christopherl /ho was married to Miss Norma Irene Smith in Minneapolis on July I'j /as the Rt. Rev. Stephen E. Keeler, Episcopal Bishop of Minnesota, moon in Northern Minnesota, Mr. and Mrs. Christopher spent two wed ton, and proceeded by air to their new post, Madras, India, stoppirl Paris en route. Mrs. Jacqueline Wilson Benham, daughter of Mrs. Glenn George Wol Director of the Office of Administration, Office of the U. S. High Ccf Germany, was married on Saturday the 24th of June to FSO Philip He[ bourn, Jr. The marriage ceremony was held at the home of the bril Bad Homburg, Germany. Attendants were Mrs. Parker (left), wife James Parker, American Consulate General, Frankfurt, Captain L. E. C| Military Post, and Miss Roxanne Egan (right).

THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL im

ck Flatau At the left Southampton's Consul General William H. Beck places |ce Ward a Memorial Day wreath on the grave of two American victims of she is a the War of 1812 during annual services at St. Andrew's in Plymouth. |ur Flatau (Photo by Reginald J. Lewis, Plymouth). ■id Mac-

eghs and In the large photo below Consul General Robert L. Buell officiates at a similar ceremony on the same day at Edinburgh. ler right) Officiating honey- /ashing- In the inset at the upper right the Fourth-of-July celebrants at Hel¬ days in sinki listen attentively to an address by Minister John M. Cabot.

of the |ioner for ay Chad- larents at In the inset at the lower left are some of the guests at the Fourth- le Consul of-July reception given by Consul General Sam E. Woods at his I Frankfurt residence near Munich. Left to Right: Miss Louise Byrne, Mr. Robert Stafford, Miss Marjorie Coxe, Miss Gloria Adler, Mr. Edwin Moot, Miss Elizabeth Rice and Miss Mary McSwanson, all of the Consulate General. (Photo courtesy Richard H. Donald).

1ft: Seeing the sights in Brus- lls. Left to Right: Ambassa- br Robert Murphy, Elena Mc- lintock (wife of FSO Rob IcClintock), Mrs. Eleanor posevelt, her son Elliott, daughter Chandler (back camera) and Mildred lurphy, the Ambassador's youngest daughter.

|low Left: Here are some of 400-plus guests who at- nded the annual Fourth-of- |ly party at the residence of nbassador and Mrs. George I Shaw at San Salvador. The nbassador and his wife can seen a little right of center.

SEPTEMBER, 1950 NEWS from the FIELD 2 MISSIONS

Tokyo, aware of the import of the night’s events, choked up and July 28th, 1950. could scarcely say goodbye. Idewa, the dog, locked in the Sunday morning dawned bright and peaceful. Even after yard, leaped against the gate, as though she, too, had caught we heard there was trouble on the Parallel, we were not too the feeling of separation and was trying to break through alarmed, as there had been skirmishes all along. Our cook to us. was off for the day, and I was too busy with the dinner to I have never felt so helpless as in that early morning hour, do any packing. Together with many others, I just couldn’t when for the first time in my life I was forced to desert believe that we would really have to be evacuated. faithful friends—Ahjamoni, Mrs. Oh, Kim—yes, and Idewa, John finally came home about seven-thirty, and we ate too—as we ourselves hurried away from impending disaster. our roast lamb in surroundings as peaceful as anyone could But what could we do? They were Koreans and must re¬ imagine. Everything was so very normal that all talk of war main in Korea. We have since been informed that many of seemed a bad dream from which we must surely soon awaken. John returned to the office about eighty-thirty, and since there was a blackout, I still did not pack, but just waited for definite word from him. Our cook returned, and the chil¬ dren and our three servants went to bed. I sat alone in the darkened living-room. The garden was peaceful and beautiful under the moonlight. I couldn’t be¬ lieve that “it could happen here.” Through the screen door our seven-months-old German Shepherd put her soft black muzzle against my hand, and as l rubbed her nose, I won¬ dered, “what will happen to you if we have to go?” A few hours later that thought was to worry me still more. About eleven o’clock, John came home again and said, “Let’s snatch a little sleep. We’ll know by morning if we really have to leave. We can get up early and pack.” Twenty minutes later the shrill of the telephone roused us from the half slumber into which we had fallen. John had to return to the Embassy immediately. He called me as soon V. S. Army Photo as he arrived: “Get the servants up and have them help you L. to r. FSO Everett Drumright, the late Major General William F. pack. We leave before two in the morning.” Dean, and Ambassador John J. Muccio await the arrival of Lt. Sen. It was then past midnight. Our faithful servants wept as Walton H. Walker, Commanding General of the 8th Army at Taejon they put the children’s things hurriedly into cases by flicker¬ Air Force Base in Korea. ing candlelight. The hurry augmented our indecision as to just what to pack into our sixty-five pounds’ weight allow¬ those who worked for Americans have been shot, but we can ance. Of course, much that I should have taken was left be¬ only hope that our three were among the pitiful stream of hind, including all my priceless hooked rugs and handwoven refugees headed south. linen dinner cloths from Canada. Curfew had rung at nine on Sunday evening, so we drove Freddy clung to Kim, our Korean houseboy, and sobbed, through practically deserted streets to the Motor Pool, as¬ “I want to take Kim with me—I want to take Kim with me.” sembly point for all cars and buses which were to be driven Of course, it was impossible, but a seven-year-old under¬ in convoy to Ascom City and from there to the port of stands little of national boundary lines, and to his way of Inchon. thinking, we were abandoning those who had looked after As our motor convoy wound along the narrow roads, us so well while we lived in Seoul. Korea was still the “Land of the Morning Calm,” and an al¬ Just at two o’clock we backed our Ford out of the gate most uncanny quiet pervaded the barebrowed hills on every of ER 115 for the last time. Kim, Mrs. Oh (our amah), and side. “Ahjamoni” (Korean for Aunt), our cook, sobbed and clung At Ascom City, we learned that we had to wait until after¬ to the children, to whom they had been so very devoted, noon before proceeding to Inchon, so John had to leave us and cried, “Come back, come back.” there and return to Seoul. Finally, about three p.m., we Cathy and Joan, just awakened from sleep and not fully boarded a bus for Inchon, where we were loaded into a realizing what was happening, gaily waved goodbye to the lighter and taken to the Norwegian freighter, “Reinholt,” an¬ Amah they had loved so well, but Freddy, older and more chored some distance out in the harbor. It was evidently a

