DOCSLIB.ORG

Species of Apatemon Szidat, 1928 and Australapatemon Sudarikov, 1959 (Trematoda: Strigeidae) from New Zealand: Linking and Chara

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Species of Apatemon Szidat, 1928 and Australapatemon Sudarikov, 1959 (Trematoda: Strigeidae) from New Zealand: Linking and Chara Parasitol Res (2016) 115:271–289 DOI 10.1007/s00436-015-4744-0 ORIGINAL PAPER Species of Apatemon Szidat, 1928 and Australapatemon Sudarikov, 1959 (Trematoda: Strigeidae) from New Zealand: linking and characterising life cycle stages with morphology and molecules Isabel Blasco-Costa1,2 & Robert Poulin2 & Bronwen Presswell2 Received: 26 August 2015 /Accepted: 4 September 2015 /Published online: 18 September 2015 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 Abstract Species of Apatemon Szidat, 1928 and patterns of host specialisation and distribution, alongside con- Australapatemon Sudarikov, 1959 are reported from New current molecular and morphological evidence would be use- Zealand for the first time, and their life cycles are resolved ful for an integrative taxonomical approach towards the eluci- using molecular sequence data (28S and ITS rDNA regions dation of species diversity in this group. and mitochondrial COI). The metacercaria of Apatemon sp. ‘jamiesoni’ ex Gobiomorphus cotidianus and its cercaria ex Keywords Apatemon . Australapatemon . Strigeidae . Potamopyrgus antipodarum are described in detail. Its adult, Taxonomy . Phylogenetics . Genetic divergence found in Anas platyrhynchos and Phalacrocorax punctatus,is identified by molecular sequence data. Apatemon sp. ‘jamiesoni’ uses a different species of snail host, exhibits con- Introduction sistent differences in the genetic markers examined and its single described adult differs from known species so as to be The Strigeidae Railliet, 1919 is a species-rich family compris- considered distinct, but its formal description awaits addition- ing mainly parasites of birds. The criterion of host specificity al adult specimens. Australapatemon niewiadomski n. sp. is has been utilised as the basis for the systematics of members described from Anas platyrhynchos. It is distinguished mor- of this group on several occasions (Dubois 1938;Sudarikov phologically by the absence of a ringnapf and its overall small- 1959). For instance, two subfamilies are recognised according er size compared to most other Australapatemon spp. except to their host groups (birds or mammals). At a lower taxonomic Au. magnacetabulum and Au. minor, which are smaller in level, Sudarikov (1959) recognised two genera based on dif- nearly all features than the new species. Au. niewiadomski n. ferences observed in the life cycles of several species of sp. metacercaria and its intermediate host (Barbronia weberi) Apatemon Szidat, 1928: Apatemon, with metacercariae are identified via matching of molecular sequence data. The encysting in fish and Australapatemon Sudarikov, 1959,with status of Apatemon and Australapatemon as distinct genera is metacercariae encysting in leeches. Their taxonomic status confirmed based on their respective monophyly, and genetic has been questioned several times: Dubois and Pearson divergence between them is comparable to other well- (1965) reduced Australapatemon to the level of subgenus, established genera in the Strigeidae. The diagnosis of but Yamaguti (1971) restored it to generic level. In the most Australapatemon is emended. Life history data, accurate recent review of the family they were proposed as distinct genera (Niewiadomska 2002), but different authors still seem to hold different opinions (Bell and Sommerville 2002;Bell * Isabel Blasco-Costa et al. 2002). Independent evidence that confirms the validity [email protected] of their status is still lacking. The taxonomic history of species within these genera is 1 Natural History Museum of Geneva, Route de Malagnou 1, also complex. For example, the morphological variability of CH-1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland the type species Apatemon gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) has been 2 Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, noted repeatedly (Dubois 1938;Stunkardetal.1941; Dubois Dunedin, New Zealand and Rausch 1948; Dubois 1968). Some workers suggested 272 Parasitol Res (2016) 115:271–289 that it be divided into numerous subspecies (Dubois 1953; therefore, a need to establish a phylogenetic context in which Dubois 1968), and yet others, noting that variability can occur to explore the relationships amongst genera and species, and within the same host, preferred to consider A. gracilis as a to aid species delineation for newly collected specimens be- cosmopolitan species with a wide host range and polytypic longing to these genera and more generally to the Strigeidae. morphology (Beverley-Burton 1961). Elucidating the range In this study, we describe morphologically and characterise of variability within this species, or species complex, is con- genetically a new species of Australapatemon based on adults founded by the fact that many studies claiming to refer to and larval stages, and the larval stages and one