Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment:
Lithographic Blanket Washes
September 1997
Developed by the Design for the Environment Program in Cooperation with:
The University of Tennessee Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies,
Printing Industries of America,
The Environmental Group (formerly, the Environment Conservation Board of the Graphic Communications Industry), and
The Graphic Arts Technical Foundation NOTICE
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3ULQWLQJE\ vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Executive Summary ...... ES-1 Chapter 1 Introduction ...... 1-1 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 1-1 1.1.1 Design for the Environment Lithography Project ...... 1-1 1.1.2 Document Overview ...... 1-2 1.1.3 DfE Lithography Project Methodology ...... 1-3 1.2 OVERVIEW OF LITHOGRAPHIC PRINTING ...... 1-7 1.2.1 Products Printed ...... 1-7 1.2.2 Printing Mechanism ...... 1-7 1.2.3 Types of Lithography ...... 1-8 1.2.4 Blanket Washing ...... 1-8 1.3 PROFILE OF THE BLANKET WASH USE CLUSTER ...... 1-9 1.3.1 Traditional Blanket Washes ...... 1-9 1.3.2 Alternative Blanket Washes ...... 1-9 1.4 MARKET PROFILE ...... 1-10 1.4.1 Blanket Wash Market ...... 1-10 1.4.2 Blanket Wash Manufacturers ...... 1-11 1.4.3 Blanket Wash Components ...... 1-12 1.4.4 Market Conditions ...... 1-14 1.5 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY - AUTOMATIC BLANKET WASHERS ...... 1-14 Chapter 2 Data Collection ...... 2-1 2.1 CATEGORIZATION OF BLANKET WASH CHEMICALS FOR GENERICIZING FORMULATIONS ...... 2-1 2.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION ...... 2-3 2.2.1 Chemical Properties and Information ...... 2-3 2.2.2 Safety Hazard Factors ...... 2-6 2.2.3 Chemical Properties and Information Summaries ...... 2-8 2.3 HUMAN HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION ...... 2-39 2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD INFORMATION ...... 2-52 2.4.1 Methodology ...... 2-52 2.4.2 Results ...... 2-53 2.5 FEDERAL REGULATORY STATUS ...... 2-59 2.6 SAFETY HAZARD BY FORMULATION ...... 2-64 Chapter 3 Risk ...... 3-1 3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASE ESTIMATES ...... 3-1 3.2 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE ESTIMATES ...... 3-8 3.3 GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE ESTIMATES ...... 3-19 3.4 RISK CHARACTERIZATION ...... 3-37 3.4.1 Background ...... 3-37 3.4.2 Ecological Risk ...... 3-41 3.4.3 Occupational Risks ...... 3-44 3.4.4 General Population Risks ...... 3-62 3.5 PROCESS SAFETY CONCERNS ...... 3-67 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page Chapter 4 Competitiveness ...... 4-1 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA ...... 4-1 4.1.1 Background ...... 4-1 4.1.2 Methodology ...... 4-2 4.1.3 Data Collection, Summary and Analysis ...... 4-4 4.1.4 Limitations ...... 4-5 4.1.5 Blanket Wash Summaries ...... 4-8 4.2 BLANKET WASH COST ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY ...... 4-81 4.2.1 General Description of Costing Methodology ...... 4-81 4.2.2 Details Related to Data Sources and Methodological Approach ...... 4-87 4.2.3 Example Calculation ...... 4-92 4.2.4 Blanket Wash Cost Analysis Results ...... 4-93 4.3 INTERNATIONAL TRADE ISSUES ...... 4-122 4.3.1 International Trade of Petroleum-based Blanket Washes ...... 4-122 4.3.2 International Trade of "Low VOC" Blanket Washes ...... 4-123 4.3.3 Joint Ventures Impacting the International Trade of Blanket Washes ...... 4-123 Chapter 5 Conservation ...... 5-1 5.1 ENERGY AND RESOURCE CONSERVATION DURING THE BLANKET WASHING PROCESS ...... 5-1 5.2 ENERGY AND RESOURCE CONSERVATION BASED ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, FORMULATIONS AND PACKAGING ...... 5-3 5.3 COMPARISON OF LIFE-CYCLE TRADE-OFF ISSUES ...... 5-4 Chapter 6 Additional Improvement Opportunities ...... 6-1 6.1 POLLUTION PREVENTION OPPORTUNITIES ...... 6-1 6.1.1 Summary of Responses to Workplace Practices Questionnaire ...... 6-1 6.1.2 Workplace Practices ...... 6-3 6.1.3 Conclusions ...... 6-8 6.2 RECYCLE OPPORTUNITIES ...... 6-9 6.2.1 Solvent Recovery from Press Wipes ...... 6-9 6.2.2 Methods of Solvent Recycling ...... 6-11 Chapter 7 Evaluating Trade-off Issues ...... 7-1 7.1 FINDINGS ...... 7-1 7.2 QUALITATIVE DISCUSSION OF BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS ...... 7-10 7.2.1 Introduction ...... 7-10 7.2.2 Benefit/Cost Methodology ...... 7-15 7.2.3 Potential Benefits ...... 7-19 7.2.4 Associated Costs ...... 7-22 7.2.5 Costs and Benefits by Formulation ...... 7-22 7.2.6 Potential Benefit of Avoiding Illness Linked to Exposure to Chemicals Commonly Used in Blanket Washing ...... 7-23 7.3 OVERVIEW OF RISK, COST AND PERFORMANCE ...... 7-26 APPENDIX A. ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ...... A-1 APPENDIX B. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT CALCULATIONS ...... B-1 APPENDIX C. LITHOGRAPHIC PERFORMANCE DEMONSTRATION METHODOLOGY ...... C-1 APPENDIX D. PERFORMANCE DEMONSTRATION OBSERVER SHEETS ...... D-1 APPENDIX E. CATEGORIZATION FOR LITHOGRAPHIC BLANKET WASHES ...... E-1 APPENDIX F. COST OF ILLNESS VALUATION METHODS ...... F-1 ix LIST OF TABLES Page 1-1. Lithographic Blanket Wash Manufacturers ...... 1-12 1-2. Blanket Wash and Roller Wash Components ...... 1-13 2-1. Categorization of Blanket Wash Chemicals ...... 2-2 2-2. Glossary of Chemical Properties Terms ...... 2-4 2-3. Chemicals in Blanket Wash Formulations ...... 2-8 2-4. Human Health Hazard Summary ...... 2-41 2-5. Estimated Aquatic Toxicity Values of Blanket Wash Chemicals Based on SAR Analysis (mg/L) ...... 2-54 2-6. Environmental Hazard Ranking of Blanket Wash Chemicals ...... 2-56 2-7. Blanket Wash Use Cluster Chemicals Which Trigger Federal Environmental Regulations .....2-59 2-8. Safety Hazard Factors for Blanket Wash Formulations ...... 2-66 3-1. Environmental Releases: Lithographic Blanket Washes ...... 3-5 3-2. Inhalation and Dermal Exposures: Lithographic Blanket Washes ...... 3-8 3-3. Single Facility 100 Meter Air Concentrations and Residential Population Potential Dose Rates ...... 3-22 3-4. Denver Average Air Concentrations and Residential Population Potential Dose Rates ...... 3-25 3-5. Stream Concentrations and Residential Population Potential Doses from Single Facility Blanket Wash Releases ...... 3-30 3-6. Stream Concentrations and Residential Population Potential Dose Rates from Denver Lithography Blanket Wash Releases ...... 3-34 3-7. Risks to Aquatic Species from Blanket Wash Chemicals ...... 3-42 3-8. Worker Occupational Risk Estimates ...... 3-45 3-9. Occupational Risks Summarized by Formulation ...... 3-52 3-10. General Population Risk Estimates for Drinking Water, Fish Ingestion, and Inhalation ...... 3-63 4-1 Blanket Wash Laboratory Test Results ...... 4-6 4-2. Summary of Blanket Wash Performance Demonstrations ...... 4-9 4-3. Substitute Blanket Washes, Manufacturer Pricing ...... 4-83 4-4. Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash Performance Demonstration ...... 4-84 4-5. Calculation of Average Hourly Rate ...... 4-89 5-1. Summary of Trade-Offs When Considering Energy Consumption and Natural Resources Use ...... 5-5 6-1. Blanket Washing Activities to Prevent Pollution ...... 6-2 6-2. Effects of Pollution Prevention Activities ...... 6-2 6-3. Alternative Blanket Washing Products Implemented or Tested by Printers ...... 6-3 6-4. Benefits of Raising Employee Awareness ...... 6-5 6-5. Materials Management and Inventory Practices and Their Benefits ...... 6-5 6-6. Process Improvements and Their Benefits ...... 6-6 6-7. Waste Management Workplace Practices and Benefits ...... 6-7 6-8. Waste Management Practices for Waste Blanket Wash ...... 6-8 6-9. Waste Management Practices for Reusable Shop Towels ...... 6-9 x LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Page 7-1. Summary of Risk Conclusions of Substitute and Baseline Blanket Wash Cleaners ...... 7-2 7-2. Relative Flammability Risk of Substitute and Baseline Blanket Washes ...... 7-5 7-3. VOC Content of the Substitute and Baseline Blanket Washes ...... 7-7 7-4. Blanket Wash Laboratory Test Results ...... 7-8 7-5. Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash Performance Demonstrations ...... 7-11 7-6. Glossary of Benefit/Cost Analysis Terms ...... 7-14 7-7. Costs and Benefits of Baseline and Substitute Blanket Washes ...... 7-16 7-8. Relative Benefits and Costs of Substitute Versus Baseline Blanket Wash ...... 7-24 7-9. Estimated Willingness-to-Pay to Avoid Morbidity Effects for One Symptom Day (1995 dollars) 7-26 LIST OF FIGURES Page 3.1 Material Balance ...... 3-2 4.1 Blanket Wash Costs Changes Arranged by Lowest to Highest VOC Content of Formulation . . . 4-87 4.2 Cost Difference Between Alternative and Baseline Blanket Washes ...... 4-88 xi Executive Summary I. 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hat is the Design for the Environment Program ? 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Some of the global limitations are listed below, other limitations, specific to a particular portion of the assessment, are given in the applicable sections. This assessment focuses on the use of manual blanket washes in small lithographic printing facilities using only one press with four color units. Exposure estimates related to blanket wash use in larger facilities may be higher. The exposure and risk estimates reflect a small portion of the potential exposures within a lithographic printing facility. Many of the chemicals found in these formulations may also be present in the inks or other cleaning solvents used in a shop. Incremental reduction of exposures from blanket wash use will reduce cumulative exposures from all sources in a printing facility. The risks associated with volatile organic compound (VOC) releases were not examined in this assessment. Because VOC releases are a driving factor behind current regulations affecting printers, VOC content for the formulations are given at the request of industry participants. The concerns associated with VOC releases are addressed by federal, state, and local regulations and were not re-evaluated here. The regulatory information contained in the CTSA may be useful in moving away from chemicals that trigger compliance issues, however this document is not intended to provide compliance assistance. If the reader has questions regarding compliance concerns they should contact their federal, state, or local regulatory authorities. The 37 blanket wash formulations assessed in this report were voluntarily submitted by participating suppliers and are not intended to be representative of the entire blanket wash market. The performance and cost data are not based on rigorous scientific studies. This information is subjective and is based on limited data points. Screening-level risk characterization techniques were used. The risk characterization results, therefore, contain limitations regarding confidence. 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hapter 1 Introduction 7KLVFKDSWHULQWURGXFHVWKH 'HVLJQ IRU WKH (QYLURQPHQW 'I( Chapter Contents &OHDQHU 7HFKQRORJLHV 6XEVWLWXWHV $VVHVVPHQW &76$ IRU WKH 1.1 Project Background OLWKRJUDSKLF SULQWLQJ LQGXVWU\ 1.1.1 Design for the Environment Lithography 6HFWLRQ FRQWDLQV EDFNJURXQG Project PDWHULDOVRQWKHSURMHFWSDUWQHUV 1.1.2 Document Overview LQYROYHG LQ WKH SURMHFW DQG WKH 1.1.3 DfE Lithography Project Methodology PHWKRGRORJLHV DQG DVVXPSWLRQV 1.2 Overview of Lithographic Printing XVHGWRFUHDWHWKLV&76$6HFWLRQ 1.2.1 Products Printed GLVFXVVHV JHQHUDO DVSHFWV RI WKHOLWKRJUDSKLFSULQWLQJLQGXVWU\ 1.2.2 Printing Mechanism VXFKDVZKDWW\SHVRISURGXFWVDUH 1.2.3 Types of Lithography SULQWHGKRZWKH\DUHSULQWHGDQG 1.2.4 Blanket Washing KRZ WKH SULQWLQJ SUHVVHV DUH 1.3 Profile of the Blanket Wash Use Cluster ZDVKHG 6HFWLRQ GLVFXVVHV 1.3.1 Traditional Blanket Washes ERWK WUDGLWLRQDO EODQNHW ZDVKHV 1.3.2 Alternative Blanket Washes DQG DOWHUQDWLYH EODQNHW ZDVKHV 1.4 Market Profile DQG LQFOXGHV GHWDLOV RQ SULFHV RI 1.4.1 Blanket Wash Market WKH ZDVKHV 6HFWLRQ UHYLHZV 1.4.2 Blanket Wash Manufacturers WKHEODQNHWZDVKPDUNHW/LVWVRI 1.4.3 Blanket Wash Components EODQNHW ZDVK PDQXIDFWXUHUV DQG 1.4.4 Market Conditions W\SLFDO EODQNHW ZDVK FRPSRQHQWV 1.5 Alternative Technology - Automatic Blanket Washers DUH SUHVHQWHG 6HFWLRQ GHVFULEHV WKH DXWRPDWLF EODQNHW ZDVKLQJWHFKQRORJ\7KHSRWHQWLDO SHUIRUPDQFHFRVWHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWVDQGKHDOWKDQGVDIHW\LVVXHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKXVLQJDQ DXWRPDWLFEODQNHWZDVKHUDUHGHVFULEHG 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1.1.1 Design for the Environment Lithography Project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hat is Design for the Environment? The Design for the Environment (DfE) Program harnesses EPA’s expertise and leadership to facilitate information exchange and research on risk reduction and pollution prevention efforts. DfE works with businesses on a voluntary basis, and its wide-ranging projects include: Encouraging business to change their general business practices to incorporate environmental concerns into decision-making processes. Working with specific industries to evaluate the risks, performance, and costs of alternative chemicals, processes, and technologies. Helping individual businesses undertake environmental design efforts through the application of specific tools and methods. DfE partners include: Industry Professional Institutions Academia Environmental Groups Public Interest Groups Other Government Agencies 1.1.2 Document Overview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hat is a Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment? This technical document, referred to as a Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment (CTSA), is intended to provide industry with the information needed to systematically compare the trade-offs associated with traditional and alternative products, processes, and technologies. Specifically, these trade-offs include the cost, performance, and environmental concerns such as risk, environmental releases, energy impacts, and resource conservation associated with a product or technology. This CTSA addresses blanket washes used in lithography and serves as the repository for all technical information developed by the DfE Lithography Project. 1-2 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND Project Considerations The focus of this assessment was specifically defined by the project partners and has many limitations. Some of the global limitations are listed below, other limitations, specific to a particular portion of the project, are given in the applicable sections. This assessment focuses on the use of manual blanket washes in small lithographic printing facilities using only one press with four color units. Exposure estimates related to blanket wash use in larger facilities may be higher. The exposure and risk estimates reflect a small portion of the potential exposures within a lithographic printing facility. Many of the chemicals found in these formulations may also be present in the inks or other cleaning solvents used in a shop. Incremental reduction of exposures from blanket wash use will reduce cumulative exposures from all sources in a printing facility. The risks associated with volatile organic compound (VOC) releases were not examined in this assessment. Because VOC releases are a driving factor behind current regulations affecting printers, VOC content for the formulations are given at the request of industry participants. The concerns associated with VOC releases are addressed by federal, state, and local regulations and were not re-evaluated here. The regulatory information contained in the CTSA may be useful in moving away from chemicals that trigger compliance issues, however this document is not intended to provide compliance assistance. If the reader has questions regarding compliance concerns they should contact their federal, state, or local regulatory authorities. The 37 blanket wash formulations assessed in this report were voluntarily submitted by participating suppliers and are not intended to be representative of the entire blanket wash market. The performance and cost data are not based on rigorous scientific studies. Some of this information is subjective and is based on limited data points. Screening-level risk characterization techniques were used. The risk characterization results, therefore, contain limitations regarding confidence. 1.1.3 DfE Lithography Project Methodology 7KH'I(3URJUDPEHJDQZRUNLQJZLWKWKHSULQWLQJLQGXVWU\ZKHQWKH3ULQWLQJ,QGXVWULHV RI$PHULFD 3,$ UHTXHVWHGWKH(3$ VDVVLVWDQFHLQHYDOXDWLQJVRPHRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOFODLPV RI SURGXFWV XVHG E\ SULQWHUV 7KLV HIIRUW XOWLPDWHO\ JUHZ LQWR WKUHH SURMHFWV HDFK DLPHG DW SUHYHQWLQJSROOXWLRQLQDGLIIHUHQWVHFWRURIWKHSULQWLQJLQGXVWU\ 6FUHHQ3ULQWLQJ/LWKRJUDSK\DQG )OH[RJUDSK\(DFKSURMHFWDGGUHVVHVDVSHFLILFDUHDRIHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQFHUQLQWKHSULQWLQJ SURFHVV 7KH VFUHHQ SULQWLQJ SURMHFW IRFXVHV RQ VFUHHQ UHFODPDWLRQ WKH IOH[RJUDSK\ SURMHFW FRQFHQWUDWHVRQWKHYDULRXVLQNV\VWHPVXVHGDQGWKHOLWKRJUDSK\SURMHFWH[DPLQHVWKHEODQNHW ZDVKLQJSURFHVV 7RWKRURXJKO\HYDOXDWHDOWHUQDWLYHEODQNHWZDVKHVWKH'I(/LWKRJUDSK\3URMHFWVRXJKWWR IRUPSDUWQHUVKLSVZLWKLQGXVWU\UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV7KH'I(/LWKRJUDSK\SDUWQHUVLQFOXGH3,$DQG LWV UHJLRQDO DIILOLDWHV WKH *UDSKLF $UWV 7HFKQLFDO )RXQGDWLRQ *$7) WKH (QYLURQPHQWDO &RQVHUYDWLRQ%RDUGRIWKH*UDSKLF&RPPXQLFDWLRQV,QGXVWU\WKH8QLYHUVLW\RI7HQQHVVHHªV&HQWHU IRU&OHDQ3URGXFWVDQG&OHDQ7HFKQRORJLHVDQGLQGLYLGXDOSULQWHUVDQGVXSSOLHUV 1-3 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION How To Use This Document For Printers: While this document does present all of the technical information collected on blanket washes through this project, it is not intended as a guidance document for a small business person to use to make decisions. For the small printer, more concise, user-friendly information products will be developed that present the specific information needed to help the printer in the decision-making process. These information products may include summary brochures, case studies, data matrices, guidance manuals, and training videos. After reviewing these more targeted information products, a printer may choose to return to the CTSA to obtain more technical details on a specific alternative that is of interest to their printing operation. The methods used to evaluate the blanket washes in this project, particularly the performance methodology, may also be of interest to printers. Although the CTSA focuses on blanket washes, printers can use the methodologies described in this document to conduct their own evaluations of other alternative products or processes. For Suppliers: Suppliers may be interested in using the comparative risk, performance, and cost analyses presented in this document as a tool in identifying which blanket wash formulations are best suited for the current market where printers’ environmental concerns are continually increasing. The environmental and human health data on the chemicals used in blanket wash formulations may be useful input to suppliers who are developing new blanket washes specifically designed to reduce environmental and human health risks. Suppliers may be interested in all of the methodologies used to evaluate the alternative blanket washes, particularly the risk methodology. For Other Readers: For technical assistance programs, the CTSA can provide background information on lithography, blanket washes, and the DfE Lithography Project. The comparative information on cost, risk, and performance of alternative blanket washes can be useful when working with printers to reduce VOC emissions and hazardous wastes and guide printers toward products that might reduce risks or pollution. )RFXVRQ%ODQNHW:DVKHV 7KHGHFLVLRQWRIRFXVRQEODQNHWZDVKHVZDVPDGHE\WKH'I(/LWKRJUDSK\3URMHFWSDUWQHUV EDVHGRQWKHLQSXWIURPSULQWHUV7RPDNHVRXQGSXUFKDVLQJFKRLFHVSULQWHUVH[SUHVVHGDQHHG IRUPRUHFRQVLVWHQWLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHSHUIRUPDQFHFRVWVDQGHQYLURQPHQWDODQGKXPDQKHDOWK ULVNVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKGLIIHUHQWEODQNHWZDVKHV7RDGGUHVVWKHVHFRQFHUQVWKHSURMHFWSDUWQHUV GHFLGHG WKDW D FRPSOHWH HYDOXDWLRQ RI FRPPHUFLDOO\ For the first time, printers can access DYDLODEOH EODQNHW ZDVKHV ZDV QHHGHG $OO EODQNHW performance, risk, and cost analyses of ZDVKHV VXEPLWWHG ZHUH HYDOXDWHG XVLQJ WKH VDPH a variety of alternative blanket washes, FULWHULD7KLVFRQVLVWHQF\DOORZVSULQWHUVWRFRPSDUHWKH all evaluated using the same WUDGHRIIVRIRQHDOWHUQDWLYHZLWKDQRWKHUWRGHWHUPLQH methodology. 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Lithographic Blanket Wash Manufacturers* Company Location of Headquarters AM Multigraphics* Mount Prospect, IL Anchor/Lithkemko* Orange Park, FL Ashland Chemical* Columbus, OH Bingham Company Wood Dale, IL BLI Manufacturing Winston Salem, NC Dupont Printing and Publishing* Wilmington, DE Electro Sprayer Systems, Inc. Elk Grove Village, IL Environmental Scientific, Inc.* Research Triangle Park, NC Environmental Solvents, Inc.* Jacksonville, FL Fine Organics Corporation* Chicago, IL Flint Ink Detroit, MI HMI Environmental Products* Encinitas, CA Hurst Graphics, Inc.* Los Angeles, CA Inland Technology Inc.* Tacoma, WA Litho Research Inc. Chicago, IL MacDermid, Inc.* Waterbury, CT Printex Products Corporation* Rochester, NY Prisco/Printers' Service, Inc.* Newark, NJ RBP Chemical Corporation* Milwaukee, WI Rycoline Products, Inc.* Chicago, IL Siebert, Inc.* Lyons, IL Tower Products Inc.* Palmer, PA Unichema Corporation* Chicago, IL Varn International Oakland, NJ Witco* New York, NY * Indicates those manufacturers that participated in this Project; this is not an exhaustive list of manufacturers. 1-12 1.4 MARKET PROFILE Table 1-2. Blanket Wash and Roller Wash Components Ranking Chemical CAS Number Annual Quantity 1 Solvent Naphtha (petroleum), medium aliphatic* 64742-88-7 655,722 2 Solvent Naphtha (petroleum), light aromatic* 64742-95-6 633,000 3 Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy* 64742-48-9 606,125 4 Solvent Naphtha (petroleum), light aliphatic* 64742-89-8 468,508 5 2-Butoxyethanol 111-76-2 288,000 6 Solvent Naphtha (petroleum), heavy aliphatic 64742-96-7 146,497 7 Mineral Spirits (straight run naphtha)* 64741-41-9 140,000 8 Methylene Chloride 75-9-2 125,003 9 Xylene* 1330-20-7 76,503 10 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 71-55-6 66,000 11 Isopropyl Alcohol 67-63-0 60,000 12 Acetone 67-64-1 55,000 13 Mineral Spirits (light hydrotreated)* 64742-47-8 51,943 14 Toluene 108-88-3 51,000 15 Solvent Naphtha (petroleum), heavy aromatic* 64742-94-5 49,815 16 Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate 108-65-6 38,000 17 2-Propoxyethanol 2807-30-9 27,932 18 d-Limonene* 5989-27-5 22,000 19 Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether* 3459-94-8 12,000 20 Kerosene 8008-20-6 10,000 21 Ethyl Acetate 141-78-6 2,000 22 Perchloroethylene 127-18-4 2,000 23 Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether* 112-34-5 1,879 * Indicates those chemicals found in the formulations assessed in this project. 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Categorization of Blanket Wash Chemicals Category Chemicals from Blanket Wash Use Cluster in Category Alkali/salts Sodium Hydroxide; Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate; Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, tetrasodium salt Alkanolamines Diethanolamine Alkoxylated alcohols Alcohols, C12 -C 15 , ethoxylated; Oxirane, methyl, polymer with oxirane, monodecyl ether; Polyethoxylated isodecyloxypropylamine; Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), -hexyl-7-hydroxy-; Sorbitan, monododecanoate, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives Alkyl benzene sulfonates Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-; Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, compounds with 2-aminoethanol; Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, compounds with 2-propanamine; Benzenesulfonic acid, (tetrapropenyl)-, compounds with 2-propanamine; Benzenesulfonic acid, C10 -C 16 -alkyl derivatives, compounds with 2- propanamine; Sodium xylene sulfonate Dibasic esters Dimethyl adipate; Dimethyl glutarate; Dimethyl succinate; Ethylene glycol ethers Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Ethoxylated nonylphenol Ethoxylated nonylphenol Fatty acid derivatives Fatty acids, C16 -C 18 , methyl esters; Fatty acids, C16 -C 18 and C18 -unsatd, compounds with diethanolamine; Sorbitan, mono-9-octadecanoate; Sorbitan, monolaurate; Soybean oil, methyl ester; Soybean oil, polymerized, oxidized; Tall oil, special; Fatty acids, tall oil, compounds with diethanolamine Glycols Propylene glycol 2-2 2.1 CATEGORIZATION/FORMULATIONS Category Chemicals from Blanket Wash Use Cluster in Category Hydrocarbons, aromatic Benzene, 1, 2, 4-trimethyl-; Cumene; Solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aromatic; Solvent naphtha (petroleum), light aromatic; Xylene Hydrocarbons, petroleum Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated middle; distillates Mineral spirits (light hydrotreated); Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy; Solvent naphtha (petroleum), light aliphatic (VM&P Naphtha); Solvent naphtha (petroleum), medium aliphatic; Stoddard solvent Esters/lactones Butyrolactone; Propanoic acid, 3-ethoxy-, ethyl ester; Sodium bis(ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate; Sorbitan tri-9-octadecenoate, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives Nitrogen heterocyclics N-methyl pyrrolidone Propylene glycol ethers Dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether; Dipropylene glycol methyl ether; Propylene glycol monobutyl ether; Terpenes Hydrocarbons, terpene processing by-products; d-Limonene; Linalool; Nerol; 2-Pinanol; Plinols; -Terpineol; Terpinolene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hemical Properties and Information )RU HDFK EODQNHW ZDVK FKHPLFDO WKHUH LV D FRUUHVSRQGLQJ &KHPLFDO 3URSHUWLHV DQG ,QIRUPDWLRQVXPPDU\$OORIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQLQWKHVHVXPPDULHVH[FHSWIRUWKH6DIHW\+D]DUG )DFWRUVZDVREWDLQHGE\VHDUFKLQJVWDQGDUGUHIHUHQFHVOLVWHGDWWKHHQGRIWKLVFKDSWHU7KLV VXPPDU\FRQWDLQVLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHIROORZLQJFKHPLFDODQGSK\VLFDOSURSHUWLHV 2-3 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Table 2-2. Glossary of Chemical Properties Terms Term Definition Chemical Abstracts Service A unique identification code, up to ten digits long, assigned to each Registry Number (CAS #) chemical registered by the Chemical Abstract Service. The CAS # is useful when searching for information on a chemical with more than one name. Synonyms Alternative names commonly used for the chemical. Molecular weight A summation of the individual atomic weights based on the numbers and kinds of atoms present in a molecule of a chemical substance. For polymers, this may include molecular weight distributions, ranges, and averages. Typical unit is g/mole. Melting point The temperature at which a substance changes from the solid to the liquid state. It indicates at what temperature solid substances liquify. Typical unit is (C. Water solubility The maximum amount of a chemical that can be dissolved in a given amount of pure water at standard conditions of temperature and pressure. Typical unit is g/L. Vapor pressure The pressure exerted by a chemical in the vapor phase in equilibrium with its solid or liquid forms. It provides an indication of the relative tendency of a substance to volatilize. Typical unit is mm Hg. Octanol-water partition coefficient Provides a measure of the extent of a chemical partitioning between (Log10 K ow ) water and octanol (as a surrogate for lipids or other organics) at equilibrium. It is an important parameter because it provides an indication of a chemical's water solubility and its propensity to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms or sorb to soil and sediment. Soil sorption coefficient (Log10 K oc ) Provides a measure of the extent of chemical partitioning between the solid and solution phases of a two-phase system, especially soil, sediment or activated sludge. Usually expressed on an organic carbon basis, as the equilibrium ratio of the amount of chemical sorbed per unit weight of organic carbon in the soil, sediment or sludge to the concentration of the chemical in solution. The higher the Koc , the more likely a chemical is to bind to soil or sediment than to remain in water. Bioconcentration factor (Log10 Provides a measure of the extent of chemical partitioning at BCF) equilibrium between a biological medium such as fish tissue or plant tissue and an external medium such as water. The higher the BCF, the greater the accumulation in living tissue is likely to be. Henry's Law Constant Provides a measure of the extent of chemical partitioning between air and water at equilibrium; estimated by dividing the vapor pressure of a sparingly water soluble chemical substance by its water solubility. The higher the Henry's Law constant, the more likely a chemical is to volatilize than to remain in water. Publicly Owned Treatment Works The extent to which a chemical substance is removed from influent (POTW) overall removal rate wastewater by typical POTWs employing activated sludge secondary treatment. Expressed as 100 minus that percentage of the material originally present that remains in the liquid effluent after treatment. Chemistry of use The primary use of the chemical in the lithographic printing industry. 2-4 2.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION Molecular formula and physical A description of the number and type of each atom in the chemical structure of the chemical and a description of how the atoms are arranged and the types of bonds between atoms. Boiling point The temperature at which a liquid under standard atmospheric pressure (or other specified pressure) changes from a liquid to a gaseous state. It is an indication of the volatility of a substance. The distillation range in a separation process, the temperature at which the more volatile liquid of a mixture forms a vapor, is used for mixtures in the absence of a boiling point. Typical unit is (C. Density The mass of a liquid, solid, or gas per unit volume of that substance, i.e., the mass in grams contained in 1 cubic centimeter of a substance at 20(C and 1 atmosphere pressure. Typical unit is g/cm3 . Flash point The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapor to form an ignitible mixture with air near the surface of the liquid or within the test vessel used. 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,Q7DEOHHDFKRIWKHEODQNHWZDVKFKHPLFDOVDUHOLVWHGDORQJZLWKWKHLUFRPPRQ V\QRQ\PVDQGWKH&KHPLFDO$EVWUDFWV6HUYLFH5HJLVWU\1XPEHU,PPHGLDWHO\IROORZLQJWKHWDEOH DUHWKHLQGLYLGXDO&KHPLFDO3URSHUWLHVDQG,QIRUPDWLRQVXPPDULHVIRUHDFKFKHPLFDO Table 2-3. Chemicals in Blanket Wash Formulations Chemical Name CAS Number Synonym cb Alcohols, C12 -C 15 , ethoxylated 68131-39-5 EMUL/Mix Benzene, 1,2,4-trimethyl- 95-63-6 Pseudocumene Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-c 27176-87-0 Dodecyl benzene sulfonic acidb Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, 26836-07-7 Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, compounds with 2-aminoethanol ethanolamine salt Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, 26264-05-1 Isopropylamine salt of compounds with 2-propanaminec dodecylbenzenesulfonic acidb Benzenesulfonic acid, 157966-96-6 Isopropylamine salt of (tetrapropenyl) (tetrapropenyl)-, compounds with 2- benzenesulfonic acid propanamine Benzenesulfonic acid, C10 -C 16 - alkyl 68584-24-7 Benzenesulfonic acid, C10 -C 16 - alkyl derivatives, compounds with 2- derivatives, compounds with propanaminec isopropylamine Butyrolactone 96-48-0 2(3H)-Furanone, dihydrob Cumenea 98-82-8 Benzene, (1-methylethyl)-b Diethanolaminea 111-42-2 Ethanol, 2,2'-iminobis-b Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 112-34-5 Ethanol, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)-b Dimethyl adipate 627-93-0 Dimethyl hexanedioate; methyl adipate; dimethyl ester adipic acid Dimethyl glutarate 1119-40-0 Glutaric acid, dimethyl ester; pentanedioic acid, dimethyl ester Dimethyl succinate 106-65-0 Succinic acid, dimethyl ester; butanedioic acid, dimethyl ester; methyl succinate Dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether 29911-28-2 2-Propanol, 1-(2-butoxy-1- methylethoxy)-b DGMBE Dipropylene glycol methyl ether 34590-94-8 DPGME Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated 64742-46-7 Hydrotreated middle distillateb middlec 2-8 2.