30 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL freight lighter, with a deeply scooped out hull, and the sun Briefly put, that task is to serve as the official representa¬ beat down on us mercilessly. The children had been won¬ tive of the U. S. High Commissioner for Germany in a spe¬ derful all along, but this on top of a day that had begun at cific German community or group of communities. Cur¬ two in the morning was too much. Joan whimpered and rently there are over 100,000 Germans to every resident cried pitifully, “I want to go home, I want to go home.” officer in the U. S. Occupation zone. Cathy, taking advantage of my preoccupation with the baby, The trainees, who completed their month-long HICOG slipped out of sight for a moment and climbed on to the flat orientation late in April, were drawn from the Foreign Serv¬ edge of the lighter for a cooling dip in the “pond.” For¬ ice officer eligibility list and given special basic instruction tunately, Freddy saw her, and with wonderful presence of at the Foreign Service Institute before embarking for Ger¬ mind for his seven years, grabbed her by the legs and pulled many. In the occupied zone they will be dropped in medias her back into the boat. res in a fashion for which the Service can furnish few prece¬ When we finally reached the freighter, we had to clamber dents. Some, it may be, will shortly qualify as full-fledged over the side of our lighter into another and over that to a resident officers—in charge of one of the “baby consulates” slippery rope ladder up the steep side of the ship. Three (resident offices) in U.S.-occupied territory—and be laden children and four suitcases added to the problem. with immediate and fatiguing demands on their judgment, Fred helped me. With two coats over his arm, he not their reportorial skill, their talents for ground-level diplo¬ only negotiated the ladder all alone but assisted me with the macy, linguistic ability, patience, and so on. If they can chin two younger children. It seemed that in one day he had themselves by one hand, they may find that skill also grown up. valuable. The “Reinholt, which only that morning had jettisoned It need not be added that the resident officer’s job calls its cargo of fertilizer in preparation for the evacuation of for generous expenditures of elbow-grease, ingenuity and American dependents, was as clean as they could possibly time. As a result many people have called the resident offi¬ make it in the short time at their disposal. But with about cers by many different names, among them “good will am¬ seven hundred people on board a ship which normally car¬ bassadors of democracy,” “grass-roots salesmen of democra¬ ried twelve passengers and a crew of thirty, it was literally cy,’ the “workhorses of the occupation,” and just plain bulging at the seams. Members of the crew courteously gave KRO’s—Kreis resident officers. up their cabins in an effort to accommodate babies and Call them what you will, they remain, in the estimate of young children, but there were just too many, and the ma¬ HICOG’s top echelon, the most important connecting link jority were either on deck or in the hold. (another of the cliches sometimes tagged onto them) be¬ The first night was clear, and the decks were not too un¬ tween the horse’s mouth and the German people, very nearly comfortable for the passengers, who spilled over every the most important single cog in HICOG. square inch of space. But late on the second afternoon out, Over a dozen colleges and universities throughout the we ran into a storm, and the decks were lashed by wind, United States are represented by the 27 trainees. Five are rain and spray. To aggravate our already impossible stiua- Harvard graduates: Warrick E. Elrod, Jr., of Atlanta, Geor¬ tion, it was necessary to stand in line for meals and for the gia; Jonathan Dean, of New York City; Francis X. Lambert, facilities afforded by the two or three lavatories on board. of Marlboro, Massachusetts; Walter E. Jenkins, of Arling¬ During the entire voyage the sick bay was filled, and the ton, Virginia, and Malcolm Thompson, of Concord, Massa¬ few nurses on board were busy day and night. Two women, chusetts. One knows four languages — German, Spanish, about to have babies, began to go into labour, and were French and Russian—in addition to English. All but one, given shots in an effort to prevent birth until they should Malcolm Thompson, are married. Many of them boast reach Japan. Several babies were seriously ill—one with creditable records with the U. S. Armed Forces, and some smallpox and pneumonia. of the group are on repeat tours of duty in Europe. Average But eventually we arrived at Fukuoka, where the Army age of the 27 is 31. disembarked a very weary and dishevelled group of evacuees. Here are some personal notes: Francis X. Lambert and G.I.’s carried babies and small children off the ship, and it Earl Luboeansky, of Marshall, Missouri, have three children was amusing to watch them in this unaccustomed role. each. Robert J. Barnard, of St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin, was in show business at one time, and Walter E. Jenkins studied We were taken to the 118th Army Hospital, where hot Chinese at the University of Hawaii. One trainee, who showers and clean beds were a welcome sight, even though about thirty people shared one ward. learned late that married men were preferred for KRO posts, hastened to the altar to tie the invisible knot six days before After a few days’ rest there, we were sent on to various sailing from the U. S. “rest camps” throughout Japan. We were fortunate enough Many of the fledgling resident officers are familiar with to draw the Fujiya Hotel, a heavenly place high up on the one or more of the Romance languages, and all have re¬ mountainside, surrounded by tall pines and tumbling water¬ falls. Of it Ripley wrote in April, 1932, — “BELIEVE IT ceived instruction in the intricacies of German since their arrival here in March. German language training was also OR NOT —- there is a heaven on earth.” And such indeed an integral and important part of the schooling they re¬ it appeared to the weary refugees, who henceforth should have a very real sympathy for all who flee before the steam ceived at the Foreign Service Institute. Training still ahead of them at the beginning of May included two weeks of roller of war. orientation in Land headquarters in Bavaria, Wuerttemburg- FRANKFORT Baden and Hesse, and further field work under old-line KRO’s. 24 May 1950 Their classrooms thus far have been the Casino, combina¬ Twenty-seven State Department trainees, graduates of a tion restaurant-theater-nightclub behind the Frankfurt head¬ special HICOG orientation course for prospective resident quarters of the U. S. High Commissioner—which served as officers, are finding out that their future assignments are to an auditorium; the Munich printing plant used by the “Neue be no sinecures. They are also learning that they are the Zeitung,” U. S. overt newspaper for Western Germany; the first beneficiaries under a program aimed at further spe¬ headquarters of the Allied High Commission at the Peters- cialization of the Kreis Resident Officer’s role in the rehabili¬ berg, near Bonn; radio and moving picture facilities of the tation of Germany. (Continued on page 34)

SEPTEMBER, 1950 31 Two Young Ladies at Play Sunday sport in Saigon is limited because of the unsettled condi¬ tions there. Temple visiting is always interesting, however. Misses Joyce Ross (left) and Loretta Nial add a nice touch to the scenery at the Temple of Gia Long in Saigon.

State Department Travellers Saigon enjoyed the presence of two well known Department travellers for Thanksgiving. Ambassador Loy Henderson stopped in Saigon on his way to his post at New Delhi, and Erastus Newkirk from FP spent a few days in Saigon talking to the staff about personnel problems. It considerably enlivened our Thanksgiving to have visitors from the outer world. Seen in the picture from left to right: Mr. Newkirk, Consul General Abhott, Ambassador Henderson, Mrs. Abbott, and Monsieur du Gardier, Diplomatic advisor to the French High Commissioner for Indochina.

Moving Day Every two years or so there comes the day when a Foreign Service Officer must move again. Sad at the prospect of leaving an established home and newly made friends, there is always the thrill of seeing a new place and of meeting new people. In Saigon the usual serious housing problem existed until a house found on property purchased by the Government was converted into two one-bedroom apartments. Two of the most attractive places in Saigon, their occupants are the envy of their friends. The attached picture shows moving day as Vice Consul Stephen McClintic at the right, aided by Consul Cunningham, unpacks the family china in the back yard. Be it said in passing that the downstairs apart¬ ment is occupied by Vice Consul Seymour Glazer.

More Visitors On a visit to the Far East for Assistant Secretary Walton Butterworth, Merrill Gay spent a few days in Saigon. While there, a few minutes were taken from his busy schedule for a tour of the city. The picture shows Mr. Gay on the left, and on the right, Meigs Newkirk of FP, also a Saigon visitor, before a Chinese pagoda in Chalon, Saigon’s Chinatown.

Vice Consul on Holiday Personnel at Saigon are pretty restricted in their movements these days, particularly with grenades being thrown and fighting in the coun¬ tryside. A few, however, chartered an airplane not so long ago and flew to the nearby resort of Cap St. Jacques, at the mouth of the Mikong River. Formerly a popular seaside resort, it is now virtually inacces¬ sible except by air. Here Vice Consul Dallas Coors takes the helm of a native fishing boat at Cap St. Jacques.

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SEPTEMBER, 1950 33 NEWS FROM THE FIELD (Continued from page 31) HICOG Information Services Division, in Bad Nauheim; and other installations in Berlin and the American zone. Every major HICOG division has contributed talent to the faculty under which they studied. Chaperoned by one of their number, Harry I. Odell, they have travelled hundreds of miles. Around the end of June, when their “school lets out,” the trainees will form an imaginary pool from which replace¬ ments will be drawn for veteran resident officers who dis¬ appear from the program in the course of normal attrition. While awaiting final assignments the trainees will continue to act as the strong right arms of old-timers in area where help is most needed. In the end. sunny Bavaria will claim the largest single con¬ tingent, a group of 15 including Emmett B. Ford, Jr., Ar¬ thur T. Tienken, Warrick E. Elrod, Jr., Matthew D. Smith, Jr., Robert W. Dean, Richard T. Foose, Adolph Dubs, Fran¬ cis X. Lambert, Robert j. Barnard, Thomas F. Hoctor, Lee T. Stull. Emerson Brown, William A. Chapin, Kenneth W. Martindale and Harry I. Odell. Earl H. Luboeansky, Thomas C. Stave, Charles T. Butler. John D. Gough, Robert L. Ouverson, John P. Shaw and Jonathan Dean will be assigned in Hesse, while Frederick H. Sachtseder. Jr., Walter E. Jenkins, Jr.. Malcolm Thomp¬ son, Stanley D. Schiff. and Talcott W. Seelve will go to Wuerttemberg-Baden. Families of the 26 married trainees came overseas with the heads of the houses, and were billeted during the orien¬ tation program in a transient hotel in Bad Homburg, former playground of European royalty situated a few miles out of Frankfurt. “Operation Diaper” involved accommodation of modern education for your child. the trainees' wives and 26 youthful dependents, who ranged Easy-to-follow lessons. No teaching experience is needed. in age from two months to seven years, with a kindergarten, Expert guidance by Calvert teachers available. nursery, playground, and even baby-sitters hired at the rate All books and supplies provided. Calvert Courses are of one Deutsche Mark per hour I about 24 cents). widely used by State Department families. Fundamentals On “Diaper's” conclusion, the wives of the trainees learned are emphasized to assure a thorough elementary educa¬ what is expected of the resident officer’s helpmate at a tea tion. Children all over the world have been educated by the Calvert method. Unique new Crafts Course. sponsored by the Office of Administration, HICOG. Mis¬ tress of ceremonies and hostess at the tea was Mrs. Robert Start any time. Calvert-taught pupils often receive M. Barnett, wife of the O-A’s Bob Barnett. Speakers includ¬ advanced standing on entering other schools. Send coupon for free catalog. ed Miss Ruth Woodsmall. Chief of Women’s Affairs, HICOG Office of Public Affairs; Miss Margaret Blewett, Women's Affairs Officer in the Office of the Land Commissioner, CALVERT § SCHOOL Wuerttemberg-Baden; Miss Betsy Knapp, Women’s Affairs 130 W. Tuscany Road Baltimore 10, Md. Director, Office of the Land Commissioner for Hesse; and Send me full information about Calvert Home-Study Courses. Mrs. George Vadney, wife of the present resident officer in Name Kassel. Address In their talks the speakers outlined the role of the KRO’s Child's age School grade wife, stressing her responsibilities and the importance of the (Continued on page 36)