adult specimen A. gracilis have been found to be referring to other named, of an unnamed Apatemon species. Life cycle stages of these or unnamed species (e.g. Szidat 1929; Stunkard et al. 1941; species are matched using sequence data for three molecular Dubois and Rausch 1948). The distinction between other spe- markers, 28S and ITS rDNA, and mitochondrial COI. Their cies of Apatemon may be questionable, as exemplified by the sequences are analysed together with available sequences of morphometric and molecular synonymisation of A. gracilis strigeid species from GenBank and the phylogenetic analyses and A. annuligerum (von Nordmann, 1832) (Bell and confirm the validity and distinct status of the two genera, Sommerville 2002;Belletal.2002). Likewise, the problem Australapatemon and Apatemon. Furthermore, we present an extends to other strigeid genera and species. Australapatemon amended diagnosis of Australapatemon and explore the pat- burti (Miller, 1923), described originally from North America terns of intraspecific and interspecific genetic divergence in a (now distributed in the Holarctic and Neotropical regions), has number of strigeid genera. been reported several times as A. gracilis (e.g. Stunkard et al. 1941; Dubois and Rausch 1948, 1950; Dubois 1951; Sudarikov 1959; Dubois and Rausch 1960) with a host range Materials and methods that includes at least ten different anatid species (see Dubois 1968; Drago et al. 2007; Hinojosa-Saez et al. 2009; Specimen collection Hernández-Mena et al. 2014). Despite the efforts of multiple researchers over the last century, it seems obvious that our Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray) (Gastropoda: Tateidae) understanding of the diversity in this trematode group has were sampled from Lake Waihola and Tomahawk Lagoon in been severely hampered by the intraspecific plasticity and Otago, South Island, New Zealand, using dip nets, at various interspecific/intergeneric homogeneity in morphological fea- times of year between 2011 and 2013. Infected tures. The use of molecular species diagnostics in combination P. antipodarum (freshwater mudsnail) were screened for cer- with detailed morphological examination of specimens (e.g. cariae after incubating them in lake water at 25 °C under Blasco-Costa et al. 2010;Barcaketal.2014; McNamara et al. intense light for 24 h. Cercariae were collected for live obser- 2014) represents the best approach to elucidate the species vation and digital microphotography and fixed with 96 % eth- diversity and assess the extent of morphological plasticity anol for subsequent DNA extraction. Barbronia weberi within these strigeid taxa. (Blanchard) (Hirudinea: Salifidae) were collected by hand Within the Strigeidae, the extent of morphological variabil- from beneath rocks at Lake Hayes in Otago. In the lab, leech ity appears to differ between groups, and molecular studies specimens were pressed between glass slides to confirm infec- designed to examine species delineation have produced a tion and were killed in hot water before dissection and remov- range of results: some molecular studies have upheld the mor- al of metacercarial cysts. Metacercarial cysts and host tissue phologically diagnosed species (Bell et al. 2001), others have were fixed in 96 % ethanol for molecular identification. found new species (Hernández-Mena et al. 2014), and still Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall (Actinopterygii: others have found separately described species to be geneti- Eleotridae; common bully) were collected from Lakes cally identical (Bell and Sommerville 2002). It is therefore Waihola and Waipori (Otago) as part of other studies during imperative that morphological studies are supported by mo- 2009–2010. Fish were euthanized by spinal severance and, in lecular evidence when possible. At this stage, although larval some cases, frozen for later dissection. Metacercariae extract- or adult specimens of Apatemon (Bell et al. 2001;Belland ed from the body cavity and mesenteries were fixed in either Sommerville 2002; Moszczynska et al. 2009; Locke et al. 96 % ethanol for molecular analyses or 70 % ethanol for 2010) and Australapatemon (Hernández-Mena et al. 2014) morphological study. have been used in molecular phylogenies at various taxonom- Adult mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos L.) were donated ic levels, these specimens were seldom identified to species. by duck hunters from Manuka Island in Clutha River, Mount Furthermore, sequence data exist for the 28S ribosomal DNA Watkin and Karitane Estuary, South Island (New Zealand), (rDNA) region, the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the during the official hunting season (May to July 2013), shot ribosomal gene or the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase under licence in accordance with the Fish and Game New subunit
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Global Assessment of Parasite Diversity in Galaxiid Fishes