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION Chemical Name CAS Number Synonym Ethoxylated nonylphenol 9016-45-9 Ethoxylated nonylphenolb , 26027-38-3 -(nonylphenyl)-7-hydroxy-, branched 68412-54-4 and unbranched isomersc ; NP-6b ; NP-9b Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 64-02-8 Tetrasodium EDTA tetrasodium salt c b Fatty acids, C16 -C 18 , methyl esters 67762-38-3 Fatty acid methyl esters b Fatty acids, C16 -C 18 and C18 -unsatd, 68002-82-4 Diethanolamine tallate compounds with diethanolaminea Fatty acids, tall oil, compounds with 61790-69-0 Diethanolamine tallate diethanolamine Hydrocarbons, terpene processing 68956-56-9 by-productsc d-Limonenea 5989-27-5 Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1- methylethenyl)-b ; Terpenesb Linaloola 78-70-6 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-b Mineral spirits (light hydrotreated) 64742-47-8 Petroleum distillateb N-Methylpyrrolidone 872-50-4 NMP b Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated 64742-48-9 Aliphatic petroleum distillate C911 -C heavyc Nerola 106-25-2 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-b Oxirane, methyl, polymer with 37251-67-5 Linear alkyl ethoxylateb oxirane, monodecyl etherc 2-Pinanola 473-54-1 Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-ol, 2,6,6- trimethyl-b Plinolsb 72402-00-7 Cyclopentanol, 1,2-dimethyl-3-(1- methylethenyl)-c Polyethoxylated 68478-95-5 Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), ,'-(iminodi- isodecyloxypropylamineb 2,1-ethanediyl)bis[7-hydroxy]-, N-[3- (branched decyloxy)propyl] derivativesc Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), -hexyl-7- 31726-34-8 Ethoxylated hexyl alcohol hydroxy-c Propanoic acid, 3-ethoxy-, ethyl 763-69-9 Ethyl-3-ethoxy propionate estera Propylene glycol 57-55-6 1,2-Propanediol Propylene glycol monobutyl ether 5131-66-8 2-Propanol, 1-butoxy-b Sodium bis(ethylhexyl) 577-11-7 Butanedioic acid, sulfo-, 1,4-bis(2- sulfosuccinateb ethylhexyl) ester, sodium saltc Sodium hydroxide 1310-73-2 Caustic soda 2-9 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Chemical Name CAS Number Synonym Sodium xylene sulfonateb 1300-72-7 Benzenesulfonic acid, dimethyl-, sodium saltc Solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy 64742-94-5 Aromatic 150b aromatic Solvent naphtha (petroleum), light 64742-89-8 VM&P naphthab aliphatic b Solvent naphtha (petroleum), light 64742-95-6 Aromatic petroleum distillate C811 -C aromatic Solvent naphtha (petroleum), 64742-88-7 Solvent 140b medium aliphaticc Sorbitan, mono-9-octadecenoatec 1338-43-8 Sorbitan mono-oleate (crillet 4)b Sorbitan, monododecanoate, 9005-64-5 Laurate of polyoxyethylenic sorbitanb poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivativesc Sorbitan, monolaurate 5959-89-7 D-Glucitol, 1,4-anhydro-, 6- dodecanoateb Sorbitan, tri-9-octadecenoate, 9005-70-3 Ethoxylated sorbitan tri-oleate (crillet poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivativescb 45) Soybean oil, methyl esterc 67784-80-9 Soybean based methyl estersb Soybean oil, polymerized, oxidizedc 68152-81-8 Oxidized soybean oilb Stoddard solventa 8052-41-3 Mineral spirits Tall oil, special 68937-81-5 Special tall oilb methyl stearate, methyl oleate -Terpineola 98-55-5 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, ,, 4- trimethyl-b Terpinolenea 586-62-9 Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1- methylethylidene)-b Tetrapotassium pyrophosphateb 7320-34-5 Diphosphoric acid, tetrapotassium salta Xylene 1330-20-7 Dimethyl benzene chosen from the CHEMID Files. a Indicates that the name was b Indicates name supplied by industry. c Indicates that the name was chosen from the TSCA Inventory. 2-10 2.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION Alcohols, C12 -C 15 , Ethoxylated CAS# 68131-39-5 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: ethoxylated fatty alcohols; EMUL/Mix Molecular formula varies Molecular weight: >200 Structure: Melting Point: <50(C (E) Water Solubility: Dispersable (n=3 to 10) (E) Vapor Pressure: <0.01 mm Hg (E) Log10 K ow : 3.40 (E) Log10 K oc : 3.97 (E) Boiling Point: Decomposes (E) 3 Log10 BCF: 2.35 (E) Density: 0.95 g/cm (E) Henry's Law: <1.00X10-8 atm-m3 /mol (E) Flash Point: >100(C (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 83-99 (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Chemistry of Use: Dispersant Ignitability: N Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Benzene, 1,2,4-Trimethyl CAS# 95-63-6 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: 1,2,4-trimethyl benzene; C912 H pseudocumene; Structure: trimethyl benzene; asymmetrical trimethyl benzene Molecular weight: 120.19 Melting Point: -43.78(C (M) Water Solubility: 0.02 g/L (E) Boiling Point: 169 -171(C (M) Vapor Pressure: 10.34 torr (at 54.4(C) (M) Density: 0.876 g/cm3 (M) Log10 K ow : 3.78 (M) Flash Point: 54.4(C (M) Log10 K oc : 2.86 (M) Safety Hazard Factors: Log10 BCF: 2.53 (E) Reactivity: 0 -3 3 Henry's Law: 6.58X10 atm-m /mole (M) Flammability: 2 POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 97-99 (E) Ignitability: N Chemistry of Use: Solvent component Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-11 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Benzenesulfonic Acid, Dodecyl- CAS# 27176-87-0 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: DDBSA C18 H 30 SO 3 Molecular weight: 326 Structure: Melting Point: Not available Water Solubility: Miscible (E) Vapor Pressure: <10-4 mm Hg (E) Log10 K ow : 4.78 (E) Log10 K oc : 4.23 (E) Log10 BCF: 3.41 (E) Henry's Law: 6.27X10-8 atm-m3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 99.82-99.98 Boiling Point: 204.5(C (M) (E) Density: 1.00 g/cm3 (M) Chemistry of Use: Surfactant Flash Point: 149( C (open cup) (M) Safety Hazard Factors: Corrosivity: Y Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Benzenesulfonic Acid, Dodecyl-, Compounds with 2- Aminoethanol CAS# 26836-07-7 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: Dodecylbenzensulfonic acid, C20 H 37 NO 4 S ethanolamine salt Structure: Molecular weight: 387.59 Melting Point: Not available Water Solubility: Dispersible (E) Vapor Pressure: <10-6 mm Hg (E) Log10 Kow : Not available Log10 Koc : Not available Log10 BCF: Not available Henry's Law: Not available Boiling Point: Decomposes (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 50-90 (E) Density: 1 g/cm3 (E) Chemistry of Use: Dispersant Flash Point: Not available Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-12 2.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION Benzenesulfonic Acid, Dodecyl-, Compounds with 2- Propanamine CAS# 26264-05-1 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: isopropylamine salt of C21 H 39 NO 3 S dodecylbenzenesulfonic Structure: acid Molecular weight: 385.5 Melting Point: Not available Water Solubility: Dispersible (E) (surfactant) Vapor Pressure: <10-5 mm Hg (E) Boiling Point: Decomposes (M) 3 Log10 K ow : Not available Density: 1.03 g/cm (M) Log10 K oc : Not available Flash Point: Not available Log10 BCF: Not available Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Henry's Law: Not available POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 83-97 (E) Chemistry of Use: Dispersant Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Benzenesulfonic Acid, C10 -C 16 -Alkyl Derivatives, Compounds with 2-Propanamine CAS# 68584-24-7 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: benzenesulfonic acid, C10-16 -alkyl Cn+9 H 2n+15 NSO 3 (n=10-16) derivatives, Structure: compounds with isopropylamine Molecular weight: 357-441 Melting Point: Not available Water Solubility: Dispersible (surfactant) (E) Vapor Pressure: <10-5 mm Hg (E) Log10 K ow : 4.78 (E) Log10 K oc : 4.23 (E) Boiling Point: Decomposes (E) 3 Log10 BCF: 3.41 (E) Density: 1.05 g/cm (E) Henry's Law: 6.27X10-8 atm-m3 /mole (E) Flash Point: Not available POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 83-99 (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Chemistry of Use: Dispersant Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-13 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Benzenesulfonic Acid, (Tetrapropenyl)-, Compound with 2- Propanamine CAS# 157966-96-6 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: Isopropylamine salt of (tetrapropenyl) C21 H 37 NO 3 S benzenesulfonic acid Structure: Molecular weight: 383.5 Melting Point: Not available Water Solubility: Dispersible (E) (surfactant) Vapor Pressure: <10-5 mm Hg (E) Log10 K ow : Not available Log10 K oc : Not available Log10 BCF: Not available Boiling Point: Decomposes (E) Henry's Law: Not available Density: 1.0 g/cm3 (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 83-97 (E) Flash Point: Not available Chemistry of Use: Dispersant Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Butyrolactone CAS# 96-48-0 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: -butyrolactone; dihydro-2(3H)- C462 H O furanone; 1,2-butanolide; 1,4-butanolide; - Structure: hydroxybutyric acid lactone; 3-hydroxybutyric acid lactone; 4-hydroxybutanoic acid lactone Molecular weight: 86 Melting Point: -44(C (M) Water Solubility: miscible (M) Boiling Point: 204(C (M) Vapor Pressure: 3.2 mm Hg (25( C)(M) Density: 1.125 g/mL (M) Log K : -0.640 (M) 10 ow Flash Point: Open cup: 98(C (M) Log K : 0.85 (E) 10 oc K : 53 (E) Log BCF: -0.72 (E) oc 10 Physical state: Liquid Henry's Law: 1.81 x 10-5 atm-m3 /mole (E) Safety Hazard Factors: POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 83-97 (E) Reactivity: 0 Chemistry of Use: Solvent Flammability: 1 Ignitability: N Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-14 2.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION Cumene CAS# 98-82-8 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: benzene, (1-methylethyl)-; C912 H Isopropylbenzene Structure: Molecular weight: 120.19 Melting Point: -96(C (M) Water Solubility: Insoluble (M) Vapor Pressure: 3.53 mm Hg (M) Log10 K ow : 3.66 (M) Log10 K oc : 2.91 (E) ( Log10 BCF: 2.39 (E) Boiling Point: 152-153 C (M) Henry's Law: 1.23X10-2 atm-m3 /mole (E) Density: 0.862 g/cm3 (M) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 97-99 (E) Flash Point: 39(C (closed cup) (M) Chemistry of Use: Solvent component Safety Hazard Factors: Reactivity: 1 Flammability: 3 Ignitability: Y Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Diethanolamine CAS# 111-42-2 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: ethanol, 2,2'-iminobis-; C411 H NO 2 Iminodiethanol; 2,2'- Structure: HOCH22 CH NHCH 22 CH OH dihydroxyethylamine; Boiling Point: 270(C (M) 30 Molecular weight: 105.14 Density: 1.08814 g/mL (M) Melting Point: 28(C (M) Flash Point: 137(C (M) Water Solubility: Very soluble Safety Hazard Factors: Vapor Pressure: Not available Reactivity: 0 Log10 K ow : -1.43 (M) Flammability: 1 Log10 K oc : -0.85 (E) Ignitability: N Log10 BCF: -1.53 (E) Henry's Law: <1.00X10-8 atm-m3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 83.36-96.61 (E) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-15 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether CAS# 112-34-5 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: 2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol; butyl C8183 H O ethyl Cellosolve; diethylene glycol butyl ether; Structure: C49 H OCH 22 CH OCH 22 CH OH butyl Carbitol; Dowanol DB; Poly-Solv DB; Boiling Point: 231( C (M) butoxydiglycol, butyl digol, butyl diicinol Density: 0.954 g/mL (M) Molecular weight: 162.2 Flash Point: Open cup: 110(C (M) Melting Point: -68(C (M) Closed cup: 78(C (M) Water Solubility: Miscible (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Vapor Pressure: 0.02 mm Hg (E) (20( C) Reactivity: 0 Log10 K ow : 0.56 (M) Flammability: 1 Log10 K oc : -0.55 (E) Ignitability: N Log10 BCF: 0.46 (E) Henry's Law: <1.00X10-8 atm-m3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 83-97 (E) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Dimethyl Adipate CAS# 627-93-0 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: dimethyl hexanedioate; methyl C8144 H O adipate; dimethyl ester adipic acid Structure: (CH3243 O)CO(CH ) CO(OCH ) Molecular weight: 174.25 Boiling Point: 193.7(C (at 760 mm Hg)(E) Melting Point: 8(C (M) Density: 1.063 g/mL (M) Water Solubility: 0.1 g/L (E) Flash Point: 107(C (M) Vapor Pressure: 0.06 mm Hg (25(C)(E) Physical state: Colorless, odorless liquid Log10 K ow : 1.39 (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Log10 K oc : 1.04 (E) Ignitability: N Log10 BCF: 0.82 (E) Henry's Law: 1.28 x 10-7 atm-m3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 85-97 (E) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-16 2.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION Dimethyl Glutarate CAS# 1119-40-0 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: glutaric acid, dimethyl ester; C7124 H O pentanedioic acid, Structure: CH32 O C(CH 23 ) CO 2 CH 3 dimethyl ester Boiling Point: 214(C (M) Molecular weight: 160.17 Density: 1.088 g/cm3 (M) Melting Point: -42.5(C (M) Flash Point: 100(C (E) Water Solubility: 1 g/L (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Vapor Pressure: 0.1 mm Hg (E) Ignitability: N Log10 K ow : 0.90 (E) Log10 K oc : 0.77 (E) Log10 BCF: -0.14 (E) Henry's Law: 9.09X10-8 atm-m3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 97 (E) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Dimethyl Succinate CAS# 106-65-0 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: succinic acid, dimethyl ester; C6104 H O butanedioic acid, Structure: CH32 O C(CH 22 ) CO 2 CH 3 dimethyl ester; methyl succinate Boiling Point: 196.4(C (M) Molecular weight: 146.14 Density: 1.12 g/cm3 (M) Melting Point: 19(C (M) Flash Point: 100(C (E) Water Solubility: 8.3 g/L (M) Safety Hazard Factors: Vapor Pressure: 0.1 mm Hg (E) Ignitability: N Log10 K ow : 0.19 (M) Log10 K oc : 0.48 (E) Log10 BCF: Not available Henry's Law: 5.8X10-6 atm-m3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 97 (E) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-17 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Dipropylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether CAS# 29911-28-2 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: 2-propanol, 1-(2-butoxy-1- C10 H 22 O 3 methylethoxy)-; DGMBE Structure: Molecular weight: 190.3 Melting Point: -73(C (M) Water Solubility: Miscible (E) Vapor Pressure: 0.044 mm Hg (M) Log10 K ow : 1.13 (E) Log10 K oc : -0.15 (E) ( Log10 BCF: 0.63 (E) Boiling Point: 229 C (M) Henry's Law: <1.00X10-8 atm-m3 /mole (E) Density: 0.913 g/cm3 (M) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 83-97 (E) Flash Point: 118( C (open cup) (M) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether CAS# 34590-94-8 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: glycol ether DPM; Dowanol DPM C7163 H O Molecular weight: 148.2 Structure: CH32233 CHOHCH OCH CH(OCH )CH Melting Point: -80(C (M) Boiling Point: 188.3(C (M) Water Solubility: Miscible (E) Density: 0.951 g/mL (M) Vapor Pressure: 0.4 mm Hg (M) (25(C) Flash Point: 75(C (M) Log10 K ow : -0.35 (E) Physical state: Liquid Log10 K oc : 1.00 (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Log10 BCF: -0.49 (E) Reactivity: 0 Henry's Law: <1.00X10-8 atm-m3 /mol (E) Flammability: 2 POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 83-97 (E) Ignitability: N Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-18 2.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION Distillates (Petroleum), Hydrotreated Middle CAS# 64742-46-7 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: hydrotreated middle distillate Cn2n+2 H and Cn2n H (cycloparaffin) Molecular weight: Varies Structure: No definite structure. Mixture of Melting Point: -70(C (E) normal-, branched-, and cyclo-paraffins. Water Solubility: 0.003 g/L (E) Boiling Point: 180-210(C (E) Vapor Pressure: 2 mm Hg (E) Density: 0.78 g/cm3 (E) ( Log10 K ow : 5.25 (E) Flash Point: 50 C (E) Log10 K oc : 3.24 (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Log10 BCF: 3.76 (E) Ignitability: Y Henry's Law: 5.3 atm-m3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 100 (E) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Ethoxylated Nonylphenol CAS# 9016-45-9, 26027-38-3, 68412-54-4 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), - C34 H 62 O 10 (for n=9.5) (nonylphenyl)-6-hydroxy-; Antarox; polyethylene Structure: glycol mono (nonylphenyl) ether Molecular weight: 630 (for n=9.5) (typical range 500 - 800) Melting Point: -20 to +10(C (E) Water Solubility: Soluble (M) Boiling Point: >300(C (E) (decomposes) Vapor Pressure: <10-6 mm Hg (E) Density: 0.8 g/cm3 (E) Log K : 3.93 (E) (np = 7) 10 ow Flash Point: 200 - 260(C (E) Log K : -0.19 (E) (np = 7) 10 oc Safety Hazard Factors: Log BCF: Not available 10 Ignitability: N Henry's Law: 1.81X10-22 atm-m3 /mole (E) (np = 7) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 95 (M)a Chemistry of Use: Nonionic surfactant Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) a Based on testing data (Weeks, J.A. et al. 1996. Proceedings of the CESIO 4th World Surfactants Congress, Barcelona, Spain. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee on Surfactants and Detergents, pp. 276-91.) the original estimate of POTW removal has been changed from 100% to 95% in the final report. This revision results in increased estimates of the releases from POTWs to surface waters as described in section 3.3. When the releases to surface water are compared with the concern concentration set at the default value of 0.001 mg/L, the formulations containing ethoxylated nonylphenols (formulations 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 17, 24, and 40) present concerns to aquatic species that were not reported in the draft CTSA. 2-19 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, tetrasodium salt CAS# 64-02-8 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: Glycine, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis[N- C10 H 12 NaN 2 O 8 (carboxymethyl)-, tetrasodium salt; Tetrasodium Structure: EDTA Molecular weight: 380.20 Melting Point: >300(C (M) Water Solubility: 1030 g/L (M) Vapor Pressure: <10-7 mm Hg (E) Log10 K ow : Not available Log10 K oc : Not available Log10 BCF: Not available Boiling Point: Decomposes (E) Henry's Law: Not available Density: 0.83 g/cm3 (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 83.3-96.6 (E) Flash Point: Not available Chemistry of Use: Chelating agent Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Fatty Acids, C16 -C 18 , Methyl Esters CAS# 67762-38-3 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: fatty acid methyl esters Cn+2 H 2n+4 O 2 (n=15 to 17) and Molecular weight: 270-298 Cn+2 H 2n+2 O 2 (n=17) Melting Point: 27-36(C (M) Structure: Water Solubility: <0.1 g/L (E) Vapor Pressure: <10-3 mm Hg (E) Log10 K ow : 7.74 (E) Log10 K oc : 4.53 (E) Log10 BCF: 5.65 (E) Henry's Law: 2.00X10-2 atm-m3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 94-100 (E) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Boiling Point: 325(C (E) Density: 0.88 g/cm3 (E) Flash Point: 200(C (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Ignitability: N Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-20 2.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION Fatty Acids, C16 -C 18 and C18 -unsatd., Compounds with Diethanolamine CAS# 68002-82-4 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: diethanolamine tallate Cn+5 H 2n+13 NO 4 (n=15 to 17) and C22 H 45 NO 4 Molecular weight: 361-390 Structure: Melting Point: Not available Water Solubility: Dispersible (E) Vapor Pressure: <10-6 mm Hg (E) Log10 K ow : 7.45 (E) Log10 K oc : 3.80 (E) Log10 BCF: 5.43 (E) Henry's Law: 5.23X10-5 atm-m3 /mol (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 83-100 (E) Boiling Point: Decomposes (E) Chemistry of Use: Dispersant Density: >1 g/cm3 (E) Flash Point: Not available Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Fatty acids, tall oil, Compounds with Diethanolamine CAS# 61790-66-7 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: C22 H 45 NO 4 and •C22 H 47 NO 4 Molecular weight: 387 - 389 Structure: Melting Point: Not available Water Solubility: Dispersible (E) Vapor Pressure: <10-6 mm Hg (E) Log10 K ow : Not available Log10 K oc : Not available Log10 BCF: Not available Henry's Law: Not available POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 83-100 (E) Boiling Point: Decomposes (E) Chemistry of Use: Dispersant Density: >1 g/cm3 (E) Flash Point: Not available Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-21 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Hydrocarbons, Terpene Processing By-Products CAS# 68956-56-9 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: C10 H 16 and larger Molecular weight: >136 Structure: Mixture of C10 and larger terpenes. Melting Point: -40 to -60(C (E) Boiling Point: 165 - 180(C (E) Water Solubility: 0.02 g/L (E) Density: 0.84 - 0.87 g/cm3 (E) Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg (E) Flash Point: 30 - 50(C (E) Log10 K ow : 4.83 (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Log10 K oc : 3.12 (E) Corrosivity: N Log10 BCF: 3.44 (E) Henry's Law: 3.80X10-1 atm-m3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 98-100 (E) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) d-Limonene CAS# 5989-27-5 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl) C10 H 16 cyclohexene; (+)-carvene; citrene; 1,8-p- Structure: menthadiene; 4-isopropenyl-1- methylcyclohexene cinene; cajeputene; kautschin Molecular weight: 136 Melting Point: -74(C (M) Water Solubility: 0.014 g/L (M) Boiling Point: 176(C (M) Vapor Pressure: 5 mm Hg (E) (25(C) Density: 0.84 g/mL (M) Log K : 4.83 (E) 10 ow Flash Point: 48(C (M) Log K : 3.12 (E) 10 oc K : 1,000 - 4,800 (E) Log BCF: 3.44 (E) oc 10 Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Henry's Law: 3.80X10-1 atm-m3 /mol (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): >99 (E) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-22 2.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION Linalool CAS# 78-70-6 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: 1,6-octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- C10 H 18 O Molecular weight: 154.24 Structure: Melting Point: Not available Water Solubility: Practically insoluble (M) Vapor Pressure: 0.29 mm Hg (M) Log10 K ow : 3.38 (E) Log10 K oc : 1.75 (E) Log10 BCF: 2.34 (E) Henry's Law: 4.23X10-5 atm-m3 /mol (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 93-99 (E) Boiling Point: 198-200(C (M) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Density: 0.8622 g/cm3 (M) Flash Point: 74(C (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Reactivity: 0 Flammability: 2 Ignitability: N Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Mineral Spirits (Light Hydrotreated) CAS# 64742-47-8 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: many trade names by companies Molecular formula: Cn H 2n+2 (paraffin) and Cn2n H including Amsco, Apco, Epesol, Exxon, Phillips, (cycloparaffin) Shell, etc., most of which include "mineral spirits" Structure: Typical structures include normal in the name paraffins, Molecular weight: 86 for n-hexane; 112 for CH32n3 (CH ) CH , branched paraffins, and ethycyclohexane, for example cycloparaffins Melting Point: -60(C (E) Boiling Point: 140-180(C (M) Water Solubility: 0.001 g/L (E) Density: 0.78 g/mL (M) Vapor Pressure: 0.5-1 mm Hg (E) (25(C) Flash Point: <43(C (M) Log10 K ow : 3.90 (M) Physical State: Liquid Log10 K oc : 2.17 (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Log10 BCF: 2.73 (E) Reactivity: 0 Henry's Law: 1.71 atm-m3 /mole (E) Flammability: 2 POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): >99 (E) Ignitability: Y Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-23 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Naphtha (Petroleum), Hydrotreated Heavy CAS# 64742-48-9 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: aliphatic petroleum distillate C911 -C ; Cn2n+2 H (paraffin) and Cn2n H (cycloparaffin) naphthol spirits (aliphatic); hydrated lightstream Structure: No definite structure. Mixture of cracked naphtha residuum (petroleum) normal-, branched-, and cyclo-paraffins Molecular weight: 86 for n-hexane; 112 for Boiling Point: 66-230(C (M) ethylcyclohexane, for example Density: 0.8 g/ml (E) Melting Point: -80(C (E) Flash Point: 60(C (M) Water Solubility: 0.001 g/L (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg at 25(C (E) Reactivity: 0 Log10 K ow : 4.27 (E) Flammability: 4 Log10 K oc : 2.70 (E) Ignitability: Y Log10 BCF: 3.01 (E) Corrosivity: N Henry's Law: 3.01 atm-m3 /mol (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 99-100 (E) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Nerol CAS# 106-25-2 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: 2,6-octadiene-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, C10 H 18 O Molecular weight: 154.24 Structure: Melting Point: <-15.4(C (M) Water Solubility: Insoluble (E) Vapor Pressure: 0.06 mm Hg (M) Log10 K ow : 3.47 (E) Log10 K oc : 1.85 (E) Log10 BCF: 2.41 (E) Henry's Law: 5.89X10-5 atm-m3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 94-99 (E) Boiling Point: 224-225(C (M) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Density: 0.8756 g/cm3 (M) Flash Point: 77(C (M) Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-24 2.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION N-Methylpyrrolidone CAS# 872-50-4 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: N-methylpyrrolidone [1-methyl-2- C59 H NO pyrrolidone; 1-methylazacyclopenta-2-one; N- Structure: methyl- -butyrolactam]; NMP Molecular weight: 99.13 Melting Point: <-17 to -23(C (M) Boiling Point: Water Solubility: Miscible (M) 202(C (M) Vapor Pressure: 0.334 mm Hg (E) (25(C) Density: 1.03 g/mL (M) ( Log10 K ow : -0.38 (M) Flash Point: 96 C (M) Log10 K oc : 1.32 (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Log10 BCF: -0.31 (E) Reactivity: 1 Henry's Law: 3.16X10-8 atm-m3 /mole (E) Flammability: 3 POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 97 (E) Ignitability: Y Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Oxirane, Methyl-, Polymer with Oxirane, Monodecyl Ether CAS# 37251-67-5 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: ethoxylated propoxylated decyl Molecular formula varies alcohol Structure: Molecular weight: Varies Melting Point: <-50(C (E) Water Solubility: Dispersible (n=3 to 10) (E) Miscible (n>10) (E) Vapor Pressure: <10-4 mm Hg (E) Boiling Point: Decomposes (E) 3 Log10 K ow : 3.26 (E) Density: <1 g/cm (E) Log10 K oc : 6.67 (E) Flash Point: Not available Log10 BCF: 2.25 (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Henry's Law: <1.00X10-8 atm-m3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 1-95 (E) Chemistry of Use: Dispersant Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-25 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION 2-Pinanol CAS# 473-54-1 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-ol, 2,6,6- C10 H 18 O trimethyl- Structure: Molecular weight: 154.24 Melting Point: 60 - 80(C (M) Water Solubility: <0.1 g/L (E) Vapor Pressure: 1.9x10-2 mm Hg (E) Log10 K ow : 2.85 (E) Log10 K oc : 1.73 (E) ( Log10 BCF: 1.94 (E) Boiling Point: 220 C (M) Henry's Law: 1.90X10-6 atm-m3 /mole (E) Density: 1.01 g/cm3 (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 88-98 (E) Flash Point: 65(C (E) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Safety Hazard Factors: Ignitability: N Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Plinols CAS# 72402-00-7 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: cyclopentanol, 1,2-dimethyl-3- C10 H 18 O (1-methylethenyl)- Structure: Molecular weight: 154.24 Melting Point: 93(C (M) Water Solubility: Very slightly soluble (E) Vapor Pressure: <0.01 mm Hg (E) Log10 K ow : 3.34 (E) Log10 K oc : 1.74 (E) ( Log10 BCF: 2.31 (E) Boiling Point: 220 C (E) Henry's Law: 1.34X10-5 atm-m3 /mole (E) Density: 0.92 g/cm3 (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 11-99 (E) Flash Point: Not available Chemistry of Use: Solvent Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-26 2.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION Polyethoxylated Isodecyloxypropylamine CAS# 68478-95-5 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), ,´- Molecular formula varies (iminodi-2,1 Structure: ethanediyl) bis[7-hydroxy]-, N-[3-(branched decyloxy)propyl] derivatives Molecular weight: >400 Melting Point: Not available Water Solubility: Dispersible or soluble (depending on degree of ethoxylation) (E) Vapor Pressure: <10-6 mm Hg (E) Boiling Point: Decomposes (E) Log10 K ow : 0.92 (E) Density: Not available Log10 K oc : -1.43 (E) Flash Point: Not available Log10 BCF: 0.47 (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Henry's Law: <1.00X10-8 atm-m3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 85-97 (E) Chemistry of Use: Dispersant Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Poly (Oxy-1,2-Ethanediyl), -Hexyl-7-Hydroxy- CAS# 31726-34-8 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: ethoxylated hexyl alcohol C2n+6 H 4n+14 O n+1 (n>3) Molecular weight: >278 Structure: C613 H O(CH 2 CH 2 O) n H (n>3) Melting Point: -10(C (E) Boiling Point: >270(C (E) Water Solubility: Dispersible (n=3 to 10), Density: >0.95 g/cm3 (E) Miscible (n>10) (E) Flash Point: >150(C (E) Vapor Pressure: <0.005 mm Hg (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Log10 K ow : 0.73 (E) Ignitability: N Log10 K oc : 1.58 (E) Log10 BCF: 0.32 (E) Henry's Law: <1.00X10-8 atm-m3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 83-97 (E) Chemistry of Use: Dispersant Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-27 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Propanoic Acid, 3-Ethoxy-, Ethyl Ester CAS# 763-69-9 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: ethyl-3-ethoxy propionate; ethyl- -CHO7143 ethoxy Structure: CH32 CH OOCCH 22 CH OCH 23 CH propionate Boiling Point: 170(C (M) Molecular weight: 146.1 Density: 0.9496 g/cm3 (M) Melting Point: -100(C (M) Flash Point: 82(C (open cup) (M) Water Solubility: Slightly soluble (1 g/L) (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Vapor Pressure: 0.9 mm Hg (at 20(C) (M) Log10 K ow : 1.08 (E) Log10 K oc : 0.61 (E) Log10 BCF: 0.59 (E) Henry's Law: 4.77X10-7 atm-m3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 84-97 (E) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Propylene Glycol CAS# 57-55-6 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: 1,2-propanediol; methyl glycol; 1,2- C382 H O dihydroxypropane; methylethylene glycol; Structure: HOCH(CH32 )CH OH trimethyl glycol Boiling Point: 187.3(C (M) Molecular weight: 76.10 Density: 1.038 g/mL (M) Melting Point: -60(C (M) Flash Point: 101(C (M) Water Solubility: Miscible Safety Hazard Factors: Vapor Pressure: 0.2 mm Hg at 20(C (M) Reactivity: 0 Log10 K ow : -0.92 (M) Flammability: 1 Log10 K oc : 0.00 (E) Ignitability: N Log10 BCF: -0.82 (E) Henry's Law: 1.74x10-7 atm-m 3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 97 (E) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-28 2.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION Propylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether CAS# 5131-66-8 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: 2-propanol, 1-butoxy- C7162 H O Molecular weight: 132 Structure: C49 H OCH 2 CH(CH 3 )OH Melting Point: -100(C (M) Boiling Point: 170(C (M) Water Solubility: 64 g/L (M) Density: 0.89 g/cm3 (E) Vapor Pressure: <0.98 mm Hg at 20(C (M) Flash Point: 59 (closed cup) (M) Log10 K ow : 0.98 (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Log10 K oc : 0.11 (E) Ignitability: Y Log10 BCF: 0.52 (E) Henry's Law: 4.88X10-8 atm-m3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 83-97 (E) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Sodium bis(Ethylhexyl) Sulfosuccinate CAS# 577-11-7 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: butanedioic acid, sulfo-, 1,4-bis(2- C20 H 37 NaO 7 S ethylhexyl) ester, sodium salt; sodium Structure: sulfosuccinate; Docusate sodium Molecular weight: 444.37 Melting Point: Not available Water Solubility: 15 g/L (at 25(C) (M) Vapor Pressure: <10-6 mm Hg (E) Log10 K ow : 6.10 (E) Boiling Point: Not available Log10 K oc : 5.02 (E) Density: Not available Log10 BCF: 4.40 (E) Flash Point: Not available Henry's Law: <1.00X10-8 atm-m3 /mole (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Not available POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): nearly 100 (E) Chemistry of Use: Surfactant Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-29 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Sodium Hydroxide CAS# 1310-73-2 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: caustic soda; lye; sodium hydrate; NaOH soda lye Structure: NaOH Molecular weight: 39.9 Boiling Point: 1390(C (M) Melting Point: 323(C (M) Density: 2.13 g/mL (M) Water Solubility: 1,180 g/L (E) Flash Point: Not applicable Vapor Pressure: Negligible (E); 1 mm Hg (M) Physical State: Deliquescent orthorhombic white (739(C) powder Log10 K ow : Not available Safety Hazard Factors: Log10 K oc : Not available Reactivity: 1 Log10 BCF: Not available Flammability: 0 Henry's Law: Not available Ignitability: N POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): Not available Corrosivity: Y Chemistry of Use: Caustic Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Sodium Xylene Sulfonate CAS# 1300-72-7 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: benzenesulfonic acid, dimethyl-, C89 H NaSO 3 sodium salt Structure: Molecular weight: 208.09 Melting Point: Not available Water Solubility: Very soluble (E) Vapor Pressure: <10-6 mm Hg (E) Log10 K ow : Not available Log10 K oc : Not available Log10 BCF: Not available Boiling Point: Not available Henry's Law: Not available Density: Not available POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 83-97 (E) Flash Point: Not available Chemistry of Use: Hydrotrope Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-30 2.