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SEPTEMBER, 1950 35 NEWS FROM THE FIELD (Continued, from page 34) part she is called upon to play in the job of implementing occupation objectives at Kreis, or county, level. Now, it is considered, the wives of the trainees are pre¬ pared to participate with their husbands in every important facet of life in a German community. Since KRO’s often are isolated in areas w'here no Americans—and hence no normal social intercourse with one’s fellow nationals—are to be found, the resident officer’s wife is also regarded as a key factor in the democra'.ization program. Metaphorically speaking, the KRO’s may be looked upon as the feet of a polyped giant whose brain is located in Speed, Efficiency, Frankfurt. The KRO’s w'ife has a major share of the re¬ sponsibility for seeing that the giant does not have feet of clay. Dependability BILL KEEFE OSLO Speed, efficiency, dependability—these During the past winter several members of the Diplomatic are the characteristics which mark Corps in Oslo felt that the Corps was taking too little part Grace Line shipping service between the in the civic life of Oslo and therefore a committee under Americas. Because Grace Line’s long the chairmanship of Mrs. Harry Conover, wife of FSO Harry Conover, was formed to explore the possibilities of experience has built a sure understand¬ staging some sort of benefit for a worthy local charity. The ing of the requirements of this trade . . . eight-member committee included representatives from Ar¬ because Grace Line appreciates the gentina, The Netherlands, Sweden, Canada, Belgium and importance of commerce between the the United States. The two American members were the nations of our hemisphere . . . shippers Chairman, Mrs. Conover, and FSO Walter Phelps. After and travelers alike have learned to place considerable discussion it was decided to put on two one-act plays and a glorified cabaret show sometime during the first full confidence in Grace Line ships and part of June. Two plays were eventually selected, one in Grace Line service. Norwegian entitled “A Piece of Carbon Paper,” by Helge Regular Direct American Flag Krog, and “Fumed Oak” in English by Noel Coward. Three directors were selected and rehearsals got under way. De¬ Passenger and Freight Services spite various mishaps, setbacks and the usual more or less between the Americas friendly bickerings the great night arrived and the down¬ town Oslo theater selected for the occasion was jammed to Between New York, Atlantic Ports and N.W.I., capacity and even the SRO sign had to be taken down. Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Canal Zone, At the invitation of the Committee. King Hakon, Crown Ecuador, Peru (Bolivia), Chile. Prince Olav and Crown Princess Martha and their three • children attended the performance which was a gala occa¬ sion. The evening's entertainment was launched by Sir Between U. S. Pacific Ports and Guatemala, Laurence Collier, British Ambassador and Dean of the El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Diplomatic Corps, wrho gave a brief and humorous pre¬ Panama and West Coast of South America. curtain speech describing the genesis of the whole idea. Following Sir Laurence’s speech the curtain went up on the play in Norwegian which was extremely well received. For detailed information address The only American participant in this phase of the evening was FSO Vernon V. Hukee who was the prompter. Follow¬ ing this comedy in one act, nylon stockings w7ere rapidly' GRACE LINE (Continued on page 38) 10 Hanover Square, New York Agents and offices in all principal cities

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SEPTEMBER. 1950 NEWS FROM THE FIELD (Continued from page 36) and amusingly auctioned at fantastic prices by the French Ambassador and in the second intermission by our own Ambassador Bay. So enthusiastic was the bidding that even the King entered into it and although his first few bids were not heard, he eventually succeeded in obtaining a pair of 51 gauge nylons for approximately 100 kroner, or about 10 times the value in the local shops. According to the best available estimates, about 76 pairs of nylons were auc¬ tioned in two sessions of nine minutes each. In addition, over one hundred cartons of American cigarettes were auc¬ tioned off during the intermissions. Another sensation of the entr’acte was the awarding of the door prize of two magnificent blue foxes to Miss Betty Nussbaum, FSS, who held the winning number, which, amaz¬ ingly enough, was number 1. Following this award the curtain was raised on “Fumed Oak,” directed by FSO Phelps and in which Mrs. Dallas Jones and Mrs. Phelps Potter, wives of Assistant Attache Dallas Jones and Vice Consul Philip Potter, took part. Mrs. Potter was a most effective shrewish wife and Mrs. Jones threw herself wholeheartedly into the part of a 14-year-old 52 Overseas Branches snivelling school girl. This play was loudly applauded and the next day’s reviews remarked that it was indeed on a pro¬ ARGENTINA CUBA MEXICO Buenos Aires Havana Mexico City fessional level. 502 liartolomc Mitre 402 Presidente 7ay as. 54 Avenida Flores Cualro Caminos Isabel la Cat olive The next intermission brought further auctioneering of Plaza Once Galiano Republics nylons and cigarettes and the beautiful flower girls, all La Lonja Rosario PERU Caiharien wives or daughters of diplomats, used high pressure sales Cardenas Lima BRAZIL methods to sell 1,000 carnations donated by the Royal Bel¬ Manzanillo PHILIPPINES Rio de Janeiro Matanzas Manila Porto Alegre gian Horticultural Society, again at fabulous prices. Mean¬ Santiago Juan Luna Recife while the audience could slake their throats, dry from ENGLAND Port Area (Pernambuco) Cebu London Santos Clark Field screaming bids, at a long champagne bar which was manned Sao Paulo 117 Old Broad St. West End PUERTO RICO by an international brigade of barmen, and in which diplo¬ 11 Waterloo PL CANAL ZONE San Juan matic representatives of Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union and Arecibo FRANCE Balboa Bayamon Poland stood shoulder to shoulder with representatives of Cristobal Paris Caguas (International Bank¬ May agues the Western Powers pouring champagne and raking in CHILE ing Corporation) Ponce kroner for all they were worth. American bartenders were Santiago HONG KONG REP. OF Valparaiso the Army Attache, Lt. Col. Hansen, and the Embassy’s Hong Kong PANAMA Panama Administrative Officer, Mr. Donald H. Nichols. CHINA INDIA SINGAPORE Shanghai Bombay Singapore Following the intermission the cabaret show took over the Calcutta stage and produced a fitting and hilarious climax to the COLOMBIA JAPAN URUGUAY Montevideo Bogota Tokyo evening. FSS F. Ramsdell Cummings presided as a rapid Barranquilla Osaka VENEZUELA Medellin fire master of ceremonies and many members of the Ameri¬ Yokohama Caracas can Embassy took part in one or more of the 15 acts. The turn of the evening which brought down the house was an act entitled “The Three Little Andrews Sisters” consisting Head Office: 55 Wall Street, New York of a terrifying group of amazons in the persons of Air (Continued on page 40) 67 BRANCHES Til HOUCHOUT CHEATER NEW YORK

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SEPTEMBER. 1950 39 NEWS FROM THE FIELD Chairman of the Organizing Committee, was escorted onto (Continued from page 38) the stage and was presented with two huge bouquets by the grateful members of her committee and by the members of Attache Major Dale H. Jensen, Attache Joseph Burk and the casts and staffs of the three shows put on that evening. Assistant Air Attache Captain Kenneth Driscoll. It should be noted that all three of these gentlemen are of something Among other participants in the cabaret were Christine more than herculean proportions. The trio did an up¬ Driscoll, wife of Captain Driscoll, Rear Admiral Ralph E. roarious pantomime while an actual recording of the An¬ Jennings, head of the MAAG to Norway, who lead a quartet drews Sisters played through loudspeakers. of singing waiters in a series of old tear-jerkers, Lt. Com¬ At the end of the finale of the cabaret Mrs. Conover, mander Clyde E. Maddock of MAAG, Jeanne Millington, wife of the Assistant Naval Attache, Virginia Proehl. wife of FSO Paul Proehl, FSO Theodore A. Wahl, Lt. Command¬ er Bernard S. Lauff of MAAG, and FSO Harry Conover. The entire evening was given for the benefit of the Fund for the Rehabilitation of Cripples, a private organization receiving no state aid which helps cripples to set up work¬ shops in their homes. After expenses were taken care of, there remained the sum of 24,629 kroner, all of which was turned over to the aforementioned charity. An idea of the significance of this sum may be gathered from the fact that the usual operating budget of the charity concerned is 7,000 kroner per year. The check was presented by Mrs. Conover and her committee at the Sophie Minden Hospital on June 21. Foreign Minister Lange thanked the committee on behalf of the Fund for the Rehabilitation of Cripples and spoke most appreciatively of the efforts of the Oslo Diplo¬ matic Corps. Special credit certainly must be given to Mrs. Harry Conover, whose unflagging enthusiasm and tireless energy as Chairman of the Organizing Committee was an inspira¬ tion to all concerned. Singing Waiters—Lt. Commander B. S. Maddock, Rear Admiral R. E. WILLIAM WALTER PHELPS, JR. Jenings, FSO Theodore Wahl and FSO Harry Conover. (Continued on page 42)