    diversity Article A Global Assessment of Parasite Diversity in Galaxiid Fishes Rachel A. Paterson 1,*, Gustavo P. Viozzi 2, Carlos A. Rauque 2, Verónica R. Flores 2 and Robert Poulin 3 1 The Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685, Torgarden, 7485 Trondheim, Norway 2 Laboratorio de Parasitología, INIBIOMA, CONICET—Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina; [email protected] (G.P.V.); [email protected] (C.A.R.); veronicaroxanafl[email protected] (V.R.F.) 3 Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +47-481-37-867 Abstract: Free-living species often receive greater conservation attention than the parasites they support, with parasite conservation often being hindered by a lack of parasite biodiversity knowl- edge. This study aimed to determine the current state of knowledge regarding parasites of the Southern Hemisphere freshwater fish family Galaxiidae, in order to identify knowledge gaps to focus future research attention. Specifically, we assessed how galaxiid–parasite knowledge differs among geographic regions in relation to research effort (i.e., number of studies or fish individuals examined, extent of tissue examination, taxonomic resolution), in addition to ecological traits known to influ- ence parasite richness. To date, ~50% of galaxiid species have been examined for parasites, though the majority of studies have focused on single parasite taxa rather than assessing the full diversity of macro- and microparasites. The highest number of parasites were observed from Argentinean galaxiids, and studies in all geographic regions were biased towards the highly abundant and most widely distributed galaxiid species, Galaxias maculatus.
    [Show full text]
  • RUNNING HEAD: Farrow-Aspects of the Life Cycle of Apharyngostrigea Pipientis
    RUNNING HEAD: Farrow-Aspects of the life cycle of Apharyngostrigea pipientis Aspects of the life cycle of Apharyngostrigea pipientis in Central Florida wetlands Abigail Farrow Florida Southern College RUNNING HEAD: Farrow-Aspects of the life cycle of Apharyngostrigea pipientis Abstract Apharyngostrigea pipientis (Trematoda: Strigeidae) is known to form metacercariae around the pericardium of anuran tadpoles in Michigan and other northern locations. Definitive hosts are thought to be wading birds, while the intermediate host is a freshwater snail. Apharyngostrigea pipientis is not commonly reported from Florida, yet we have found several populations of snails (Biopholaria havaensis) and tadpoles, primarily the Cuban treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis), to host this trematode. We used experimental infections to elucidate the transmission dynamics and development of A. pipientis inside the tadpole host. Surprisingly, we found two types (species?) of cercariae being shed from B. havaensis that enter Cuban treefrog tadpoles to form seemingly identical metacercariae. Further, both of these develop into metaceracariae inside the tadpoles over 5-7 days after wondering inside the host's body cavity as mesocercariae, and metacercariae are commonly concentrated around the pericardium cavity. However, they differ in entry mode, with one being ingested, whereas the other penetrates the skin. This project is ongoing. 1. Introduction The study of parasitology plays a vital role in understanding the foundation of communities in different ecosystems. Parasites have the ability to exploit their hosts, directly affecting the health of the organism and the environment. By having these abilities, it could mean a change in the way the organism contributes to and balances the overall ecosystem (Poulin, 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Otago Conservancy
    A Directory of Wetlands in New Zealand OTAGO CONSERVANCY Sutton Salt Lake (67) Location: 45o34'S, 170o05'E. 2.7 km from Sutton and 8 km from Middlemarch, Straith-Tari area, Otago Region, South Island. Area: 3.7 ha. Altitude: 250 m. Overview: Sutton Salt Lake is a valuable example of an inland or athalassic saline lake, with a considerable variety of saline habitats around its margin and in adjacent slightly saline boggy depressions. The lake is situated in one of the few areas in New Zealand where conditions favour saline lakes (i.e. where precipitation is lower than evaporation). An endemic aquatic animal, Ephydrella novaezealandiae, is present, and there is an interesting pattern of vegetation zonation. Physical features: Sutton Salt Lake is a natural, inland or athalassic saline lake with an average depth of 30 cm and a salinity of 15%. The lake has no known inflow or outflow. The soils are saline and alkaline at the lake margin (sodium-saturated clays), and surrounded by yellow-grey earths and dry subdygrous Matarae. The parent material is loess. Shallow boggy depressions exist near the lake, and there is a narrow fringe of salt tolerant vegetation at the lake margin. Algal communities are present, and often submerged by lake water. The average annual rainfall is about 480 mm, while annual evaporation is about 710 mm. Ecological features: Sutton Salt Lake is one of only five examples of inland saline habitats of botanical value in Central Otago. This is the only area in New Zealand which is suitable for the existence of this habitat, since in general rainfall is high, evaporation is low, and endorheic drainage systems are absent.