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION Solvent Naphtha (Petroleum), Heavy Aromatic CAS# 64742-94-5 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: Aromatic 150; Comsolv 150 C10 H 8 for naphthalene Molecular weight: 128 for naphthalene Structure: Consist chiefly of aromatic Melting Point: -80(C (E) hydrocarbons, including small fused-ring Water Solubility: 0.03 g/L (M) for naphthalene compounds such as naphthalene Vapor Pressure: 0.5 mm Hg (E) (25(C) Boiling Point: 150-290(C (E) Log10 K ow : 4.45 (M) Density: 0.87 g/mL (E) ( Log10 K oc : 4.31 (E) Flash Point: 38 C (E) Log10 BCF: 3.15 (E) Physical State: Liquid Henry's Law: 2.56X10-5 atm-m3 /mole (E) Safety Hazard Factors: POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 96 (E) Reactivity: 0 Chemistry of Use: Solvent Flammability: 2 Ignitability: Y Corrosivity: N Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Solvent Naphtha (Petroleum), Light Aliphatic CAS# 64742-89-8 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: VM&P #66; lacolene; rubber solvent; Molecular Formula: Cn H 2n+2 (paraffin) and Cn2n H petroleum ether; naphtha; varnish makers' and (cycloparaffin) painters' solvent; VM&P Naphtha Structure: Typical structures include normal Molecular weight: 86 for n-hexane; 112 for paraffins, CH32n3 (CH ) CH , branched paraffins, and ethycyclohexane, for example cycloparaffins Melting Point: <-80(C (M) Boiling Point: 35-160(C (M) Water Solubility: 0.001 g/L (E) Density: 0.7 g/mL (E) Vapor Pressure: 20 mm Hg (E) (25(C) Flash Point: 0(C (E) Log10 K ow : 3.44 (M) Physical State: Liquid Log10 K oc : 2.22 (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Log10 BCF: 2.18 (E) Reactivity: 0 Henry's Law: 2.55X10-1 atm-m3 /mole (E) Flammability: 3 POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): >94 (E) Ignitability: Y Chemistry of Use: Solvent Corrosivity: N Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-31 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Solvent Naphtha (Petroleum), Light Aromatic CAS# 64742-95-6 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: Comsolv 100 C10 H 8 for naphthalene Molecular weight: 128 for naphthalene Structure: Consist chiefly of aromatic Melting Point: -80(C (E) hydrocarbons, including small fused-ring Water Solubility: 0.03 g/L (M) for naphthalene compounds such as naphthalene Vapor Pressure: 0.5 mm Hg (E) (25(C) Boiling Point: 135-210(C (E) Log10 K ow : 3.30 (M) Density: 0.87 g/mL (E) ( Log10 K oc : 3.26 (E) Flash Point: 38 C (E) Log10 BCF: 2.28 (E) Physical State: Liquid Henry's Law: 3.70X10-4 atm-m3 /mole (E) Safety Hazard Factors: POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): >92 (E) Reactivity: 0 Chemistry of Use: Solvent Flammability: 2 Ignitability: Y Corrosivity: N Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Solvent Naphtha (Petroleum), Medium Aliphatic CAS# 64742-88-7 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: Solvent 140 Cn2n+2 H (paraffin) and Cn2n H (cycloparaffin) Molecular weight: 86 for n-hexane; 112 for Structure: No definite structure. Mixture of ethycyclohexane, for example normal-, branched-, and cyclo-paraffins. Melting Point: -60(C (M) Boiling Point: 176-210(C (M) Water Solubility: 0.001 g/L (E) Density: 0.787 g/mL (M) Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg at 25(C (E) Flash Point: 60(C (M) Log10 K ow : 5.64 (M) Safety Hazard Factors: Log10 K oc : 3.77 (E) Reactivity: 0 Log10 BCF: 4.51 (E) Flammability: 2 Henry's Law: 9.35 atm-m3 /mol (E) Ignitability: Y POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 99.98-100 (E) Corrosivity: N Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-32 2.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION Sorbitan, Mono-9-Octadecenoate, CAS# 1338-43-8 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: sorbitan mono-oleate, (crillet 4) C24 H 44 O 6 Molecular weight: 428.44 Structure: Melting Point: <20(C (E) Water Solubility: Dispersible (M) Vapor Pressure: <10-6 mm Hg (E) Log10 K ow : 5.89 (E) Log10 K oc : 2.75 (E) Log10 BCF: 4.24 (E) Henry's Law: <1.00X10-8 atm-m3 /mol (E) Boiling Point: Not available POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 99.98-100 (E) Density: 1.0 g/cm3 (E) Chemistry of Use: Dispersant Flash Point: Not available Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Sorbitan, Monododecanoate, Poly(Oxy-1,2-Ethanediyl) Derivatives CAS# 9005-64-5 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: polysorbate - 20; polyoxy ethylene C54 H 114 O 26 (20) sorbitan monolaurate; Tween 20; Laurate of Structure: polyoxyethylenic sorbitan Molecular weight: 1,180 Melting Point: Not available Water Solubility: Completely soluble (M); 1000 g/L (E) Boiling Point: Not available Vapor Pressure: <10-6 mm Hg (E) Density: 1.1 g/cm3 (M) ( Log10 K ow : Not available Flash Point: 148 C (closed cup) (M) Log10 K oc : Not available Safety Hazard Factors: Log10 BCF: Not available Ignitability: N Henry's Law: Not available POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 83-97 (E) Chemistry of Use: Dispersant Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-33 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Sorbitan, Monolaurate CAS# 5959-89-7 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: D-glucitol; 1,4-anhydro-, 6- C18 H 34 O 6 dodecanoate Structure: Molecular weight: 358.34 Melting Point: <20(C (E) Water Solubility: Insoluble (M) Vapor Pressure: <10-6 mm Hg (E) Log10 K ow : 3.15 (E) Log10 K oc : 1.16 (E) ( Log10 BCF: 2.17 (E) Boiling Point: 393 C (M) Henry's Law: <1.00X10-8 atm-m3 /mole (E) Density: 1.0 g/cm3 (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 90-98 (E) Flash Point: Not available Chemistry of Use: Dispersant Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Sorbitan, Tri-9-Octadecenoate, Poly(Oxy-1,2-Ethanediyl) Derivatives CAS# 9005-70-3 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: sorbitan tri-oleate (crillet 45) C100 H 188 O 28 (n=20) Molecular weight: 1,836 (n=20) Structure: Melting Point: Not available Water Solubility: Completely soluble (E) Vapor Pressure: <10-6 mm Hg (E) Log10 K ow : Not available Log10 K oc : Not available Log10 BCF: Not available Henry's Law: Not available POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 99.98-100 (E) Chemistry of Use: Dispersant Boiling Point: Not available Density: 1.1 g/cm3 (E) Flash Point: 160(C (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Ignitability: N Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-34 2.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION Soybean Oil, Methyl Ester CAS# 67784-80-9 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: soybean based methyl esters C19 H 36 O 2 and C19 H 34 O 2 Molecular weight: 295 Structure: RCOOCH3 (R = C17 H 33 or C17 H 31 ) Melting Point: -30(C (E) Boiling Point: Decomposes (E) Water Solubility: Insoluble (E) Density: 0.883 g/cm3 (E) Vapor Pressure: 0.01 mm Hg (E) Flash Point: 160-180(C (E) Log10 K ow : 7.80 (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Log10 K oc : 4.79 (E) Reactivity: 0 Log10 BCF: 5.70 (E) Flammability: 1 Henry's Law: 2.03X10-3 atm-m3 /mol (E) Ignitability: N POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 94-100 (E) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Soybean Oil, Polymerized, Oxidized CAS# 68152-81-8 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: oxidized soybean oil Molecular formula varies Molecular weight: Varies Structure: No definite structure Melting Point: Not available Boiling Point: Decomposes (E) Water Solubility: Insoluble (E) Density: Not available Vapor Pressure: <10-5 mm Hg (E) Flash Point: Not available Log10 K ow : 15.33 (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Log10 K oc : 13.73 (E) Reactivity: 0 Log10 BCF: 11.42 (E) Flammability: 1 Henry's Law: 1.00X10-8 atm-m3 /mole (E) Ignitability: N POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 99.98-100 (E) Chemistry of Use: Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-35 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Stoddard Solvent CAS# 8052-41-3 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: Rule 66 mineral spirits; quick-dry Cn2n+2 H (paraffins), Cn2n H (cycloparaffins) mineral spirits; 140 solvent; VM&P naphtha; dry Structure: No definite structure. Mixture of cleaners' solvent. normal-, branched-, and cyclo-paraffins Molecular weight: 86 for n-hexane; 112 for Boiling Point: 157-196(C (M) ethylcyclohexane, for example Density: 0.787 (M) Melting Point: -70(C (M) Flash Point: 60(C (M) Water Solubility: Insoluble (M) Safety Hazard Factors: Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg at 25(C (E) Reactivity: 0 Log10 K ow : 5.25 (E) Flammability: 2 Log10 K oc : 3.24 (E) Ignitability: Y Log10 BCF: 3.58 (E) Henry's Law: 5.3 atm-m3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 100 (E) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Tall Oil, Special CAS# 68937-81-5 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: fatty acids, C18 and C18 -unsatd., C19 H 36 O 2 and C19 H 38 O 2 methyl esters, methyl stearate, methyl oleate Structure: CH3 (CH 2 ) 16 COOCH 3 Molecular weight: 296-298 and CH327 (CH ) CH=CH(CH 27 ) COOCH 3 Melting Point: 36-39(C (E) Boiling Point: 325(C (E) Water Solubility: Insoluble (M) (<0.1 g/L) (E) Density: 0.88 g/cm3 (E) Vapor Pressure: <10-3 mm Hg (E) Flash Point: 200(C (E) Log10 K ow : 7.74 (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Log10 K oc : 4.53 (E) Ignitability: N Log10 BCF: 5.65 (E) Henry's Law: 2.00X10-2 atm-m3 /mole (E) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): nearly 100 (E) Chemistry of Use: Solvent Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-36 2.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION -Terpineol CAS# 98-55-5 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: 3-cyclohexene-1-methanol, , ,4- C10 H 18 O trimethyl-; Structure: p-menth-1-en-8-ol Molecular weight: 154.24 Melting Point: 2(C (M) Water Solubility: Slightly soluble (M) Vapor Pressure: 0.12 mm Hg (M) Log10 K ow : 3.33 (E) ( Log10 K oc : 1.76 (E) Boiling Point: 214-224 C (M) 3 Log10 BCF: 2.30 (E) Density: 0.9338 g/cm (M) Henry's Law: 3.15X10-6 atm-m3 /mol (E) Flash Point: 90(C (M) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 86-98 (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Chemistry of Use: Solvent Reactivity: 0 Flammability: 2 Ignitability: N Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Terpinolene CAS# 586-62-9 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1- C10 H 16 methylethylidene)-; p-mentha-1,4(8)-diene Structure: Molecular weight: 136.16 Melting Point: Not available Water Solubility: Insoluble (M) Vapor Pressure: 0.49 mm Hg (M) Log10 K ow : 4.88 (E) Log10 K oc : 3.12 (E) ( Log10 BCF: 3.48 (E) Boiling Point: 183-185 C (M) Henry's Law: 6.00X10-2 atm-m3 /mol (E) Density: 0.864 g/cm3 (M) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 90.06-99.95 Flash Point: 37.2(C (closed cup) (M) (E) Safety Hazard Factors: Chemistry of Use: Solvent Ignitability: Y Corrosivity: N Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) 2-37 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate CAS# 7320-34-5 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: diphosphoric acid, tetrapotassium K472 O P salt; TKPP Structure: Molecular weight: 330.34 Melting Point: 1090(C (M) Water Solubility: 1,870 g/L (M) Vapor Pressure: <10-6 mm Hg (E) Log10 K ow : Not available Log10 K oc : Not available Log10 BCF: Not available Boiling Point: Decomposes (E) Henry's Law: Not available Density: 2.33 g/cm3 (M) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 0-25 (E) Flash Point: Not available Chemistry of Use: Sequestering agent Safety Hazard Factors: Not available Above data are either measured (M) or estimated (E) Xylene CAS# 1330-20-7 Chemical Properties and Information Synonyms: dimethylbenzene; methyltoluene; C810 H xylol Structure: Molecular weight: 106.2 Vapor Pressure: 10 mm Hg (E) (25(C) Water Solubility: 0.1 g/L (E) Melting Point: o: -25(C (M) m: -48(C (M) p: 13(C (M) Log10 K ow : 3.15 (M) Log10 K oc : -0.69 (E) Log10 BCF: 2.16 (E) ( -8 3 Boiling Point: 137-140 C (M) Henry's Law: 1.81X10 atm-m /mole (E) Density: 0.864 g/mL (M) POTW Overall Removal Rate (%): 94 (E) Flash Point: o: 17(C (M) Chemistry of Use: Solvent m: 29(C (M) p: 27(C (M) Physical State: Colorless liquid Safety Hazard Factors: Reactivity: 0 Flammability: 3 Ignitability: Y Corrosivity: N Above data are either measured (M) or estimated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ª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c Comment -hydrocarbons; 8(e) ; the surfactant activity 9 k t C - 650 mg/kg 50 D SAT repor oral L of the chemical will result in lung irritation subacute (no. of doses not subacute (no. of doses the specified) oral study; this chemical surfactant activity of eye irritation will result in lung and 4 Included in TSCA Section testing of data available of this chemical will result in lung irritation SAT report; the surfactant activity of the chemical will result in lung irritation data from dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, triethanolamine salt studies toxic effects based on acute or toxic effects based on SAT report; the surfactant activity a (urinary 3 effects) (dermal) LOAEL (L) N - 5 mg/kg/day enzyme effects) (urinary tract and tract and enzyme L - 5.71 mg/kg/day L - 20 mg/m NOAEL (N) or NOAEL RfD/RfC b g.i. salt) neuro chron neuro, (amine Toxicity sensitizer Endpoint neuro, g.i. dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation Exposure Table 2-4. Human Health Hazard Summary Human Health Table 2-4. Worker 95-63-6 CAS No. 27176-87-0 68131-39-5 68584-24-7 26264-05-1 26836-07-7 157966-96-6 * 21 32 33 31 32 32 21 Ref No. - 10 C , 15 C - 12 C Chemical Name Chemical -alkyl derivatives, 16 Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl- C compounds with 2- propanamine Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, compounds with 2-aminoethanol Alcohols, ethoxylated Benzene, 1, 2, 4-trimethyl- Benzenesulfonic acid, (tetrapropenyl)-, compounds with 2-propanamime Benzenesulfonic acid, Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl- compounds with 2- propanamine 2-41 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Comment no effects observed TSCA §4 review available TSCA §4 review available TSCA §4, SIDS reviews available toxic effects based on oral studies; TSCA §4 review, SIDS dossier available toxic effects based on study using mixture of dibasic esters toxic effects based on study using mixture of dibasic esters toxic effects based on acute or toxic effects based on of doses not subacute study (no. specified) available TSCA §4, SIDS data toxic effects based on oral studies toxic effects based on d d d (resp) (resp) a a 3 3 (resp) (resp) N - 14 ppm LOAEL (L) (fetotoxicity) (fetotoxicity) weight gain) (chron, hema, (chron, hema) decreased body L - 32 mg/kg/day L - 14 mg/kg/day N - 191 mg/kg/day L - 5.71 mg/kg/day L - 5.71 mg/kg/day L - 500 mg/kg/day L - 500 mg/kg/day L - 20 mg/m L - 20 mg/m NOAEL (N) or NOAEL 3 d d (chron) (chron) RfD/RfC 1.4 mg/m 0.4 mg/kg/day resp resp resp hema hema hema repro, repro, chron, hema chron, neuro, neuro, neuro, Toxicity Endpoint chron, g.i. chron, g.i., dev, repro, dev, repro, dev, repro, chron, resp dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation Exposure Worker 96-48-0 98-82-8 112-34-5 CAS No. 111-42-2 627-93-0 1119-40-0 * 4 4 27 28 17 21 29 Ref No. Chemical Name Chemical Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Dimethyl glutarate Dimethyl adipate Diethanolamine Cumene Butyrolactone 2-42 2.3 HUMAN HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION c c - 5860 µL/kg Comment 50 - 1620 µg/kg 50 D TSCA §4 review available TSCA §4 dermal testing planned TSCA §4 dermal testing dermal LD oral L of this chemical will result in eye and lung irritation toxic effects based on study using toxic effects based on mixture of dibasic esters concern; poor skin absorption mice through dermal exposure, positive Ames assay in multiple strains, with and without activation. No increased frequency of micronuclei in mouse bone marrow cells possible endocrine disrupter SAT report; the surfactant activity SAT report - low to moderate SAT report - low concern equivocal skin tumor response in d e (resp) a 3 (resp) mg/kg/day (dev/repro) LOAEL (L) NOAEL (N) or NOAEL (N) kidney weight) N- 30 mg/kg/day mg/m3 (increased N - 500 mg/kg/day L - 5.71 mg/kg/day N - (5 mL/kg) 4750 L - (200 ppm) 1213 L - 20 mg/m RfD/RfC resp neuro chron, neuro, Toxicity resp, g.i. Endpoint dev, chron chron, resp dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal Worker inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation Exposure 64-02-8 CAS No. 106-65-0 9016-45-9 29911-28-2 68002-82-4 67762-38-3 61790-69-0 34590-94-8 68956-56-9 64742-46-7 68412-54-4 26027-38-3 * 9 4 32 21 32 32 30 22 25 13 Ref No. l Chemical Name Chemical Hydrocarbons, terpene processing by-products Dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether Fatty acids, methyl esters Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, tetrasodium salt Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated middle Dimethyl succinate Dipropylene glycol methyl ether Ethoxylated nonylphenol 2-43 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION c c Comment >5000mg/kg (rabbits) 50 - 8532 mg/kg 50 TSCA §4 review available dermal LD oral LD limited evidence for carcinogenicity (IARC); appearance of papillomas at 50 mg for 80 weeks, no control data toxic effects based on oral study concern concern; lung irritation SAT report - low moderate SAT report - low moderate d d d d (chron) 3e m weight) weight) (increased (increased LOAEL (L) (dev, repro) male mice) male mice) NOAEL (N) or NOAEL (N) mg/ (increased liver (increased liver hepatocyte nuclei hepatocyte nuclei N - (10 ppm) 40.5 L - 500 mg/kg/day L - 500 mg/kg/day and cytomegaly in and cytomegaly in N - 250 mg/kg/day N - 250 mg/kg/day N - 237 mg/kg/day RfD/RfC hema chron, chron chron, neuro, neuro, Toxicity Endpoint dev, repro dev, repro, resp, hema resp, neuro dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal Worker inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation Exposure 78-70-6 872-50-4 CAS No. 5989-27-5 64742-47-8 64742-48-9 * 1 7 20 10 32 18 16 Ref No. Chemical Name Chemical -Limonene Mineral Spirits (light hydrotreated) Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy N-Methylpyrrolidone Linalool d 2-44 2.3 HUMAN HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION > 5000 c 50 - 4500 50 Comment - 10000 mg/kg 50 D - 5000 mg/kg 50 c c SAT report no information available SAT report SAT report SAT report dermal L oral LD no evidence of carcinogenic effects by dermal exposure; questionably positive Salmonella test (host-mediated) with Strains G46 and TA1530; positive for chromosome aberrations in hamster fibroblasts, negative in other mammalian cells mg/kg toxic effects based on oral studies; no evidence of carcinogenic effects by oral exposure mg/kg SAT report; oral LD no information available SAT report; dermal LD SAT report; dermal LOAEL (L) NOAEL (N) or NOAEL (N) d (hema) (hema) RfD/RfC 20 mg/kg/day 20 mg/kg/day dev hema chron, Toxicity Endpoint dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal Worker inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation Exposure 57-55-6 CAS No. 473-54-1 763-69-9 106-25-2 72402-00-7 31726-34-8 37251-67-5 68478-95-5 * 32 22 21 29 32 32 32 32 22 11 Ref No. -hydroxy- 7 Chemical Name Chemical Plinols 2-Pinanol Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), -hexyl- Propanoic acid, 3- ethoxyethyl ester Propylene glycol Nerol Oxirane, methyl, polymer with oxirane, monodecyl ether Polyethoxylated isodecyloxypropylamine 2-45 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Comment SAT report sensitizer oral studies toxic effects based on toxic effects based on oral studies toxic effects based on dose SAT report - moderate concern no systemic effects at highest no systemic effects SAT report - moderate concern SAT report a d,f e,g d d 3 a,g a,h h (increased 3e (hema) (hema) (repro, dev) 3 (increased (repro/dev) (repro/dev) LOAEL (L) 1300 mg/m leucocytes) (repro, dev) NOAEL (N) or NOAEL (N) L - (100 ppm) 491 L - 140 mg/kg/day L - 481 mg/kg/day mg/m N - 50 mg/kg/day N - 50 mg/kg/day L - (294 ppm) 1683 N - 370 mg/kg/day N - 400 mg/kg/day N - 11.40 mg/kg/day mg/m leucocytes) RfD/RfC g.i. resp hema chron, neuro, Toxicity corrosive Endpoint chron, g.i. dev, repro resp, hema dev, neuro, neuro, resp dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal dermal Worker inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation Exposure CAS No. 577-11-7 5131-66-8 1300-72-7 1310-73-2 64742-89-8 64742-88-7 64742-95-6 64742-94-5 * 5 6 32 32 12 15 26 32 32 Ref No. Chemical Name Chemical Sodium xylene sulfonate Solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aromatic Sodium hydroxide Solvent naphtha (petroleum), light aliphatic Sodium bis(ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate Solvent naphtha (petroleum), medium aliphatic Propylene glycol monobutyl ether Solvent naphtha (petroleum), light aromatic 2-46 2.3 HUMAN HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION Comment toxic effects based on oral studies toxic effects based upon oral studies d e,i d d a,i (hema) 3 effects) effects) (hema) LOAEL (L) (liver, kidney (liver, kidney mg/m L - (84 ppm) 481 L - 137 mg/kg/day N - 125 mg/kg/day N - 500 mg/kg/day (maternal tox/repro) (maternal tox/repro) RfD/RfC NOAEL (N) or hema hema hema hema hema chron, Toxicity resp, g.i. Endpoint inhalation chron, g.i., inhalation chron, g.i., inhalation inhalation inhalation chron, g.i., inhalation chron, g.i., inhalation dev, neuro, inhalation Exposure CAS No. Worker * 8 1338-43-8 dermal N - 125 mg/kg/day 19 9005-64-5 dermal N - 500 mg/kg/day 32 68152-81-8 dermal SAT report 32 9005-70-3 dermal SAT report Ref No. Chemical Name Sorbitan, monododecanoate, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives Soybean oil, polymerized, oxidized Stoddard solvent 2 8052-41-3 dermal chron, g.i., Sorbitan, monolaurate 32Sorbitan, tri-9- octadecanoate, poly(oxy- 5959-89-71,2-ethanediyl) derivatives dermalSoybean oil, methyl ester 32 67784-80-9 dermal SAT report SAT report Tall oil, special 32 68937-81-5 dermal SAT report Sorbitan, mono-9- octadecanoate 2-47 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION - 4390 mg/kg 50 D Comment atty acids, tall oil, compounds s - 5170 mg/kg (rats) and s - 5170 mg/kg (rats) F 50 D c TSCA §4 review available SAT report; oral L oral L (rats) RfD based on oral study 1208 mg/kg (mice) (mice-RTECS Search, 1995) oral studies toxic effects based on concern SAT report - low moderate j d (dev) d,j 3 (chron) weight) (chron) LOAEL (L) NOAEL (N) or NOAEL (N) (increased liver L - 150 mg/kg/day L - 50 mg/m N - 1250 mg/kg/day N - 1250 mg/kg/day 3 d d (neuro) (neuro) 7 mg/m RfD/RfC 2 mg/kg/day (2 mg/kg/day) -unsatd., compounds with diethanolamine; and, 18 C = ppm x molecular weight (grams) 3 8 1 chron -C and Toxicity 24.45 Endpoint 16 chron, resp dev, neuro, C dermal dermal dermal dermal Worker inhalation inhalation inhalation inhalation Exposure mg/m 3 98-55-5 CAS No. 586-62-9 1330-20-7 7320-34-5 , methyl esters; Fatty acids, , 18 C * - 16 3 14 29 23 21 21 Ref No. C Chemical Name Chemical -Terpineol Terpinolene Xylene Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate Dermal NOAEL/LOAEL or RfD based upon inhalation data Dermal NOAEL/LOAEL or RfD based upon Molecular weight of 120 based upon C9 fraction Molecular weight of 120 based upon C9 molecular weight of components Molecular weight of 40 based upon average Chron - refers to chronic effect not otherwise listed; commonly includes target organ toxicity such as liver and kidney effects listed; commonly includes target organ toxicity such as liver and kidney Chron - refers to chronic effect not otherwise RfD based upon oral data Inhalation or dermal LOAEL/NOAEL or mg/m Original data given in ppm, converted to the following conversion: using SAT reports are generated by the OPPT Structure-Activity Team to predict toxicity based on analog data and/or structure-activity considerations. Structure-Activity Team to predict toxicity based on analog data and/or structure-activity SAT reports are generated by the OPPT Available LD50's given only for those chemicals for which no other toxicity information was found Available LD50's given only for those chemicals NOAEL based upon subacute study Molecular weight of 140 based upon average molecular weight of components Molecular weight of 140 based upon average For rats: ppm in diet x 0.05 = mg/kg/day Fatty acids refers to: Fatty acids, with diethanolamine i j k l f g h c d e a b 2-48 2.3 HUMAN HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION ) in the y. s on the esters -GRAS-294. rial Medicine. heets and o vapors of inhalation dam Appl ats. Fundam Sprague-Dawley not reviewed. conducted between February mutagenicity studies on nonoxynol-9 and -30. in vitro Appl Toxicol 15(1):53-62. Kensington, MD: Bionetics, Inc. NTIS PB245450/2. studies. Fund Appl Toxicol 9:222-225. Toxicol 4:612-617. (DBE) (final Report) with attachments and cover letter dated 032792. Performed by Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology Indust Washington DC: Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. EPA. EPA Doc. No. 88-920001533. Rat. Bio/dynamics Inc. Project No. 78-7092B. Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc Stoddard solvent. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 32:282-297. rats. Fund Appl Toxicol 2:73-76. letter dated 061289 (sanitized). Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., 7pp. Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol. 45. Lyon, France: IARC. Pharmacol Toxicol 62:235-238. 13. Meyer O, Haubro Anderson P, Hansen EV, Larsen JC. 1988. Teratogenicity and 12. MacKenzie K, Henwood S, Foster G, et al. 1990. Three-generation reproduction study with dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate in r 11. Litton Bionetics, Inc. 1974. Mutagenic Evaluation of Compound FDA 71-56, Propylene Glycol. Report No. LBI-2446-294, FDABF 10. Lee KP, Chromey NC, Culik R, et al. 1987. Toxicity of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP): Teratogenic, subchronic, and two-year 5. Exxon. 1980. TSCA sec 8(e) submission 8EHQ-1079-0312 follow up. A 12 Week Inhalation Toxicity Study of MRD-78-26 (Isopar C 3.4. Condie LW, et al. 1988. Oral toxicity studies with xylene isomers and mixed xylenes. Drug Chem Toxicol 11:329-354. E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company. 1985. FYI-OTS-0885-0433 INIT. Inhalation reproduction study in rats exposed to dibasic 2. Carpenter CP, Kinkead ER, Geary DL, et al. 1975. Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies. III. Animal and human responses t 6. Hazleton. 1989. Hazleton Laboratories. 86-890000466S. A 91-day subchronic percutaneous toxicity with attachments, cover s 7. IARC. 1989. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Occupational Exposures in Petroleum Refining. In: IARC Monograph 8.9. Ingram AJ, et al. 1978. Short-term toxicity study of sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) in rats. Food Cosmet Toxicol 16(6):535. Landy TD, Yano BL. 1984. Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether: a 13-week inhalation toxicity study in rats and rabbits. Fun 1. Becci PJ, Knickerbocker MJ, Reagan EI, et al. 1982. Teratogenicity study of N-methylpyrrolidone after dermal application to 14. Mirkova E, et al. 1983. Prenatal toxicity of xylene. J Hyg Epidem Microb Immun 27337-343. The following references (with the exception of Nos. 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, and 32) were developed from online database searches * and May 1995. The toxicity data from these references are reported in Table 2-3 most cases the primary were 2-49 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Rats and ti, OH: dministered ary of ary of ary of Prevention activity, of ate (CAS no. 14:315-334. cinogenic studies mice. Technical Report Series No. 20. U.S. Department of Health and Human 1 9005-64-5) in Sprague-Dawley (CD:) rats on gestational days 6 through 15. NTIS Technical Report (NTIS/PB93-123800); 130pp. and Toxics. Washington, DC. Medicine. Medicine. Medicine. in F344 rats. Eisei Shikensho Hokoku 106:66-72. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health Assessment, U.S. EPA. Services. Topically and in Drinking Water to F344/N Rats B6C3F Dowanol-PnB in the rat: 14-day study. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics., U.S. EPA, Washington, DC., 82 pp. B6C3F1 Mice (gavage Studies). Research Triangle Park, NC: NTP. NTP TR 347. 20. RTECS. 1993. Registry of Toxic Effects Chemical Substances. MEDLARS Online Information Retrieval System, National Libr 27.28. TSCA §4 Study: 90-day dermal toxicity study. 29. Gingell R, et al. 1996. Toxicity of diethylene glycol butyl ether. Occupational Hygiene 2:293-302. U.S. EPA. 1994. Environmental Protection Agency. Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables. Annual Update. Cincinna 26. U.S. EPA. 1991. U.S Environmental Protection Agency. RM1 Report on C9 Aromatic Hydrocarbon Fraction. Office of Pollution 21. RTECS. 1994. Registry of Toxic Effects Chemical Substances. MEDLARS Online Information Retrieval System, National Libr 22. RTECS. 1995. Registry of Toxic Effects Chemical Substances. MEDLARS Online Information Retrieval System, National Libr 23. Shimoji N, Matsushima Y, Imaida K, et al. 1988. Subchronic oral toxicity of potassium pyrophosphate prior to long term car 24.25. SIDS Initial Assessment Profile. Smyth HF, Jr., Calandra JC. 1969. Toxicologic studies of alkylphenol polyoxyethylene surfactants. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 18.19. Powers KA, Beasley VR. 1985. Toxicological aspects of linalool: a review. Vet Hum Toxicol 27:484-486. Price CJ, George JD, Marr MC, et al. 1992. Final Report on the developmental toxicity of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaur 16. NTP. 1990. National Toxicology Program. and Carcinogenesis Studies of d-Limonene (CAS No. 5989-27-5) in F344/N 15. Notox. 1987. Toxicology Research and Consultancy C.V. 86-890001253. Assessment of the oral toxicity, including hemolytic 17. NTP. 1992. National Toxicology Program. NTP Technical Report on Studies of Diethanolamine (CAS no. 111-42-2) A 2-50 2.3 HUMAN HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION m er (50B) in er dated 081092. TSCATS/431537. EPA/OTS Doc # 88-920006788. decylbenzenesulfonate. J Am Col Toxicol 12:279-309. Rabbits. Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. EPA. Doc #86-890001219. 32.33. No information found in sources searched. Bio/Dynamics, Inc. 1992. Initial Submission: Ethoxylated alcohol C12-15: Acute oral toxicity study in rats with cover lett 31. Zondlo MM. 1993. Final report on the safety assessment of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate/TEA-dodecylbenzenesulfonate/sodiu 30. U.S. EPA. Date not given. 