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SEPTEMBER. 1950 41 NEWS FROM THE FIELD IContinued from, page 40) Notes from Commerce There are at present 18 officers of the Foreign Service on detail at the Department of Commerce on one-year (minimum) inter-service assignments. All of them are, of course, economic and commercial reporting officers. As a group they represent a varied and colorful conglomeration of foreign field experience. A list of the posts from which these officers came to Commerce covers much of the globe: London, Peiping, Stockholm, Cochabamba, Tientsin, Johan¬ nesburg, Bombay, Rio de Janeiro, Tehran, Mexico City, Rotterdam, Dar-es-Salaam, Habana, Frankfort, Warsaw, and Lisbon. Fresh knowledge and understanding of conditions at these posts are among the principal assets the officers have brought with them from the field. They afford the Department of Commerce a ready source of on-hand in¬ formation about economic and business conditions in the respective foreign areas, and Commerce puts their know¬ ledge to use in furnishing information and assistance to American firms engaged in international trade. An assignment at Commerce is, however, by no means a one-sided affair for Foreign Service officers. The Foreign Service Operations Division of the Department of Com¬ merce, headed by H. P. Van Blarcom (whom we might con¬ sider as the Chief of Mission) and the Foreign Service Training and Personnel Programs Branch, within the Divi¬ sion, and headed by Charles Hersum (whom we might con¬ sider as the Counselor) sees to it that officers are given interesting assignments. Each officer is placed at a desk where, besides making a worthwhile contribution, he can gain the kind of knowledge and experience from Commerce that will be most helpful to him on return to the field. Some of the officers are at country desks in the Office of Inter¬ national Trade and work with general economic matters related to the particular country handled. Others are doing specialized jobs in the Office of Industry and Commerce and the Intelligence and Services Division of the Office of Inter¬ national Trade. Some insight into what the officers detailed at Commerce are doing may be gained from the following tidbits which are arranged in the manner of “news from the field.” We trust that the ensuing items will be of interest and will be relished by friends and colleagues in the field. JAMES SOMERVILLE is back at Commerce for his second detail. The first was in 1928-1929. The twenty-one-year interim between Commerce assignments was spent at London and Tehran. Jim feels very much at home here and finds himself quite busy as Director of the Eastern European Division of the Office of International Trade. JOSEPH I. TOUCHETTE is a Special Assistant to the Trans¬ portation and Communications Division of the Office of Industry and Commerce. Joe has been here about a year and has turned out a sizable number of railway studies for International Reference Service publications. The assign¬ ment in Washington has made it possible for Joe to be with his entire family for the first time in several years and to assemble under one roof their precious collection of Continental, African, and Oriental furniture and bric-a-brac which, incidentally, does real justice to the Touchette home in Bethesda. CLAUDE COURAND commenced a one-year assignment in mid-May as Special Assistant to the Director of the Ameri¬ can Republics Division. After some searching, the Courands found a rentable house in Chevy Chase. The entire family SINCLAIR REFINING COMPANY arrived from Rio de Janeiro in good shape. Their furni¬ ture, though, took a battering. 630 FIFTH AVENUE - NEW YORK 20, N.Y. RANDALL S. WILLIAMS, who has been at Commerce a year working on Near Eastern economic matters, comments on (Continued on page 44)

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S ErTT^MB^n. 1950 NEWS FROM THE FIELD WORLD (Continued from page 42) the high rents in Washington’s new apartment buildings. (Don’t we all know it! ) It is nevertheless becoming much TRAVELERS* easier to find a place to live in Washington now as a result of considerable home and apartment construction. JOSEPH H. ROGATNICK reported at Commerce several months ago for a one-year detail and is currently handling Burma and Malaya. Joe, like Claude Courand, has been -I busy with wood clamps and glue repairing his own furni¬ choose PHILIPPIHE AIR Lines' GrientStar^ ture, which under went several handlings between Tientsin and Washington. SPEED • COMFORT DOUGLAS HENDERSON is the dean of the Foreign Service DEPENDABILITY officers at Commerce, having been here nearly three years. DC-6 Doug is slated for a move in the near future to Bern as ^TRANSPACIFIC between San Francisco and Manila Commercial Attache. Until recently, he has been financial via Honolulu, Wake, Guam. consultant in the American Republics Division of the Office ★ INTER-ORIENT between Manila and Tokyo via of International Trade and has to his credit several feature Hong Kong, Taipeh, Okinawa. articles on Latin American money matters published in ★ ORIENT-EUROPE between Manila and London via Foreign Commerce Weekly and International Reference Calcutta, Karachi, Lydda, Rome and Madrid. Service. Doug is a man who uses every moment of spare time to advai>tage. Evenings he has taken economics For dependable, comfortable air travel, fly the Route of courses at George Washington University and photography the Orient Star with luxurious DC-6 pressurized cabin courses at the Department of Agriculture Graduate School. sleepers and superb service. We will expect to see a good shot of the Matterhorn among Doug’s photos when he returns from Bern.

TAIPEH HONOLULU PAUL S. GEREN, a man with two published volumes to O——O—** MO— -O" ■0—0 o- -0—0 LONDON MADRID ROME LYDDA KARACHI CALCUTTA MANILA GUAM SAN FRANCISCO his credit, recently came in from Bombay and commenced his Commerce detail with a two-weeks’ trade conference See your Travel Agent or nearest P.A.L. office. tour which took him to Baltimore. Philadelphia, New York and Boston. Paul is now working in the Office of Inter¬ national Trade on the India, Ceylon, Pakistan and Afghan¬ PHILIPPIC AIR LIRES istan programs. SAN FRANCISCO • NEW YORK • WASHINGTON, D.C. • CHICAGO • LOS ANGELES • SEATTLE • HONOLULU FREDERICK R. MANGOLD has been at Commerce for nearly two years and recently moved into the Mediterranean Sec¬ n *eaf Southern delight tion of OIT. Previously, he was detailed to the Trade Agreements Division and participated in the 1 bird Session of GATT at Annecy, France, where he spent the spring and Till’S by Mail! summer of 1949 in connection with the assignment. Now, Till’s famous Fruit Cake JOHN Q. BLODGETT and his wife Jeanne recently had may be ordered by mail, to put this famous and tempting treat some practice in manipulating chopsticks in preparation on your gift list. Years of ex¬ for their coming departure for Hong Kong. T he occasion perience and eareful blending make eaeh Till's Fruit Cake an was a Chinese dinner sponsored by a Department of Com¬ exceptional taste pleasure. merce group in honor of Commercial Attache Frederick W. Chock full of choice ingredi¬ ents: nuts, fruits, butter, eggs, Hinke, recently returned from Shanghai. Other FS guests sugar and only 8r/c flour l Or¬ der early to be sure of Holi¬ were Joseph H. Rogatnick. Mr. and Mrs. George Hein, day delivery. Till’s Fruit Cakes, (Continued on page 46) packed in individual colorful tins: 2 lbs. $3.50; 3 lbs. $5.25; 1 lbs. $7; 5 lbs. $8.75, plus 25c handling and postage per LATEST CHANGES IN STATION IN THE FOREIGN cake. SERVICE 2422-A N. Charles St. NAME POST FROM POST TO TITLE Baltimore 18, Md. Till’s Frail Fake Albright, Sarah F. Department Guayaquil FSS Altaffer, Maurice W. Bremen Department FSO Andren, Sara L. Copenhagen Djakarta Pers. Asst. Aspy, Richard E. Mexico Frankfort VC Aycook, Leroy C. Buenaventura Puerto la Cruz VC Consular Asst. Aylward, Robert Peiping Tokyo 3rd Sec. VC Consular Off. Bacon, Leonard L. Nanking Strasbourg Consul Pol. Off. Bailey, Stella D. Department Frankfort FSS Bailey, Waldo E. Bombay Madras Consul Prin. Off. Barall, Milton Santiago Departnient FSO Barnes, William Lisbon Helsinki 2nd Sec. Consul Econ. Off. Bell, James D. Santiago Manila 2nd Sec. Consul Pol. Off. Benedict, Helen D. Elizabethville Addis Ababa VC Consular Asst. Benishek, Dewey P. Colombo Department FSS Beverly, Harold S. Budapest Vienna Disb. Off. Bissell, William F.. Bucharest Vienna Disb. Off. Blanchard, Louis F. Mexico Tijuana Consul Prin. Off. Blocker, V. Harwood Nuevo Laredo Mexico 2nd Sec. Consul Consular Off. Blodgett, John Q. Department Hong Kong VC Econ. Off. Bone, Robert C., Jr. Winnipeg Department FSO Boor, Ivan G. Salonika Tangier Transmitter Supv. Boswell, Veda P. Department Frankfort FSS Bralev, Margaret J. S. Department Frankfort FSS (Continued on page 54)