    [Show full text]
  • Waste for Otago (The Omnibus Plan Change)
    Key Issues Report Plan Change 8 to the Regional Plan: Water for Otago and Plan Change 1 to the Regional Plan: Waste for Otago (The Omnibus Plan Change) Appendices Appendix A: Minster’s direction matter to be called in to the environment court Appendix B: Letter from EPA commissioning the report Appendix C: Minister’s letter in response to the Skelton report Appendix D: Skelton report Appendix E: ORC’s letter in responding to the Minister with work programme Appendix F: Relevant sections of the Regional Plan: Water for Otago Appendix G: Relevant sections of the Regional Plan: Waste for Otago Appendix H: Relevant provisions of the Resource Management Act 1991 Appendix I: National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management 2020 Appendix J: Relevant provisions of the National Environmental Standards for Freshwater 2020 Appendix K: Relevant provisions of the Resource Management (Stock Exclusion) Regulations 2020 Appendix L: Relevant provisions of Otago Regional Council Plans and Regional Policy Statements Appendix M: Relevant provisions of Iwi management plans APPENDIX A Ministerial direction to refer the Otago Regional Council’s proposed Omnibus Plan Change to its Regional Plans to the Environment Court Having had regard to all the relevant factors, I consider that the matters requested to be called in by Otago Regional Council (ORC), being the proposed Omnibus Plan Change (comprised of Water Plan Change 8 – Discharge Management, and Waste Plan Change 1 – Dust Suppressants and Landfills) to its relevant regional plans are part of a proposal of national significance. Under section 142(2) of the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA), I direct those matters to be referred to the Environment Court for decision.
    [Show full text]
  • Richarsonmarinera2020phd.Pdf (3.062Mb)
    EFFECTS OF INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS ON INDIVIDUAL SPECIALISATION Marine Raphaële Amélie Richarson Department of Zoology University of Otago A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2019 | i “‘Did you know there are certain deep-sea fish that create their own light and feed on lethal volcanic gasses? That's supposed to be impossible. And bats in Australia as large as dogs. And that American coyotes mate for life. And enormous octopi that can squeeze their bodies through holes no larger than a ha'penny coin. Can you imagine that? If only we would stop and look and wonder. And wonder. ‘Do you have a favourite? ‘Not meant to. But mostly the unloved ones. The unvisited ones. The cases that get dusty and ignored. All the broken and shunned creatures. Someone's got to care for them. Who shall it be if not us?” John Logan – The Day Tennyson Died (2016) | ii Abstract In many species, some individuals are specialist users of a subset of the total resources available to their population, a phenomenon known as individual specialisation. This intraspecific variation has long been suspected of shaping population dynamics and has potentially large effects at the ecosystem level. Variation in the degree of individual specialisation can be driven by ecological interactions. The common bully Gobiomorphus cotidianus, a New Zealand native fish, displays a generalised diet at the population level, with moderate levels of individual specialisation. Juvenile perch Perca fluviatilis compete for the same food resources, while larger perch are potential predators. These antagonistic biological interactions may have an impact on the trophic niche and the degree of individual specialisation in bullies.
