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51407258.Pdf EXPERIENCIA ESTÉTICA Y FOTOGRAFÍA DE GUERRA PAULA VELASCO PADIAL TESIS DOCTORAL DIRIGIDA POR INMACULADA MURCIA SERRANO DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTÉTICA E HISTORIA DE LA FILOSOFÍA UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO ESTÉTICA Y ANTROPOLOGÍA FILOSÓFICA EN LOS DIFERENTES CONTEXTOS HISTÓRICO-FILOSÓFICOS SEVILLA, 2016 2 “La fotografía podría ser esa tenue luz que modestamente nos ayudara a cambiar las cosas” Eugene Smith 3 4 Índice Agradecimientos .............................................................................................. 7 Introducción ..................................................................................................... 9 Primera Parte................................................................................................... 35 1. ¿Qué es la fotografía? ............................................................................ 37 1.1 La fotografía de una pipa es siempre una pipa ................................ 42 1.2 Ceci n’est pas un homme mort ........................................................ 71 2. El proceso fotográfico ............................................................................ 85 2.1 El operator: del fotógrafo al editor .................................................. 95 2.2 (No solo) la cámara: pre y post producción del objeto fotográfico .............................................................................................................. 122 2.3 Una fotografía, varias lecturas: distribución y contexto ................ 136 2.4 Introducción a lo fotografiado, la fotografía como objeto y el espectador ............................................................................................ 146 3. El objeto fotográfico ............................................................................. 149 3.1 Percibir la realidad representada: la fotografía como objeto significante ........................................................................................... 150 3.2 Más allá del documento: la fotografía como objeto estético ........ 156 3.3 La fotografía de guerra: en la frontera entre lo estético y lo significante ........................................................................................... 160 4. El referente: la percepción de lo real en la fotografía ......................... 171 4.1 Las apariencias engañan: el tránsito de lo verdadero a lo verosímil .............................................................................................................. 207 4.2 La incompetencia ficcional de la fotografía ................................... 217 4.3 La experiencia estética en la representación de la guerra ............. 232 5. Fenomenología de la recepción: por un espectador activo ................. 235 5.1 Una misma imagen, distintas interpretaciones: la importancia del espectador ............................................................................................ 239 5.2 Las redes sociales y la estética de la participación ......................... 256 6. La fotografía como testimonio: de lo documental al fotoperiodismo . 261 6.1 Creer para ver ................................................................................. 271 5 7. Conclusiones parciales ......................................................................... 299 Segunda parte ................................................................................................ 303 8. La estetización de la fotografía de guerra ............................................ 305 8.1 Del documento a la expresión ........................................................ 308 8.2 El giro estético de la fotografía de guerra ...................................... 336 8.3 Manipulación, estética y espectáculo ............................................ 358 9. La fotografía de guerra como objeto de deleite .................................. 371 10. La experiencia estética en la fotografía de guerra ............................. 391 11. ¿Puede la guerra ser bella? ................................................................ 409 11.1 En la guerra también hay belleza ................................................. 435 11.2 Lo agradable en la representación de la guerra ........................... 448 11.3 Lo bello como sinónimo de falsedad ............................................ 466 12. Deleitarse en el horror: lo sublime en la fotografía de guerra .......... 479 12.1 Sublime política ............................................................................ 512 13. La representación de la tragedia: posibilidades estéticas e implicaciones políticas ............................................................................. 527 14. Conclusiones parciales ....................................................................... 555 Conclusiones ................................................................................................ 559 Bibliografía ................................................................................................... 567 Bibliografía principal ................................................................................ 567 Bibliografía secundaria ............................................................................. 569 Libros .................................................................................................... 569 Capítulos ............................................................................................... 573 Artículos ............................................................................................... 574 Material audiovisual y obra gráfica ...................................................... 578 Recursos electrónicos ........................................................................... 579 6 Agradecimientos A la profesora Inmaculada Murcia, por ofrecerme su tiempo y sus consejos. A mis compañeros del Departamento de Estética e Historia de la Filosofía de la Facultad de Filosofía y Psicología de la Universidad de Sevilla, por su apoyo y afecto. Doy gracias a la Universidad de Sevilla, por haberme concedido la oportunidad de seguir creciendo y aprendiendo gracias a una de sus becas predoctorales. Quiero agradecer también su apoyo a la Universidad de Londres, la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y la Universidad de Nueva York, y a todos aquellos que hicieron de mis estancias una experiencia enriquecedora. Gracias especialmente a los profesores Jean- Paul Martinon y Andy Fisher, a la Doctora Laura González Flores y al Doctor Jose Antonio Rodriguez, así como a Susie Linfield, Fred Rictchin, y Susan Meiselas. A mis amigos y a mi familia, por allanar el camino con su cariño. A Pepón, por ser tan grande. Y, sobre todo, a Irene y a Juan, por hacerme reír cuando más lo necesitaba. 7 8 Introducción La fotografía es una forma de representación muy particular. Se sitúa a medio camino entre el documento y la expresión, entre arte y técnica. La relación que mantiene con lo real hace que sea utilizada como información, pero, al mismo tiempo, cuenta con un componente estético irrefutable. Pese a que ambas cuestiones forman parte de la imagen, desde la invención de este medio se han considerado caras opuestas de una misma moneda, completamente disociadas. El fotógrafo, que se limitaba a recoger la luz proyectada por la naturaleza, no era más que un intermediario que nada aportaba a lo ya existente. En una época en la que la imaginación era la máxima del arte, la mímesis perfecta se consideraba de interés para el saber, pero no para la creación. La tradición ha mantenido esta separación artificial. En una fotografía artística, el rastro de lo real debe ser anecdótico, pues debe primar la manifestación de la subjetividad de su autor; en lo documental, el sujeto se limita a proporcionar a lo real la capacidad de desvelarse, sin intervenir en este proceso. Pero la barrera imaginaria que separa ambas interpretaciones de lo fotográfico nunca ha podido evitar que se produzcan fugas. Las características de lo artístico – es decir, la presencia de una voluntad ajena a la de la realidad captada por la cámara- siempre han formado parte de aquellas capturas que pretendían ser una ventana abierta a lo real. Lo único que, de facto, ha mantenido la pureza de la imagen-prueba ha sido la intención 9 Introducción declarada de sus ejecutores de permanecer al margen en el proceso de creación. En los últimos años se ha producido, sin embargo, un fenómeno curioso. Los mismos que antes custodiaban esta frontera artificial han comenzado a establecer puentes entre ambas facciones. Los límites comienzan a desdibujarse. Quienes utilizan su cámara como herramienta para inmortalizar una realidad empiezan a mostrarse, superando la máxima de permanecer ocultos tras una falsa objetividad. Hace mucho que la fotografía documental dejó de cargar con el peso de este mito, motivo por el cual es relativamente sencillo encontrar prácticas en las que lo real está diluido en la expresión. Pensemos, por ejemplo, en la obra de Martin Parr o Nan Goldin, por citar solo a dos de las más grandes figuras que trabajan en torno a lo documental en este momento. Pese a ello, aún queda una pequeña fracción de la imagen como testimonio que sigue aferrándose a la idea de ser realidad: el fotoperiodismo. El informador se debe a la verdad. Analizado siempre desde la óptica de la información, los reporteros que utilizan la imagen como forma de contar un acontecimiento aún siguen anclados a la vieja idea de la imagen como registro objetivo de lo real. O, al menos, lo más objetivo posible. Es una de las máximas
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