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Kesinambungan Perubahan Pemerian Jasad Dan Rupa Tembikar Pra Sejarah Kepada Tembikar Tradisi Melayu

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Kesinambungan Perubahan Pemerian Jasad Dan Rupa Tembikar Pra Sejarah Kepada Tembikar Tradisi Melayu KESINAMBUNGAN PERUBAHAN PEMERIAN JASAD DAN RUPA TEMBIKAR PRA SEJARAH KEPADA TEMBIKAR TRADISI MELAYU Oleh SALWA BINTI AYOB Tesis yang diserahkan untuk memenuhi keperluan Ijazah Doktor Falsafah Ogos 2011 PENGHARGAAN Bismillahiruahmaniruahim Syukur Alhamdulililah dengan limpah kurniaNya tesis ini telah berjaya disiapkan. Saya ingin merakamkan setinggi-tinggi penghargaan terutamanya kepada penyelia utama saya Prof. Madya Dato’ Dr. Mohamed Najid Ahmad Dawa, begitu juga dengan penyelia bersama Prof. Dr. Radzali Othman. Rakaman yang sama saya tujukan kepada pihak muzium diseluruh Malaysia, Perbadanan Kemajuan Kraftangan Malaysia khususnya cawangan-cawangan di Enggor, Perak dan Jerantut, Pahang . Tidak terkecuali para penduduk lokasi kajian kes yang telah menerima baik kehadiran saya sebagai penyelidik, ketulusan hati budi tuan puan tidak dapat saya balas dengan wang ringgit. Kepada ayahanda, bonda, keluarga serta rakan-rakan seperjuangan, Dr June Ngo, Prof Madya Dr Mohd Sabrizza Abdul Rashid terima kasih diatas sokongan dan bimbingan yang telah diberikan. Buat seluruh ahli keluarga Hajjah Yang Nong Chik binti Alang Hussin dan Y.M. Raja Mazian binti Y.M. Raja Mohamed terima kasih kerana sudi berkongsi koleksi peribadi untuk penyelidikan ini. Tidak lupa juga buat Pusat Pengajian Seni USM, Pusat Penyelidikan Arkeologi Global USM, Ikatan Ahli Arkeologi Malaysia dan Balai Seni Lukis Negara yang banyak memberikan saya ruang untuk menimba ilmu dengan kerjasama erat yang dihulurkan. Akhir kalam penghargaan dan ucapan terima kasih saya khusus kepada pihak Universiti Teknologi Mara sebagai penyumbang dana bagi penyelidikan ini. Semoga rahmat Allah sentiasa bersama kita. ii KANDUNGAN Penghargaan................................................................................................................. ...ii Kandungan Bab ...............................................................................................................iii Senarai Jadual..................................................................................................................xx Daftar Gambarajah..........................................................................................................xxiii Daftar Rajah....................................................................................................................xxvi Daftar Peta.......................................................................................................................xxviii Daftar Gambar.................................................................................................................xxix Abstrak............................................................................................................................xli Abstract...........................................................................................................................xlii KANDUNGAN BAB Halaman 1.0 BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ...1 1.1 Pengenalan ...1 1.2 Tembikar ...4 1.3 Latar Belakang