    [Show full text]
  • Grey Whale Eschrichtius Robustus Eastern North Pacific Population
    COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Grey Whale Eschrichtius robustus Eastern North Pacific Population in Canada SPECIAL CONCERN 2004 COSEWIC COSEPAC COMMITTEE ON THE STATUS OF COMITÉ SUR LA SITUATION ENDANGERED WILDLIFE DES ESPÈCES EN PÉRIL IN CANADA AU CANADA COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC 2004. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the grey whale (Eastern North Pacific population) Eschrichtius robustus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vii + 31 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm). Previous report: Reeves, R.R. and E. Mitchell. 1987. COSEWIC status report on the grey whale (Eastern North Pacific population) Eschrichtius robustus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 36 pp. Production note: COSEWIC acknowledges Volker Deecke for writing the update status report on the grey whale (Eastern North Pacific population) Eschrichtius robustus in Canada. The report was overseen and edited by Andrew Trites, COSEWIC Marine Mammals Species Specialist Subcommittee co-chair. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: (819) 997-4991 / (819) 953-3215 Fax: (819) 994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Ếgalement disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur la baleine grise (population du Pacifique nord-est) (Eschrichtius robustus) au Canada – Mise à jour. Cover illustration: Grey whale — Drawing by A.
    [Show full text]
  • Migratory Shorebirds in the Guerrero Negro Saltworks, Baja California Sur, Mexico GUSTAVOD
    Migratory shorebirds in the Guerrero Negro Saltworks, Baja California Sur, Mexico GUSTAVOD. DANEMANN*j, ROBERTOCARMONA 2 & GUILLERMOFERN/[.NDEZ 3'* • PronaturaNoroeste-Mar de Cortes.Apartado 953 Adm 1., Ensenada,Baja California,CP 22830, M•xico, e-maihgdanemann @pronaturanw. org; 2Universidad Autdnoma de Baja CaliforniaSur, Departamentode Biolog[aMarina. Carretera al SurKm 5, La Paz, BajaCalifornia Sur, CP 23090, M•xico;3 Centro de Investi- gacidn Cientfficay de EducacidnSuperior de Ensenada. Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada,Ensenada, Baja California, M•xico Danemann,G.D., Carmona,R. & Fernfindez,G. 2002. Migratory shorebirdsin the GuerreroNegro Saltworks, Baja CaliforniaSur, Mexico. WaderStudy Group Bull. 97: 36-41. This studydescribes the speciescomposition, seasonal abundance, and migration chronology of shorebirdsat the GuerreroNegro Saltworks,an artificialhabitat located at the mid pointof the Baja CaliforniaPeninsula, Mexico. Censuses of shorebirds were carried out once a month from December 1995 to December 1996. We recorded26 shorebirdspecies. Taking the highest monthly record for eachspecies, the estimated minimum abun- dancein the studyperiod was 110,500birds. Red-necked Phalaropes Phalaropus lobatus and Western Sand- pipersCalidris mauri were the mostabundant. Seasonally abundance varied between winter (Decemberto Feb- mary, mean= 31,600 birds/month),spring migration (March to April, mean= 15,800birds/month), summer (May to June,mean = 1,900birds/month), and fall migration(July to November,mean = 44,300 birds/month). This patternis similar to that observedin La Paz Bay in the southof the peninsula,but contrastswith that ob- servedon the easterncoast of the Gulf of California,where greaternumbers of shorebirdsoccur during spring migration.Our resultsindicate that the GuerreroNegro saltworksis one of the mostimportant habitats for migratoryshorebirds along the Baja CaliforniaPeninsula, surpassed only by the Ojo de Liebreand San Ignacio coastallagoons.