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KH[DQH7KHORZHVWFKURQLFYDOXHIRUQKH[DQHLVPJ/IRUILVKDQGWKHORZHVWFKURQLFYDOXH IRUHWK\OF\FORKH[DQHLV PJ/IRUILVK 1DSKWKD6ROYHQWV 7KHPRQRPHUVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHYDULRXVQDSKWKDPL[WXUHVLQFOXGHOLQHDUDQGEUDQFKHG SDUDIILQVF\FOLFSDUDIILQVDQGDURPDWLFVVXFKDVQDSKWKDOHQH7KHFDUERQFKDLQOHQJWKVYDU\IURP SURGXFWWRSURGXFWDQGVSDQWKHUDQJHIURPWR 2-53 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Table 2-5. Estimated Aquatic Toxicity Values of Blanket Wash Chemicals Based on SAR Analysis (mg/L) ChemicalAcute Toxicity Acute Toxicity Chronic Toxicity Concern Concen- Fish Invert Algal Fish Invert Algal tration Alcohols, C12 -C 15 , ethoxylated 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.01 Benzene, 1,2,4-trimethyl 0.97 1.2 0.84 0.17 0.15 0.28 0.02 Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl 2.6 2.6 0.007 0.4 0.4 0.005 0.001 Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, compounds with 2.6 2.6 30.0 0.4 0.3 10.0 0.03 2-aminoethanol Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-,compounds with 2.6 2.6 0.007 0.4 0.4 0.005 0.001 2-propanamine Benzenesulfonic acid, (tetrapropenyl)-, 2.6 2.6 0.007 0.4 0.4 0.005 0.001 compounds with 2-propanamine Benzenesulfonic acid, C10 -C 16 -alkyl derivatives, 0.75 0.75 0.002 0.12 0.12 0.001 0.001 compounds with 2-propanamine Butyrolactone 140 >1000 >1000 14 >100 >100 1.4 Cumene 2.1 2.6 1.8 0.37 0.28 0.48 0.03 Diethanolamine >1000 220 130 >100 22 12.8 1.3 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether >1000 >1000 860 140 40 40 4.0 Dimethyl adipate 140 >1000 11 14 >100 8.4 0.84 Dimethyl glutarate 245 >1000 18 24 >100 13.6 1.4 Dimethyl succinate 165 >1000 12.5 16 >100 9.3 0.9 Dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether 400 410 250 50 17 19 1.7 Dipropylene glycol methyl ether >1000 >1000 >1000 184 149 877 14.9 Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated, middle 1.8 2.2 1.5 0.31 0.23 0.38 0.02 Ethoxylated nonylphenol 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0011 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, tetrasodium salt 430 100 3.0 10.0 23.0 0.88 0.09 2 Fatty acids, C16 -C 18 methyl * * * **** esters Fatty acids, C16 -C 18 and C18 -unsatd, compounds 140 120 70 20 20 40 2.0 with diethanolamine Fatty acids, tall oil, compounds with 160 200 100 20 30 20 2.0 diethanolamine Hydrocarbons, terpene processing by-products 0.86 1.1 0.76 0.16 0.14 0.27 0.01 d-Limonene 0.81 1.0 0.72 0.15 0.14 0.27 0.01 Linalool 45 50 32 6.1 3.0 4.1 0.3 Mineral spirits (light hydrotreated) 1.8 2.2 1.5 0.31 0.23 0.38 0.02 N-Methylpyrrolidone 1000 1000 1000 100 370 260 30 Naptha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy * * * 0.006 0.013 0.03 0.001 Nerol 28 31 20 4.0 2.1 3.0 0.21 Oxirane, methyl, polymer with oxirane, 16 16 20 1.6 1.6 5.0 0.16 monodecyl ether 2-Pinanol 31 35 22 4.4 2.3 3.2 0.23 Pinols 170 180 112 21 8.5 10.0 0.85 Polyethoxylated isodecyloxypropylamine 13 13 13 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.13 Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), -hexyl-7-hydroxy 320 320 300 32 32 40 3.2 2-54 2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD INFORMATION ChemicalAcute Toxicity Acute Toxicity Chronic Toxicity Concern Concen- Fish Invert Algal Fish Invert Algal tration Propanoic acid, 3-ethoxy-, ethyl ester 60 650 4.7 6.0 70 3.5 0.35 Propylene glycol >1000 >1000 >1000 >100 >100 >100 >10 Propylene glycol monobutyl ether >1000 >1000 >1000 >100 >100 >100 >100 Sodium bis(ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate 3 3 3 5 5 3 0.05 Sodium hydroxide >1000 >1000 >1000 >100 >100 >100 >10 Sodium xylene sulfonate >1000 >1000 >1000 >100 >100 >100 >10 Solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aromatic 0.6 0.77 0.55 0.12 0.12 0.23 0.012 Solvent naphtha (petroleum), light aliphatic 3.3 3.9 2.6 0.53 0.36 0.58 0.036 Solvent naphtha (petroleum), light aromatic 5.5 6.5 4.4 0.88 0.59 0.93 0.059 Solvent naphtha (petroleum), medium aliphatic * * * 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.001 Sorbitan, mono-9-octadecenoate 20 20 20 3350.3 Sorbitan, monododecanoate, poly(oxy-1,2- 20 20 20 3330.3 ethanediyl) derivatives Sorbitan, monolaurate 11 20 0.93 2 3 0.69 0.07 Sorbitan, tri-9-octadecenoate, poly(oxy-1,2- 20 20 20 3330.3 ethanediyl) derivatives Soybean oil, methyl ester * * * **** Soybean oil, polymerized, oxidized * * * **** Stoddard solvent 1.8 2.2 1.5 0.31 0.23 0.38 0.02 Tall oil, special * * * **** -Terpineol 33 37 24 4.7 2.4 3.3 0.24 Terpinolene 0.81 1.0 0.72 0.15 0.14 0.26 0.014 Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate >100 >100 <1.0 >10 >10 0.06 0.006 Xylene 3.5 4.1 2.8 0.57 0.40 0.64 0.04 nylphenol. Evidence suggests that nonylphenol may be an 1 There is a concern that this chemical may degrade to no endocrine disrupter. Until such time as conclusive evidence resolves this issue, the concern concentration is set at 0.001 mg/L. 2 * = No effects expected in a saturated solution during prescribed exposure period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able 2-6. Environmental Hazard Ranking of Blanket Wash Chemicals 1 Lowest Hazard Rank Chemical CAS Number Chronic Value (mg/L) Ethoxylated nonylphenol various given H2 Benzenesulfonic acid, C10 -C 16 -alkyl derivatives, 68584-24-7 0.001 H compounds with 2-propanamine Solvent naphtha (petroleum), medium aliphatic 64742-88-7 0.001 H Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl- 27176-87-0 0.005 H Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl,(tetrapropenyl)-, 157966-96-6 0.005 H compounds with 2-propanamine Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, compounds with 26264-05-1 0.005 H 2-propanamine Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy 64742-48-9 0.006 H Alcohols, C12 -C 15 , ethoxylated 68131-39-5 0.1 H Solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aromatic 64742-94-5 0.12 M Hydrocarbons, terpene processing by-products 68956-56-0 0.14 M d-Limonene 5989-27-55 0.140 M Terpinolene 586-62-95 0.140 M Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate 7320-34-57 0.140 M Benzene, 1,2,4-trimethyl 95-63-69 0.150 M Stoddard solvent 8052-41-38 0.230 M Mineral spirits, light hydrotreated 64742-47-8 0.23 M Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated. middle 64742-46-7 0.23 M Cumene 98-82-8 0.28 M 2-56 2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD INFORMATION Lowest Hazard Rank Chemical CAS Number Chronic Value (mg/L) Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, compounds with 26836-07-7 0.30 M 2-aminoethanol Solvent naphtha (petroleum), light aliphatic 64742-89-8 0.36 M Xylene 1330-20-7 0.4 M Sodium bis(ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate 577-11-7 0.5 M Solvent naphtha (petroleum), light aromatic 64742-95-6 0.59 M Sorbitan, monolaurate 5959-89-7 0.69 M Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, tetrasodium 64-02-8 0.88 M salt Polyethoxylated isodecyloxypropylamine 68478-95-5 1.3 M Oxirane, methyl, polymer with oxirane, 37251-67-5 1.6 M monodecyl ether Nerol 106-25-2 2.1 M 2-Pinanol 473-54-1 2.3 M -Terpineol 98-55-5 2,4 M Sorbitan, mono-9-octadecenoate 1338-43-8 3.0 M Linalool 78-70-6 3.0 M Sorbitan, tri-9-octadecenoate, poly(oxy-1,2- 9005-70-3 3.0 M ethanediyl) derivatives Sorbitan, monododecanoate, poly(oxy-1,2- 9005-64-5 3.0 M ethanediyl) derivatives Propanoic acid, 3-ethoxy-, ethyl ester 763-69-9 3.5 M Dimethyl adipate 627-93-0 8.4 M Pinols 72402-00-7 8.5 M Dimethyl succinate 106-65-0 9.3 M Diethanolamine 111-42-2 13 L Dimethyl glutarate 1119-40-0 13 L Butyrolactone 96-48-0 14 L Dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether 29911-28-2 17 L Propylene glycol monobutyl ether 5131-66-8 20 L Fatty acids, C16 -C 18 , compounds with 68002-82-4 20 L diethanolamine Fatty acids, tall oil, compounds with 61790-69-0 20 L diethanolamine Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), -hexyl- -hydroxy 31726-34-8 32 L Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 112-34-5 40 L Propylene glycol 57-55-6 100 L Sodium xylene sulfonate 1300-72-7 100 L 2-57 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION Lowest Hazard Rank Chemical CAS Number Chronic Value (mg/L) Sodium hydroxide 1310-73-2 100 L N-Methylpyrrolidone 872-50-4 100 L Dipropylene glycol methyl ether 34590-94-8 149 L Tall oil, special 68937-81-5 *3 L Fatty acids, C16 -C 18 , methyl esters 67762-38-3 * L Soybean oil, methyl esters 67784-80-9 * L Soybean oil, polymerized, oxidized 68152-81-8 * L 1 Ranking based on the lowest estimated chronic value; H = High, M = Moderate, L = Low. 2 There is a concern that this chemical may degrade to nonylphenol. Evidence suggests that nonylphenol may be an endocrine disrupter. Until such time as conclusive evidence resolves this issue, a "high" aquatic hazard ranking is automatically assigned whenever a compound contains nonylphenol. 3 * = No effects in a saturated solution during the prescribed test duration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able 2-7. Blanket Wash Use Cluster Chemicals Which Trigger Federal Environmental Regulationsa CAA 112B CWA 311 Hazardous SARA OSHAPE RQ Air CERCLA 313 L Chemical CAS# (lbs) Pollutant RQ (lbs) (TRI) (ppm) b RCRA Benzene, 1,2,4- trimethyl 95-63-6 X Cumene 98-82-8 X 5,000 X 50 U055 Diethanolamine 111-42-2 X X Ethylene glycol see below X X 100d ethersc Dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid 27176-87-0 1,000 1,000 N-Methylpyrrolidone 872-50-4 X Sodium 577-11-7 2e bis(ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate Sodium hydroxide 1310-73-2 1,000 1,000 2e Stoddard solvent 8052-41-3 100 Xylene 1330-20-7 1,000 X 1,000 X 100 U239 a See following pages for a description of each acronym and regulation. b Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) as an eight-hour Time Weighted Average concentration (ppm). c The generic chemical category Glycol ethers is listed as a CAA 112B Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) and on SARA 313 TRI. The only glycol ether found in these blanket washes that is considered a HAP is diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (CAS No. 112-34-5). The propylene glycol ethers are not included in the glycol ether category under this law and are not considered HAPs. d Dipropylene glycol methyl ether has a PEL of 100 ppm. e OSHA ceiling value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Acutely hazardous waste includes certain "F" listed wastes that do not apply to printers, and "P" listed wastes, none of which were identified as in use in the commercial lithographic industry. (See 40 CFR 261.31-33 for more information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able 2-8. Safety Hazard Factors for Blanket Wash Formulations 1 Formulation Number Reactivity Flammability Ignitability Corrosivity 100NN 3YN 4YN 5YN 6NN 702NN 8YN 9NN 10 N N 11 N N 12 Y N 14 N N 16 0 2 N N 17 N N 18 N N 19 022 2 N N 20 N N 21 Y N 22 N N 23 Y N 24 Y N 25 N N 26 N N 27 0 2 N N 28 0 2 Y N 29 N N 30 Y N 31 Y N 32 Y N N 33 Y N 34 Y N 35 Y N 36 Y N N 37 Y Y N 38 N N 2-66 2.6 SAFETY HAZARD BY FORMULATION Formulation Number Reactivity Flammability Ignitability Corrosivity 39 N N 40 N N 1A blank space in this table indicates that there was not enough information available to develop a Safety Hazard Factor ranking. 2Reactivity and flammability data values are for dipropylene glycol butoxy ether. References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hapter 3 Risk 7KLVFKDSWHUDGGUHVVHVWKHH[SRVXUHV DQGDVVRFLDWHGULVNVWKDWPD\UHVXOWIURP Chapter Contents XVLQJ WKH VXEVWLWXWH EODQNHW ZDVKHV 6HFWLRQ FRQWDLQV LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ 3.1 Environmental Release Estimates HQYLURQPHQWDOUHOHDVHV3RWHQWLDOUHOHDVHV 3.2 Occupational Exposure Estimates WRDLUDQGODQGDQGZDWHUDUHGLVFXVVHGIRU 3.3 General Population Exposure Estimates HDFKEODQNHWZDVK6HFWLRQH[DPLQHV 3.4 Risk Characterization SRWHQWLDO RFFXSDWLRQDO H[SRVXUHV 7KH 3.4.1 Background GHUPDO DQGLQKDODWLRQH[SRVXUHVWKDWFDQ 3.4.2 Ecological Risk RFFXUDVDUHVXOWRIZRUNLQJZLWKDEODQNHW 3.4.3 Occupational Risks ZDVKDUHSUHVHQWHG6HFWLRQDGGUHVVHV H[SRVXUHV IRU WKH JHQHUDO SRSXODWLRQ LH 3.4.4 General Population Risks SHRSOHQRWZRUNLQJLQWKHSULQWVKRS DQG 3.5 Process Safety Concerns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ir release Blanket wash to air and rags (160 gal/yr) Blanket wash Blanket wash Rags (Water or Purchased activity Land) 160 gal/yr Figure 3-1. Material Balance *HQHUDO IDFLOLW\ DVVXPSWLRQV ZHUH GHYHORSHG VSHFLILFDOO\ IRU WKH VFHQDULRV RI WKLV DVVHVVPHQW7KHVHDVVXPSWLRQVZHUHGHYHORSHGE\(3$LQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWK*DU\-RQHVRIWKH *UDSKLF$UWV7HFKQLFDO)RXQGDWLRQ *$7) DQGZHUHUHOHDVHGIRUUHYLHZGXULQJWKH(&%*$7) (QYLURQPHQWDO$IIDLUV&RQIHUHQFHKHOGLQ2DNEURRN,OOLQRLVLQ0DUFK 7KRVHDVVXPSWLRQV ZHUHDVIROORZV Assumption Value Number of presses per facility 1-19"x 26" Number of units per press 4 Number of times each blanket is washed per day 10 (40 total for the press)1 Number of hours per operating day 8 Number of operating days per year 250 Average amount of wash used per blanket 2 oz. Area of 1 blanket 3.4 ft2 Amount of blanket wash used per year 160 gallons 1 of draft results that washing the blanket 10 times Industry commentators noted during a later review per day may be high for this type of facility. If this assumption is high, using 10 blanket washes per day may overestimate exposures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ensity Vapor Pressure Example Formulation (g/cm3 ) Weight Percent (mmHg) Ethoxylated nonylphenol 0.8 42.9% <10-6 Solvent naphtha, heavy 0.87 33.3% 0.5 Propylene glycol monobutyl ether 0.89 19.0% <0.98 Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate 2.33 4.8% <10-6 a An industry reviewer commented that the 10-3 mm Hg cutoff may be low. This figure was developed by EPA's Health and Environmental Effects Division for the New Chemicals Review Program to be protective of human health. Below 10-3 mm Hg no further concern for inhalation risks is warranted. Above 10-3 mm Hg there may or may not be concerns. 3-3 CHAPTER 3: RISK ,QWKLVH[DPSOH & 7KHDYHUDJHGHQVLW\RIWKHEODQNHWZDVKLVJFP BBBJL BBB Q ZHLJKWIUDFWLRQL Q JIRUPXODWLRQ Q FP L ( ( ( , GHQVLW\L L BBBJ L BBB L J IRUPXODWLRQ FP L FP IRUPXODWLRQ 7KHUHFLSURFDORIWKLVYDOXHLVWKHDYHUDJHGHQVLW\ JIRUPXODWLRQ RIWKHEODQNHWZDVKLQJFP ,QWKLVH[DPSOHZHKDYH JFP > @ & 8VLQJWKHDYHUDJHGHQVLW\WKHWRWDOPDVVRIEODQNHWZDVKSHU\HDULVFDOFXODWHGWREH J\U & 7KHPDVVRIHDFKFKHPLFDOFRPSRQHQWLVFDOFXODWHGWKHYDSRUSUHVVXUHLVHYDOXDWHGWR GHWHUPLQHWKHUHOHDVHURXWHDQGWKHIROORZLQJUHOHDVHUDWHVDUHFDOFXODWHG Release to Release to Air* Water or Land Example Formulation (g/site/sec) (kg/site/yr) Ethoxylated nonylphenol 0 225.3 Solvent Naphtha, heavy 0.024 0 Propylene glycol monobutyl ether 0.014 0 Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate 0 25.2 Total: 0.038 251 250 days per year and 8 hours per day. The environmental * The time units for releases to air are calculated using releases for each blanket wash formulation are provided in Table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able 3-1. Environmental Releases: Lithographic Blanket Washes Environmental Releases Form. Air Water or Land Number Formulation** (g/sec) (kg/yr) 1 Fatty acid derivatives 0.062 0 Alkoxylated alcohols 0.014 0 3 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.021 0 Fatty acid derivatives 0 152 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.025 0 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 0 38 4 Terpenes 0.059 0 Ethoxylated nonylphenol 0 77 5 Water N/A N/A Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.021 0 Ethylene glycol ethers 0.010 0 Ethoxylated nonylphenol 0 50 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 0 30 Alkoxylated alcohols 0 15 Alkali/salts 0 5 6 Fatty acid derivatives 0 329 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.018 0 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.006 0 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 0 25 3-5 CHAPTER 3: RISK Environmental Releases Form. Air Water or Land Number Formulation** (g/sec) (kg/yr) 7 Terpenes 0.071 0 Ethoxylated nonylphenol 0 15 Alkoxylated alcohols 0 15 8 Water N/A N/A Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.018 0 Propylene glycol ethers 0.012 0 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 0 91 Ethoxylated nonylphenol 0 43 Alkoxylated alcohols 0 13 Alkali/salts 0 4 9 Fatty acid derivatives 0 405 Water N/A N/A Ethoxylated nonylphenol 0 15 10 Fatty acid derivatives 0 140 Water N/A N/A 11 Fatty acid derivatives 0 249 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.028 0 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.005 0 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 0 23 12 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.033 0 Water N/A N/A 14 Fatty acid derivatives 0 54 Propylene glycol ethers 0.008 0 Water N/A N/A 16 Terpenes 0.075 0 17 Ethoxylated nonylphenol 0 11 Glycols 0.002 0 Fatty acid derivatives 0 5 Alkali/salts 0 3 Water N/A N/A 18 Fatty acid derivatives 0 225 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.022 0 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.005 0 Dibasic esters 0.009 0 Esters/lactones 0.003 0 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 0 23 19 Fatty acid derivatives 0 182 Propylene glycol ethers 0.051 0 Water N/A N/A 20 Water N/A N/A Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.010 0 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.007 0 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 0 25 3-6 3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASE ESTIMATES Environmental Releases Form. Air Water or Land Number Formulation** (g/sec) (kg/yr) 21 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.014 0 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.021 0 Fatty acid derivatives 0 257 22 Fatty acid derivatives 0 288 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.017 0 Water N/A N/A 23 Terpenes 0.034 0 Nitrogen heterocyclics 0.021 0 Alkoxylated alcohols 0.021 0 Water N/A N/A 24 Terpenes 0.013 0 Ethylene glycol ethers 0.003 0 Ethoxylated nonylphenol 0 23 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 0 35 Alkali/salts 0 23 Water N/A N/A 25 Terpenes 0.072 0 Esters/lactones 0.003 0 26 Fatty acid derivatives 0 604 Esters/lactones 0 256 27 Terpenes 0.12 0 28 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.059 0 29 Fatty acid derivatives 0 533 30 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.049 0 Propylene glycol ethers 0.008 0 Water N/A N/A 31 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.010 0 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.058 0 32 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.066 0 33 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.018 0 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.018 0 Propylene glycol ethers 0.004 0 Water N/A N/A 34 Water N/A N/A Terpenes 0.015 0 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.012 0 Alkoxylated alcohols 0 42 Fatty acid derivatives 0 42 35 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.010 0 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.058 0 36 Fatty acid derivatives 0 376 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.013 0 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.007 0 Propylene glycol ethers 0.003 0 3-7 CHAPTER 3: RISK Environmental Releases Form. Air Water or Land Number Formulation** (g/sec) (kg/yr) 37 Water N/A N/A Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.034 0 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.003 0 38 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.048 0 Alkoxylated alcohols 0.012 0 Fatty acid derivatives 0 0 39 Water N/A N/A Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.015 0 Propylene glycol ethers 0.008 0 Alkanolamine 0 17 Ethylene glycol ethers 0.004 0 40 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.009 0 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.012 0 Fatty acid derivatives 0 346 Ethoxylated nonylphenol 0 22 **Formulation compositions were adjusted to equal 100 percent. N/A - Not applicable 3.2 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE ESTIMATES ,QKDODWLRQDQGGHUPDOH[SRVXUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKOLWKRJUDSK\EODQNHWZDVKFKHPLFDOVDQG WKHPHWKRGRORJ\DVVXPSWLRQVDQGXQFHUWDLQWLHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHHVWLPDWHVDUHGLVFXVVHG EHORZ7KHVFHQDULRGHVFULEHGEHORZZDVPRGHOOHGWRDVVHVVLQKDODWLRQDQGGHUPDOH[SRVXUHVIRU ZRUNHUVDWWKHVHVKRSV7DEOHSUHVHQWVWKHLQKDODWLRQDQGGHUPDOH[SRVXUHVIRUOLWKRJUDSKLF EODQNHWZDVKHV Table 3-2. Inhalation and Dermal Exposures: Lithographic Blanket Washes Inhalation Form. Exposure23 Dermal Exposure Number Formulation1 (mg/day) (mg/day) 1 Fatty acid derivatives 0.23 1,100-3,300 Alkoxylated alcohols 0.026 200-590 3 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 7.2 730-2,200 Fatty acid derivatives negligible 390-1,200 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 14.8 121-360 Alkyl benzene sulfonates negligible 61-180 4 Terpenes 74 1,100-3,400 Ethoxylated nonylphenol negligible 159-480 3-8 3.2 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE ESTIMATES Inhalation Form. Exposure23 Dermal Exposure Number Formulation1 (mg/day) (mg/day) 5 Water N/A N/A Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.54 340-1,000 Ethylene glycol ethers 0.010 170-510 Ethoxylated nonylphenol negligible 100-300 Alkyl benzene sulfonates negligible 54-162 Alkoxylated alcohols negligible 27-81 Alkali/ salts negligible 7-20 6 Fatty acid derivatives negligible 910-2,700 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 5.4 290-880 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.82 58-180 Alkyl benzene sulfonates negligible 37-110 7 Terpenes 2.42 1,225-3,750 Ethoxylated nonylphenol negligible 37-110 Alkoxylated alcohols negligible 37-110 8 Water N/A N/A Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.52 290-870 Propylene glycol ethers 0.67 180-530 Alkyl benzene sulfonate negligible 196-580 Ethoxylated nonylphenol negligible 87-260 Alkoxylated alcohols negligible 23-70 Alkali/ salts negligible 6-17 9 Fatty acid derivatives negligible 990-3,000 Water N/A N/A Ethoxylated nonylphenol negligible 25-76 10 Fatty acid derivatives negligible 270-820 Water N/A N/A 11 Fatty acid derivatives negligible 670-2,000 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 7.5 540-1,600 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.63 54-160 Alkyl benzene sulfonates negligible 34-100 12 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 1.68 650-1,960 Water N/A N/A 14 Fatty acids derivatives negligible 98-290 Propylene glycol ethers 0.009 98-290 Water N/A N/A 16 Terpenes 2.55 1300-4000 17 Ethoxylated nonylphenol negligible 23-68 Propylene glycol 0.008 23-68 Fatty acid derivatives negligible 11-34 Alkali/ salts negligible 6-17 Water N/A N/A 3-9 CHAPTER 3: RISK Inhalation Form. Exposure23 Dermal Exposure Number Formulation1 (mg/day) (mg/day) 18 Fatty acid derivatives negligible 640-1,900 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 5.8 430-1,300 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.62 57-170 Dibasic esters 0.194 108-330 Esters/lactones 0.68 36-110 Alkyl benzene sulfonates negligible 36-110 19 Fatty acid derivatives negligible 100-290 Propylene glycol ethers 0.021 260-780 Water N/A N/A 20 Water N/A N/A Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.36 130-400 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.12 100-300 Alkyl benzene sulfonates negligible 33-100 21 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 2.2 260-780 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 7.1 390-1,200 Fatty acid derivatives negligible 650-2,000 22 Fatty acid derivatives negligible 720-2,100 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.73 260-780 Water N/A N/A 23 Terpenes 0.83 92-280 Nitrogen heterocyclics 0.037 57-170 Alkoxylated alcohols 0.001 57-170 Water N/A N/A 24 Terpenes 2.3 210-620 Ethylene glycol ethers 0.002 52-160 Ethoxylated nonylphenol negligible 52-160 Alkyl benzene sulfonates negligible 78-230 Alkali/salts negligible 52-160 Water N/A N/A 25 Terpenes 2.11 1,248-3,840 Esters/lactones 2.4 52-160 26 Fatty acid derivatives negligible 1,219-3,758 Esters/lactones negligible 45-135 27 Terpenes 4.69 1,300-3,900 28 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 240 1,300-3,900 29 Fatty acid derivatives negligible 1,300-3,900 30 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 1.9 910-2,700 Propylene glycol ethers 0.026 130-390 Water N/A N/A 31 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.88 200-590 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 11 1,100-3,300 32 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 24 1,300-3,900 3-10 3.2 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE ESTIMATES Inhalation Form. Exposure23 Dermal Exposure Number Formulation1 (mg/day) (mg/day) 33 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.93 310-920 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.44 310-920 Propylene glycol ethers 0.068 34-100 Water N/A N/A 34 Water N/A N/A Terpenes 3.3 230-680 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.56 170-510 Alkoxylated alcohols negligible 85-250 Fatty acid derivatives negligible 85-250 35 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 11 200-590 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.88 1,100-3,300 36 Fatty acid derivatives negligible 900-2,700 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 4.1 230-680 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 1.0 110-340 Propylene glycol ethers 0.37 57-170 37 Water N/A N/A Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 1.67 625-1,840 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.064 32-97 38 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 10 980-2,900 Alkoxylated alcohols 0.022 200-590 Fatty acid derivatives negligible 130-390 39 Water N/A N/A Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 0.60 220-670 Propylene glycol ethers 0.31 110-330 Alkanolamines negligible 30-89 Ethylene glycol ethers 0.003 52-160 40 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 1.4 130-380 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 4.0 190-570 Fatty acid derivatives negligible 950-2,800 Ethoxylated nonylphenol negligible 38-110 adjusted to equal 100 percent. 1 Formulation compositions were 2 The inhalation exposures are based on a "what if" scenario. 3 The dermal exposures are bounding estimates and assume that no gloves or barrier creams are used by the workers. 4 In situations where the chemical is corrosive (e.g., sodium hydroxide), dermal exposure to workers using the appropriate gloves is zero. Negligible - Inhalation exposures to chemicals with vapor pressures <10-3 mmHg were assumed negligible. 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ange Adjusted* 35-45% 42.9% Ethoxylated nonylphenol 25-35% 33.3% Solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aromatic 15-20% 19.0% Propylene glycol monobutyl ether 0-5% 4.8% Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate 75-105% 100% Total * In cases where the maximum range values of the chemical compositions did not add up to 100%, the values were adjusted to 100%. 7KHGLIIXVLYLW\LVFDOFXODWHGXVLQJ(TXDWLRQDVIROORZV 7KHIROORZLQJYDOXHVDUHREWDLQHGIURPWKH%DVLF&KHPLFDO'DWD5HSRUWIRUVROYHQWQDSKWKD SHWUROHXP KHDY\DURPDWLF 7 . 0 JPRO 3W DWP 2 Dab = 0.085 cm /sec 3-15 CHAPTER 3: RISK 8VLQJWKHDERYHYDOXHIRUGLIIXVLYLW\WKHYRODWLOL]DWLRQUDWHFDQEHFDOFXODWHGXVLQJ(TXDWLRQDV IROORZV % ZKHUH 0 JPRO 3 L PP+J ;L PROHIUDFWLRQ 5 PP+J#PPRO #. 7 . 'DE FP VHF Y] IWPLQ PVHF ] LQ P 2# Gi = 0.0053 g/m sec 8VLQJWKLVYDOXHIRU*L WKHH[SRVXUHPD\EHFDOFXODWHGXVLQJ(TXDWLRQDVIROORZV ZKHUH * JP#VHF $ LQ P W PLQ VHFGD\ I = 3.9 mg/day 8VLQJWKHVDPHPHWKRGIRUHDFKFKHPLFDOLQWKH([DPSOH)RUPXODWLRQWKHIROORZLQJUHVXOWVDUH REWDLQHG Chemical Inhalation Rate Ethoxylated nonylphenol Negligible Solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aromatic 3.9 mg/day Propylene glycol monobutyl ether 4.3 mg/day Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate Negligible 3-16 3.2 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE ESTIMATES 0HWKRGRORJ\'HUPDO([SRVXUHV 'HUPDOH[SRVXUHLVFDXVHGE\FRQWDFWZLWKDPDWHULDO)RUWKHEODQNHWSUHVVRSHUDWRUV FRQWDFWZLWKWKHPDWHULDOLQFOXGHVWRXFKLQJWKHGDPSUDJVDQGPDQXDOO\DSSO\LQJWKHUDJVWRWKH EODQNHWWRUHPRYHLQN5RXWLQHFRQWDFWZLWKWZRKDQGVZDVPRGHOHGIRUWKHGHUPDOH[SRVXUH DVVHVVPHQW 7KHGHUPDOFRQWDFWPRGHO ZDVXVHGWRFDOFXODWHGHUPDOH[SRVXUHHVWLPDWHVIRUEODQNHW ZDVKLQJDFWLYLWLHVE\DGMXVWLQJWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKHFKHPLFDOLQWKHPL[WXUH7KLVPRGHO SURYLGHV ERXQGLQJ HVWLPDWHV DQG DVVXPHV WKDW QR JORYHV RU EDUULHU FUHDPV DUH XVHG E\ WKH ZRUNHUV,QVLWXDWLRQVZKHUHWKHFKHPLFDOLVFRUURVLYH HJVRGLXPK\GUR[LGH GHUPDOH[SRVXUH WRZRUNHUVXVLQJWKHDSSURSULDWHJORYHVLVQHJOLJLEOH$OVRIRURWKHUFKHPLFDOVLIWKHDSSURSULDWH JORYHVDUHZRUQH[SRVXUHWRZRUNHUVZLOOEHQHJOLJLEOH $VVXPSWLRQVXVHGLQWKHGHUPDOPRGHO LQFOXGH & 7KH FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI WKH FKHPLFDOV LQ WKH PL[WXUH DUH FRQVWDQW LH QR HYDSRUDWLRQ WKURXJKRXWWKHWLPHRIDEVRUSWLRQ & 1RGHUPDOSURWHFWLRQDGPLQLVWUDWLYHZRUNSUDFWLFHRURWKHUFRQWUROVDUHXVHGWR OLPLWGHUPDOH[SRVXUH & 7KHVXUIDFHDUHDRIWZRKDQGVLVFP & 7KHDPRXQWWKDWLVDFWXDOO\DEVRUEHGLVQRWGHWHUPLQHG & 7KHTXDQWLW\UHPDLQLQJRQWKHKDQGLVPJFP DQG & $VLQJOHFRQWDFWZLWKWKHFKHPLFDOUHVXOWVLQH[SRVXUHIRUDFRPSOHWHZRUNGD\ 7KDW LV WKH GXUDWLRQ RI H[SRVXUH LV HVWLPDWHG DW KRXUV RU ORQJHU EXW LW LV DVVXPHGWKHZRUNHUZDVKHVXSDWPHDOWLPHDQGLIWKHGXUDWLRQLVUHSRUWHGIRUD IXOOGD\WKHSRWHQWLDOGRVHVKRXOGWRWDORQO\WKHHVWLPDWHIRUDVLQJOHFRQWDFW 6DPSOH&DOFXODWLRQ'HUPDO([SRVXUHV 8VLQJWKH([DPSOH)RUPXODWLRQ (WKR[\ODWHGQRQ\OSKHQRO $GMXVWHGZHLJKW 7KHGHUPDOH[SRVXUHWREODQNHWZDVKHVIRUURXWLQHGHUPDOFRQWDFW KDQGV LV WR PJGD\ HJPJFP [FP GD\ 7KHGHUPDOH[SRVXUHWRHWKR[\ODWHGQRQ\OSKHQROLV RIWKHWRWDOEODQNHWZDVK H[SRVXUHRUWRPJGD\ 3-17 CHAPTER 3: RISK 8VLQJWKHVDPHPHWKRGIRUHDFKFKHPLFDOLQWKH([DPSOH)RUPXODWLRQWKHIROORZLQJUHVXOWV DUHREWDLQHG Chemical Dermal Exposure Ethoxylated nonylphenol 560 to 1,700 mg/day Solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aromatic 430 to 1,300 mg/day Propylene glycol monobutyl ether 250 to 740 mg/day Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate 62 to 190 mg/day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c A "what-if scenario" is a scenario developed to assess potential exposure under a set of hypothetical conditions or under a set of conditions for which actual exposure parameter data are incomplete or nonexistent. 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Single Facility 100 Meter Air Concentrations and Residential Population Potential Dose Rates 1 100 Meter Annual Form. Chemical Components Concentration Pot. Dose LADD Number (µg/m3 ) (mg/year) (mg/kg/day) 1 Fatty acid derivatives 10 80 3 x 10-3 Alkoxylated alcohols 3 20 8 x 10-4 3 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 4 30 1 x 10-3 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, aromatic 4.2 28.7 1.29 x 10-3 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 4 Terpenes 10 70 3 x 10-3 Ethoxylated nonylphenol 5 Water Hydrocarbons, aromatic 4 30 1 x 10-3 Ethylene glycol ethers 2 10 5 x 10-4 Ethoxylated nonylphenol Alkyl benzene sulfonates Alkoxylated alcohols Alkali/salts 6 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 3 20 9 x 10-4 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 1 7 3 x 10-4 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 7 Terpenes 12 95 4.5 x 10-3 Ethoxylated nonylphenol Alkoxylated alcohols 8 Water Hydrocarbons, aromatic 3 20 9 x 10-4 Propylene glycol ethers 2 20 6 x 10-4 Alkyl benzene sulfonates Ethoxylated nonylphenol Alkoxylated alcohols Alkali/salts 9 Fatty acid derivatives Water Ethoxylated nonylphenol 10 Fatty acid derivatives Water 11 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 5 40 1 x 10-3 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 9 x 10-1 7 3 x 10-4 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 12 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 5.9 47 1.3 x 10-3 14 Fatty acid derivatives Propylene glycol ethers 1 9 4 x 10-4 16 Terpenes 12.5 100 4.6 x 10-3 3-22 3.3 GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE ESTIMATES 100 Meter Annual Form. Chemical Components Concentration Pot. Dose LADD Number (µg/m3 ) (mg/year) (mg/kg/day) 17 Ethoxylated nonylphenol Glycols 5 x 10-1 4 1 x 10 -4 Fatty acid derivatives Alkali/salts Water 18 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 4 30 1 x 10-3 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 9 x 10-1 7 3 x 10-4 Dibasic esters 1.8 12 6 x 10-4 Esters/lactones 6 x 10-1 4 2 x 10-4 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 19 Fatty acid derivatives Propylene glycol ethers 9 70 3 x 10-3 20 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 2 10 5 x 10-4 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 1 9 3 x 10-4 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 21 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 3 20 7 x 10-4 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 4 30 1 x 10-3 Fatty acid derivatives 22 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, aromatic 3 20 9 x 10-4 23 Terpenes 6 40 2 x 10-3 Nitrogen heterocyclics 4 301 x 10-3 Alkoxylated alcohols 4 30 1 x 10-3 24 Terpenes 2 20 7 x 10-4 Ethylene glycol ethers 6 x 10-1 42 x 10-4 Ethoxylated nonylphenol Alkyl benzene sulfonates Alkali/salts 25 Terpenes 12.3 93 4.4 x 10-3 Esters/lactones 6 x 10-1 4 2 x 10-4 26 Fatty acid derivatives Esters/lactones 27 Terpenes 21 140 6.3 x 10-3 28 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 10 70 3 x 10-3 29 Fatty acid derivatives 30 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 9 60 2 x 10-3 Propylene glycol ethers 1 104 x 10-4 31 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 2 10 5 x 10-4 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 10 70 3 x 10-3 32 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 10 90 3 x 10-3 33 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 3 20 9 x 10-4 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 3 20 9 x 10-4 Propylene glycol ethers 6 x 10-1 4 2 x 10-4 3-23 CHAPTER 3: RISK 100 Meter Annual Form. Chemical Components Concentration Pot. Dose LADD Number (µg/m3 ) (mg/year) (mg/kg/day) 34 Water Terpenes 3 20 7 x 10-4 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 2 20 6 x 10-4 Alkoxylated alcohols Fatty acid derivatives 35 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 2 10 5 x 10-4 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 10 70 3 x 10-3 36 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 2 20 7 x 10-4 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 1 8 3 x 10-4 Propylene glycol ethers 6 x 10-1 4 2 x 10-4 37 Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 12 80 4 x 10-3 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 5 40 1 x 10-3 38 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 8 60 2 x 10-3 Alkoxylated alcohols 2 20 6 x 10-4 Fatty acid derivatives 39 Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 3 20 7 x 10-4 Propylene glycol ethers 1 10 4 x 10-4 Alkanolamines Ethylene glycol ethers 7 x 10-1 5 2 x 10-4 40 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 2 10 5 x 10-4 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 2 20 6 x 10-4 Fatty acid derivatives Ethoxylated nonylphenol 1 A blank space in the table indicates that there were no air releases for the chemical because the chemical would not evaporate readily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able 3-4. Denver Average Air Concentrations and Residential Population Potential Dose Rates1 100 Meter Annual Form. Chemical Components Concentration Pot. Dose LADD Number (µg/m3 ) (mg/year) (mg/kg/day) 1 Fatty acid derivatives 1 9 3 x 10-4 Alkoxylated alcohols 4 x 10 -1 3 1 x 10-4 3 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 6 x 10 -1 4 2 x 10-4 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, aromatic 6.5 x 10-1 5 1.45 x 10-4 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 4 Terpenes 1 8 3 x 10-4 Ethoxylated nonylphenol 5 Water Hydrocarbons, aromatic 6 x 10-1 4 2 x 10-4 Ethylene glycol ethers 2 x 10-1 1 6 x 10-5 Ethoxylated nonylphenol Alkyl benzene sulfonates Alkoxylated alcohols Alkali/salts 6 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 5 x 10-1 4 1 x 10-4 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 2 x 10-1 1 6 x 10-5 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 7 Terpenes 1.72 12.6 4.56 x 10-4 Ethoxylated nonylphenol Alkoxylated alcohols 8 Water Hydrocarbons, aromatic 5 x 10-1 4 1 x 10-4 Propylene glycol ethers 3 x 10-1 2 9 x 10-5 Alkyl benzene sulfonates Ethoxylated nonylphenol Alkoxylated alcohols Alkali/salts 9 Fatty acid derivatives Water Ethoxylated nonylphenol 10 Fatty acid derivatives Water 11 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 8 x 10-1 6 2 x 10-4 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 1 x 10-1 7 x 10 -1 3 x 10-5 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 12 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 9 x 10-1 6.7 2.3 x 10 -4 14 Fatty acid derivatives Propylene glycol ethers 2 x 10-1 1 6 x 10 -5 16 Terpenes 1.89 13.3 5.2 x 10-4 3-25 CHAPTER 3: RISK 100 Meter Annual Form. Chemical Components Concentration Pot. Dose LADD Number (µg/m3 ) (mg/year) (mg/kg/day) 17 Ethoxylated nonylphenol Glycols 4 x 10-2 3 x 10 -1 1 x 10 -5 Fatty acid derivatives Alkali/salts Water 18 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 6 x 10-1 4 2 x 10-4 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 1 x 10-1 7 x 10-1 3 x 10-5 Dibasic esters 2.6 x 10-1 2 8 x 10-5 Esters/lactones 8 x 10-2 6 x 10-1 2 x 10-5 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 19 Fatty acid derivatives Propylene glycol ethers 1 9 4 x 10-4 20 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 3 x 10-1 2 9 x 10-5 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 2 x 10-1 1 6 x 10-5 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 21 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 4 x 10-1 3 1 x 10-4 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 6 x 10-1 4 2 x 10-4 Fatty acid derivatives 22 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, aromatic 