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SEPTEMBER, 1950 45 NEWS FROM THE FIELD and Commerce, is extremely enthusiastic over the oppor¬ tunity provided to learn the many intricacies of Commerce’s (Continued from page 44) operations relative to specializing in the economic field. Barbara Myers, and Virginia Nichols. In the midst of Being lovers of the better things, it is a treat to the Horns packing, John Blodgett is taking two weeks out for active to live in Washington with its wonderful museums, its duty with the Army, in which he holds a reserve com¬ magnificent buildings and its stately tree-lined avenues and mission as First Lieutenant. parks. THOMAS A. GOLDMAN just completed one year in the Com¬ REGINALD S. KAZANJIAN has been in Commerce for over modities Division at Commerce where he has been assigned a year in the Office of International Trade and has worked to the Metals and Minerals Branch, Forest Products Branch in the Foreign Service Unit and the Consumers Merchandise and the Chemicals Branch. branch. It’s rumored that Reg will be returning to the field STANLEY B. WOLFF, assistant to the advisor on Trade soon and believe me that charming smile will be missed. Agreement Policy in the Office of International Trade, has C. K. BEVILACQUA has been in the Department of Com¬ been one of the busiest men in Commerce since his arrival merce since November, 1949, serving in the Office of Inter¬ what with a Trade Conference assignment in New7 York, national Trade. Probably one of the most serious minded completing the Inter-Agency Foreign Trade Course, a two- officers of the Foreign Service, he has not decided whether it w'eek tour of duty at the Chicago Regional office, attending is more difficult getting around “Bureaucratic Red Tape” or public hearings with the Committee for Reciprocity In¬ being a “Diplomat.” We think he is good at both. formation in connection with trade agreements and assist¬ WILLIAM J. BLSHWALLER, assigned to the Intelligence ing on trade agreement policy. Having hailed from the and Services Division of the Office of International Trade, “Union of South Africa” we can’t understand his statement is currently engaged in handling incoming trade corres¬ about the Washington weather. It must have been the rush. pondence. The Bushwallers had a very pleasant trip from RICHARD PETERS, having been in Commerce for nearly East Africa with the exception of the last lap across the a year, considers it quite an opportunity to observe national Atlantic where their ship, the EXCALIBUR, encountered and international developments so near the Washington very heavy weather. However, they felt comparatively front and darned nice, too, to renew an acquaintance w7ith fortunate when they learned recently that on the return hamburgers, ice cream sodas, super-markets, drug stores- voyage their ship collided with another vessel and was sink¬ become-department stores and other strictly Americana. ing off Long Island. They are now in the midst of setting Among other work he has participated in petroleum studies up housekeeping in Parkfairfax, Virginia, drying out water- in connection with termination of the Mexican Trade Agree¬ soaked furniture and preparing insurance claims. ment and served as an Office of International Trade Ob¬ Messrs. DAVID S. GREEN and FRITZ ALFSEN have just ar¬ server at the Texas Railroad Hearings on oil imports and rived in the Commerce Department for a tour of duty and proration of Texas oil production. we can expect a detailed report for the next issue. ADOLF B. HORN, who is assigned to the Office of Industry Compiled by MILDRED REDMAN

SOCONY-VACUUM OIL COMPANY, INC. 26 Broadway, New York 4, N.Y.

46 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL tN * TUCKY STRAIGHT BOURBON w

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SEPTEMBER, 1950 47 BIRTHS BREAUX. A son, Norwood Daniel, was born on August 11, 1950, to FSO and Mrs. Clarence T. Breaux at Bilbao, Spain, where Mr. Breaux is assigned as Vice Consul. BARR SERVICE BREWER. A son, John Van Ess, was born on July 30, Thirty-Five Years of Continuous Service to 1950, to FSO and Mrs. William S. Brewer in Beirut, Leba¬ Exporters and Importers non. Mr. Brewer is Third Secretary of Embassy at Jidda. CURTIS. A daughter, Susan Harker, was born on July 10, 1950, to FSO and Mrs. Glion Curtis at The Hague, The • Netherlands, where Mr. Curtis is Second Secretary of Em¬ bassy. DIGGINS. A son, Andrew Henry, was born on August 1, International 1950, in Caracas, Venezuela, to Vice Consul and Mrs. John Robert Diggins. Mr. Diggins is assigned to the Consulate at SHIPPING AGENTS Puerto la Cruz. DUNNIGAN. A son, Michael Fox, was born on June 24, FOREIGN FREIGHT FORWARDERS 1950, to FSO and Mrs. Thomas J. Dunnigan in Berlin, Ger¬ many. Mr. Dunnigan is with the Political Affairs Division of the Office of the United States High Commissioner for FREIGHT AND CUSTOM HOUSE Germany. HOWE. A daughter, Lucinda Caroline, was born on Au¬ BROKERS gust 3, 1950, to FSO and Mrs. C. H. Walter Howe in Tabriz, Iran, where Mr. Howe is officer in charge of the Consulate. INSURANCE MAY. A son, Stephen Michael, was born on June 30, 1950, to FSO and Mrs. James A. May at Santa Monica, California. Mr. May is Vice Consul at the Consulate in Haifa, Israel. MELBY. A daughter, Judith Crommelin, was born on November 12, 1949, in Bern, Switzerland, to FSO and Mrs. BARR SHIPPING COMPANY Everett K. Melby. Mr. Melbv is Third Secretary of Em¬ bassy at Athens, Greece. is able to help its clients achieve that most POOL. A daughter, Amanda Grayson, was born on Au¬ important factor in international trade— gust 23, 1950, to FSO and Mrs. John C. Pool, at Lynchburg, mutual understanding and confidence be¬ Virginia. The Pools will be leaving soon for Buenos Aires, tween seller and buyer. where Mr. Pool is assigned as First Secretary of Embassy. For thirty-four years BARR SHIPPING Mrs. Pool is the JOURNAL’S own Jane Wilson. COMPANY has dealt with exporters and REAMS. A daughter, Mirjana, was born on June 26, importers in a score of foreign countries, 1950, to FSO and Mrs. Robert Borden Reams, at Belgrade, and experience is a good teacher. Yugoslavia, where Mr. Reams is Counselor of Embassy. f In the export business, perhaps more than RL THERFORD. A son, Marc Rowland, was born on in any other, it is fundamentally true that: July 22, 1950, to FSO and Mrs. M. Robert Rutherford, at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, where Mr. Rutherford is assigned GOODWILL is an asset as Consul to the Consulate General. Whose Market Value Never Fluctuates STONE. A daughter, Mary Barnes, was born on May 22, 1950, to FSO and Mrs. Galen L. Stone at Kiel, Germany, where Mr. Stone is assigned as Deputy U. S. Observer for Schleswig-Holstein. On request, we will mail you a copy of a booklet containing American Foreign Trade Definitions HELP YOUR ASSOCIATION SERVE THE SERVICE. and other export data. SIGN UP A NEW MEMBER TODAY!

BARR SHIPPING COMPANY

HARRY K. BARR, Presides

25 BROADWAY NEW YORK 4, N. Y. CABLE: —All Codes — BARRSHIPCO FREIGHT FORWARDER F.M.B. REG. No. 433

48 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL H A R V E ST E R-B U I L D E R OF ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT FOR ESSENTIAL WORK

Where the waving grain fades into the blue

T TAST farming acreage calls Wheat growers demand much ’ for large-scale operating from machines that harvest grain economy. One important an¬ extending over thousands of acres. They depend on equipment like swer to bigger, more profit¬ this McCormick International No. able production on large 125-SPV 12-foot Harvester- farms is modern and mech¬ Thresher. Other McCormick In¬ anized practices. ternational models are 5-foot and Climate and rainfall vari¬ 6-foot machines, 12-foot pull-type, ations, differences in soil and the 12-foot self-propelled rice texture and workability— special. these are only a few of many factors that govern selection of farm machines. And it is the ability If you want to make your own farm¬ modem farm equipment and experi¬ to supply the working tools adaptable ing methods more profitable, if you ence that will make your land more to a tremendous variety of crops and are interested in the general progress productive. acreages that has made McCormick of agriculture, we suggest you see International Farm Equipment first your McCormick International dis¬ International Harvester Export Company choice with successful farmers. tributor. He provides a source of both 180 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago 1, U.S.A.

INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER McCormick International Farm Tractors & Farm Equipment International Trucks International Harvester Refrigeration International Industrial Power

SEPTEMBER, 1950 49 TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO (Continued, from page 14) KLAHR HUDDLE in his article, “The First Half Cen¬ tury of the Consulate at Hamburg,” brings to light an out¬ standing figure, who dominated the history of the Con¬ sulate during the first half of the past century. JOHN A. CUTHBERT of Philadelphia, served at Hamburg from 1817 until he died in 1848. He was a staunch American, fearless and independent and an authority on diplomatic and Con¬ sular procedure. He experienced the great fire of 1842 which destroyed almost the entire city. In one of his reports to the Department Mr. Cuthbert Foreign Service wrote: “My iron chest that contained the Books and Papers of the Consulate was found under the ruins of the house and, as I expected, broken open by a Parcel of Villains, who Banking came into the city for the sake of plunder, and with axes and dressed as Carpenters, pretended to act by order of He a dquarters the Senate.”

THE NEW EMBASSY AT PARIS. An article in the In the Center of JOURNAL tells of the formal opening of the new Embassy at Paris on Independence Day. The writer, G. HARLAN State Department Activities MILLER, Diplomatic Secretary, recalls that the first official communication of an American representative abroad was a note dated Paris, September 23, 1776, drafted by BEN¬ With our West End Office conveniently located in the center of State Department JAMIN FRANKLIN, addressed to the French Minister of activities, at 17th and G Streets, N.W., it has Foreign Affairs requesting an audience for an opportunity long been the privilege of The Washington of presenting his credentials. Loan And Trust Company to assist countless • Foreign Service officers and personnel. Now, EDWARD A. DOW, Consul, Rotterdam, wrote an article as always, we invite you to avail yourself of on Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) the Dutch jurist and states¬ the complete banking services we offer. man. Our Main Office, too, is desirably located in • the heart of Washington’s business district TREATIES RATIFIED. Two Nine Power Treaties of at 9th and F Streets, N. W. the Limitation of Armaments Conference were ratified Whatever your financial requirements, we August 5 in Washington by the United States, France, Ja¬ welcome your inquiry at either office and the pan, Italy, Great Britain, China, Portugal, Belgium and opportunity to serve you. Holland.

Checking Accounts • Savings Accounts A photograph in the WASHINGTON POST of NELSON T. JOHNSON, RAYMOND TENNEY, MAHLON F. PER¬ Collateral Loans KINS and GEORGE ATCHESON. Jr. bore the caption that Insurance Policy Loans each of these officers could speak 26 Chinese dialects. Personal Loans • New Auto Loans • Complete Trust Service PERSONAL ITEM: In the spring of ’25 I was told by DON CARLOS EBERHARDT of FP that I was to be an Complete Real Estate Service Inspector and, before you could say Jack Robinson I. a Loans • Insurance • Management fledgeling, was whisked off to Canada for a trial (light. The C.G. at one important post was an imposing old bird and cussed out the DPT for sending a mere Consul to inspect his office. However, he was also a resourceful old cuss. He simply raised my rank and introduced me to officials and others as “my dear colleague, Consul General Stewart.”

IN MEMORIAM BRADFIELD. Miss Elizabeth Bradfield, USIS librarian, died on July 17, 1950, in an Indian National Airways crash THE WASHINGTON LOAN south of Pathankot, near the Kashmir border. BRADSHAW. Miss Charlotte Bradshaw, Economic Ana¬ AND TRUST COMPANY lyst, whose work in the analysis and distribution to civilian agencies of Foreign Service despatches made her well known F Street at 9th, N. W. • 17th Street at G, N. W. to many in the Service, was killed in an automobile accident Alfred H. Lawson, President on July 29, 1950. She had served in the Department for 26 years. MEMBER: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Reserve System CAPPS. Dr. Edward Capps, former United States Min¬ ister to Greece, died in Princeton, New Jersey, on August 21, 1950.

50 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL (July th

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Bellows & Company, Inc. • Export Division, Room 1934, 120 Broadway, New York City

51 SEPTEMBER. 1950 NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT (Continued from page 25) cuss formation of an Atlantic Union to stop Communist aggression. Signers of the letter were ROBERT WOODS BLISS, former Assistant Secretary of State anti Ambassador to Argentina; JOSEPH GREW, former Ambassador to Japan; The Raleigh ranks with those fine hotels GARRISON NORTON, former Assistant Secretary of State; throughout the world that are accepted unhesi¬ ARTHUR BLISS LANE, former Ambassador to Poland; LITH- tatingly by experienced travelers. You can enjov GOW OSBORNE, former Ambassador to Norway; HERBERT the elegant comfort of beautifully appointed PELL, former Minister to Portugal and Hungary; WILLIAM rooms—The convenience of its central location. PHILLIPS, former Under Secretary of State; PAUL A. POR¬ TER and WILLIAM H. STANDLEY, former Ambassador to 400 rooms; from $4.50 to $8.00 single; from Russia. $6.50 to $12.00 double. Suites from $15.00 While in Wilton, Conn., for a speech to the Wilton Forum, to $30.00. FSO NILES BOND saw former FSO’s STUART GRUMMON . ☆ and EDWARD LAWTON. The latter is now living in Cannon- Home of the famous Pall Mall Room. dale, Conn., spends much of his time painting and has C. C. SCHIFFELER, had a number of one-man shows. The former is spend¬ Vice President and Managing Director ing his retirement writing hooks at his home in Redding, Conn. With the indefinite suspension of the Air War Col¬ lege, Mr. Bond is now slated for Tokyo. ARTHUR B. EM¬ MONS III replaces him on the Korean desk.

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With this issue the JOURNAL welcomes three more adver¬ tisers and notes that its classified column (on page 56) has started to grow. The Westinghouse Company on page 8 brings its products to the attention of JOURNAL readers for the first time since 1946. Till’s Fruit Cake Company (see page 441 brings to mind an old holiday tradition and sug¬ gests that distance is no bar to maintaining it. The Raleigh Hotel (on page 52) now joins the Mayflower in offering our readers its facilities for the time they are in Washington.

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SEPTEMBER. 1950 FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES (Continued from page 44) NAME POST FROM POST TO TITLE Brandin, Robert M. Helsinki Paris 2nd Sec. Consul Econ. Off. Breaux, Frances W. Department Frankfort FSS Breiter, Roy C., Jr. Asuncion Bangkok Pers. Tech. Brown, Constantine P. Department Cairo FSS Browne, Sidney H. Department Wellington Pot. Off. Counselor of Emb. Buchholz, Ruth L. Athens Tehran FSS Burke, Timothy J. Sofia Milan VC Consular Off.

Carr, Paul B. Tijuana San Jose Consular Off. Carr, Robert M. Vienna Tehran Econ. Off. Counseloi Carreiro, Phyllis I. Department Copenhagen FSS Carson, Beatrice M. Monrovia Rome FSS Castille, Catherine L. W arsaw The Hague FSS Chalker, Robert P. Bremen Department FSO Chase, Augustus Shanghai Department FSO Christiansen, Hulda Guayaquil Mexico FSS Clare, Fannie F. Department Frankfort FSS More than just a Cleaver, Edward B. Edmonton Department FSS Clinkscales, Mary C. Department Brussels Co sular Asst. Clubb, Oliver E. Peiping Department FSO Cole, Thomas J. Habana Marseille Consul A'isa Off. gleaming white ship... Coleland, Miles A. Damascus Department FSS BRITISH Coleman, Rufus L. Department Frankfort FSS Coon, Carleton S., Jr. Department Frankfort VC HONDURAS To those engaged in Inter-American Corcoran, Thomas Barcelona Saigon 3rd Sec. VC Pol. Off. COLOMBIA trade, the gleaming liners of the Great Corippo, Edward P. Nanking Paris FSS Coughenour, Walter C. Warsaw COSTA RICA White Fleet are more than carriers of Frankfort FSS Covilie, Cabot Tokyo Halifax Co-'.sul Prin. Off. passengers and cargo. These fast, fully- Crockett, Thomas J., Ill CUBA Florence Bologna FSS refrigerated vessels stand for over half Crowley, Edwin D. Godthaab Lagos VC Econ. Off. DOMINICAN a century of experience in the Carib¬ Darke, Martha Department Bombay FSS REPUBLIC bean . . . for skilled staffs operating Dennis, John M. Hamburg Hong Kong VC Consular Off. Diggins, John R., Jr. Puerto la Cruz Caracas (CG) VC Visa Off. EL SALVADOR modern equipment afloat and ashore Dolezal, Edward J. Bratislava Tel Aviv FSS . . . above all, for regular and depend¬ Dooher, Gerald F. P. Tehran Department FSS GUATEMALA Drazich, Dolly able trade between the Americas. Warsaw Barcelona FSS HONDURAS Fweli, Lucius F., Jr. Department Rio de Janeiro FSS