    [Show full text]
  • (Trematoda; Cestoda; Nematoda) Geographic Records from Three Species of Owls (Strigiformes) in Southeastern Oklahoma Chris T
    92 New Ectoparasite (Diptera; Phthiraptera) and Helminth (Trematoda; Cestoda; Nematoda) Geographic Records from Three Species of Owls (Strigiformes) in Southeastern Oklahoma Chris T. McAllister Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK 74745 John M. Kinsella HelmWest Laboratory, 2108 Hilda Avenue, Missoula, MT 59801 Lance A. Durden Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458 Will K. Reeves Colorado State University, C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Fort Collins, CO 80521 Abstract: We are just now beginning to learn about the ectoparasites and helminth parasites of some owls of Oklahoma. Some recent contributions from our lab have attempted to help fill a previous void in that information. Here, we report, four taxa of ectoparasites and five helminth parasites from three species of owls in Oklahoma. They include two species of chewing lice (Strigiphilus syrnii and Kurodeia magna), two species of hippoboscid flies (Icosta americana and Ornithoica vicina), a trematode (Strigea elegans) and a cestode (Paruterina candelabraria) from barred owls (Strix varia), and three nematodes, Porrocaecum depressum from an eastern screech owl (Megascops asio), Capillaria sp. eggs from S. varia, and Capillaria tenuissima from a great horned owl (Bubo virginianus). With the exception of Capillaria sp. eggs and I. americana, all represent new state records for Oklahoma and extend our knowledge of the parasitic biota of owls of the state. to opportunistically examine raptors from the Introduction state and document new geographic records for their parasites in Oklahoma. Over 455 species of birds have been reported Methods from Oklahoma and several are species of raptors or birds of prey that make up an important Between January 2018 and September 2019, portion of the avian fauna of the state (Sutton three owls were found dead on the road in 1967; Baumgartner and Baumgartner 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • Parasitology Volume 60 60
    Advances in Parasitology Volume 60 60 Cover illustration: Echinobothrium elegans from the blue-spotted ribbontail ray (Taeniura lymma) in Australia, a 'classical' hypothesis of tapeworm evolution proposed 2005 by Prof. Emeritus L. Euzet in 1959, and the molecular sequence data that now represent the basis of contemporary phylogenetic investigation. The emergence of molecular systematics at the end of the twentieth century provided a new class of data with which to revisit hypotheses based on interpretations of morphology and life ADVANCES IN history. The result has been a mixture of corroboration, upheaval and considerable insight into the correspondence between genetic divergence and taxonomic circumscription. PARASITOLOGY ADVANCES IN ADVANCES Complete list of Contents: Sulfur-Containing Amino Acid Metabolism in Parasitic Protozoa T. Nozaki, V. Ali and M. Tokoro The Use and Implications of Ribosomal DNA Sequencing for the Discrimination of Digenean Species M. J. Nolan and T. H. Cribb Advances and Trends in the Molecular Systematics of the Parasitic Platyhelminthes P P. D. Olson and V. V. Tkach ARASITOLOGY Wolbachia Bacterial Endosymbionts of Filarial Nematodes M. J. Taylor, C. Bandi and A. Hoerauf The Biology of Avian Eimeria with an Emphasis on Their Control by Vaccination M. W. Shirley, A. L. Smith and F. M. Tomley 60 Edited by elsevier.com J.R. BAKER R. MULLER D. ROLLINSON Advances and Trends in the Molecular Systematics of the Parasitic Platyhelminthes Peter D. Olson1 and Vasyl V. Tkach2 1Division of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK 2Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58202-9019, USA Abstract ...................................166 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue Study 3 Electricity in Canada, Mexico and the United States
    Issue Study 3. Electricity in North America: Some Environmental Implications of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Table of Contents – Issue Study 3 Acronyms 263 Acknowledgements 265 I. Introduction 266 II. The Issue in Context: Environmental, Economic, Social and Geographic Conditions 272 A. The Environmental Context 272 1. Air 273 2. Water 275 3. Land 277 4. Biota 278 B. The Economic Context 279 C. The Social Context 281 D. The Geographic Context 282 III. The NAFTA Connection 288 A. NAFTA Rule Changes 288 B. NAFTA’s Institutions 290 C. Trade Flows 292 260 1. Trade in Electricity 292 a. United States–Canada 293 b. United States–Mexico 294 c. Canada–Mexico 295 2. Trade in Fuels 296 a. Natural Gas 296 b. Coal 298 3. Trade in Enery-Sector Equipment 301 D. Transborder Investment Flows 302 1. Mexico 303 2. Canada 305 3. United States 306 IV. Linkages to the Environment 308 A. Production, Management and Technology 308 1. New Generation Technologies 308 a. Impact of New Enabling Technologies 312 2. Trends in Energy Production 313 a. Coal 313 b. Natural Gas 314 c. Hydroelectricity 315 d. Nuclear 317 e. Renewable Energy 319 f. Cogeneration, Demand-Side Management (DSM) and other Energy-Efficiency Measures 323 B. Physical Infrastructure 329 1. Electricity 329 a. Generation 329 b. Transmission 330 2. Natural Gas 333 a. Canada 333 b. Mexico 334 c. United States 335 C. Social Organization 336 D. Government Policy 337 1. Electricity 338 a. Canada 338 able of Contents: Electricity in North America T b. United States 339 c.