5 x 10-1 4 1 x 10 -4 23 Terpenes 8 x 10-1 6 2 x 10-4 Nitrogen heterocyclics 5 x 10-1 4 1 x 10-4 Alkoxylated alcohols 6 x 10-1 4 2 x 10-4 24 Terpenes 3 x 10-1 2 9 x 10-5 Ethylene glycol ethers 8 x 10-2 6 x 10 -1 2 x 10-5 Ethoxylated nonylphenol Alkyl benzene sulfonates Alkali/salts 25 Terpenes 1.63 12.4 4.59 x 10-4 Esters/lactones 8 x 10-2 6 x 10 -1 2 x 10-5 26 Fatty acid derivatives Esters/lactones 27 Terpenes 3 23 7.9 x 10-4 28 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 2 10 5 x 10-4 29 Fatty acid derivatives 30 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 1 9 4 x 10-4 Propylene glycol ethers 2 x 10-1 1 6 x 10-5 31 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 3 x 10-1 2 9 x 10 -5 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 2 10 6 x 10-4 32 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 2 10 5 x 10-4 33 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 5 x 10-1 4 1 x 10-4 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 5 x 10-1 4 1 x 10-4 Propylene glycol ethers 8 x 10-2 6 x 10 -1 2 x 10-5 3-26 3.3 GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE ESTIMATES 100 Meter Annual Form. Chemical Components Concentration Pot. Dose LADD Number (µg/m3 ) (mg/year) (mg/kg/day) 34 Water Terpenes 3 x 10-1 2 9 x 10-5 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 3 x 10-1 2 9 x 10-5 Alkoxylated alcohols Fatty acid derivatives 35 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 3 x 10-1 2 9 x 10 -5 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 2 10 5 x 10-4 36 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 4 x 10-1 3 1 x 10-4 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 2 x 10-1 1 6 x 10-5 Propylene glycol ethers 8 x 10-2 6 x 10 -1 2 x 10-5 37 Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 1.8 14 6 x 10-4 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 8 x 10-1 6 2 x 10-4 38 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 1 9 4 x 10-4 Alkoxylated alcohols 3 x 10-1 2 9 x 10-5 Fatty acid derivatives 39 Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 4 x 10-1 3 1 x 10-4 Propylene glycol ethers 2 x 10-1 1 6 x 10-5 Alkanolamines Ethylene glycol ethers 9 x 10-2 7 x 10 -1 3 x 10-5 40 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 3 x 10-1 2 9 x 10-5 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 3 x 10-1 2 9 x 10-5 Fatty acid derivatives Ethoxylated nonylphenol 1 A blank space in the table indicates that there were no releases to air because the chemical would not evaporate readily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x 10 1 x 10 1 x 10 9 x 10 7 x 10 6 x 10 (mg/year) 2 2 2 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 Fish Ingestion 0 0 00 0 Rates 1 x 10 3 x 10 6 x 10 1 x 10 9 x 10 1 x 10 8 x 10 Human Potential Dose -2 -1 -1 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -1 0 0 3 x 10 2 x 10 5 x 10 6 x 10 2 x 10 7 x 10 4 x 10 6 x 10 6 × 10 2 × 10 8 × 10 2.5 x 10 3.7 x 10 (mg/year) 2 -2 -3 -2 -2 -3 -2 -2 -2 -2 -3 -3 -3 -2 0 0 Drinking Water Human Potential 9 x 10 4 x 10 3 x 10 6 x 10 8 x 10 3 x 10 9 x 10 5 x 10 8 × 10 1 × 10 3 × 10 2.6 x 10 50th %ile 10th %ile 50th %ile 10th %ile 4.95 x 10 Dose Rates -2 -2 -2 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 1 0 0 4 x 10 3 x 10 6 x 10 8 x 10 5 x 10 3 × 10 3 × 10 9 × 10 8.0 × 10 2.6 × 10 1.0 × 10 9.0 × 10 Low flow 10th %ile 4.95× 10 -4 -3 -5 -4 -5 -4 -4 -4 -5 -4 -4 -4 -3 0 0 1×10 (mg/L) 6 x 10 4 x 10 9 x 10 5 x 10 1 x 10 8 x 10 1 x 10 5 × 10 2 × 10 3.9 x 10 1.0 × 10 10th %ile 8.08 x 10 Mean flow -4 -4 -5 -6 -5 -5 -6 -4 -4 -6 -5 -5 -4 0 0 Stream concentrations -2 7 x 10 5 x 10 5 x 10 1 x 10 2 x 10 6 x 10 2 x 10 1 x 10 2 x 10 2 × 10 6 × 10 2 × 10 50th %ile 1.11 x 10 Mean flow 1 -2 -2 -2 -3 -2 -2 -3 -2 -2 -3 -3 -3 0 0 9 x 10 9 x 10 1 × 10 3 × 10 (kg/day) 3.6 x 10 2.6 x 10 2.4 x 10 5.9 x 10 7.9 x 10 3.0 x 10 5.1 x 10 5.332 x 10 Treatment After POTW Daily Release -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -1 -2 -2 -1 -2 -2 1.3 1.56 8 × 10 (kg/day) 2.0 x 10 6.0 x 10 1.7 x 10 1.0 x 10 1.5 x 10 1.2 x 10 6.0 x 10 2.0 x 10 6.0 x 10 5.2 x 10 1.6 x 10 6.1 x 10 Release 3.64 x 10 3 3 3 3 Chemical Components Daily Hydrocarbons, aromatic Propylene glycol ethers Ethoxylated nonylphenol Hydrocarbons, aromatic Ethylene glycol ethers Ethoxylated nonylphenol Alkyl benzene sulfonates Alkoxylated alcohols Alkali/salts Alkoxylated alcohols Alkyl benzene sulfonates Alkoxylated alcohols Alkali/salts Ethoxylated nonylphenol Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates Ethoxylated nonylphenol Fatty acid derivatives Alkoxylated alcohols Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates Table 3-5. Stream Concentrations and Residential Population Potential Doses from Single Facility Blanket Wash Releases 8 Water 5 Water 4 Terpenes 6 Fatty acid derivatives 7 Terpenes 1 3 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Form. Number 3-30 3.3 GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE ESTIMATES 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 0 0 2 x 10 2 x 10 1 x 10 3 x 10 3 x 10 1 x 10 4 x 10 10th %ile (mg/year) 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 Fish Ingestion 53 0 00 0 Rates 2 x 10 2 x 10 4 x 10 4 x 10 1 x 10 2 x 10 5 x 10 Human Potential Dose Human Potential 50th %ile -2 -2 -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 9 x 10 4 x 10 1 x 10 3 x 10 3 x 10 8 x 10 7 x 10 3 x 10 5 x 10 1 x 10 1 x 10 2 × 10 2 × 10 (mg/year) 10th %ile 2 -3 -3 -3 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 Drinking Water Human Potential 4 x 10 1 x 10 1 x 10 3 x 10 6 x 10 2 x 10 1 x 10 1 x 10 5 x 10 2 x 10 4 x 10 3 × 10 2 × 10 50th %ile Dose Rates -3 -3 -3 -2 -2 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 1 4 x 10 1 x 10 1 x 10 3 x 10 6 x 10 2 x 10 1 x 10 5 x 10 2 x 10 4 x 10 3 × 10 2 × 10 1 × 10 Low flow 10th %ile -3 -5 -5 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -5 -4 -4 -4 (mg/L) 6 x 10 2 x 10 5 x 10 9 x 10 2 x 10 2 x 10 2 x 10 8 x 10 2 x 10 7 x 10 1 × 10 5 × 10 3 × 10 10th %ile Mean flow -6 -6 -5 -5 -4 -5 -4 -5 -5 -6 -4 -5 -5 Stream concentrations Stream -1 8 x 10 2 x 10 2 x 10 7 x 10 1 x 10 3 x 10 3 x 10 2 x 10 1 x 10 3 x 10 9 x 10 6 × 10 4 × 10 50th %ile Mean flow 1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -3 -2 -2 -2 -3 -3 3 × 10 2 × 10 (kg/day) 3.9 x 10 9.7 x 10 3.4 x 10 6.0 x 10 1.6 x 10 1.3 x 10 1.2 x 10 5.4 x 10 1.6 x 10 4.4 x 10 1.0 x 10 Treatment After POTW Daily Release 1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -2 -2 -1 -2 -1 1.6 1.0 1.0 Daily (kg/day) 1.0 x 10 7.3 x 10 4.4 x 10 2.2 x 10 9.2 x 10 5.6 x 10 9.2 x 10 2.0 x 10 1.2 x 10 6.0 x 10 9.0 x 10 Release 3 3 Chemical Components Chemical Propylene glycol ethers Glycols Fatty acid derivatives Alkali/salts Water Propylene glycol ethers Fatty acid derivatives Water Ethoxylated nonylphenol Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates Ethoxylated nonylphenol Terpenes Water distillates Hydrocarbons, petroleum Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic Dibasic esters Esters/lactones Alkyl benzene sulfonates Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Fatty acid derivatives Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Fatty acid derivatives Fatty acid derivatives Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, aromatic 9 19 12 14 20 17 16 10 11 18 21 Form. Number 3-31 CHAPTER 3: RISK 3 3 3 -1 0 0 0 0 4 x 10 2 x 10 2 x 10 10th %ile 3.005 x 10 (mg/year) 2 2 2 2 -2 Fish Ingestion 0 0 0 0 Rates 3 x 10 5 x 10 2 x 10 Human Potential Dose Human Potential 50th %ile 5.006 x 10 -1 2 -2 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 1 5 x 10 3 x 10 2 x 10 1 x 10 3 x 10 1 x 10 4 × 10 9.3 x 10 (mg/year) 10th %ile 2 -1 -3 -1 -2 -2 -2 -3 -2 -3 Drinking Water Human Potential 3 x 10 2 x 10 7 x 10 4 x 10 2 x 10 4 x 10 1 x 10 5 × 10 50th %ile 1.04 x 10 Dose Rates -1 -3 -3 -3 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 1 3 x 10 2 x 10 7 x 10 2 x 10 1 x 10 5 × 10 4 × 10 4 × 10 Low flow 10th %ile 1.04 x10 -3 -3 -5 -3 -4 -4 -5 -4 -5 (mg/L) 4 x 10 3 x 10 6 x 10 2 x 10 6 x 10 1 × 10 7 × 10 2 × 10 10th %ile 2.06 × 10 Mean flow -4 -6 -5 -5 -4 -6 -5 -6 -4 Stream concentrations Stream -2 6 x 10 3 x 10 1 x 10 8 x 10 3 x 10 8 x 10 3 x 10 9 × 10 50th %ile 2.08 x 10 Mean flow 1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -2 -3 -1 -3 5 × 10 (kg/day) 2.9 x 10 1.7 x 10 4.2 x 10 1.6 x 10 4.1 x 10 6.9 x 10 1.3 x 10 Treatment 1.241 x 10 After POTW Daily Release -1 1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 6.1 1.2 2.1 Daily (kg/day) 9.2 x 10 1.7 x 10 1.7 x 10 1.4 x 10 9.2 x 10 Release 1.03 x 10 3 Chemical Components Chemical Esters/lactones Terpenes Esters/lactones Terpenes Alkyl benzene sulfonates Alkali/salts Terpenes Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Alkoxylated alcohols Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, aromatic Propylene glycol ethers Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Propylene glycol ethers Terpenes Ethylene glycol ethers Ethoxylated nonylphenol Terpenes Nitrogen heterocyclics Alkoxylated alcohols Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Fatty acid derivatives Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, aromatic Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, aromatic 26 25 28 29 27 34 32 33 31 30 24 23 22 Form. Number 3-32 3.3 GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE ESTIMATES 3 3 x 10 10th %ile (mg/year) 2 2 Fish Ingestion 00 00 Rates 3 x 10 Human Potential Dose Human Potential 50th %ile ed in the draft document re, is not expected to be t o -2 -2 -1 factor was not available for this Brussels, Belgium: European 0 ylated nonylphenols. When the x n ople drinking water. This may be e 9 x 10 7 x 10 3 × 10 containing ethoxylated nonylphenols (mg/year) 10th %ile 2 s -3 -2 -2 0 Drinking Water Human Potential 9 x 10 1 x 10 4 × 10 50th %ile Dose Rates -3 -2 -2 1 0 9 x 10 1 x 10 4 × 10 Low flow 10th %ile -3 -5 -4 0 (mg/L) 2 x 10 1 × 10 7 × 10 10th %ile Mean flow -6 -4 -5 0 Stream concentrations Stream 2 x 10 2 x 10 9 × 10 50th %ile Mean flow 1 -2 -2 -3 0 4 × 10 (kg/day) 1.2 x 10 9.0 x 10 Treatment After POTW Daily Release 1 -2 -2 1.4 1.5 Proceedings of the CESIO 4th World Surfactants Congress, Barcelona, Spain. Daily (kg/day) 6.8 x 10 8.8 x 10 Release 3 Chemical Components Chemical Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Propylene glycol ethers Alkanolamines Ethylene glycol ethers Alkoxylated alcohols Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, petroleum Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Fatty acid derivatives Ethoxylated nonylphenol Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, petroleum Hydrocarbons, aromatic Propylene glycol ethers Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, petroleum Hydrocarbons, aromatic Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates D. I. Water Hydrocarbons, aromatic Fatty acid derivatives 39 38 37 40 36 35 Form. Committee on Surfactants and Detergents, pp. 276-291.), the original estimate of POTW removal has been changed from 100% repor pp. 276-291.), the original estimate of POTW removal has been changed Committee on Surfactants and Detergents, A blank space in these columns indicates that there were no releases to water expected for this chemical in this formulation. A blank space in these columns indicates to p this table indicates that there are no exposures expected from this chemical due A blank in the drinking water columns of and theref or the chemical may be completely removed during wastewater treatment, due to either no releases to water expected, released to the stream or river from the POTW. An additional blank in the Fish Ingestion columns means that a bioaccumulatio released to the stream or river from the chemical. 1996. Based on testing data (Weeks, A.J. et al. of etho results in increased estimates of the releases from POTWs to surface waters to 95% in the final report. This revision releases to surface water are compared with the concern concentration set at the default value of 0.001 mg/L, the formulation releases to surface water are compared present concerns to aquatic species that were not reported in the draft CTSA. (formulations 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 17, 24, and 40) Number 3 1 2 3-33 CHAPTER 3: RISK Table 3-6. Stream Concentrations and Residential Population Potential Dose Rates from Denver Lithography Blanket Wash Releases Expected After Stream Human Potential Total Treatment Concentration Dose Rates Release Total South Platte (mg/year)2 Form. Chemical Components for Release for River (mg/L) No. Denver, CO Denver, CO Mean Low From From Fish 11 (kg/day) (kg/day) Flow Flow Water Ingestion 1 Fatty acid derivatives Alkoxylated alcohols 3 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Fatty acid derivatives 1.4×102-2 8.6 1×10 1×10-2 5 2×104 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates 36 6.1 7×10-3 1×10-2 3 80 4 Terpenes Ethoxylated nonylphenol3 73 3.7 4×10-3 6 × 10 -3 2 5 Water Hydrocarbons, aromatic Ethylene glycol ethers Ethoxylated nonylphenol3 47 2.4 3×10-3 4 × 10-3 1 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 28 5.6×10-1 7×10-4 9×10-4 2.8×10-1 2 Alkoxylated alcohols 14 14 2×10-2 2×10-2 8 10 Alkali/salts 4.7 0.0 0 0 0 6 Fatty acid derivatives 3.1×102 19 2×10-2 3×10-2 10 4×104 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates 24 7.1×10-1 8×10-4 1×10-3 4×10 -1 7 Terpenes Ethoxylated nonylphenol3 14 0.7 8×10-4 1×10-3 0.4 Alkoxylated alcohols 14 2.1 2×10-3 4×10-3 1 8 Water Hydrocarbons, aromatic Propylene glycol ethers Alkyl benzene sulfonates 85 12.22 1.2×10-2 2.4×10-2 7.07 2 Ethoxylated nonylphenol3 40 2.0 2×10-3 3×10-3 1 Alkoxylated alcohols 12 12 1×10-2 2×10-2 7 10 Alkali/salts 3.8 0.0 0 0 0 9 Fatty acid derivatives 3.8×102-2 23 3×10 4×10-2 10 5×104 Water Ethoxylated nonylphenol3 14 0.7 8×10-4 1×10-3 4 10 Fatty acid derivatives 1.3×102-3-24 7.9 9×10 1×10 5 2×10 Water 11 Fatty acid derivatives 2.3×102-2 14 2×10 2×10-2 8 3×104 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates 22 3.7 4×10-3 6×10-3 2 12 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 14 Fatty acid derivatives 51 3.0 3×10-3 5×10 -3 2 7×10 3 Propylene glycol ethers 16 Terpenes 3-34 3.3 GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE ESTIMATES Expected After Stream Human Potential Total Treatment Concentration Dose Rates Release Total South Platte (mg/year)2 Form. Chemical Components for Release for River (mg/L) No. Denver, CO Denver, CO Mean Low From From Fish 11 (kg/day) (kg/day) Flow Flow Water Ingestion 17 Ethoxylated nonylphenol3 10 0.5 6×10-4 8×10-4 0.3 Glycols Fatty acid derivatives 4.7 2.8×10-1 3×10-4 5×10-4 2×10 -1 6×10 2 Alkali/salts Water 18 Fatty acid derivatives 2.1×102-2 13 1×10 2×10-2 7 3×104 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic Dibasic esters Esters/lactones Alkyl benzene sulfonates 22 3.7 4×10-3 6×10-3 2 19 Fatty acid derivatives 1.7×102-2-24 10 1×10 2×10 6 2×10 Propylene glycol ethers 20 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates 24 9.2 1×10-2 2×10 -2 5 21 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Fatty acid derivatives 2.4×102-3-33 2.4 3×10 4×10 1 6×10 22 Fatty acid derivatives 2.7×102-2-24 16 2×10 3×10 9 4×10 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 23 Terpenes Nitrogen heterocyclics Alkoxylated alcohols 24 Terpenes Ethylene glycol ethers Ethoxylated nonylphenol3 22 1.1 1×10-3 2×10-3 6×10-1 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 33 9.9×10-1 1×10-3 2×10-3 6×10-1 Alkali/salts 22 3.7 4×10-3 6×10-3 2 25 Terpenes Esters/lactones 26 Fatty acid derivatives 5.66×102 2.896×101 3.1×10-2 5.2×10-2 20.5 6.008×104 Esters/lactones 2.36×102 9.6×10-1 1×10-3 2×10-3 5×10 -1 0 27 Terpenes 28 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 29 Fatty acid derivatives 5.0×102-2-24 30 3×10 5×10 20 6×10 30 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Propylene glycol ethers 31 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 32 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 33 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic Propylene glycol ethers 3-35 CHAPTER 3: RISK Expected After Stream Human Potential Total Treatment Concentration Dose Rates Release Total South Platte (mg/year)2 Form. Chemical Components for Release for River (mg/L) No. Denver, CO Denver, CO Mean Low From From Fish 11 (kg/day) (kg/day) Flow Flow Water Ingestion 34 Water Terpenes Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Alkoxylated alcohols 39 6.7 8×10-3 1×10-2 4 Fatty acid derivatives 39 3.9 5×10-3 7×10-3 2 3 35 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic 36 Fatty acid derivatives 3.5×102-2-24 21 2×10 4×10 10 5×10 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic Propylene glycol ethers 37 Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic 38 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Alkoxylated alcohols Fatty acid derivatives 39 Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Propylene glycol ethers Alkanolamines 16 2.7 3×10-3 5×10 -3 2 Ethylene glycol ethers 40 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Fatty acid derivatives 3.3×102 0.0 0 0 0 0 Ethoxylated nonylphenol3 21 1.1×10-3 1.2×10 -3 1.9×10 -3 0.6 1 A blank space in these columns indicates that there were no releases to water expected for this chemical in this formulation. 2 A blank in the drinking water columns of this table indicates that there are no exposures expected from this chemical due to people drinking water. This may be due to either no releases to water expected, or the chemical may be completely removed during wastewater treatment, and therefore, is not expected to be released to the stream or river from the POTW. An additional blank in the Fish Ingestion columns means that a bioaccumulation factor was not available for this chemical. 3 Based on testing data (Weeks, J.A. et al. 1996. Proceedings of the CESIO 4th World Surfactants Congress, Barcelona, Spain. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee on Surfactants and Detergents, pp. 276-291.), the original estimate of POTW removal has been changed from 100% reported in the draft document to 95% in the final report. This revision results in increased estimates of the releases from POTWs to surface waters of ethoxylated nonylphenols. When the releases to surface water are compared with the concern concentration set at the default value of 0.001 mg/L, the formulations containing ethoxylated nonylphenols (formulations 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 17, 24, and 40) present concerns to aquatic species that were not reported in the draft CTSA. 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$WDEOHRIWKHFRQFHUQFRQFHQWUDWLRQHVWLPDWHVIRUDTXDWLFVSHFLHVIROORZV 7DEOH $VVXPSWLRQVDQG8QFHUWDLQWLHV $OOHVWLPDWHGZDWHUFRQFHQWUDWLRQVDUHEDVHGRQUHOHDVHHVWLPDWHVGHYHORSHGIURP§ZKDWLI¨ VFHQDULRVFRQVWUXFWHGIURPLQGXVWU\VXUYH\VDQGDVVXPSWLRQVUHYLHZHGE\LQGXVWU\H[SHUWVRI SURGXFWXVDJHDQGZRUNSUDFWLFHV1RDFWXDOPHDVXUHVRIFKHPLFDOUHOHDVHRUH[SRVXUHOHYHOVZHUH DYDLODEOH 3-41 CHAPTER 3: RISK Table 3-7. Risks to Aquatic Species from Blanket Wash Chemicals Stream concentrations (mg/L) Concern Low1 Form. Chemical Components50th %ile 10th %ile 10th %ile conc "cc" flow Number (mg/L) conc/ Mean flow Mean flow Low flow "cc" 1 Fatty acid derivatives Alkoxylated alcohols 3 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Fatty acid derivatives 7×10-5 6×10-4 4×10-2 * Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates 5×10-5 4×10-4 3×10-2 1×10 -3 3×10 1 4 Terpenes Ethoxylated nonylphenol2-4-3-2-3 1.56×10 1.182×10 7.8×10 1×10 78 5 Water Hydrocarbons, aromatic Ethylene glycol ethers Ethoxylated nonylphenol2 2.0×10-5 1.52×10-4 1.0×10-2 1×10-3 10 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 5×10-6 3.9×10-5 2.6×10-3 2×10-3 1 Alkoxylated alcohols 1×10-4 9×10-4 6×10-2 2×10-1 3×10-1 Alkali/salts 0 0 0 6 Fatty acid derivatives 2×10-4 1×10-3 8×10-2 * Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates 6×10-6 5×10-5 3×10-3 1×10 -3 3 7 Terpenes Ethoxylated nonylphenol2 6×10-6 4.5×10-5 3.0×10-3 1×10-3 3 Alkoxylated alcohols 2×10-5 1×10-4 9×10-3 1×10-1 9×10 -2 8 Water Hydrocarbons, aromatic Propylene glycol ethers Alkyl benzene sulfonates 1.11×10-4 8.08×10-4 4.95×10-2 1×10+1 5×10-1 Ethoxylated nonylphenol2 1.7×10-5 1.29×10-4 8.5×10-3 1×10-3 8.5 Alkoxylated alcohols 1×10-4 8×10-4 5×10-2 2×10-1 3×10-1 Alkali/salts 0 0 0 9 Fatty acid derivatives 2×10-4 1×10-3 1×10-1 * Water Ethoxylated nonylphenol2 6×10-6 4.5×10-5 3×10-3 1×10 -3 3 10 Fatty acid derivatives 7×10-5 5×10 -4 3×10 -2 * Water 11 Fatty acid derivatives 1×10-4 9×10-4 6×10-2 * Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates 3×10-5 2×10-4 2×10-2 1×10 -3 2×10 +1 12 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 13 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Terpenes 14 Fatty acid derivatives 3×10-5 2×10 -4 1×10 -2 * Ethylene glycol ethers 16 Terpenes 3-42 3.4 RISK CHARACTERIZATION Stream concentrations (mg/L) Concern Low1 Form. Chemical Components50th %ile 10th %ile 10th %ile conc "cc" flow Number (mg/L) conc/ Mean flow Mean flow Low flow "cc" 17 Ethoxylated nonylphenol2 4×10-6 3.3×10-5 2.2×10-3 1×10-3 2.2 Propylene glycol ethers Fatty acid derivatives 2×10-6 2×10-5 1×10-3 2 5×10-4 Alkali/salts Water 18 Fatty acid derivatives 1×10-4 8×10-4 5×10-2 * Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic Dibasic esters Esters/lactones Alkyl benzene sulfonates 3×10-5 2×10-4 2×10-2 1×10 -3 2×10 +1 19 Fatty acid derivatives 9×10-5 7×10 -4 4×10 -2 * Ethylene glycol ethers 20 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates 8×10-5 6×10 -4 4×10 -2 1×10 -3 4×10 +1 21 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Fatty acid derivatives 2×10-5 2×10 -4 1×10 -2 * 22 Fatty acid derivatives 1×10-4 1×10 -3 7×10 -2 * Hydrocarbons, aromatic 23 Terpenes Nitrogen heterocyclics Alkoxylated alcohols 24 Terpenes Ethylene glycol ethers Ethoxylated nonylphenol2 9×10-6 7×10-5 4.6×10-3 1×10-3 4.6 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 8×10-6 6×10-5 4×10-3 3×10-2 1×10-1 Alkali/salts 3×10-5 2×10-4 2×10-2 9×10-2 2×10-1 25 Terpenes Esters/lactones 26 Fatty acid derivatives 2.08×10-4 2.06×10-3 1.04×10-1 3×10-1 Esters/lactones 8×10-6 6×10-5 4×10-3 3×10-1 1×10 -2 27 Terpenes 28 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 29 Fatty acid derivatives 3×10-4 2×10 -3 1×10 -1 * 30 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Ethylene glycol ethers 31 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 32 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 33 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic Propylene glycol ethers 3-43 CHAPTER 3: RISK Stream concentrations (mg/L) Concern Low1 Form. Chemical Components50th %ile 10th %ile 10th %ile conc "cc" flow Number (mg/L) conc/ Mean flow Mean flow Low flow "cc" 34 Water Terpenes Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Alkoxylated alcohols 6×10-5 4×10-4 3×10-2 3×10-1 1×10-1 Fatty acid derivatives 3×10-5 3×10-4 2×10-2 7×10-2 3×10-1 35 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic 36 Fatty acid derivatives 2×10-4 1×10 -3 9×10 -2 * Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic Propylene glycol ethers 37 Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Aliphatic hydrocarbon Hydrocarbons, aromatic 38 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Alkoxylated alcohols Fatty acid derivatives 39 Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Propylene glycol ethers Alkanolamines 2×10-5 2×10 -4 1×10 -2 1 1×10 -2 Ethylene glycol ethers 40 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Fatty acid derivatives Ethoxylated nonylphenol2-6-5-3-3 9×10 6.7×10 4.4×10 1×10 4.4 1 Low flow concentration/concern concentration; reported as mg/L 2 Based on testing data (Weeks, J.A. et al. 1996. Proceedings of the CESIO 4th World Surfactants Congress, Barcelona, Spain. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee on Surfactants and Detergents, pp. 276-291.) the original estimate of POTW removal has been changed from 100% reported in the draft document to 95% in the final report. This revision results in increased estimates of releases to surface water. When the releases to surface water are compared with the concern concentration set at the default value of 0.001 mg/L, the formulations containing ethoxylated nonylphenols (formulations 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 17, 24 and 40) present concerns to aquatic species that were not reported in the draft CTSA. * No effects expected at saturation. 3.4.3 Occupational Risks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§WUXH¨ULVNYDOXHFRXOGYDU\VXEVWDQWLDOO\IURPWKH HVWLPDWHG YDOXH ZLWKRXW FKDQJLQJ WKH FRQFOXVLRQ ,Q SDUWLFXODU FRQFOXVLRQV RI ORZ FRQFHUQ JHQHUDOO\FDQEHUHJDUGHGZLWKKLJKFRQILGHQFHEHFDXVHRIWKHFRQVHUYDWLYHDSSURDFK LHRQHWKDW RYHUHVWLPDWHVWKHULVN WDNHQLQWKHDVVHVVPHQW&RQFOXVLRQVEDVHGRQVPDOOH[FHVVHVRIULVN EHQFKPDUNVVKRXOGEHYLHZHGZLWKORZFRQILGHQFHDVVKRXOGDQ\FRQFOXVLRQVEDVHGSULPDULO\RQ VWUXFWXUHDFWLYLW\SUHGLFWLRQV Table 3-8. Worker Occupational Risk Estimates Margin of Exposure (MOE)1,2 Form. Chemical Components Dermal Inhalation Number 1 Fatty acid derivatives Alkoxylated alcohols 3 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, aromatic 10 4464 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 1 33 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 0.36 (HQ) 0.02 (HQ) Hydrocarbons, aromatic 1 (HQ) 0.02 (HQ) Alkyl benzene sulfonates 4 Terpenes 5 236 Ethoxylated nonylphenol 135 Ethoxylated nonylphenol 159 3-45 CHAPTER 3: RISK Margin of Exposure (MOE)1,2 Form. Chemical Components Dermal Inhalation Number 5 Water Hydrocarbons, aromatic 10 1.8×104 Ethylene glycol ethers 26 1.8×105 Ethoxylated nonylphenol 117 Alkyl benzene sulfonates Alkoxylated alcohols Alkyl benzene sulfonates Alkali/salts 6 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 38 6233 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates 7 Terpenes Terpenes 22 1.8×104 Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Ethoxylated nonylphenol 318 Alkoxylated alcohols 8 Water Hydrocarbons, aromatic Propylene glycol ethers 200 4.1×104 Alkyl benzene sulfonates Ethoxylated nonylphenol 135 Alkyl benzene sulfonates Alkoxylated alcohols Alkyl benzene sulfonates Alkali/salts 9 Fatty acid derivatives Water Ethoxylated nonylphenol 455 10 Fatty acid derivatives Water 11 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 21 4429 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates 3-46 3.4 RISK CHARACTERIZATION Margin of Exposure (MOE)1,2 Form. Chemical Components Dermal Inhalation Number 12 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 73 7.0×104 Water 14 Fatty acid derivatives Propylene glycol ethers Water 16 Terpenes 22 1.8×104 Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes 17 Ethoxylated nonylphenol 515 Propylene glycol ethers 0.05 (HQ) 6×10-6 (HQ) Fatty acid derivatives Alkali/salts 5208 Water 18 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 26 5803 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Dibasic esters 4 5405 Dibasic esters 4 9091 Dibasic esters 4 5263 Esters/lactones Alkyl benzene sulfonates 19 Fatty acid derivatives Propylene glycol ethers Water 20 Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 84 9.4×104 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates 21 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 13 4464 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 8 1336 Fatty acid derivatives 22 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, aromatic Water 3-47 CHAPTER 3: RISK Margin of Exposure (MOE)1,2 Form. Chemical Components Dermal Inhalation Number 23 Terpenes 63 2.1×104 Nitrogen heterocyclics 98 2.1×104 Alkoxylated alcohols Water 24 Terpenes 28 7292 Ethylene glycol ethers 83 7.8×105 Ethoxylated nonylphenol 218 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 2 Alkali/salts Water 25 Terpenes Terpenes 22 1.8×104 Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Esters/lactones 218 1.5 x 104 26 Fatty acid derivatives Esters/lactones 45 Fatty acid derivatives 151 Esters/lactones 27 Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes 455 3.6×105 Terpenes Terpenes 28 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 7 110 29 Fatty acid derivatives 30 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 4 5168 Propylene glycol ethers Water 31 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 17 1.1×104 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 32 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 3-48 3.4 RISK CHARACTERIZATION Margin of Exposure (MOE)1,2 Form. Chemical Components Dermal Inhalation Number 33 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 10 1.0×104 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 11 2.2×104 Propylene glycol ethers 3322 3.6×105 Water 34 Water Terpenes 26 5147 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Alkoxylated alcohols 140 Fatty acid derivatives 35 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic 3 1.1×104 36 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 50 8014 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Propylene glycol ethers 1979 6.4×104 37 Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aliphatic Hydrocarbons, aromatic 100 1.5×105 38 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Alkoxylated alcohols Fatty acid derivatives 39 Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 50 5.6×104 Propylene glycol ethers 200 8.8×104 Alkanolamines 25 Ethylene glycol ethers 83 4.5×105 40 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 59 8415 Fatty acid derivatives Ethoxylated nonylphenol 318 1 A Margin-of-Exposure (MOE) or a Hazard Quotient (HQ) gives an estimate of the "margin of safety" between an estimated exposure level and the level at which adverse effects may occur. Hazard Quotient values below unity imply that adverse effects are very unlikely to occur. The more the Hazard Quotient exceeds unity, the greater is the level of concern. High MOE values such as values greater that 100 for a NOAEL-based MOE or 1000 for a LOAEL-based MOE imply a low level of concern. As the MOE decreases, the level of concern increases. The hazard values used in the HQ or MOE calculations were taken from Table 2-3. The exposure values used in the calculations were taken from Table 3-2. 2 The absence of HQ or MOE values in this table indicates that insufficient hazard data were available to calculate a HQ or MOE for that chemical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§ORZFRQILGHQFH¨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d Hazard values refer to NOAELs, LOAELs, RfDs, or RfCs used in calculating hazard quotients or margins of exposure or slope factor used in calculating carcinogenic risk. The specific toxicologic endpoints associated with the chemicals of concern are shown in Table 2-3 “Human Health Hazard Summary”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able 3-9. Occupational Risks Summarized by Formulation Form. Number Chemicals of Concern* Toxicologic Concern** 1 None 3 Hydrocarbons, aromatic kidney effects, urinary tract and enzyme effects, (inhalation and dermal exposures) reproductive and developmental effects 4 Terpenes liver effects 5 Hydrocarbons, aromatic reproductive and developmental effects Ethylene glycol ethers blood effects 6 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates blood effects Hydrocarbons, aromatic possible presence of carcinogens 7 Terpenes liver effects 8 Propylene glycol ethers blood effects Hydrocarbons, aromatic possible presence of carcinogens 9 None 10 None 11 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates blood effects Hydrocarbons, aromatic possible presence of carcinogens 12 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates blood effects 14 None 16 Terpenes liver effects 17 Fatty acid derivatives possible concern for diethanolamine component of salt 18 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates blood effects Dibasic esters olfactory effects 19 None 20 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates blood effects Hydrocarbons, aromatic possible presence of carcinogens 21 Hydrocarbons, aromatic reproductive and developmental effects Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates blood effects 22 Hydrocarbons, aromatic possible presence of carcinogens 23 Terpenes liver effects Nitrogen heterocyclics developmental effects 24 Alkyl benzene sulfonates concern based on MOE from single dose study Terpenes liver effects Ethylene glycol ethers blood effects 25 Terpenes liver effects Esters/lactones developmental effects 26 Esters/lactones developmental effects 3-52 3.4 RISK CHARACTERIZATION Form. Number Chemicals of Concern* Toxicologic Concern** 27 Terpenes liver effects 28 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates blood effects 29 None 30 Hydrocarbons, aromatic reproductive and developmental effects 31 Hydrocarbons, aromatic reproductive and developmental effects 32 Insufficient data for evaluation 33 Hydrocarbons, aromatic reproductive and developmental effects Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates blood effects 34 Terpenes liver effects 35 Hydrocarbons, aromatic reproductive and developmental effects 36 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates blood effects Hydrocarbons, aromatic possible presence of carcinogens 37 Hydrocarbons, aromatic reproductive and developmental effects 38 Insufficient data for evaluation 39 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates blood effects Propylene glycol ethers blood effects Ethylene glycol ethers blood effects Alkanolamines blood effects 40 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates blood effects Hydrocarbons, aromatic possible presence of carcinogens * Table lists only chemicals that triggered concern. Formulations may also include other chemicals. All concerns are for dermal exposures only unless otherwise specified. Identification of chemicals of concern is based on Hazard Quotient and Margin-of-Exposure estimates shown in Table 3-8. The Hazard Quotient and Margin-of-Exposure estimates do not necessarily apply to all of the toxicologic endpoints listed in this table. Hazard Quotient and Margin-of- Exposure calculations are usually based on a "NOAEL" or the "LOAEL" for the most sensitive endpoint. ** The "Toxicologic Concern" column lists adverse effects that have been reported in the literature for animal or human studies. This is simply a qualitative listing of reported effects and does not imply anything about the severity of the effects nor the doses at which the effects occur. Furthermore, an entry in this column does not necessarily imply that EPA has reviewed the reported studies or that EPA concurs with the authors' conclusions. Toxicologic concerns are described as follows: blood effects = hematological effects, i.e., adverse effects on blood cells carcinogens = possible cancer causing agents developmental effects = adverse effects on the developing embryo, fetus, or newborn kidney effects = adverse effects on kidney physiology liver effects = adverse effects on liver physiology olfactory effects = adverse effects on nasal physiology reproductive effects = adverse effects on the ability of either males or females to reproduce "none" = no concern at predicted exposure levels 3-53 CHAPTER 3: RISK Blanket Wash 8 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate low concern for propylene glycol ethers and very low concern for ethoxylated nonylphenol. Risks for other chemicals in this formulation could not be quantified due to the unavailability of hazard values. Structure-activity analysis indicates a moderate hazard concern for aromatic hydrocarbons because of the possible presence of carcinogenic compounds. The other compounds in the formulation present low to moderate hazard concerns. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for propylene glycol ethers. However, the hazard value is based upon a subacute oral study. Due to low or negligible inhalation exposures, other chemicals in the formulation present little or no concern. Blanket Wash 9 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate a very low concern for ethoxylated nonylphenol. Risks for the fatty acid derivative could not be quantified but is expected to be very low based on structure-activity predictions of low toxicity and poor dermal absorption. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Due to negligible inhalation exposure, the chemicals used in this formulation present no concern. Blanket Wash 10 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Risk for this formulation could not be quantified but is expected to be very low based on structure- activity predictions of low toxicity and poor dermal absorption of the fatty acid derivatives. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Due to negligible exposure, the fatty acid derivatives used in this formulation present no concern. Blanket Wash 11 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concern for exposure to petroleum distillate hydrocarbons. However, the hazard value is based upon an inhalation study. Risks for the other chemicals in this formulation could not be quantified due to the unavailability of hazard values. Structure-activity analysis indicates a moderate hazard concern for aromatic hydrocarbons because of the possible presence of carcinogenic compounds. The alkyl benzene sulfonates are of low concern because of their expected low rate of dermal absorption and low to moderate hazard. 3-54 3.4 RISK CHARACTERIZATION Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for exposure to petroleum distillate hydrocarbons. Due to low or negligible inhalation exposures, other chemicals in the formulation present little or no concern. Blanket Wash 12 Worker Risks - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons. However the hazard value is based upon an inhalation study. Risk could not be quantified but structure-activity analysis indicates a low to moderate hazard concern. Worker Risks - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons. Risk could not be quantified but is expected to be low because of low exposure and low to moderate toxicity. Blanket Wash 14 Worker Risks - Dermal Exposure Risks for this formulation could not be quantified but are expected to be low because of structure- activity predictions of low toxicity for both the fatty acid derivatives and the propylene glycol ethers. Also, the fatty acid derivatives are expected to be poorly absorbed. Worker Risks - Inhalation Exposure Due to negligible exposure, the fatty acid derivatives used in this formulation present no concern. Risks for the propylene glycol ether are also expected to be low because of low exposure and its predicted low toxicity. Blanket Wash 16 Worker Risks - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concern for exposure to terpenes. However, the hazard value is based upon an oral study. Risks for the other chemicals in this formulation could not be quantified due the unavailability of hazard values. Structure-activity analyses of these compounds indicates low to moderate hazard concerns. Worker Risks - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for exposure to terpenes. However, the hazard value for terpenes is based upon an oral study. Risks for the other chemicals in this formulation could not be quantified but are expected to be low because of low exposures and low to moderate toxicity. 3-55 CHAPTER 3: RISK Blanket Wash 17 Worker Risks - Dermal Exposure Hazard quotient calculations indicate very low concern for propylene glycol ethers. However, the hazard value is based upon an oral study. Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for ethoxylated nonylphenol and alkali/salts. However, the hazard value for alkali salts is based upon oral values. The alkanolamine component of the fatty acid derivative/alkanolamine salt presents a possible concern. However, dermal absorption of the alkanolamine salt is likely to be lower than that of free alkanolamine. Worker Risks - Inhalation Exposure Hazard quotient calculations indicate no concern for glycols. However, the hazard value is based upon an oral study. Due to negligible inhalation exposure, ethoxylated nonylphenol, fatty acid derivatives and alkali/salts present very low concern. Blanket Wash 18 Worker Risks - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons and dibasic esters. However, the hazard values are based on inhalation studies. Risk from the alkyl benzene sulfonates could not be quantified but is expected to be low because of structure-activity predictions of poor absorption and low to moderate toxicity. Risk from esters/lactones is also expected to be low based on structure-activity predictions of low toxicity. Worker Risks - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons and dibasic esters. Risks for other chemicals in this formulation could not be quantified but are expected to be low due to low or negligible exposures and low to moderate hazard concerns. Blanket Wash 19 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Risks for this formulation could not be calculated due to the unavailability of hazard values. However, risks are expected to be low based on structure-activity predictions of low toxicity of propylene glycol ethers and poor absorption and low to moderate toxicity of the fatty acid derivatives. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Due to negligible exposure, the fatty acid derivatives present no concern. Risks for propylene glycol ethers are expected to be low because of low exposure and low hazard concern. Blanket Wash 20 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons. However, the hazard value is based upon an inhalation study. Risks for the other chemicals in this formulation could not be quantified due to the unavailability of hazard values. Risk from the alkyl benzene sulfonates is 3-56 3.4 RISK CHARACTERIZATION expected to be low because of structure-activity predictions of poor absorption and low to moderate toxicity. Structure-activity analysis indicates a moderate hazard concern for aromatic hydrocarbons because of the possible presence of carcinogenic compounds. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons. Risks for other chemicals in this formulation could not be quantified but are expected to be low due to low or negligible exposures and low to moderate hazard concerns. Blanket Wash 21 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concern for aromatic hydrocarbons and petroleum distillate hydrocarbons. However, the hazard values are based upon inhalation studies. Risk for the fatty acid derivatives could not be quantified but are expected to be low based on structure-activity predictions of poor absorption and low toxicity. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for aromatic hydrocarbons and petroleum distillate hydrocarbons. Due to negligible exposure and predicted low toxicity and absorption, fatty acid derivatives presents no concern. Blanket Wash 22 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Risks for this formulation could not be calculated due to the unavailability of hazard values. Structure- activity analysis indicates a moderate hazard concern for aromatic hydrocarbons because of the possible presence of carcinogenic compounds. Risks from the fatty acid derivatives are expected to be low based on structure-activity predictions of poor absorption and low to moderate toxicity. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Risks could not be quantified but are expected to be low due to low or negligible exposures. Blanket Wash 23 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate possible concerns for terpenes and nitrogen heterocyclics. However, the hazard value for terpenes is based upon an oral study. Risks for the alkoxylated alcohols could not be quantified but are expected to be low based on structure-activity predictions of poor absorption and low to moderate toxicity. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for terpenes and nitrogen heterocyclics. However, the hazard value for terpenes is based upon an oral study. Risks for the alkoxylated alcohols could not be quantified but are expected to be low based on low exposure and structure-activity predictions of poor absorption and low to moderate toxicity. 3-57 CHAPTER 3: RISK Blanket Wash 24 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concern for alkyl benzene sulfonates and terpenes, possible concern for ethylene glycol ethers, and very low concern for ethoxylated nonylphenol. However, the hazard value for terpenes is based upon an oral study. Risks for alkali/salts could not be quantified but are expected to be very low based on structure-activity predictions of no absorption and low to moderate toxicity. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for terpenes and ethylene glycol ethers. However, the hazard value for terpenes is based upon an oral study. Due to negligible exposure, the other chemicals in this formulation present no concern. Blanket Wash 25 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concern for exposure to terpenes and possible concern for exposure to esters/lactones. However, the hazard values are based upon oral studies. Risks for other chemicals in this formulation could not be quantified due to the unavailability of hazard values. The other chemicals are all terpene-type compounds and are rated as low to moderate hazard concern based on structure-activity analysis. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for exposure to terpenes and esters/lactones. However, the hazard values are based upon oral studies. Risks for other chemicals in this formulation could not be quantified but are expected to be low based on low exposure and structure-activity predictions of low to moderate toxicity. Blanket Wash 26 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concern for esters/lactones, and very low concern for the fatty acid derivatives. However, the hazard values are based upon oral studies. Risks for the fatty acid derivatives could not be quantified but are expected to be low because of structure-activity predictions of poor absorption and low toxicity. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Due to negligible exposure, the chemicals used in this formulation present no concern. Blanket Wash 27 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concern for terpenes. However, the hazard value is based upon an oral study. Risks for other chemicals in this formulation could not be quantified due to the 3-58 3.4 RISK CHARACTERIZATION unavailability of hazard values. The other chemicals are all terpene-type compounds and are rated as low to moderate hazard concern based on structure-activity analysis. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for terpenes. However, the hazard value is based upon an oral study. Risks for other chemicals in this formulation could not be quantified but are expected to be low based on low exposure and structure-activity predictions of low to moderate toxicity. Blanket Wash 28 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons. However, the hazard value is based upon an inhalation study. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate low concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons. Blanket Wash 29 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Risks for this formulation could not be quantified but are expected to be low because of structure- activity predictions of poor absorption and low toxicity for the fatty acid derivatives. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Due to negligible exposure, the chemicals in this formulation present no concern. Blanket Wash 30 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concern for aromatic hydrocarbons. However, the hazard value is based upon an inhalation study. Risks for propylene glycol ethers could not be quantified due to the unavailability of hazard values. Structure-activity analysis indicates low hazard concern for propylene glycol ethers. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for aromatic hydrocarbons. Risks for propylene glycol ethers could not be quantified but are expected to be low based on low exposure and structure-activity predictions of low toxicity. Blanket Wash 31 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concern for exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons. However, the hazard value is based upon an inhalation study. Risks for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons could not be quantified due to the unavailability of hazard values. Structure-activity analysis indicates low to moderate hazard concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons. 3-59 CHAPTER 3: RISK Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons. Risks for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons could not be quantified but are expected to be low based on low exposure and structure-activity predictions of low to moderate toxicity. Blanket Wash 32 Worker Risk Risks for this formulation could not be quantified due to the unavailability of hazard values. Structure- activity analysis indicates low to moderate hazard concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons. Blanket Wash 33 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons, and very low concerns for propylene glycol ethers. However, the hazard values for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons are based upon an inhalation study. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and propylene glycol ethers. Blanket Wash 34 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concerns for terpenes and very low concerns for the fatty acid derivatives. However, the hazard values are based upon oral studies. Risks for fatty acid derivatives could not be quantified but are expected to be low because of structure-activity predictions of poor absorption and low to moderate toxicity. Risks for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons could not be quantified. Structure- activity analysis indicates low to moderate hazard concern for these chemicals. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure values indicate very low concern for terpenes. However, the hazard value is based upon an oral study. Due to negligible exposure, the fatty acid derivatives present no concern. Risks for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons could not be quantified but are expected to be low because of low exposure and structure-activity predictions of low to moderate hazard concern. Blanket Wash 35 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concern for aromatic hydrocarbons. However, the hazard value is based upon an inhalation study. Risks for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons could not be quantified due to the unavailability of hazard values. Structure-activity analysis indicates low to moderate hazard concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons. 3-60 3.4 RISK CHARACTERIZATION Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for aromatic hydrocarbons. Risks for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons could not be quantified but are expected to be low based on low exposure and structure-activity predictions of low to moderate toxicity. Blanket Wash 36 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculation indicate concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons, and very low concern for propylene glycol ethers. However, the hazard value for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons is based upon an inhalation study. Risks for other chemicals in this formulation could not be quantified due to the unavailability of hazard values. Structure-activity analysis indicates a moderate hazard concern for aromatic hydrocarbons because of the possible presence of carcinogenic compounds. Risks from fatty acid derivatives are expected to be low because of structure-activity predictions of poor absorption and low toxicity. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons and propylene glycol ethers. Due to negligible exposure, the fatty acid derivatives present no concern. Risks from aromatic hydrocarbons could not be quantified but are expected to be low because of low exposure. Blanket Wash 37 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate possible concern for aromatic hydrocarbons. Risks for other chemicals in this formulation could not be quantified due to the unavailability of hazard values. The petroleum distillate hydrocarbons are considered to present low to moderate hazard concerns according to structure- activity analysis. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for aromatic hydrocarbons. Risks for other chemicals in this formulation could not be quantified but are expected to be low because of low exposure and structure-activity predictions of low to moderate hazard. Blanket Wash 38 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Risks for this formulation could not be quantified due to the unavailability of hazard values. The fatty acid derivatives and alkoxylated alcohols are expected to present low risk because of structure-activity predictions of poor absorption and low or low to moderate toxicity. Petroleum distillate hydrocarbons present low to moderate hazard concern according to structure-activity analysis. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Due to negligible exposure, the fatty acid derivatives present no concern. Risks for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons could not be quantified but are expected to be low because of low exposure and structure- activity predictions of low to moderate toxicity. 3-61 CHAPTER 3: RISK Blanket Wash 39 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons, ethylene glycol ethers, and alkanolamines, and possible concerns for propylene glycol ethers. However, the hazard value for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons is based on an inhalation study. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons, propylene glycol ethers, and ethylene glycol ethers. However, the hazard value used for propylene glycol ethers is based on an oral study. Due to negligible exposure, alkanolamines present no concern. Blanket Wash 40 Worker Risk - Dermal Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons and very low concern for ethoxylated nonylphenol. However, the hazard value for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons is based upon an inhalation study. Risks for other chemicals in this formulation could not be quantified due to the unavailability of hazard values. Structure-activity analysis indicates a moderate hazard concern for aromatic hydrocarbons because of the possible presence of carcinogenic compounds. Risks from fatty acid derivatives are expected to be low because of structure-activity predictions of poor absorption and low toxicity. Worker Risk - Inhalation Exposure Margin of exposure calculations indicate very low concern for petroleum distillate hydrocarbons. Due to negligible exposure, fatty acid derivatives and ethoxylated nonylphenol present no concern. Risks from aromatic hydrocarbons could not be quantified but are expected to be low because of low exposure. 3.4.4 General Population Risks 1RFRQFHUQVZHUHLGHQWLILHGIRUJHQHUDOSRSXODWLRQH[SRVXUHVWKURXJKGULQNLQJZDWHUILVK LQJHVWLRQRUDPELHQWDLUDVVHHQLQ7DEOH3UHGLFWHGH[SRVXUHOHYHOVLQWKHVHHQYLURQPHQWDO PHGLD ZHUH H[WUHPHO\ ORZ 7KH FDOFXODWHG ULVN QXPEHUV VKRXOG EH YLHZHG DV ORZFRQILGHQFH HVWLPDWHV EHFDXVH RI WKH PDQ\ XQFHUWDLQWLHV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK ERWK WKH KD]DUG DQG H[SRVXUH FRPSRQHQWVRIWKHFDOFXODWLRQ+RZHYHUWKHRYHUDOOULVNFRQFOXVLRQFDQEHUHJDUGHGZLWKKLJK FRQILGHQFHEHFDXVHDOORIWKHULVNHVWLPDWHVIDOOIDUEHORZVWDQGDUGULVNEHQFKPDUNV7KXVWKH §WUXH¨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able 3-10. General Population Risk Estimates for Drinking Water, Fish Ingestion, and Inhalation Form. Drinking Fish Ingestion Inhalation Number Chemical Components Water MOE1,2 MOE 1,2 MOE1,2 1 Fatty acid derivatives Alkoxylated alcohols 3 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, aromatic 1.6 × 105 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 2.0 × 104 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 3.0 × 10-5 (HQ) Hydrocarbons, aromatic 7.1 × 10-5 (HQ) Alkyl benzene sulfonates 4 Terpenes 8.0 × 104 Ethoxylated nonylphenol35 8.8 × 10 5 Water Hydrocarbons, aromatic 1.2 × 105 Ethylene glycol ethers 4.5 × 104 Ethoxylated nonylphenol36 7 × 10 Alkyl benzene sulfonates Alkoxylated alcohols Alkyl benzene sulfonates Alkali/salts 6 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 6.0 × 105 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates 7 Terpenes Terpenes 3.0 × 105 Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Ethoxylated nonylphenol37 2.3 × 10 Alkoxylated alcohols 3-63 CHAPTER 3: RISK Form. Drinking Fish Ingestion Inhalation Number Chemical Components Water MOE1,2 MOE 1,2 MOE1,2 8 Water Hydrocarbons, aromatic Propylene glycol ethers 7.0 × 105 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 5.0 × 107 Ethoxylated nonylphenol36 8.1 × 10 Alkyl benzene sulfonates Alkoxylated alcohols Alkyl benzene sulfonates Alkali/salts 9 Fatty acid derivatives Water Ethoxylated nonylphenol37 2.3 × 10 10 Fatty acid derivatives Water 11 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 4.0 × 105 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates 12 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 2.0 × 106 Water 14 Fatty acid derivatives Propylene glycol ethers Water 16 Terpenes 3.0 × 105 Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes 17 Ethoxylated nonylphenol37 3.2 × 10 Glycols 1.0 × 10-5 (HQ) Fatty acid derivatives Alkali/salts Water 3-64 3.4 RISK CHARACTERIZATION Form. Drinking Fish Ingestion Inhalation Number Chemical Components Water MOE1,2 MOE 1,2 MOE1,2 18 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 4.0 × 105 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Dibasic esters 3.0 × 104 Dibasic esters 3.0 × 104 Dibasic esters 3.0 × 104 Esters/lactones Alkyl benzene sulfonates 19 Fatty acid derivatives Propylene glycol ethers Water 20 Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 8.0 × 105 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates 21 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 2.5 × 105 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 1.0 × 105 Fatty acid derivatives 22 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, aromatic Water 23 Terpenes 1.0 × 105 Nitrogen heterocyclics 1.0 × 104 Alkoxylated alcohols Water 24 Terpenes 4.0 × 105 Ethylene glycol ethers 1.1 × 104 Ethoxylated nonylphenol37 1.5 × 10 Alkyl benzene sulfonates 5.0 × 106 Alkali/salts Water 25 Terpenes Terpenes 3.0 × 105 Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Esters/lactones 2.0 × 106 3-65 CHAPTER 3: RISK Form. Drinking Fish Ingestion Inhalation Number Chemical Components Water MOE1,2 MOE 1,2 MOE1,2 26 Fatty acid derivatives Esters/lactones Fatty acid derivatives 1.3 × 1085 6.3 × 10 Esters/lactones 27 Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes Terpenes 6.0 × 105 Terpenes Terpenes 28 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 1.2 x 105 29 Fatty acid derivatives 30 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 7.0 × 104 Propylene glycol ethers Water 31 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 2.5 × 105 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 32 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 33 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 2.0 × 105 Hydrocarbons, aromatic 1.6 × 105 Propylene glycol ethers 1.0 × 106 Water 34 Water Terpenes 4.0 × 105 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Alkoxylated alcohols 6.0 × 107 Fatty acid derivatives 35 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic 3.0 × 104 36 Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 8.0 × 105 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Propylene glycol ethers 2.0 × 106 37 D. I. Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aliphatic Hydrocarbons, aromatic 1.2 × 105 3-66 3.4 RISK CHARACTERIZATION Form. Drinking Fish Ingestion Inhalation Number Chemical Components Water MOE1,2 MOE 1,2 MOE1,2 38 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Alkoxylated alcohols Fatty acid derivatives 39 Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 8.0 × 105 Propylene glycol ethers 1.0 × 106 Alkanolamines 4.0 × 106 Ethylene glycol ethers 1.1 × 105 40 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates 8.0 × 105 Fatty acid derivatives Ethoxylated nonylphenol37 1.6 × 10 gives an estimate of the "margin of safety" between an 1 A Margin-of-Exposure (MOE) or a Hazard Quotient (HQ) estimated exposure level and the level at which adverse effects may occur. Hazard Quotient values below unity imply that adverse effects are very unlikely to occur. The more the Hazard Quotient exceeds unity, the greater is the level of concern. High MOE values such as values greater that 100 for a NOAEL-based MOE or 100 for a LOAEL-based MOE imply a low level of concern. As the MOE decreases, the level of concern increases. The hazard values used in the HQ or MOE calculations were taken from Table 2-3. The exposure values used in the calculations were taken from Tables 3-4 and 3-5. 2 The absence of HQ or MOE values in this table indicates no exposure is expected by this route or that insufficient hazard data were available to calculate a HQ or MOE for that chemical. 3 Based on testing data (Weeks, A.J. et al. 1996. Proceedings of the CESIO 4th World Surfactants Congress, Barcelona, Spain. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee on Surfactants and Detergents, pp. 276-291.) the original estimate of POTW removal has been changed from 100% reported in the draft document to 95% in the final report. This revision results in increased estimates of releases to surface water. When the releases to surface water are compared with the concern concentration set at the default value of 0.001 mg/L, the formulations containing ethoxylated nonylphenols (formulations 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 17, 24 and 40) present concerns to aquatic species that were not reported in the draft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Blanket Wash Laboratory Test Results 1 hr pH 1 (lbs/gal; % by weight) VOC Content F) ( ( 230+ 2.3; 30% 7.8* 1.5 3.0 1.32 1.66 1.38 4 1.32 1.47 1.34 6 Point Flash 1 34 1145 1146 6.4; 91% 1397 6.4; 89% 1528 3.4* 2.5; 30% 1659 1.5 8.7 3.5; 47% 115 4.5 4.3 3.0 230+ 3.0; 36% 5.5 6.1 5.2 1.33 3.3; 41% 0.77; 10% 15.4 9.3 0.7 1.32 1.76 4.0 3.8 1.5 1.31 4.6 1.85 7.7 6.8 1.32 1.5 1.34 1.79 20 1.27 1.5 1.33 1.81 1.33 1.32 4 1.33 1.73 1.34 3 1.79 1.74 9 1.36 1.32 1.34 8 1.32 1.36 1.49 1.33 6 1.47 1.33 7 19 1.34 1.49 1.31 1.36 1.52 1.33 1.32 1.37 4 1.51 1.35 2 1.47 1.52 8 1.36 6 1.34 1.44 8 30 9 1011 230+12 15014 0.16; 2% 12516 230+ 4.3; 61% 5.717 1.3; 20% 145 0.718 0.97; 12% 5.0* 220+19 0.7 0.0 8.2 7.2; 99% 150 5.0 0.051; 0.6%20 1.5 1.28 0.0 230+ 1.521 9.8 9.8 1.5 1.32 4.4; 60% 170 3.0 1.78 1.8; 22% 4.5 1.5 115 1.33 1.66 1.28 10.6 5.5 1.5 2.7; 35% 1.42 4.6 1.79 1.5 1.25 3.5; 47% 1.27 1.79 1.41 1.5 7.1 4.5 12 1.64 1.36 1.5 6.2 1.62 0.0 1.31 1.32 4 0.0 1.5 1.28 1.30 1.28 1.54 7 1.71 1.5 8 1.30 1.79 1.32 1.47 1.32 2 100 1.36 1.77 1.32 1.33 1.29 1.46 1.29 1.56 1.32 1.34 1.47 1.30 8 1.51 1.35 11 1.41 13 1.48 1.51 1.31 5 1.32 1.32 5 1.27 7 1.48 1.34 11 1.55 10 1.29 1.45 100 1.31 2 1.36 1.52 1.30 1.43 1.34 7 9 1.42 7 6 No. Form. 4-6 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA Strokes Blanket Cleaned Ink Density Density Strokes Blanket Blanket Cleaned Ink Density Blanket Density (%) 2 5 hr Blkt Swell Ink Film Wet Dry Ink Film (%) 1 hr pH 7.4(b) 1.5 1.5 1.28 1.67 1.37 13 1.28 1.48 1.41 13 1 (lbs/gal; % by weight) VOC Content F) ( ( Point Flash 157(a) NM; 2.17% 22 2324 14025 10026 220+ 0.48; 6%27 230+ 1.5; 19%28 4.1; 55% 9.2 14529 1.3; 18% 9.9 0.0 50 4.330 1.5 1.5 230+ 7.2; 93% 7.8* 3.031 100(a) 3.0 1.28 6.2; 100% 0.0 4.532 2.1; 30% 3.9 1.32 105 0.0 0.48; 7% 1.7633 6.6 1.27 3.0 220 7.2 1.28 1.7734 7.6(b) 1.5 4.5 6.6; 99% 105 1.31 1.73 1.5 0.735 3.0 6.5; 99% 1.27 1.73 1.34 138 1.5 1.5 7.636 1.36 1.33 3.4; 46% 24 105 1.67 1.33 1.32 8.537 1.5 1.29 15 2.8; 39% 175 1.80 7.2*38 3.0 22 0.1 1.28 6.7; 99% 1.30 1.74 1.66 82 4.5 639 1.5 6.6 1.32 1.31 230+ 1.32 3.5; 48% 7.6 1.51 1.3340 1.41 6.0 1.5 1.29 1.27 3 155 1.0; 14% 1.78 1.45 1.32 5.7* 4.9; 65% 3.0 1.27 1.5 3 155 1.53 1.33 1.71 0.7 9 6.1 5 1.32 3.9 1.31 2.9; 37% 1.33 1.34 1.48 1.77 5.6 1.5 1.49 1.32 1.33 100 3.8; 52% 3.0 1.33 0.0 1.79 9.2 1.55 1.32 1.27 1.33 1.28 1.40 3 3.0 12 1.5 1.76 1.51 4.8 1.5 32 5 1.35 1.33 1.78 1.47 1.35 1.50 1.32 3.0 1.5 14 4 1.32 1.35 1.33 3.0 1.85 1.38 10 1.29 1.29 1.39 1.24 1.76 3 1.51 1.31 1.33 3 1.34 8 1.73 1.45 1.43 1.32 4 18 11 1.34 1.81 1.45 1.31 1.33 5 1.40 1.49 9 1.33 1.39 1.35 3 1.46 7 1.35 30 1.33 1.48 1.32 5 4 1.34 1.49 20 1.31 1.37 1.48 1.33 5 1.34 1.50 1.37 5 1.51 1.34 8 16 1.35 10 10 No. Form. (a) full strength (b) 25% NM - not measured * pH fluctuates wildly and may not be valid VOC content in lbs/gal was not measurable; % by weight VOC was submitted by the manufacturer. VOC content in lbs/gal was not measurable; % by weight VOC was submitted VOC content in lbs/gal was measured at GATF; % by weight VOC was calculated based on information submitted by the manufacturer. VOC content in lbs/gal was measured at GATF; % by weight VOC was calculated 1 2 4-7 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS LIWKHDSSOLFDWLRQSURFHGXUHVKDGEHHQPRGLILHGLQDQ\ZD\,IDQ\FKDQJHVZHUHPDGHWKH W\SHRIFKDQJHDQGWKHUHDVRQIRUWKHFKDQJHDUHGHVFULEHGLQWKHSHUIRUPDQFHVXPPDU\ & 6KRUWWHUPQDWXUHRIWKHGHPRQVWUDWLRQV3ULQWHUVXVHGWKHVXEVWLWXWHEODQNHWZDVKHVLQ WKHLUIDFLOLWLHVIRURQHZHHN$Q\ORQJWHUPHIIHFWVVXFKDVSUHPDWXUHEODQNHWZHDURU FRUURVLRQZRXOGQRWKDYHEHHQDSSDUHQW 4.1.5 Blanket Wash Summaries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able 4-2. Summary of Blanket Wash Performance Demonstrations Laboratory Results Field Demonstration Results Product/ VOC Content Flash- Avg Volume Performance Evaluation Facility(lbs/gal; point Used % by wt) ((F) (ounces) WASH 1 Facility 3 2.3; 30% 230+ 1.1 ± 0.2 Based on a sample size of 10 blanket washes: • Good performance for light or medium ink coverage. [1.0]a • Poor performance for heavy ink coverage; the extra time and effort needed were unacceptable. • Left a slight residue that was removed with a dry rag. Facility 6 1.5 ± 0.6 Based on a sample size of 4 blanket washes: • Poor performance. [1.5]a • Print quality problems: image of the previous job was showing. WASH 6 Facility 11 3.5; 47% 152 1.0 ± 0.2 Based on a sample size of 11 blanket washes: • Wash left oily residue that interfered with print quality. [0.7 ± 0.2]a • Did not readily absorb into rag due to thick consistency; created delays. • Fair performance overall; more effort required with heavy ink coverage. Facility 15 0.9 ± 0.2 Based on a sample size of 23 blanket washes: • Cut ink well. [1.5 ± 0.7]a • Did not readily absorb into rag due to thick consistency; created delays and effort necessary to clean was rated "high." • Did not leave a residue on the blanket. WASH 9 Facility 10 0.77; 10% 230+ 3.1 ± 0.3 Based on a sample size of 4 blanket washes: • Poor performance. [1.5]a • Did not cut ink well, required excessive effort, and did not soak into rag. • Discontinued use of Wash 9 after 4 washes. Facility 15 0.7 ± 0.1 Based on a sample size of 21 blanket washes: • Poor performance. [1.5 ± 0.7]a • Did not soak into the rag. • Required much more effort than the baseline. WASH 10 Facility 3 0.16; 2% 230+ 1.0 ± 0.0 Based on a sample size of 4 blanket washes: • Printer declined to test product due to level of effort required to [1.0]a clean blanket. • Did not absorb well into rag. • Did not cut ink well. Facility 4 3.0 ± 0.0 Based on a sample size of 4 blanket washes: • Printer declined to test product due to level of effort required to [3.0 ± 0.0]a clean blanket. • Did not absorb well into rag. • Did not cut ink well. 4-9 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS Laboratory Results Field Demonstration Results Product/ VOC Content Flash- Avg Volume Performance Evaluation Facility(lbs/gal; point Used % by wt) ((F) (ounces) WASH 11 Facility 1 4.3; 61% 150 2.5 ± 0.6 Based on a sample size of 26 blanket washes: • Good performance for light/medium coverage. [2.5 ± 0.0]a • Poor performance for heavy ink coverage; extra time and effort were needed. • Left slight, oily residue on blanket, but it did not affect the print quality. Facility 2 1.5 ± 1.5 Based on a sample size of 31 blanket washes: • Good/Fair performance for light/medium cover. [1.2 ± 0.8] • Poor performance for heavy ink coverage; extra product, time and effort were required. • Left slight, oily residue on blanket, but it did not affect the print quality. WASH 12 Facility 12 1.3; 20% 125 5.4 ± 0.8 Based on a sample size of 16 blanket washes: • Was considered equal to baseline wash in overall performance. [4.4 ± 1.6] • Had difficulty cutting paper residue. • Wash was diluted 50% with water. Facility 13 1.8 ± 0.4 Based on a sample size of 19 blanket washes: • When not diluted with water, performance surpassed baseline [2.1 ± 0.5] and standard washes. • Averaged over all dilution levels, required slightly less effort than baseline wash. • Overall fair performance rating across ink coverages and dilutions. WASH 14 Facility 6 0.97; 12% 230+ 1.3 ± 0.6 Based on a sample size of 15 blanket washes: • Good performance; cut ink well. [1.5] • Extra effort was required to remove the oily residue that the wash left on the blanket. Facility 16 2.8 ± 0.5 Based on a sample size of 34 blanket washes: • Did not cut ink as well as the baseline wash. [2.0 ± 0.0] • Black inks and heavy ink build up are especially difficult to clean. • Thick consistency of the wash made it difficult to soak into rag. 4-10 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA Laboratory Results Field Demonstration Results Product/ VOC Content Flash- Avg Volume Performance Evaluation Facility(lbs/gal; point Used % by wt) ((F) (ounces) WASH 19 Facility 18 1.8; 22% 230+ 4.8 ± 3.0 Based on a sample size of 5 blanket washes: • Thick consistency of wash made it difficult to soak into rag and [1.5 ± 0.8]a resulted in uneven application. • Large quantities were required to cut ink. Facility 19 2.2 ± 0.5 Based on a sample size of 8 blanket washes: • Thick consistency of wash was messy and difficult to use. [0.9 ± 0.2] • Cut demonstration short due to extra effort and time required to clean blanket. WASH 20 Facility 11 2.7; 35% 170 1.4± 0.6 Based on a sample size of 17 blanket washes: • Performance considered fair, but worse than facility and baseline [0.7± 0.2] washes. • Left oily residue on blanket that required additional rotations to remove. • Hard to apply to rags due to thick consistency. Facility 12 3.0 Based on a sample size of 1 blanket washes: • Product induced nausea in press operators; Facility declined [4.4± 1.6] opportunity to test product. WASH 21 Facility 6 3.5; 47% 115 2.0 ± 0.6 Based on a sample size of 6 blanket washes: • Fair performance. [1.5] • Cut ink well, but oily residue was difficult to remove. • Extra waste sheets required to get back up to color because of residue. Facility 17 1.6 ± 0.4 Based on a sample size of 25 blanket washes: • Fair performance. [1.5 ± 0.4] • Oily residue caused print problems if it was not completely removed. • Wash did not absorb into rag easily. WASH 22 Facility 12 Not 157 4.4 ± 0.6 Based on a sample size of 5 blanket washes: measurable; • Cut ink as well as baseline wash. 2.17%b [4.4 ± 1.6] • Did not readily soak into rag, creating delays. • Fair performer overall. Facility 13 3.4 ± 1.7 Based on a sample size of 17 blanket washes: • Difficult to apply to rag due to thick consistency. [2.1 ± 0.5] • Left blanket slightly streaked and wet, extra drying time necessary to prevent print quality problems. • Cut ink as well as baseline wash, but required greater effort; a fair performer. 