JAMAICA, B. W. I. Farnsworth, Frederick E. Shanghai Djakarta 2nd Sec. Consul GREAT UJHITE FLEET Consular Off. NICARAGUA UNITED FRUIT COMPANY Farris, Charles 0. Rome Pier 3, North River, New York 6, N. Y. Bucharest Admin. Asst. PANAMA Fehner, Cornelia M. Warsaw The Hague Librarian New Orleans: 321 St. Charles St., New Orleans 4 Ferguson John S. Department Damascus FSS CANAL ZONE Chicago: 111 W. Washington St., Chicago 2 Fisher, William D. Praha Paris 2nd Sec. VC San Francisco: 1001 Fourth St., San Francisco 7 Econ. Off. Fitzgerald, Margaret F. Port Elizabeth Ottawa FSS * ★ Forbes, Bruce W. Praha Paris VC Consular Off. Franklin, Mary J. Managua Rome FSS

Gamson, Arthur L. Department Kobe VC Garbacz, Helen J. Warsaw Frankfort FSS Gardner, Alexander H. Damascus Nicosia FSS Gatch, John N., Jr. Warsaw Hong Kong VC Consular Off. Gautreau, Ethelyn M. Department Frankfort FSS Geen, Helen E. Mexico Port-au-Prince Disb. Off. Gerlach, Rebecca Ann Department Frankfort FSS Gilsinn, David L. Karachi Lahore VC Admin. Off. Ginsburg, Carl London Department FSS G ley Steen, Culver Department Moscow 3rd Sec. Pol. Off. Glynn, Ellis V. Karachi Colombo FSS Glynn, Leo J. Dhahran Damascus FSS Goodyear, John Zurich Singapore Consul Pol. Off. Gorsuch, Estelle B. Department Frankfort FSS Graham, Andree L. Department Frankfort FSS Graham, William I. Peiping Hong Kong FSS Green, Caspar D. Department Maracaibo Consul Prin. Off. Greene, Winthrop S. Bratislava Vienna Consul General Grenon, Leo Edgar Department Tehran FSS Guaderrama, Ernest S. Mexicali Antwerp VC Consul. Off. Gyorgy, Otmar Patras Alexandria VC Econ. Off.

Haas, Eugene H. Paris Department FSS Hall, Alma L. Department Frankfort FSS Halstead, Clinton C. Tehran Department FSS Haltom, Travis F. Praha Bilbao FSS Hamilton, James R. Tehran Nicosia FSS Harlan, Robert H. Berlin Accra VC Consular Off. Harris, Stanley J. Mexico Haifa FSS Harrison, Daniel B. Sao Paulo Santos VC Consular Off. LONG active in promoting commerce Havron, James B. Elizabethville Leopoldville Consul Pol. Off. Hedrick, Camilla R. The Hague Department FSS among the peoples of the Americas, the Henderson, Douglas Department Bern Consul 2nd Sec. Econ. Off. Chase National Bank today is in the van¬ Henderson, Gregory Seoul Frankfort VC Henson, Frank D. Rome Tehran FSS guard of those institutions which are Heubeck, Carlotta Paris Frankfort Admin. Asst. Hively, Robert F.. Haifa Mexico FSS fostering Pan-American relations by the Hogan, Francis L. Meshed Tehran FSS Hohenthal, Theodore J. Guadalajara Rome 1st Sec. Consul promotion of trade and travel. Pol. Off. Huestis, Richard S. Department Bremen Consul Exec. Off. Huso, Rolf J. Shanghai Rangoon FSS Hyde, Perry J. Managua Department FSS THE CHASE NATIONAL BANK lams, John D. Department Athens 2nd Sec. VC OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK Pol. Off. Ireland, Philip W. Cairo Department FSO Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Janota, Hildegarde Praha Paris FSS enkins, Alfred LeS. Hong Kong Taipei 2nd Sec. VC Pol. Off. 'enssen, Thelma M. Athens Saigon Pers .Tech. Johnston, Mary S. Department Athens Asst. Att. Pol. Off. 'ohnson, Richard A. La Paz Cundalnjnra Consul Prin. Off. Johnson, Richard G. Praha Rome 3rd Sec. VC Pol. Off.

54 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL NAME POST FROM POST TO TITLE NAME POST FROM POST TO TITLE Jones, Curtis F. Department Tripoli VC Pol. Off. Monti lor, Joseph J. Tucuman Department 2nd Sec. Asst. Jones, Ralph A. Warsaw Bangkok 3rd Sec. VC PAO Off. (Reg) Asst. PAO Moran, James R. Sofia Department FSS Jones, Thomas B. Department Vienna FSS Morgan, John F. Shanghai Bangkok Admin. Off. Morris, Eugene E. Budapest Department FSS Kane, Mary K. Department Frankfort FSS Murray, Mary K. Berlin Lisbon FSS Kelley, Edward R. Department Frankfort Admin. Off. Koykkar, Theodora A. Paris Cairo FSS Niederjohn, James A. W arsaw Amsterdam VC Consular Off. Kreis, Foster H. Patras Athens Consul Consular Nicholson, Barbara E. Department Frankfort FSS Off. Nichols, Margaret J. Department Frankfort FSS Kretzmann, Edwin M. J. Shanghai Department FSO O’Donnell, Mary J. Department Saigon FSS La Barr, Agres A. Kabul Paris Admin. Asst. O’Grady, Walter J. Hong Kong Djakarta FSS Lamb, Alice A. Department Frankfort FSS Omachel, Walter B. Warsaw Tripoli FSS Lancaster, Francis B. Department Barcelona FSS O’Neal, Mildred T. Mexico Frankfort FSS Lewis, Donald A. Copenhagen Godthaab VC Prin. Off. Orr, Marjorie Department Frankfort FSS Lewis, Jane K. Department Frankfort FSS Overton, Douglas YV. Tokyo Department FSO Lewis, Reese A., Jr. Bucharest Addis Ababa FSS Linberg, Dorothy B. Warsaw Frankfort FSS Padgett, Joel R. Rio de Janeiro Frankfort FSS Lister, Robert J. Praha Vienna FSS Parish, Johnny E. Djakarta Department FSS Lopatkiewicz, Teodor J. Warsaw Vienna Translator Parrish, Mary R. Department Tehran FSS Ludtke, Roland H. Department Manila FSS Pitts, Donald N. Warsaw Frankfort FSS Lyon, Scott C. Moscow Bad Nauheim FSO Pol. Off. Pool, John C. Hamilton Buenos Aires 1st Sec. Consul Pol. Off. McCargar, James G. Department Paris 2nd Sec. VC Pol. Porterfield, Amy Paris Department FSS Off. Powell, James C. London Nuevo Laredo Consul Prin. Off. McCluen, Mary K. Department Frankfort FSS Powell, Orman N., Jr. Kabul Frankfort FSS McClure, Elizabeth S. Lima Frankfort FSS Powers, Frederick S., Amsterdam Department FSS McConaughy, Walter P. Shanghai Tokyo Counselor, Chief Jr. of Pol. Sec. Preto, Eunice S. Y\ Lourenco-Marques Lisbon FSS McCusker, Honor C. The Hague Rome Asst. Att. Librarian McFarland, Phyllis f. Department Paris FSS Ragland, Joseph P. Naples Southampton Consul Prin. Off. McLean, Allen F., Jr. Kuala Lumpur Chihuahua VC Consular Off. Raley, Joe M. Addis Ababa Athens FSS Maleadv, Thomas J. Buenos Aires La Pau 1st Sec. Consul Reeder, Lorin G. Shanghai Manila Photo Tech. Pol. Off. Regis, Peter Department Mexico Att. Reg. Sec. Supv. Manheim, Louis S. Moscow Department FSS Rice, Charley L. Chihuahua Mazatlan VC Prin. Off. Manning, Henry J. Shanghai Saigon FSS Rogers, Jordan T. Berlin Department FSO Marczak, Mildred M. Warsaw Frankfort FSS Roman, Paul Bratislava Y'ienna FSS Mathews, Stephanie A. Department Frankfort FSS Rood, Leslie L. Athens Tehran 2nd Sec. VC Mazur, Regina J. Wa rsaw Vienna FSS Spec. Asst, to Amb. Mazze, Louis B. Caracas Department FSS for MDAP Affairs Meeks, James D. Calcutta Department FSS Rosen, Arthur H. Taipei Hanoi Y’C Language Off. Mellen, Sydney L. W. Department Rome 1st Sec. Consul Roser, Harold C., Jr. Manila Frankfort VC Econ. Off. Ross, Joyce M. Saigon Paris FSS Meuter, Sanford Department Sydney VC Admin. Off. Ruchti, James R. Montreal Frankfort VC Merrell, Clay Department Hamilton, B. Consul Prin. Off. Rumbutis, Alice Guayaquil Guadalajara FSS Merrill, Mary M. Naples Frankfort FSS Ryan, William F. Moscow' Y’enice VC Consular Off. Metcalfe, Arthur V. Mazatlan Manila VC Visa Off. Meyer, G. E. Robert Shanghai Kuala Lumpur VC Econ. Off. Salter, Fred K. Department Vienna 1st Sec. Consul Miller, Benjamin Praha Ankara FSS Pol. Off. Miller, George E. Pernambuco Rio de Janeiro 2nd Sec. Consul Schuler, Frank A.Jr. Department Frankfort Staff Off. Miller, M:’xir'e M. Frankfort Ankara FSS Schwartztrauber, Evelyn Sydney Mexico Y’C Econ. Asst. Mills, Sheldon T. Department B’ euos Aires Counselor M.