    [Show full text]
  • Waihola-Waipori Weed Risk Assessment
    WEED RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE WAIHOLA-WAIPORI WETLAND COMPLEX, OTAGO JULY 2009 Report No. 2182 Prepared for: LAKES WAIHOLA WAIPORI WETLANDS SOCIETY INC. C/- PAULINE BACON 26 NORE STREET WAIHOLA 9073 WILDLAND CONSULTANTS LTD, DUNEDIN OFFICE, 764 CUMBERLAND ST, DUNEDIN Ph 03-477-2096, Fax 03-477-2095, email [email protected], website www.wildlands.co.nz 11 Contract Report No. 2182 HEAD OFFICE: 99 SALA STREET,© P.O. 2009 BOX 7137, TE NGAE, ROTORUA. Ph 07-343-9017; Fax 07-343-9018 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. METHODS 2 3. ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT 3 3.1 Hydrology 3 3.2 Ecological significance 3 4. LAND TENURE 4 5. VEGETATION TRENDS 5 6. THREATS TO INDIGENOUS VEGETATION AND HABITATS 6 6.1 Indigenous vegetation 6 6.2 Nationally uncommon and regionally important plant species 7 6.3 Fauna 10 7. RECREATIONAL AND CULTURALLY IMPORTANT SITES 10 8. STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT 10 9. WEED CONTROL STRATEGY 11 9.1 The need for weed control 11 9.2 Limitations of current weed control 11 9.3 Weed control in outlying areas 11 9.4 Timing of control 12 9.5 Where should control start? 13 9.6 Control methods 13 9.6.1 Aerially-applied herbicide spray 13 9.6.2 Ground- and water-based control 14 9.6.3 Use of volunteers 14 10. WEED CONTROL PRIORITIES 15 10.1 Pest management strategy for Otago 2008 15 10.2 Setting priorities 15 11. PRIORITY 1 WEEDS 17 11.1 Alder ( Alnus glutinosa ) 17 11.2 Crack willow ( Salix fragilis ) 19 11.3 Grey willow ( Salix cinerea ) 20 11.4 Reed sweet grass ( Glyceria maxima ) 21 12.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 the Whales of Guerrero Negro
    Murder, Lust, And Betrayal In Baja California By Alexander Kerekes Published Carmel, California Murder, Lust, And Betrayal In Baja California Copyright © 2011 Alexander Kerekes www.storiesbyalex.com All rights reserved under International and Pan-American copyright conventions. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. ISBN 978-1-935530-41-1 Printed in the U.S.A. - First U.S. Edition August 2011 Published by Alexander Kerekes Carmel, California Preface Some people have said that you should not judge a book by its cover. Others say, why would anyone want to read a book about Murder, Lust, or Betrayal? So, let me propose an alternative. I have a story to tell you about adventure, love, and following the stardust of your dreams. Come with me onto a road of discovery and meet the wonderful people, land, and life of Baja California. I will share with you my story of swimming with whales and dolphins. Of finding the last Descanso – A Final Resting Place – at the very tip of lands end where Baja California tumbles into the Pacific. Accompany me as I embark on a journey of what I thought was a leisurely sail along the Baja coast only to almost lose my life to a seafaring madman. Share with me the terror and joy of having survived a short and furious storm in the Sea of Cortez that dashed other boats upon its shores. So, close your eyes and let your imagination illuminate a path behind my footsteps as I recount my tales of adventure in Baja California.
    [Show full text]