Pemasalahan ...4 1.3.1 Pengasingan penyelidikan tembikar pra sejarah ...4 dan tembikar tradisi Melayu 1.3.2 Ketandusan penerbitan berkaitan tembikar tradisi Melayu ...6 1.3.3 Kepupusan perusahaan tembikar tradisional sebagai rujukan ...7 1.3.4 Kekurangan penerapan ciri-ciri, falsafah dan konsep tembikar ...8 tradisi Melayu dalam pengkaryaan seni seramik kontemporari 1.4 Kepentingan Kajian ...9 1.5 Ulasan kajian-kajian lepas ...10 1.6 Latar belakang kajian ...16 1.6.1 Persoalan Kajian Dan hipotesis ...16 1.6.2 Objektif kajian ...17 1.6.3 Skop kajian ...18 iii 1.6.3.1 Skop kajian Proses Kreatif ...18 1.6.3.2 Skop Kajian Proses Artistik ...18 1.6.3.2 Penyelidikan data latarbelakang dan sejarah lokasi ...19 1.6.3.3 Bentuk- bentuk bagi kajian tembikar pra sejarah ...21 Semenanjung Malaysia 1.6.3.4 Bentuk- bentuk bagi kajian tembikar Melayu tradisi ...22 1.6.3.5 Struktur tembikar Melayu tradisi ...23 1.7 Kerangka Bab ...23 1.8 Metodologi Penyelidikan ...26 1.8.1 Pengenalan ...26 1.8.2 Matlamat Kajian ...27 1.8.3 Strategi Kajian ...27 1.8.4 Kajian kes ...28 1.8.4.1 Kajian Dokumen ...28 1.8.4.2 Pemerhatian Tanpa Penglibatan ...29 1.8.4.3 Temubual ...30 1.8.5 Kajian Reka bentuk dan motif ...31 1.8.5.1 Periodisasi ...31 1.8.5.2 Pembinaan pengkalan data motif/bentuk ...32 1.8.6 Kengkangan dan Limitasi ...33 1.8.7 Teknik Penganalisaan ...35 1.8.8 Ulasan dan Rumusan ...35 1.9 Definisi dan Terminologi ...35 1.9.1 Transfomasi/ perubahan ...35 1.9.2 Tanah liat ...35 1.9.3 Tembikar ...35 1.9.4 Seramik ...36 1.9.5 Tradisi ...36 iv 1.9.6 Melayu ...37 2.0 BAB 2 JASAD DAN OLAHAN RUPA …38 2.1 Pengenalan ...38 2.2 Tranformasi ...38 2.3 Tanah liat ...40 2.3.1 Pengkelasan tanah liat ...43 2.3.1.1 Tanah liat earthenware ...45 2.3.1.2 Tanah liat “Stoneware” ...45 2.3.1.3 Tanah liat Poserlin ...46 2.3.1.4 Tanah liat “Bone China” ...49 2.3.1.5 Tanah liat bewarna; ...50 2.3.4 Warna tanah liat ...51 2.3.5 Pengunaan awal tanah liat ...52 2.4 Tranformasi pembentukan tembikar ...54 2.4.1 Tanah liat sebagai bahan binaan ...59 2.4.2 Transformasi nutrasi tanah liat ...60 2.4.3 Tembikar dan mitos ...64 2.4.4 Tanah liat sebagai medium transformasi jasad manusia ...68 2.5 Definisi Tembikar ...72 2.6 Definisi Seramik ...73 2.7 Tradisi ...76 2.8 Seni ...79 2.9 Seni Melayu ...81 2.9.1 Konsep seni dan utilitarian dalam seni Melayu ...83 2.9.2 Seni Tembikar ...85 2.10 Seni Seramik ...90 2.11 Kesimpulan ...91 v 3.0 BAB 3 RAS MELAYU ...93 3.1 Pengenalan ...93 3.2 Penghijrahan awal manusia ...93 3.3 Semenanjung Tanah Melayu ...98 3.4 Asal usul perkataan Melayu ...110 3.5 Asal usul ras Melayu ...114 3.5.1 Lelaki Melayu ...123 3.5.2 Wanita Melayu ...125 3.5.3 Gender dalam masyarakat Melayu ...127 3.6 Tembikar Melayu ...128 3.7 Motif-motif Melayu ...131 3.7.1 Bunga ...133 3.7.2 Buah-buahan ...137 3.7.3 Makanan ...139 3.7.4 Daun ...139 3.7.5 Puchuk Rebung ...140 3.7.6 Pokok/Pohon ...143 3.7.8 Haiwan @ fauna ...143 3.7.9 Kosmik ...149 3.7.10 Unsur Mistik ...149 3.8 Struktur Tembikar ...150 3.9 Bentuk dan rupa dalam tradisi Melayu ...152 3.10 Unsur semangat dalam bentuk-bentuk Melayu ...154 3.11 Bentuk-bentuk tembikar Melayu ...158 3.12 Warna dalam budaya Melayu ...175 3.13 Kesimpulan ...177 vi 4.0 BAB 4 METODOLOGI ...178 4.1 Pengenalan ...178 4.2 Pemilihan metod ...178 4.3 Kajian Kes ...179 4.3.1 Pemerhatian ...181 4.3.2 