IF YOU'KK ONE of the many, many Americans who’ll rather drink Four Roses, may we suggest that you introduce it to your friends abroad. Your order for this very fine American whiskey may be placed directly with Frankfort Distillers Corporation, 50 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City, U.S.A.

.SEPTEMBER, 1950 55 NAME POST FROM POST TO TITLE

Scott, David Patras Athens VC Consular Off. CLASSIFIED ADS Sherrick, Clayton A. Department Athens FSS Shrouf, Don Shanghai Hong Kong FSS Sinclaire, Matilda Bern Rome Cultural Asst. Smith, Roger L. London Palermo VC Citz. Off. FOB SALE—Georgetown, Washington, D. C. detached recently Smith, Stewart P. Department Tehran FSS remodeled, charming brick home, built circa 1S10. five bedrooms, Solano, Joseph R. Department Santiago 2nd Sec. VC three baths, drawing room, dining room, kitchen and library, Pol. Off. recreation room, maid's room and bath and lovely large garden. Specter, Samuel I. London Department FSS Call owner. Washington, Decatur 6824. Spencer, Corey J. Tegucigalpa Paris FSS Sprecher, Daniel Department Frankfort FSO FOR SALR. First class oil portraits of George and Martha Sroka, Wanda I. Department The Hague FSS Washington. Stuart copies painted by former leading Dresden, Steeves, John M. New Delhi Department FSO Germany copyist. Similar pair sold for $500.00. Price $300.00. Stoessel, Walter J., Jr. Department Bad Nauheim FSO Intel!. Off. Suitable for official residence or mission. Address American Stolzfus, William A., Jr. Department Alexandria Econ. Asst. Consul General, Vancouver. Canada. Stotts, Ben L. Department Habana FSS Streilein, Walter H. Department Tehran FSS MAGAZINES—for you for your friends. Don't waste time Sullivan, Margaret C. Moscow Department FSS looking for that address! Ruby Eai°v will take your order for Sutin, Lawrence N. Dakar Port-au-Prince FSS any magazine. Rates on request. Write to Ruby Early, 4823 Svarc, Jarmila A. Praha Frankfort FSS Terrace, Kansas City 2, Mo. Swanson, Raymond J. Bucharest St. John N. B. VC Consular Off. Svmans, Edward A. Warsaw Ankara Att. Inform. Off. JOURNAL GIFT SUBSCRIPTIONS. Your family and your friends are also interested in the Service. Send them the Jour¬ Thigpen, George H. Warsaw Vienna FSS nal as a gift. Our special gift rate for members of the Asso¬ Thomas, John W. Department Ankara FSS ciation is only $3.00 a year. Thompson, Blanche E. Praha Frankfort FSS Trost, Edward J. Bremen Kuala Lumpur VC Consular Off. Updyke, Milton C. Shanghai Manila Disb. Off. INDEX TO ADVERTISERS Vaughan, Betty Jo Department Frankfort FSS

Waklcr, John O. Frankfort Department FSS American Eastern Corporation 9 Wallace, Frank E. Rome Paris FSS Weeks, Kenneth M. Jidda Tehran FSS American Express Company 37 Wever, William Paris Tegucigalpa FSS Whinery, Marion M. Caracas Tokyo Records Supv. American Security and Trust Company 33 Widney, George M. Bangkok Department FSO Wilkins, Fraser Department New Delhi 1st Sec. Consul Barr Shipping Company 48 Pol. Off. Wilkinson, James Department Hong Kong Consul Book Service 52 Gen. Exec. Off. Willebeek-Le Mair, Jacob Praha Tehran FSS Brewood Engravers 48 Williams, Harris H. Lagos Madrid 2nd Sec. VC Consular Off. Brown-Forman Distillers 47 Williams, Mary E. Tangier Paris FSS Calvert School 34 Woodhouse, Franklin W. Department Wellington FSS Chase National Bank _ 54 AMENDMENTS TO PREVIOUSLY REPORTED Federal Storage Company . 7 CHANGES Firestone Tire and Rubber Company 10 Foreign Service Protective Association 9 ASSIGNMENT NEW NAME CANCELLED ASSIGNMENT TITLE Frankfort-Four Roses 9, 34, 36, 44, 55 Abraham, Russell Athens Ankara FSS Grace Line 36 Achuff, June E. Praha Madrid FSS Ackerson, Garrett G., Wellington Warsaw Counselor Glide’s . 34 Jr-. Anrecio, Oswald G. Rangoon Tehran FSS International Harvester 49 Ayers, Adrienne G. Warsaw Stockholm FSS I. T. & T. _ „ _ 43 Baber, Powhatan \I. Madrid Lisbon Att. G-n. Serv. Off. Barrows, Gwendolyn Luxembourg London Pub. Relations Off. Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company (Chesterfield) 2 Bates, Quentin R. Habana Paris 2nd Sac. VC Econ. Off. Lucky Strike 41 Beard, Kathleen R. Tehran Stuttgart Pe-s. Off. Blattner, Charles H. Seoul Taipei FSS Mayflower Hotel 5 Burdett, William C., Jr. Bucharest Tehran 2nd Sac. Consul Pol. Off. National City Bank 38 Byrns, Kenneth A. Lagos Department FSO National Distillers Corporation 6, 51 Caripides, Vasilios G. Bucharest Istanbul FSS Castille, Catherine L. The Hague Warsaw FSS Pan American World Airways _ 39 Church, Harold A. Manila Rio de Janeiro Disb. Off. Clark, Kathryn I.. Athens Department FSS Philippine Airlines : 44 Coors, Dallas M. Noumea Department FSS Cuthell, David C. Warsaw Athens 3rd Sec. VC Radio Corporation of America 53

Del Rossi, Virginia B. Warsaw Vienna FSS Raleigh Hotel _ 52 Dorros, Leon G. Toronto London 2nd Sec. VC Visa Off . Richard, David __ 35 Edgar, Donald D. Singapore Rome 1st Sec. Consul Pol. Off. Schenley Products II and III Covers Higgs, L. Randolph Moscow Department FSO Holomany, Matild Vienna Frankfort FSS Security Storage Company of Washington _ 33 Hourihane, James C. Tehran Ankara FSS Sinclair 42 Jerge, Anne J. Luanda Tripoli FSS Johnson, Emily E. The Hague Paris FSS Socony-Vacuunt Oil Company, Inc. . 46 Johnson, Richard G. Rome Praha 3rd Sec. VC Swartz, Walter H., Company 45 King, Mildred C. Istanbul Frankfort FSS Till’s Fruit Cake . 44 Lane, Rufus H. Department Paris 1st Sec. Consul Consular Off. Tyner, Miss E. J. 38 Leary, John C. Aruba Cherbourg VC Consular Off. United Fruit Company 54 McGrath, John B. Rabat Casablanca VC Econ. Off. McKerness, Joan R. Buenos Aires Caracas FSS United States Life Insurance Company 40 Murray, Dorothy M. J. Damascus Department FSS von Zielinski, Carl M. J. 34 Pazourek, John Toronto Rome Construction Supv. Penfield, James K. Department London Counselor Waldorf-Astoria — IV Cover Pope, Rosamond A. Athens Ankara FSS Washington Loan & Trust Company 50 Trent, Mary V. Helsinki Paris 2nd Sec. VC Press Off. Wellborn Motors 3

Williams, Vincent D. Amsterdam Mexicali VC Consular Off. Westinghouse Electric Company 8

Young, Karl V. Rangoon Athens FSS Williams, R. C. & Co _ 4

56 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL

Supreme in the Arts of Public Hospitality

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Latin-American Department = Foreign Depar.menL MRS. LAZO STE.NMAN MR. WALTER O.SCHNYDER

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