Pemerhatian bukan peserta / pemerhatian tanpa penglibatan ...182 4.3.3 Rakaman audio dan foto ...186 4.4 Kajian Dokumentasi ...186 4.5 Periodisasi ...188 4.5.1 Persoalan dalam mengkaji tembikar pra sejarah ...189 4.5.2 Pemerhatian dan kajian artifak ...193 4.6 Temubual ...194 4.6.1Temubual berasaskan budaya lisan masayarakat Melayu ...197 4.6.2 Pemahaman Dielek tempatan ...200 4.7 Pembinaan pengkalan data ...201 4.8 Kesimpulan ...204 5.0 BAB 5 PERIODISASI ...205 5.1 Pengenalan ...205 5.2 Penyelidikan tembikar pra sejarah ...205 5.3 Pembahagian zaman bagi Semenanjung Tanah Melayu ...206 5.4 Pra Sejarah ...207 5.4.1 Paleolitik ...207 5.4.2 Hoabianhian/Maseolitik/Epi Paleolitik ...211 5.4.3 Neolitik ...213 5.5 Teknologi rekacipta peralatan budaya zaman pra sejarah ...215 5.5.1 Alat batu pemukul kulit kayu. ...216 5.5.2 Lesung batu (lesung dan alu) …217 vii 5.5.3 Alat batu bercanai …218 5.6 Zaman Logam …219 5.6.1 Artifak besi …221 5.7 Tembikar pra sejarah Malaysia …223 5.7.1 Lokasi tembikar pra sejarah Semenanjung Tanah Melayu …227 5.7.2 Proses pembuatan tembikar pra sejarah …228 5.7.2.1 Roda pemutar (slow wheel) …228 5.7.2.2 Teknik binaan tangan / picitan (hand building and pinching) ...230 5.7.2.3 Segmentasi ...231 5.7.2.4 Lingkaran (coiling) ...235 5.7.2.5 Teknik kayu penempek / tatap batu (paddle and anvil) ...236 5.7.2.6 Acuan Raga (basket mould) ...237 5.7.2.7 Teknik Kepingan (slabing) ...238 5.7.2.8 Teknik Kombinasi ...238 5.8 Motif tembikar pra sejarah …239 5.9 Tembikar Neolitik Semenanjung Malaysia …247 5.9.1 Tembikar Gua Cha, Kelantan (3000 tahun/ zaman logam) …248 5.9.1.1 Motif tembikar pra sejarah Gua Cha ...251 5.9.2 Tembikar Gunung Senyum, Pahang ...253 5.9.3 Tembikar Gua Musang ...255 5.9.4 Tembikar Bukit Tengku Lembu ...256 5.9.5 Tembikar Jenderam Hilir ...257 5.9.6 Tembikar Gua Bintong, Perlis ...258 5.9.7 Tembikar Kodiang, Kedah ...259 5.9.8 Tembikar Gua Tuba Langkawi ...260 5.9.9 Tembikar Gua Ta’at, Terangganu ...260 5.9.10 Tembikar kubur kepingan batu, Sungkai ...261 viii 5.9.11 Tembikar pra sejarah Lembah Lenggong ...262 5.9.11.1 Tembikar Gua Teluk Kelawar ...264 5.9.11.2 Tembikar Gua Kajang ...264 5.9.11.3 Tembikar Gua Harimau ...265 5.10 Tembikar Pronto Sejarah ...266 5.10.1 Tembikar Kuala Selingsing ...267 5.10.2 Tembikar Lembah Bujang ...269 5.10.3 Tembikar Sungai Mas ...273 5.11 Zaman Sejarah ...275 5.11.1 Tembikar Kota Kayang, Perlis ...275 5.11.2 Tembikar Kota Kuala Kedah ...276 5.11.3 Tembikar Johor Lama ...277 5.12 Tembikar Perdangangan awal Semenanjung Tanah Melayu ...278 5.12.1 Pengaruh tembikar Melayu tradisi terhadap ...280 tembikar perdagangan 5.12.2 Pengaruh tembikar perdagangan pada masyarakat Melayu ...282 5.13 Kesimpulan ...285 6.0 BAB 6 - KAJIAN KES -TEMBIKAR TRADISI MELAYU ...286 6.1 Pengenalan ...287 6.2 Kajian Kes 1: Tembikar Kuala Tembeling, Pahang ...287 6.2.1 Sejarah Tembeling ...287 6.2.2 Kampung Pasir Durian ...289 6.2.3 Tembikar Kampung Pasir Durian, Kuala Tembeling ...291 6.2.3.1 Bahan mentah ...294 6.2.3.2 Pemprosesan tanah ...299 6.2.3.3 Proses pembentukan tembikar ...300 6.2.3.4 Pembakaran Tembikar ...308 6.2.3.5 Cara menggunakan tembikar Kuala Tembeling bagi ...312 ix tujuan memasak 6.2.4 Tembikar Kuala Tembeling dan kegunaanya ...313 6.3 Kajian Kes 2 :Tembikar Sayong
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