4-11 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS Laboratory Results Field Demonstration Results Product/ VOC Content Flash- Avg Volume Performance Evaluation Facility(lbs/gal; point Used % by wt) ((F) (ounces) WASH 24 Facility 16 1.5; 19% 100 2.2 ± 0.6 Based on a sample size of 28 blanket washes: • Cut ink well, but some extra effort was required to wipe off oily [2.0 ± 0.0] residue. • Oily residue significantly increased the number of copies required to return to print quality. Facility 17 1.3 ± 0.6 Based on a sample size of 4 blanket washes: • Cut ink well. [1.5 ± 0.4] • Extra effort to wipe off oily residue. • Thick consistency of wash caused operator to curtail use. • Citrus odor was very strong to operator. WASH 26 Facility 5 1.3; 18% 230+ 0.5± 0.1 Based on a sample size of 14 blanket washes: • Good performance rating after every wash. [1.0] • Performed as well as both standard facility wash and baseline wash. • Slight oily residue caused print quality problems when wash was used for roller clean-up. Facility 15 0.7± 0.1 Based on a sample size of 22 blanket washes: • Good performance rating after every wash. [1.5± 0.7] • Performed as well as standard facility wash and baseline wash. WASH 29 Facility 7 2.1; 30% 230+ 1.0 ± 0.0 Based on a sample size of 3 blanket washes: • Good performance; cut ink well. [1.2 ± 0.0] • Extra effort was required to dry the blanket. Facility 8 0.8 ± 0.6 Based on a sample size of 36 blanket washes: • Did not cut ink as well as baseline wash. [0.7 ± 0.0] • Did not cut paper dust or powder. • More effort was required to remove slight oily film on blanket. WASH 30 Facility 18 0.48; 7% 100 4.0 ± 0.0 Based on a sample size of 3 blanket washes: • Good performance; cut ink well. [1.5 ± 0.8] • Worked best with no dilution with water. Facility 19 0.7 ± 0.0 Based on a sample size of 8 blanket washes: • Cut ink well. [0.9 ± 0.2] • Required extra effort to dry oily film from blanket. • Thick consistency was difficult to use. • Extra effort was required due to resistance to surface of the blanket. 4-12 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA Laboratory Results Field Demonstration Results Product/ VOC Content Flash- Avg Volume Performance Evaluation Facility(lbs/gal; point Used % by wt) ((F) (ounces) WASH 31 Facility 7 6.6; 99% 105 1.5 ± 0.6 Based on a sample size of 4 blanket washes: • Cut the ink well; slightly more effort needed to remove oily [1.2 ± 0.0]a residue on blanket. • Oily residue slightly increased the copies required to return to print quality. • Smell not as strong as facility's standard wash or baseline wash. Facility 8 1.1 ± 1.5 Based on a sample size of 61 blanket washes: • Good performance; cut ink well [0.7 ± 0.0] • Performed as well as standard wash. • Slightly more effort was required due to resistance to surface of the blanket. WASH 32 Facility 1 6.5; 99% 220 2.5 ± 0.0 Based on a sample size of 4 blanket washes: • Good performance. [2.5 ± 0.0] • Required slightly higher effort to remove excess wash than with the standard wash. Facility 5 0.7 ± 0.2 Based on a sample size of 12 blanket washes: • Good performance. [1.0] • Left slight, oily residue that was removed with dry rags and did not affect print quality. WASH 34 Facility 1 2.8; 39% 138 2.5 ± 0.0 Based on a sample size of 37 blanket washes: • Good performance; best of the 5 substitute washes demonstrated [2.5 ± 0.0] at this facility. • Cut the ink well with the same effort as with the standard wash for light/medium ink coverage. • Slightly more effort needed for heavy ink coverage, but acceptable. Facility 19 1.2 ± 0.4 Based on a sample size of 13 blanket washes: • Fair/Poor performance. [0.9 ± 0.2] • Cut the ink well, but did not soak into rag and extra effort was needed to remove the oily residue. WASH 37 Facility 3 1.0; 14% 82 1.3 ± 0.6 Based on a sample size of 17 blanket washes: • Longer drying time than baseline and standard facility washes. [1.0] • Performance rated as good and fair on light and medium coverages, respectively. • Press operators had no problems with wash. Facility 4 2.2 ± 0.8 Based on a sample size of 6 blanket washes: • Worked well initially, but caused paper breakup due to blanket [3.0 ± 0.0] tackiness. • Use of wash discontinued. 4-13 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS Laboratory Results Field Demonstration Results Product/ VOC Content Flash- Avg Volume Performance Evaluation Facility(lbs/gal; point Used % by wt) ((F) (ounces) WASH 38 Facility 2 4.9; 65% 230+ 2.2 ± 0.6 Based on a sample size of 9 blanket washes: • Oily residue caused print quality problems. [1.2 ± 0.8]a • Use of wash discontinued after 1.5 days due to poor performance and print quality problems. Facility 4 3.7 ± 1.3 Based on a sample size of 6 blanket washes: • Use of wash discontinued after 6 trials due to print quality [3.0 ± 0.0] problems from oily residue. • Wash cut ink satisfactorily. WASH 39 Facility 5 2.9; 37% 155 0.7 ± 0.3 Based on a sample size of 32 blanket washes: • Good overall performance; cut ink well. [1.0] • Did not dry as quickly as baseline wash and left an oily residue on the blanket. • Product did not work on rollers. Facility 8 1.0 ± 0.0 Based on a sample size of 5 blanket washes: • Did not cut ink well and therefore required extra time and effort to [0.7 ± 0.0] clean blankets. • Difficult to get wash to soak into rag. • Left oily residue on blanket. WASH 40 Facility 1 3.8; 52% 155 2.5 ± 0.0 Based on a sample size of 6 blanket washes: • Good performance. [2.5 ± 0.0] • When diluted with water, left residue. No residue problem at full strength. Facility 10 0.9 ± 0.2 Based on a sample size of 20 blanket washes: • Good performance; cut ink well. [1.5 ± 0.0] • Required slightly more effort when coverage was heavy. a Bracketed values ([]) are the results using the baseline wash (VM&P Naphtha) to clean the same blanket as was used in the demo at this facility. b VOC content not measurable; % by weight VOC content was reported by manufacturer. 4-14 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA Blanket Wash 1 Composition: Fatty acid derivatives Alkoxylated alcohols VOC Content: 30%; 2.3 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 230+(F pH: 7.8 (fluctuates wildly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strokes) Washability ty 3 and 13.8 sec. at Facility 6 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink Performance Evaluation (%) Blanket Swell 1.5 3 4 6 1.5 3 3 8 1 hour • Good performance for light or medium ink coverage. • Poor performance for heavy ink coverage; the extra time and effort needed were unacceptable. • Left a slight residue that was removed with dry shop towel. • Poor performance. • Print quality problems: image of the previous job was showing. Based on a sample size of 10 blanket washes: • It dried quickly and removing excess wash with a dry shop towel was not required. Based on a sample size of 4 blanket washes: • Cut the ink well without extra effort. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage Vapor Pressure Medium (reported, mm Hg) Coverage F) ( (Low, Medium, or High) ( Light Physical Effort Required Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Field Demonstration Results Heavy b Coverage pH Flashpoint Medium Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 1 Coverage (# rotations) Time required NA 1NA 4.0 ± 0.0 NA NANA NA NA 2 Medium Medium NA NA NA • Good performance. NA Low NA • Good performance Light 2.0 ± 0.0 2.2 ± 0.5 2.5 ± 0.7 Medium Medium High Coverage a 1.0 1.5 (n=1) (n=4) (n=1) (n=10) (lbs/gal; 1.5 ± 0.6 1.1 ± 0.2 Average 2.3; 30% 7.8 (fluctuated during test) 230+ 0.1 @ 80 % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product WASH 1 Facility 6 Facility 3 Product/ WASH 1 at WASH 1 at at Facility 3 at Facility 6 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 6.6 50 15 @ 100 Time required to clean the blanket measured by number of rotations: Avg. time per rotation = 18.8 sec. at Facili n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. a b (based on time recorded by the observer) 4-17 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS Blanket Wash 6 Composition: Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates VOC Content: 47%; 3.5 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 152(F p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strokes) Washability 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink Performance Evaluation (%) Blanket Swell 0.71.5 1.5 3 8 3 6 8 1 hour Based on a sample size of 11 blanket washes: • Left oily residue that interfered with print quality. • Did not readily absorb into shop towel due to thick consistency. • Fair performance overall; more effort required with heavy ink coverage. • Did not perform as well facility standard wash. Based on a sample size of 23 blanket washes: •Cut ink well. • Did not readily absorb into shop towel due to thick consistency; created delays and effort necessary to clean was rated "high." • Did not leave a residue on the blanket. • Slight odor. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage Medium (reported, mm Hg) Coverage (Low, Medium, or High) pH Vapor Pressure Physical Effort Required Light Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Field Demonstration Results Heavy b Coverage F) ( ( Medium Flashpoint Coverage (# rotations) Time required Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 6 Light 2.5 ± 0.8 2.5 ± 0.6 3.0 ± 0.0 Medium Medium High 3.7 ± 0.6 3.0 ± 0.0 NA Medium Medium NA2.0 ± 0.0 NA • Received good performance rating. NA Low NA NA • Cut ink well, with low effort. 2.7 ± 0.5 3.6 ± 0.5 3.9 ± 0.4 High High High Coverage a (n=4) (n=2) (n=23) (n=11) (lbs/gal; 1.0 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.2 1.5 ± 0.7 3.5; 47% 152 5.5 0.2 @ 68 Average % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product Product/ Facility 11 WASH 6 at WASH 6 at at Facility 11 at Facility 15 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. WASH 6 Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 50 6.6 15 @ 100 Facility 15 Facility NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. a 4-20 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA Blanket Wash 9 Composition: Fatty acid derivatives Water Ethoxylated nonylphenol VOC Content: 10%; 0.77 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 230+(F p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strokes) Washability ility 10 and 35.0 sec. at Facility 15 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink Performance Evaluation (%) Blanket Swell 1.5 3 3 8 1.5 1.5 19 30 1 hour • Poor performance. • Did not cut ink well, required excessive effort, and did not soak into shop towel. • Discontinued use of Wash 9 after 4 washes. • Poor performance. • Did not soak into the shop towel. • Required much more effort than the baseline. • Cut ink well with minimal effort. Based on a sample size of 4 blanket washes: • Operator noted a strong odor. Based on a sample size of 21 blanket washes: F F ( ( Heavy Coverage Medium (reported, mm Hg) Coverage pH Vapor Pressure (Low, Medium, or High) Physical Effort Required Light Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Field Demonstration Results Heavy b Coverage F) ( ( Medium Coverage Flashpoint Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 9 (# rotations) Time required NA NA 5 NA NA Medium • Good performance; cut heavy ink coverage well. Light 11. ± 1.4 11. ± 1.4 NA High High NA 2.0 ± 0.0 NA NA Low NA NA • Good performance. 3.6 ± 0.5 3.9 ± 0.4 4.7 ± 0.6 High High High Coverage a 1.5 (n=2) (n=1) (n=4) (n=21) (lbs/gal; 3.1 ± 0.3 0.7 ± 0.1 1.5 ± 0.7 Average % by wt) (ounces) 0.77; 10% 230+ 4.6 < 1.0 @ 77 VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product WASH 9 Product/ Facility 10 Facility 15 WASH 9 at WASH 9 at at Facility 10 at Facility 15 Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 50 6.6 15 @ 100 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Time required to clean the blanket measured by number of rotations. Avg. time per rotation = 15.0 sec. at Fac n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the observer (Facility 10) and printer 15). NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. NC = Not calculated; VOC content as a % by weight could not be calculated because specific gravity was available. a b (based on time recorded by the project observer) 4-23 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS Blanket Wash 10 Composition: Fatty acid derivatives Water VOC Content: 2%; 0.16 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 230+(F p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strokes) Washability ty 3 and 202.5 sec. at Facility 4 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink Performance Evaluation (%) 0.71.5 0.7 3 12 3 13 8 Blanket Swell 1 hour • Slight, unpleasant odor. • Printer declined to test product due level of effort required to clean blanket. • Did not absorb well into shop towel. • Did not cut ink well. • Printer declined to test product due level of effort required to clean blanket. • Did not absorb well into shop towel. • Did not cut ink well. Based on a sample size of 4 blanket washes: Based on a sample size of 4 blanket washes: • Slight, unpleasant odor. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage (reported, mm Hg) Medium Coverage (Low, Medium, or High) pH Vapor Pressure Physical Effort Required Light Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Field Demonstration Results Heavy b Coverage F) ( ( Medium Coverage Flashpoint (# rotations) Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 10 Time required NA 6.2 ± 0.5 NA NA High NA NA 3.0 ± 0.0 NA NA Low NA • Good performance: cut the ink well. Light 2.0 ± 0.0 2.0 ± 0.0 NA High High NA Coverage a (n=4) (n=2) (n=4) (lbs/gal; 3.0 ± 0.0 3.0 ± 0.0 1.0 ± 0.0 Average 0.16; 2% 230+ 5.7 17.5 @ 68 1.0 (n=1) NA 1.0 ± 0.0 NA NA Medium NA • Good performance: cut the ink well. % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product Facility 4 Facility 3 Product/ WASH 10 at Facility 3 at Facility 4 WASH 10 at WASH 10 at Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 50 6.6 15 @ 100 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Time required to clean the blanket measured by number of rotations. Avg. time per rotation = 30.0 sec. at Facili n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the observer. NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. a b (based on time recorded by the project observer) 4-26 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA Blanket Wash 11 Composition: Fatty acid derivatives Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates VOC Content: 61%; 4.3 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 150(F pH: 5.0 (fluctuates wildly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strokes) Washability ty 1 and 10.0 sec. at Facility 2 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink Performance Evaluation (%) 15 5 01.54 Blanket Swell 1.5 3 3 8 1 hour • Good performance for light/medium ink coverage. • Extra time and effort needed for heavy ink coverage. • Left slight, oily residue on blanket, but it did not affect the print quality. • Good/fair performance for light/medium ink coverage. • Extra time and effort were required for heavy ink coverage. • Left slight, oily residue on blanket, but it did not affect the print quality. Based on a sample size of 26 blanket washes: • Required slightly more effort than their standard product to remove excess wash. Based on a sample size of 31 blanket washes: • Cut ink as well their standard wash. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage Vapor Pressure Medium (reported, mm Hg) Coverage F) ( (Low, Medium, or High) ( Light Physical Effort Required Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Field Demonstration Results Heavy b Coverage pH Flashpoint Medium Coverage Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 11 (# rotations) Time required Light 2.0 ± 0.0 2.0 ± 0.0 NA Medium Medium NA • Good performance. 2.7 ± 1.1 NA NA Medium NA NA • Good performance 2.1 ± 0.6 2.0 ± 1.2 8.2 ± 3.5 Medium Medium High 3.0 ± 0.0 3.5 ± 0.7 4.0 ± 0.8 Medium Medium High Coverage a (n=2) (n=3) (n=31) (n=26) (lbs/gal; 2.5 ± 0.0 1.2 ± 0.8 2.5 ± 0.6 1.5 ± Average 4.3; 61% 5.0 (fluctuated during test) 150 0.2 @ 68 % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product Facility 1 Facility 2 Product/ WASH 11 at Facility 1 at Facility 2 WASH 11 at WASH 11 at Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 6.6 50 15 @ 100 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Time required to clean the blanket measured by number of rotations: Avg. time per rotation = 23.2 sec. at Facili n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. a b (based on time recorded by the observer) 4-29 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS Blanket Wash 12 Composition: Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Water VOC Content: 20%; 1.3 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 125(F p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strokes) Washability 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink y 12 and 62.5 sec. at Facility 13 Performance Evaluation (%) Blanket Swell 0 1.5 7 11 1.5 3 3 8 1 hour Based on a sample size of 16 blanket washes: • Caused potential print quality problems. • Was considered equal to baseline wash in overall performance. • Had difficulty cutting paper residue. • Wash was diluted 50% with water. • Did not cut ink as well standard wash. Based on a sample size of 19 blanket washes: • When not diluted with water, performance surpassed baseline and standard washes. • At most dilution levels, required slightly less effort than baseline wash. • Overall fair performance rating across ink coverages and dilutions. • Removed ink in one rotation. F F Heavy ( ( Coverage Medium (reported, mm Hg) Coverage (Low, Medium, or High) Physical Effort Required pH Vapor Pressure Light Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Field Demonstration Results Heavy Coverage b F) ( ( Medium Coverage Flashpoint (# rotations) Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 12 Time required Light 4.0 ± 0.0 2.5 ± 1.0 NA High High1.0 ± 0.0 1.0 ± 0.0 NA NA • Required greater effort than standard wash. Medium High NA • Good performance, cut the ink well. 1.0 ± 0.0 1.0 ± 0.0 1.0 ± 0.0 Medium Medium Medium Coverage 12.0 ± 0.0 4.0 ± 0.6 4.5 ± 0.6 High Medium Medium a (n=6) (n=4) (n=19) (n=16) (lbs/gal; 5.4 ± 0.8 4.4 ± 1.6 2.1 ± 0.5 1.8 ± 0.4 1.3; 20% 125 8.2 0.7 @ 68 Average % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product Product/ WASH 12 Facility 12 Facility 13 WASH 12 at WASH 12 at at Facility 12 at Facility 13 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 50 6.6 15 @ 100 Time required to clean the blanket measured by number of rotations: Avg. time per rotation = 48.0 sec. at Facilit n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. a b 4-32 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA Blanket Wash 14 Composition: Fatty acid derivatives Propylene glycol ethers Water VOC Content: 12%; 0.97 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 230+(F p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ª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strokes) Washability 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink ty 6 and 20.8 sec. at Facility 16 Performance Evaluation (%) Blanket Swell 1.51.5 3 3 8 3 10 8 1 hour Based on a sample size of 15 blanket washes: • Good performance; cut ink well. • Extra effort was required to remove the oily residue that the wash left on blanket. Based on a sample size of 34 blanket washes: • Did not cut ink as well the baseline wash. • Black inks and heavy ink build up are especially difficult to clean. • Thick consistency of the wash made it difficult to soak into shop towel. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage (reported, mm Hg) Medium Coverage (Low, Medium, or High) Physical Effort Required pH Vapor Pressure Light Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Field Demonstration Results Heavy b Coverage F) ( ( Medium Coverage Flashpoint (# rotations) Time required Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 14 NA 2.0 ± 0.0 NA NA Low NA • Good performance; cut ink well. NA NA 3.0 ± 0.0 NA NA Low • Baseline wash is facility's standard wash. Light 4.3 ± 0.6 4.4 ± 0.5 8.0 ± 0.0 Medium Medium High 3.2 ± 0.6 4.0 ± 0.5 NA High High NA Coverage a 1.5 (n=1) (n=3) (n=34) (n=15) (lbs/gal; 2.8 ± 0.5 2.0 ± 0.0 1.3 ± 0.6 Average % by wt) (ounces) 0.97; 12% 230+ 5 17.5 @ 68 VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product Facility 6 Product/ WASH 14 Facility 16 at Facility 6 WASH 14 at WASH 14 at at Facility 16 Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 50 6.6 15 @ 100 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Time required to clean the blanket measured by number of rotations: Avg. time per rotation = 22.5 sec. at Facili n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. a b (based on time recorded by the project observer) 4-35 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS Blanket Wash 19 Composition: Fatty acid derivatives Propylene glycol ethers Water VOC Content: 22%; 1.8 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 230+(F p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strokes) Washability y 18 and 18.5 sec. at Facility 19 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink Performance Evaluation (%) Blanket Swell 1.5 3.0 3 8 1.5 1.5 11 9 1 hour Based on a sample size of 5 blanket washes: • Thick consistency of wash made it difficult to soak into rag and resulted in uneven application. • Large quantities were required to cut ink. Based on a sample size of 8 blanket washes: • Thick consistency of wash was messy and difficult to use. • Cut demonstration short due to extra effort and time required to clean blanket. • Required additional effort to drag across the blanket. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage Medium (reported, mm Hg) Coverage pH Vapor Pressure (Low, Medium, or High) Light Physical Effort Required Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Field Demonstration Results Heavy b Coverage F) ( ( Medium Coverage Flashpoint (# rotations) Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 19 Time required Light 8.0 ± 0.0 7.7 ± 2.1 NA High High NA 2.7 ± 0.5 3.5 ± 0.74.0 ± 0.0 NA 4.0 ± 0.0 4.0 ± 0.0 Low High Low High2.2 ± 0.4 NA High NA • Good performance; cut the ink well. NA High NA NA • Good performance; cut the ink well. Coverage a (n=6) (n=8) (n=5) (n=5) (lbs/gal; 4.8 ± 3.0 1.5 ± 0.8 2.2 ± 0.5 0.9 ± 0.2 Average 1.8; 22% 230+ 4.6 17.5 @ 68 % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product Product/ WASH 19 WASH 19 at WASH 19 at Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 50 6.6 15 @ 100 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Time required to clean the blanket measured by number of rotations: Avg. time per rotation = 16.2 sec. at Facilit n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. Facility 18 at Facility 18 at Facility 19 Facility 19 NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. a b (based on time recorded by the project observer) 4-38 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA Blanket Wash 20 Composition: Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic Alkyl benzene sulfonates VOC Content: 35%; 2.7 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 170(F pH: 7.1 )DFLOLW\ :DVKZDVWHVWHGRQDXQLW [SUHVVDW)DFLOLW\'XULQJWKHSHUIRUPDQFH GHPRQVWUDWLRQFRQYHQWLRQDODQGYHJHWDEOHEDVHGLQNVZHUHXVHGWRSURGXFHFRPPHUFLDOSURGXFWV VXFKDVEURFKXUHVSXEOLFDWLRQVDQGPDLOLQJV)DFLOLW\KDGWULHGXVLQJDOWHUQDWLYHEODQNHW ZDVKHVIRUZRUNHUKHDOWKDQGVDIHW\RUHQYLURQPHQWDOUHDVRQVRQIRXURFFDVLRQVSULRUWRWKH SHUIRUPDQFH GHPRQVWUDWLRQ EXW XVH RI DOO IRXU SURGXFWV KDG EHHQ GLVFRQWLQXHG GXH WR RGRU SUREOHPV&XUUHQWO\WKLVIDFLOLW\ª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strokes) Washability 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink y 11 and 120.0 sec. at Facility 12 (%) Performance Evaluation 01.557 1.5 3 3 8 Blanket Swell 1 hour • Performance considered fair, but worse than facility and baseline washes. • Left oily residue on blanket that required additional rotations to remove. • Hard to apply shop towels due thick consistency. • Product induced nausea in press operators; Facility declined opportunity to test product. Based on a sample size of 17 blanket washes: • Slight odor. Based on a sample size of 1 blanket wash: • Did not cut ink as well standard wash. • Slight odor. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage (reported, mm Hg) Medium Coverage (Low, Medium, or High) pH Vapor Pressure Physical Effort Required Light Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Field Demonstration Results Heavy c Coverage F) ( ( Medium Coverage Flashpoint (# rotations) Time required Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 20 NA 5.0 ± 0.0 NA NA High NA Light 2.0 ± 0.0 2.7 ± 0.8 4.0 ± 0.8 Medium Medium High 3.7 ± 0.6 3.0 ± 0.0 NA Medium4.0 ± 0.0 2.5 ± 1.0 Medium NA NA • Good performance. High High NA • Required higher effort than standard wash. Coverage b a (n=4) (n=6) Used (n=17) (lbs/gal; 0.7 ± 0.2 4.4 ± 1.6 2.7; 35% 170 7.1 1.5 @ 77 % by wt) (ounces) 1.4 ± 0.6 3.0 (n=1) VOC Content Average Volume Facility Product Product/ WASH 20 Facility 11 Facility 12 WASH 20 at WASH 20 at at Facility 11 at Facility 12 c Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 50 6.6 15 @ 100 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash n = number of washes this data is based on, as recorded by the observer. n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. Time required to clean the blanket measured by number of rotations. Avg. time per rotation = 95.7 sec. at Facilit NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. a b c (based on time recorded by the project observer) 4-41 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS Blanket Wash 21 Composition: Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Fatty acid derivatives VOC Content: 47%; 3.5 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 115(F p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ª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strokes) Washability ty 6 and 17.1 sec. at Facility 17 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink Performance Evaluation (%) 15 6 01.57 Blanket Swell 1.5 3 3 8 1 hour • Fair performance. • Cut ink well, but oily residue was difficult to remove. • Extra waste sheets required to get back up color because of residue. • Fair performance • Oily residue caused print problems if it was not completely removed. • Wash did not absorb into shop towel easily. • Cut the ink well without extra effort. Based on a sample size of 6 blanket washes: Based on a sample size of 25 blanket washes: • Same effort as standard wash required. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage Vapor Pressure Medium (reported, mm Hg) Coverage F) ( (Low, Medium, or High) ( Light Physical Effort Required Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Field Demonstration Results Heavy b Coverage pH Flashpoint Medium Coverage Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 21 (# rotations) Time required NA 2 NA NA Low NA • Good performance. Light 1.8 ± 0.4 2.1 ± 0.4 NA Low Medium NA 2.0 ± 0.0 3.3 ± 0.6 4.0 ± 0.0 Low Medium High 1.3 ± 0.5 1.0 ± 0.0 NA Medium Medium NA • Good performance Coverage a 1.5 (n=1) (n=5) (n=6) (n=25) (lbs/gal; 2.0 ± 0.6 1.5 ± 0.4 1.6 ± 0.4 Average 3.5; 47% 6.2 115 < 0.1 @ 68 % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product Facility 6 Product/ WASH 21 Facility 17 at Facility 6 WASH 21 at WASH 21 at at Facility 17 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 6.6 50 15 @ 100 Time required to clean the blanket measured by number of rotations: Avg. time per rotation = 20.5 sec. at Facili n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. a b (based on time recorded by the observer) 4-44 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA Blanket Wash 22 Composition: Fatty acids derivatives Hydrocarbons,aromatic Water VOC Content: Not measured Flashpoint: 157(F (full strength) pH: 7.4 (25%) )DFLOLW\ $W)DFLOLW\:DVKZDVXVHGRQDXQLW[SUHVVZLWKFRQYHQWLRQDOLQNV$ YDULHW\RIFRPPHUFLDOSURGXFWVRQDYDULHW\RISDSHUW\SHVZHUHSULQWHGGXULQJWKHSHUIRUPDQFH GHPRQVWUDWLRQ IURPSRVWHUVRQJORVV\VWRFNWRLQIRUPDWLRQFDUGVRQFDUGERDUGVWRFN:DVK ZDVXVHGDSSUR[LPDWHO\WKLUW\WLPHVGXULQJWKHZHHNORQJSHUIRUPDQFHGHPRQVWUDWLRQ,QWKH W\SLFDOEODQNHWZDVKLQJSURFHGXUHDW)DFLOLW\HDFKEODQNHWLVZLSHGWZLFH RQFHZLWKDUHXVDEOH VKRSWRZHOVDWXUDWHGZLWKEODQNHWZDVKIURPDSOXQJHUFDQDQGRQFHZLWKDGU\UHXVDEOHVKRS WRZHOWRUHPRYHWKHH[FHVVEODQNHWZDVK7KHEODQNHWZDVKVKRSWRZHOLVRIWHQXVHGRQPRUHWKDQ RQHEODQNHWGHSHQGLQJRQWKHFOHDQOLQHVVRIWKHVKRSWRZHODVZHOODVWKHLQNFRYHUDJH7KH VWDQGDUGIDFLOLW\ZDVKLVDSHWUROHXPQDSKWKDEDVHGSURGXFWDFFRUGLQJWRWKH06'6,QWKH SHUIRUPDQFHGHPRQVWUDWLRQWKHRQO\FKDQJHLQDSSOLFDWLRQSURFHGXUHZDVWKDW:DVKZDV GLUHFWO\DSSOLHGWRHDFKVKRSWRZHOIRUWKHDSSOLFDWLRQSURFHVVDQGWKHSOXQJHUFDQZDVQRWXVHG 2YHUDOOWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRI:DVKZDVUDWHGDVIDLU$FFRUGLQJWRSUHVVRSHUDWRUV:DVK FXWWKHLQNZHOODQGSHUIRUPHGEHWWHUWKDQWKHEDVHOLQHZDVKRYHUDOOEXWLW VWKLFNFRQVLVWHQF\ FDXVHGGHOD\VZKLOHWKHSUHVVRSHUDWRUZDLWHGIRUWKHZDVKWRVRDNLQWRWKHDSSOLFDWLRQVKRSWRZHO 'XULQJWKHLQLWLDOREVHUYDWLRQSHULRGWKHSUHVVRSHUDWRUVKRZHGJUHDWHQWKXVLDVPIRU:DVK UDWLQJRYHUDOOSHUIRUPDQFHDVJRRGDVWKHVWDQGDUGIDFLOLW\ZDVKDQGEHWWHUWKDQWKHEDVHOLQHZDVK LQ DOO WULDOV 2YHU WKH FRXUVH RI WKH ZHHN KRZHYHU WKH WLPH GHOD\V DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK ZDVK DSSOLFDWLRQEHJDQWRZHDNHQWKHSUHVVRSHUDWRUDSSURYDOIRU:DVK7KHGLIILFXOW\LQVDWXUDWLQJ WKH ZDVK VKRS WRZHO PD\ KDYH EHHQ GXH WR WKH VTXLUW ERWWOH DSSOLFDWLRQ GHYLFH XVHG LQ WKH SHUIRUPDQFHGHPRQVWUDWLRQ7KHXVHRIDSOXQJHUPLJKWKDYHGHFUHDVHGWKHZDVKDSSOLFDWLRQWLPH $W)DFLOLW\:DVKUHPRYHGWKHLQNZLWKORZRUPHGLXPHIIRUWRQDOOLQNFRYHUDJHVDQG RQ DYHUDJH RXWSHUIRUPHG WKH EDVHOLQH ZDVK 7KH QXPEHU RI URWDWLRQV UHTXLUHG WR ZDVK WKH EODQNHW SURSRUWLRQDOWRWKHDPRXQWRIWLPH GLGQRWLQFUHDVHGUDPDWLFDOO\IURPRQHLQNFRYHUDJH WRDQRWKHU:DVKGLGQRWOHDYHVWUHDNVRUUHVLGXHRQWKHEODQNHWDIWHUZLSLQJZLWKDGU\VKRS WRZHOLQWKHVWDQGDUGSURFHGXUH7KHUHZDVQRFKDQJHLQSULQWTXDOLW\DWWULEXWHGWRWKHZDVK7KH ZDVKGLGQRWSHUIRUPDVZHOOZLWKPHWDOOLFLQNVDVLWGLGZLWKFRQYHQWLRQDOLQNVKRZHYHU:KHQ XVHG RQ PHWDOOLF LQNV ERWK WKH HIIRUW UHTXLUHG WR ZDVK WKH EODQNHW DQG WKH DPRXQW RI ZDVK UHTXLUHGLQFUHDVHG )DFLOLW\ )DFLOLW\ XVHG :DVK RQ D XQLW [ SUHVV GXULQJ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH GHPRQVWUDWLRQ 3HUIRUPDQFH GHPRQVWUDWLRQ SULQW MREV ZHUH SULPDULO\ IROGHUV DQG EURFKXUHV SULQWHG ZLWK OLJKW FRQYHQWLRQDO LQN FRYHUDJH RQ JORVV\ HQDPHO SDSHU 7KH EODQNHW ZDVKLQJ SURFHGXUHDWWKLVIDFLOLW\LQYROYHVWZRGLVSRVDEOHSDSHUVKRSWRZHOV RQHLVVDWXUDWHGZLWKEODQNHW ZDVKIURPDVTXLUWERWWOHDQGXVHGWRFOHDQWKHEODQNHW WKHRWKHULVXVHGGU\WRUHPRYHH[FHVV ZDVKDQGGU\WKHEODQNHW'XULQJWKLVSURFHVVWKHEODQNHWLVURWDWHGLQFUHPHQWDOO\XQGHUPDQXDO 4-45 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS FRQWURO7KHVWDQGDUGDSSOLFDWLRQPHWKRGZDVQRWFKDQJHGIRUWKHSHUIRUPDQFHGHPRQVWUDWLRQV 2YHUDOOSUHVVRSHUDWRUVUDWHG:DVKDVDIDLUSHUIRUPHURQWKHJRRGIDLUSRRUVFDOH7KH EDVHOLQHDQGVWDQGDUGZDVKHVFXWWKHLQNZHOODQGZHUHJLYHQJRRGSHUIRUPDQFHUDWLQJV:DVK FXWWKHLQNDVZHOODVWKHEDVHOLQHDQGVWDQGDUGZDVKHVEXWLWVWKLFNFRQVLVWHQF\FDXVHG GHOD\VDWWKHZDVKDSSOLFDWLRQDQGGU\LQJVWDJHV$WWKHEODQNHWZDVKDSSOLFDWLRQVWDJHWKH YLVFRXV :DVK UHTXLUHG H[WUD WLPH WR VRDN LQWR WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ VKRS WRZHO EHIRUH EODQNHW FOHDQLQJFRXOGEHJLQ$IWHUEODQNHWFOHDQLQJ:DVKOHIWWKHEODQNHWVOLJKWO\VWUHDNHGDQGZHW 3UHVVRSHUDWRUVUHFRJQL]HGWKDWH[WUDWLPHZDVQHFHVVDU\WRDOORZH[FHVVZDVKWRHYDSRUDWHDQG WRDYRLGSRWHQWLDOSULQWTXDOLW\SUREOHPV$VDQLQGLFDWLRQRIWKLVWKHQXPEHURIURWDWLRQVQHHGHG WRFOHDQWKHEODQNHW FRQVLGHUHGSURSRUWLRQDOWRWKHRYHUDOOWLPHUHTXLUHGWRZDVKWKHEODQNHW ZDV IRXUWLPHVJUHDWHUIRU:DVKWKDQZLWKWKHEDVHOLQHZDVK$FRQWULEXWLQJIDFWRUWRERWKRIWKHVH GHOD\VPD\KDYHEHHQWKHW\SHRIGLVSRVDEOHVKRSWRZHOXVHGE\)DFLOLW\IRUEODQNHWZDVKLQJ DQGRWKHUSUHVVFOHDQLQJDFWLYLWLHV7KHVHGLVSRVDEOHSDSHUVKRSWRZHOVZHUHFOHDUO\OHVVDEVRUEHQW WKDQUHXVDEOHDOWHUQDWLYHV7KHH[FHVVZDVKUHPDLQLQJRQWKHEODQNHWZDVDOORZHGWRHYDSRUDWH EHFDXVH WKH GLVSRVDEOH VKRS WRZHOV ZHUH QRW DEVRUEHQW HQRXJK WR UHPRYH LW 2YHUDOO SUHVV RSHUDWRUVDW)DFLOLW\UDWHGWKHLQNFXWWLQJDELOLW\RI:DVKDVWKHVDPHDVWKHEDVHOLQHDQG VWDQGDUGZDVKHVEXWIHOWWKDWWKHGHOD\VLQWKHZDVKSURFHVVUHVXOWHGLQJUHDWHURYHUDOOHIIRUWDQG DIDLUSHUIRUPDQFHUDWLQJ 4-46 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA 8 13 (# strokes) Washability 3 13 y 12 and 105.0 sec. at Facility 13 t 3 1.5 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink Performance Evaluation (%) Blanket Swell 1.5 1.5 1 hour Based on a sample• Cut ink as well as baseline wash. size of creating delays. • Did not readily soak into shop towel, 5 blanket washes:• Fair performer overall. Based on a sample• Difficult to apply due to thick consistency. size of extra drying time • Left blanket slightly streaked and wet, 17 blanket washes:necessary to prevent print quality problems. greater effort • A fair performer: cut ink well, but required than baseline. • Dried quickly on blanket. • Good performer. • higher effort than standard wash. Required slightly • Cut ink well, a good performer. A F F NA NA ( N ( 0 Heavy Medium Coverage h <1 @ 68 15 @ 10 High Hig Vapor Pressure Medium Medium Medium (reported, mm Hg) Coverage m b pH 6.6 7.4 (Low, Medium, or High) Low High Light Physical Effort Required Medium Mediu Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Laboratory Field Demonstration Results Field Demonstration NA NA NA d Heavy 4.0 ± 0.0 Coverage 0 F) 50 ( 157 ( Medium 3.0 ± 0. 2.5 ± 1.6 2.5 ± 1.0 1.0 ± 0.0 Coverage Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 22 Blanket Wash Demonstrations for of Performance Summary Flashpoint (# rotations) 2 0 0 0 Time required Light 2.7 ± 1. 4.0 ± 0. 4.0 ± 0. 1.0 ± 0. Coverage a c Not (n=6) (n=4) (n=5) (n=17) 2.17% (lbs/gal; 3.4 ± 1.7 4.4 ± 1.6 2.1 ± 0.5 Average % by wt) (ounces) 4.4 ± 0.6 6.2; 100% measurable; VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product Product/ WASH 22 Facility 12 Facility 13 WASH 22 at WASH 22 at at Facility 12 at Facility 13 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Time required to clean the blanket measured by the number of blanket rotations. Avg. time per rotation = 27.5 sec. at Facili Time required to clean the blanket measured by the number of blanket rotations. 25% VOC content in lbs/gal was not measurable; % by weight VOC was reported by manufacturer. VOC content in lbs/gal was not measurable; n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. d NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated a b c 4-47 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS Blanket Wash 24 Composition: Terpenes Ethylene glycol ethers Ethoxylated nonylphenol Alkyl benzene sulfonates Alkali/salts Water VOC Content: 19%; 1.5 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 100(F p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strokes) Washability ived. 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink ity 16 and 24.6 sec. at Facility 17 Performance Evaluation (%) 1.51.5 3.0 3.0 15 3 12 8 Blanket Swell 1 hour Based on a sample size of 28 blanket washes: • Cut ink well, but some extra effort was required to wipe off oily residue. • Oily residue significantly increased the number of copies required to return print quality. wash. Based on a sample size of 4 blanket washes: • Cut ink well. • Extra effort to wipe off oily residue. • Thick consistency of wash caused operator to curtail use. • Citrus odor was very strong to operator. • Extra effort was required due to resistance drag across blanket. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage (reported, mm Hg) Medium Coverage c (Low, Medium, or High) pH Vapor Pressure Physical Effort Required Light Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Field Demonstration Results Heavy b Coverage F) ( ( Medium Coverage Flashpoint (# rotations) Time required Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 24 NA 2.5 ± 0.6 NA NA High NA NA NA 3.0 ± 0.0 NA NA Low • Baseline wash was also the facility's standard Light 3.1 ± 1.0 3.0 ± 0.0 3.0 ± 0.0 Medium Medium Medium 1.3 ± 0.5 1.0 ± 0.0 NA Medium Medium NA • Good performance; cut ink well. Coverage a (n=4) (n=3) (n=5) (n=28) (lbs/gal; 1.3 ± 0.6 2.2 ± 0.6 2.0 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.4 Average 1.5; 19% 100 9.9 <1 @ 25 % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used c Facility Product Product/ WASH 24 Facility 16 Facility 17 WASH 24 at WASH 24 at at Facility 16 at Facility 17 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 50 6.6 15 @ 100 Time required to clean the blanket measured by number of rotations. Avg. time per rotation = 21.1 sec. at Facil n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. Based on observer’s data; printer data not rece NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. a b (based on time recorded by the project observer) 4-50 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA Blanket Wash 26 Composition: Fatty acids derivatives Esters/lactones VOC Content: 18%; 1.3 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 230+(F pH: 7.8 (fluctuates wildly) )DFLOLW\ $W)DFLOLW\:DVKZDVXVHGRQDVLQJOHXQLW[SUHVVWRSULQWFRPPHUFLDO SURGXFWVVXFKDVEXVLQHVVFDUGVDQGDGYHUWLVHPHQWVZLWKFRQYHQWLRQDOLQNV)DFLOLW\KDVWULHG DYDULHW\RIVXEVWLWXWHEODQNHWZDVKHVGRQDWHGE\VXSSOLHUVEXWKDVQHYHUDGRSWHGRQHGXHWR SHUIRUPDQFHDQGFRVWLVVXHV&XUUHQWO\WKLVIDFLOLW\XVHVWZRGLIIHUHQWEODQNHWZDVKHV$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH SURGXFW 06'6V RQH ZDVK FRQWDLQV DOLSKDWLF K\GURFDUERQV F\FORKH[DQH QKHSWDQH PHWK\OF\FORKH[DQHWROXHQH& & SDUDIILQVDQG& & F\FORSDUDIILQV DQGWKHRWKHUZDVKFRQWDLQV DURPDWLFK\GURFDUERQVDOLSKDWLFK\GURFDUERQVWULPHWK\OEHQ]HQH[\OHQHGLSURS\OHQHJO\FRO PHWK\OHWKHUDQGSURS\OHQHJO\FROPHWK\OHWKHU7\SLFDOO\WKHEODQNHWLVZLSHGGRZQWZLFHGXULQJ FOHDQLQJ RQFHZLWKEODQNHWZDVKWRUHPRYHWKHLQNDQGRQFHZLWKDFOHDQGU\VKRSWRZHOWR UHPRYHH[FHVVZDVK%ODQNHWZDVKLVDSSOLHGGLUHFWO\WRWKHEODQNHWXVLQJDVTXLUWERWWOHDQGLV WKHQZLSHGRIIXVLQJDUHXVDEOHVKRSWRZHO7KHVDPHVKRSWRZHOLVXVHGXQWLOLWKDVWRRPXFKLQN EXLOGXSWRHIIHFWLYHO\FOHDQWKHEODQNHW7KLVDSSOLFDWLRQSURFHGXUHZDVPRGLILHGVOLJKWO\IRUWKH EDVHOLQHZDVKDQGVXEVWLWXWHZDVKGHPRQVWUDWLRQVLQWKDWWKHZDVKZDVSRXUHGRQWRWKHVKRS WRZHOLQVWHDGRIGLUHFWO\RQWKHEODQNHW :DVKZDVFRPSDUDEOHLQSHUIRUPDQFHHIIHFWLYHQHVVWRERWKWKHEDVHOLQHZDVKDQGWKH VWDQGDUGZDVKXVHGE\)DFLOLW\:DVKHDUQHGDSHUIRUPDQFHGHVLJQDWLRQRIJRRGIRUHYHU\ EODQNHWRQZKLFKLWZDVXVHGGXULQJWKHZHHNORQJSHUIRUPDQFHGHPRQVWUDWLRQ7KHEDVHOLQHDQG IDFLOLW\VWDQGDUGZDVKHVDOVRUHFHLYHGJRRGSHUIRUPDQFHUDWLQJV7KHHIIRUWUHTXLUHGWRZDVKWKH EODQNHWIRUERWKWKHEDVHOLQHDQGVXEVWLWXWHZDVKHVZDVGHVFULEHGDVPRGHUDWHE\WKHSUHVV RSHUDWRU7KHWLPHUHTXLUHGWRZDVKWKHEODQNHW DVPHDVXUHGE\QXPEHURIURWDWLRQV ZDVURXJKO\ HTXDOWRWKHEDVHOLQHZDVK:DVKFXWWKHLQNZHOODFURVVDOOLQNFRYHUDJHVEXWOHIWDVOLJKWRLO\ UHVLGXHRQWKHEODQNHWDIWHUWKHLQLWLDOEODQNHWZLSLQJZLWKZDVK7KLVRLO\UHVLGXHZDVUHPRYHG DWWKHGU\ZLSHVWHSRIWKHEODQNHWZDVKLQJSURFHVVDQGGLGQRWFDXVHSULQWTXDOLW\SUREOHPV +RZHYHUWKLVRLO\UHVLGXHGLGFDXVHSUREOHPVZKHQ:DVKZDVXVHGWRZDVKWKHSUHVVUROOHUV :KHQXVHGRQUROOHUVWKHRLO\UHVLGXHFDXVHGLQNVSORWFKHVWRRFFXU7KLVUHVXOWHGLQWLPHGHOD\V GXULQJWKHIXOOSUHVVZDVKSURFHGXUHDVWZRSURGXFWVZHUHQHFHVVDU\ WKHVWDQGDUGIDFLOLW\ZDVK IRUUROOHUFOHDQLQJDQG:DVKIRUEODQNHWFOHDQLQJ7KHSUHVVRSHUDWRUFRPPHQWHGWKDWWKHXVH RI WKH VDPH SURGXFW IRU ERWK UROOHU DQG EODQNHW FOHDQLQJ LV DQ LPSRUWDQW FRVW DQG HIIRUW FRQVLGHUDWLRQIRUKLVIDFLOLW\ )DFLOLW\ )DFLOLW\ SULQWV FRPPHUFLDO SURGXFWV EURFKXUHV GLUHFWPDLO SURGXFWV DQG RWKHU SXEOLFDWLRQV3HUIRUPDQFHGHPRQVWUDWLRQVDWWKLVIDFLOLW\ZHUHFRQGXFWHGRQDWZRXQLW [ SUHVVXVLQJFRQYHQWLRQDOLQNV7KHVWDQGDUGZDVKFRQWDLQVDURPDWLFK\GURFDUERQVSRO\JO\FRO HWKHUDQGDOLSKDWLFK\GURFDUERQV DVVWDWHGRQWKH06'6 DQGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHSUHVVRSHUDWRU FXWVWKHLQNZHOOEXWGRHVKDYHVRPHZKDWRIDQRGRU,QWKHSDVW)DFLOLW\WULHGDQDOWHUQDWLYH EODQNHWZDVKEXWLWGLGQRWZRUNZHOODQGLWKDGDYHU\RIIHQVLYHRGRU5HFHQWO\WKLVIDFLOLW\ LQVWDOOHG D QHZ SUHVV ZLWK DQ DXWRPDWLF EODQNHW ZDVKHU ,Q WKHLU VWDQGDUG PDQXDO EODQNHW ZDVKLQJSURFHGXUHWKHSUHVVRSHUDWRUDWWKLVIDFLOLW\SRXUVWKHEODQNHWZDVKRQWRDUHXVDEOHVKRS 4-51 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS WRZHOZLSHVWKHLQNRIIWKHEODQNHWLQRQHURWDWLRQWKHQXVHVDGU\VKRSWRZHOIRURQHURWDWLRQWR UHPRYHWKHH[FHVVZDVK7KLVVDPHSURFHGXUHZDVXVHGIRUERWKWKHEDVHOLQHDQGWKHVXEVWLWXWH ZDVK :DVKSHUIRUPHGDVZHOODVWKHEDVHOLQHZDVKDQGWKHVWDQGDUGZDVKXVHGE\)DFLOLW\ :DVKUHFHLYHGDSHUIRUPDQFHUDWLQJRIJRRGRQWKHJRRGIDLUSRRUVFDOHIURPWKHSUHVV RSHUDWRUDIWHUHYHU\RQHRILWVWULDOVLQWKHZHHNORQJSHUIRUPDQFHGHPRQVWUDWLRQ7KHWLPH UHTXLUHGWRZDVKWKHEODQNHWV DVPHDVXUHGE\WKHQXPEHURIURWDWLRQV ZDVHTXDOWRWKHEDVHOLQH ZDVK7KHSK\VLFDOHIIRUWUHTXLUHGWRFOHDQWKHEODQNHWZDVGHVFULEHGDVORZIRUDOOLQNFRYHUDJHV 2YHUWKHFRXUVHRIWKHSHUIRUPDQFHGHPRQVWUDWLRQ:DVKGLGQRWOHDYHDUHVLGXHRQWKHEODQNHW DQGGLGQRWDIIHFWSULQWTXDOLW\7KHSUHVVRSHUDWRUZKRFRQGXFWHGWKHSHUIRUPDQFHGHPRQVWUDWLRQ VWDWHGWKDW:DVKZRXOGEHSXUFKDVHGE\KLVIDFLOLW\LIDSSURSULDWHO\SULFHGDVZHOODVEHQHILFLDO IURPDQHQYLURQPHQWDOZRUNHUKHDOWKDQGVDIHW\VWDQGSRLQW 4-52 a 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA (# strokes) Washability 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink ty 5 and 30.0 sec. at Facility 15 (%) Performance Evaluation 00614 Blanket Swell 1.5 3 3 8 1 hour • Good performance rating after every wash. • Performed as well both standard facility wash and baseline wash. • Slight oily residue caused print quality problems when wash was used for roller clean-up. • Good performance rating after every wash. • Performed as well standard facility wash and baseline wash. Based on a sample size of 14 blanket washes: Based on a sample size of 22 blanket washes: • Low effort required. • Good performance rating. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage <1 @ 77 (reported, mm Hg) Medium Coverage (Low, Medium, or High) pH Vapor Pressure Physical Effort Required Light Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Field Demonstration Results Heavy c Coverage F) ( ( Medium Coverage Flashpoint (# rotations) Time required Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 26 Light 2.0 ± 0.0 2.3 ± 0.7 NA Low Medium NA 2.0 ± 0.0 NA2.0 ± 0.0 2.0 ± 0.0 2.0 ± 0.0 NA Low Medium Low NA Low NA • Cut ink satisfactorily. 2.0 ± 0.0 NA NA Low NA NA • Cut ink well. Coverage b 1.0 (n=1) (n=2) (n=22) (n=14) (lbs/gal; 0.5 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1 1.5 ± 0.7 Average 1.3; 18% 230+ 7.8 % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product Facility 5 Product/ WASH 26 Facility 15 at Facility 5 WASH 26 at WASH 26 at at Facility 15 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 50 6.6 15 @ 100 n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. pH fluctuates Time required to clean the blanket measured by number of rotations: Avg. time per rotation = 60.0 sec. at Facili NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. a b c (based on time recorded by the project observer) 4-53 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS Blanket Wash 29 Composition: Fatty acid derivatives VOC Content: 30%; 2.1 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 230+(F pH: 7.2 )DFLOLW\ $W)DFLOLW\:DVK ZDVXVHGRQDVLQJOHXQLW[SUHVVZLWKFRQYHQWLRQDOLQNVWR SULQWFRPPHUFLDOSURGXFWVVXFKDVEURFKXUHVDQGDGYHUWLVHPHQWV7KHSUHVVRSHUDWRUFOHDQHG RQO\ RQH EODQNHW XVLQJ :DVK DIWHU WKH REVHUYHU 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strokes) Washability 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink ility 7 and 15.5 sec. at Facility 8 Performance Evaluation (%) Blanket Swell 1.51.5 1.5 3.0 9 3 18 8 1 hour • Good performance; cut ink well. • Extra effort was required due to resistance being dragged across the blanket. Based on a sample size of 3 blanket washes: • Good performance; cut ink well. • Extra effort was required to dry the blanket. Based on a sample size of 36 blanket washes: • Did not cut ink as well baseline wash. • Did not cut paper dust or powder. • More effort was required to remove slight oily film on blanket. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage (reported, mm Hg) Medium Coverage (Low, Medium, or High) Physical Effort Required pH Vapor Pressure NA High NA Light Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Field Demonstration Results Heavy Coverage b F) ( ( Medium Coverage Flashpoint (# rotations) Time required Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 29 NA 2.0 ± 0.0 NA NA High NA NA 2.0 ± 0.0 NA NANA 2.7 ± 0.5 Medium NA NA • Good performance; cut ink well. Light 4.1 ± 0.8 4.0 ± 0.0 NA Medium High NA Coverage (n=3) (n=2) (n=4) (n=36) (lbs/gal; 1.0 ± 0.0 1.2 ± 0.0 0.8 ± 0.6 0.7 ± 0.0 2.1; 30%Average 230+ 7.2 <1 @ 68 % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used c Facility Product Facility 8 Product/ Facility 7 WASH 29 at Facility 7 at Facility 8 WASH 29 at WASH 29 at Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 50 6.6 15 @ 100 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Time required to clean the blanket measured by number of rotations. Avg. time per rotation = 27.5 sec. at Fac n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. Based on observer's data; printer data not received. NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. a b (based on time recorded by the project observer) c 4-56 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA Blanket Wash 30 Composition: Hydrocarbons, aromatic Propylene glycol ethers Water VOC Content: 7%; 0.48 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 100(F (full strength) p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c 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA (# strokes) Washability 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink lity 18 and 18.5 sec. at Facility 19 (%) Performance Evaluation Blanket Swell 0.71.5 1.5 3 5 3 11 8 1 hour • Good performance; cut ink well. • Worked best with no dilution water. • Cut ink well. • Required extra effort to dry oily film from blanket. • Thick consistency was difficult to use. • Extra effort was required due to resistance surface of the blanket. Based on a sample size of 3 blanket washes: Based on a sample size of 8 blanket washes: • Extra effort was required due to resistance surface of the blanket. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage 2.2 @ 68 (reported, mm Hg) Medium Coverage (Low, Medium, or High) Physical Effort Required pH Vapor Pressure Light Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Field Demonstration Results Heavy Coverage b F) ( ( Medium Coverage Flashpoint (# rotations) Time required Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 30 NA NA 3.3 ± 0.6 NA NA Medium Light 2.7 ± 0.5 3.5 ± 0.7 NA Low Low2.2 ± 0.4 NA NA • Good performance; cut ink well. NA High NA NA • Good performance; cut ink well. 3.0 ± 0.0 3.0 ± 0.0 NA High High NA Coverage a (n=6) (n=5) (n=8) (n=3) (lbs/gal; 4.0 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.8 0.9 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.0 Average 0.48; 7% 100 7.6 % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product Product/ WASH 30 Facility 18 Facility 19 WASH 30 at WASH 30 at at Facility 18 at Facility 19 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 50 6.6 15 @ 100 Time required to clean the blanket measured by number of rotations: Avg. time per rotation = 16.2 sec. at Faci n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. a b (based on time recorded by the project observer) 4-59 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS Blanket Wash 31 Composition: Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates VOC Content: 99%; 6.6 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 105(F p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strokes) Washability ty 7 and 17.1 sec. at Fac. 8 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink Performance Evaluation (%) Blanket Swell 1.5 3.0 3 8 1.5 3.0 3 3 1 hour Based on a sample size of 4 blanket washes: • Cut the ink well; slightly more effort needed to remove oily residue on blanket. • Oily residue slightly increased the copies required to return to print quality. • Smell not as strong facility's standard wash or baseline wash. Based on a sample size of 61 blanket washes: • Good performance; cut ink well • Performed as well standard wash. • Slightly more effort was required due to resistance surface of the blanket. • Extra effort was required due to resistance the surface of the blanket. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage Medium (reported, mm Hg) Coverage pH Vapor Pressure (Low, Medium, or High) Physical Effort Required Light Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Field Demonstration Results Heavy b Coverage F) ( ( Medium Coverage Flashpoint Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 31 (# rotations) Time required NA 2.0 ± 0.0 NA NANA Medium 2.7 ± 0.5 NA NA • Good performance; cut ink well. NA High NA • Good performance; cut ink well. Light 2.0 ± 0.0 2.0 ± 0.0 NA High High NA 2.0 ± 0.0 2.0 ± 0.0 2.1 ± 0.2 Low Low Low Coverage a (n=2) (n=4) (n=4) (n=61) (lbs/gal; 1.2 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.6 1.1 ± 1.5 Average 6.6; 99% 105 7.6 <0.1 @ 68 % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product Facility 7 Facility 8 Product/ WASH 31 at Facility 7 at Facility 8 WASH 31 at WASH 31 at Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 50 6.6 15 @ 100 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Time required to clean the blanket measured by number of rotations: Avg. time per rotation = 82.5 sec. at Facili n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. a b (based on time recorded by the observer) 4-62 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA Blanket Wash 32 Composition: Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates VOC Content: 99%; 6.5 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 220(F p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strokes) Washability y 1 and 10.6 sec at Facility 5 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink Performance Evaluation (%) Blanket Swell 0.11.5 1.5 3 5 3 30 8 1 hour • Cut ink well with same effort as standard wash. Based on a sample size of 4 blanket washes: • Good performance. • Required slightly higher effort to remove excess wash than with the standard wash. • Oily residue caused "chatter" in subsequent prints. Based on a sample size of 12 blanket washes: • Good performance. • Left slight, oily residue that was removed with dry shop towels and did not affect print quality. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage Medium (reported, mm Hg) Coverage pH Vapor Pressure (Low, Medium, or High) Light Physical Effort Required Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Field Demonstration Results b Heavy Coverage F) ( ( Medium Coverage Flashpoint (# rotations) Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 32 Time required 2 NA NA Low NA NA • Good performance. NA 4.2 ± 0.5 NA NA High NA Light 2.0 ± 0.0 2.0 ± 0.0 NA3.0 ± 0.0 3.0 ± 0.0 3.0 ± 0.0 High Low Medium High Medium NA • Fair/poor performance. Coverage a 1.0 (n=1) (n=2) (n=4) (n=12) (lbs/gal; 2.5 ± 0.0 2.5 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.2 Average 6.5; 99% 220 8.5 8.5 <1 @ 68 % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product Product/ Time required to clean the blanket measured by number of rotations: Avg. time per rotation = 20.0 sec at Facilit n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 50 6.6 6.6 15 @ 100 WASH 32 WASH 32 at Facility 1 Baseline Wash at Facility 1 WASH 32 at Facility 5 Baseline Wash at Facility 5 NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. NC = Not Calculated; VOC content as a % by weight could not be calculated because specific gravity data was available. a b (based on time recorded by the observer) 4-65 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS Blanket Wash 34 Composition: Water Terpenes Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Alkoxylated alcohols Fatty acid derivatives VOC Content: 39%; 2.8 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 138(F p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strokes) Washability y 1 (measured by the observer); 18 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink Performance Evaluation (%) Blanket Swell 1.51.5 3 3 10 3 20 8 1 hour • Required slightly more effort than standard wash. Based on a sample size of 37 blanket washes: • Good performance; best of the 5 substitute washes demonstrated at this facility. • Cut the ink well with same effort as standard wash for light/medium ink coverage. • Slightly more effort needed for heavy ink coverage, but acceptable. Based on a sample size of 13 blanket washes: • Fair/Poor performance. • Cut the ink well, but did not soak into shop towel and extra effort was needed to remove the oily residue. • Fewer impressions were needed to get back acceptable print quality than with standard wash. F ( F ( Heavy Coverage Hg) (reported, mm Vapor Pressure Medium Coverage F) ( ( (Low, Medium, or High) Light Physical Effort Required Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Field Demonstration Results c Heavy Coverage pH Flashpoint Medium Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 34 Coverage (# rotations) Time required Light 2.0 ± 0.0 2.0 ± 0.0 NA High High NA • Good performance. 2.6 ± 0.6 2.2 ± 0.4 3.1 ± 1.0 Medium Medium High 3.6 ± 0.6 4.0 ± 0.0 3.7 ± 0.5 Medium Medium High Coverage a b (n=2) (n=13) (n=37) (lbs/gal; 1.2 ± 0.4 2.5 ± 0.0 2.5 ± 0.0 Average 2.8; 39% 6.6 138 2 @ 68 % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used 0.9 ± 0.2 (n=5) 2.2 ± 0.4 NA NA High NA NA • Good performance. Facility Product Facility 1 Product/ WASH 34 Facility 19 at Facility 1 WASH 34 at WASH 34 at at Facility 19 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 6.6 50 15 @ 100 n = # of washes recorded by the observer. n = # of washes recorded by the printer; Time required to clean the blanket measured by number of rotations: Avg. time per rotation = 20.0 sec at Facilit NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. a b c sec at Facility 19 (estimated). 4-68 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA Blanket Wash 37 Composition: Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Hydrocarbons, aromatic VOC Content: 14%; 1.0 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 82(F p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strokes) Washability 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink Performance Evaluation (%) Blanket Swell 33 58 1.5 3 3 8 1 hour Based on a sample standard • Longer drying time than baseline and size ofwashes. 17 blanket washes: on light and • Performance rated as good and fair medium coverages, respectively. wash. • Press operators had no problems with Based on a sample breakup due to • Worked well initially, but caused paper size ofblanket tackiness. 6 blanket washes:• Use of wash discontinued. • Slight odor. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage Medium (reported, mm Hg) Coverage pH Vapor Pressure (Low, Medium, or High) Light Physical Effort Required Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Laboratory Field Demonstration Results Field Demonstration Heavy b Coverage F) ( ( Medium Coverage Flashpoint Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 37 Blanket Wash Demonstrations for of Performance Summary (# rotations) Time required NA 2.8 ± 0.4 NA NA Medium NA NA 3.0 ± 0.0 NA NA Low NA • Good performance: cut the ink well. Light 2.0 ± 0.0 2.5 ± 0.7 NA Low Medium NA Coverage a (n=6) (n=2) (n=17) (lbs/gal; 2.2 ± 0.8 3.0 ± 0.0 1.3 ± 0.6 Average 1.0; 14% 82 3.9 2.3 @ 68 1.0 (n=1) NA 1.0 ± 0.0 NA NA Medium NA • Good performance: cut the ink well. % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product Facility 4 Facility 3 Product/ WASH 37 at Facility 3 at Facility 4 WASH 37 at WASH 37 at Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 50 6.6 15 @ 100 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Time required to clean the blanket measured by the number of blanket rotations. Avg. time per rotation = 24.0 sec. at Facility Time required to clean the blanket measured by the number of blanket rotations. 3 and 42.0 sec. at Facility 4 n = number of washes this data is based on, as recorded by the printer. n = number of washes this data is based b (based on time recorded by the project observer) NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated a 4-71 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS Blanket Wash 38 Composition: Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Alkoxylated alcohols Fatty acid derivatives VOC Content: 65%; 4.9 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 230+(F p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strokes) Washability 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink Performance Evaluation (%) Blanket Swell 0 1.5 9 16 1.5 3 3 8 1 hour • Did not leave residue on blanket. • Strong odor. Based on a sample• Oily residue caused print quality problems. size of due to • Use of wash discontinued after 1.5 days 9 blanket washes:poor performance and print quality problems. Based on a sample due to print • Use of wash discontinued after 6 trials size ofquality problems from oily residue. 6 blanket washes:• Wash cut ink satisfactorily. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage (reported, mm Hg) Medium Coverage (Low, Medium, or High) pH Pressure Vapor Physical Effort Required Light Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Laboratory Field Demonstration Results Field Demonstration Heavy b Coverage F) ( ( Medium Coverage Flashpoint (# rotations) Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 38 Blanket Wash Demonstrations for of Performance Summary Time required NA 3.0 ± 0.0 3.5 ± 0.6 NA Medium High NA 3.0 ± 0.0 NA NA Low NA • Cut the ink well. Light 2.7 ± 1.2 NA NA Medium NA NA • Wash cut ink satisfactorily. 3.0 ± 0.0 NA 5.0 ± 0.0 High NA High Coverage a (n=6) (n=3) (n=2) (n=9) 2.2± 0.6 (lbs/gal; 3.7 ± 1.3 1.2 ± 0.8 3.0 ± 0.0 4.9; 65% 230+ 5.6 2.0 @ 68 Average % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product Facility 4 Facility 2 Product/ WASH 38 at Facility 2 at Facility 4 WASH 38 at WASH 38 at Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 50 6.6 15 @ 100 n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. n = number of washes on which this Time required to clean the blanket measured by the number of blanket rotations: Avg. time per rotation = 65.0 sec. at Facility by the number of blanket rotations: Avg. time per rotation = 65.0 Time required to clean the blanket measured 2 and 45.0 sec. at Fac. NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. NA = Not Applicable; product was not a b 4 (based on time recorded by the observer) 4-74 4.1 PERFORMANCE DATA Blanket Wash 39 Composition: Water Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Propylene glycol ethers Alkanolamines Ethylene glycol ethers VOC Content: 37%; 2.9 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 155(F p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strokes) Washability 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink Performance Evaluation (%) Blanket Swell 1.5 3 7 10 1.5 3 3 8 1 hour • Extra effort was required due to resistance to being • Extra effort was required due to resistance dragged across the blanket. Based on a sample • Good overall performance; cut ink well. size of and left an oily • Did not dry as quickly as baseline wash 32 blanket washes:residue on the blanket. • Product did not work on rollers. Based on a sample extra time and • Did not cut ink well and therefore required size ofeffort to clean blankets. 5 blanket washes: towel. • Difficult to get wash to soak into shop • Left oily residue on blanket. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage Medium (reported, mm Hg) Coverage pH Vapor Pressure (Low, Medium, or High) (Low, Medium, or Light Physical Effort Required Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Laboratory Field Demonstration Results Field Demonstration b Heavy Coverage F) ( ( Medium Coverage Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 39 Blanket Wash Demonstrations for of Performance Summary Flashpoint (# rotations) Time required NA 6.0 ± 0.0 NANA NA 2.7 ± 0.5 High NA NA NA High NA • Cut ink well. Light 2.0 ± 0.0 NA NA Medium NA NA well. • Good performance; cut ink 2.7 ± 0.5 3.3 ± 0.4 4.2 ± 1.0 Medium Medium Medium Coverage a 1.0 (n=5) (n=4) (n=1) (n=32) (lbs/gal; 1.0 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.3 2.9; 37% 155 4.8 @ 77 0.6 Average % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product Facility 8 Facility 5 Product/ WASH 39 at Facility 5 at Facility 8 WASH 39 at WASH 39 at Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 50 6.6 15 @ 100 Time required to clean the blanket measured by the number of blanket rotations. Avg. time per rotation = 15.4 sec. at Facility by the number of blanket rotations. Avg. time per rotation = 15.4 sec. Time required to clean the blanket measured 5 and 17.7 sec. at Facility 8 n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. n = number of washes on which this data NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated a b (based on time recorded by the observer) 4-77 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS Blanket Wash 40 Composition: Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates Fatty acid derivatives Ethoxylated nonylphenol VOC Content: 52%; 3.8 lbs/gal Flashpoint: 155(F p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strokes) Washability 5 hour Wet Ink Dry Ink Performance Evaluation (%) Blanket Swell 1.51.5 3 3 5 3 10 8 1 hour Based on a sample• Good performance. size of No residue • When diluted with water, left residue. 6 blanket washes:problem at full strength. Based on a sample• Good performance; cut ink well. size of was • Required slightly more effort when coverage 20 blanket washes:heavy. • Required slightly more effort than standard wash to • Required slightly more effort than standard remove the excess wash. • Operator noticed a strong odor. F F ( ( Heavy Coverage Medium (reported, mm Hg) Coverage pH Vapor Pressure (Low, Medium, or High) Light Physical Effort Required Coverage Laboratory Testing Results Laboratory Field Demonstration Results Field Demonstration b Heavy Coverage F) ( ( Medium Coverage Flashpoint (# rotations) Summary of Performance Demonstrations for Blanket Wash 40 Blanket Wash Demonstrations for of Performance Summary Time required NA 2.0 ± 0.0 3.7 ± 0.6 NA Low Medium NA NA 5.0 ± 0.0 NA NA Medium • Good performance; cut heavy ink well. Light 3.0 ± 0.0 3.0 ± 0.0 4.0 ± 0.0 Low Medium Medium 2.0 ± 0.0 0.0 2.0 ± NA High High NA • Good performance. Coverage a (n=2) (n=2) (n=6) (n=20) (lbs/gal; 0.9 ± 0.2 2.5 ± 0.0 2.5 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.0 Average 3.8; 52% 155 4.8 4.7 @ 77 % by wt) (ounces) VOC Content Volume Used Facility Product Facility 1 Product/ WASH 40 Facility 10 at Facility 1 WASH 40 at WASH 40 at Baseline Wash 6.2; 100% 50 6.6 15 @ 100 Baseline Wash Baseline Wash Time required to clean the blanket measured by the number of blanket rotations: Avg. time per rotation = 20.0 sec at Facility by the number of blanket rotations: Avg. time per rotation = 20.0 sec Time required to clean the blanket measured 10 1 and 11.2 sec at Facility n = number of washes on which this data is based, as recorded by the printer. n = number of washes on which this data at Facility 10 (as measured by the observer) NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated under these conditions. NA = Not Applicable; product was not demonstrated a b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eneral Description of Costing Methodology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ost Methodology Information Basis Summary DV WKH WRWDO WLPH VSHQW PXOWLSOLHG E\ WKH DYHUDJH ZDJH UDWH IRU OLWKRJUDSK\ SUHVV Labor & RSHUDWRUV RI KRXU DQ LQGXVWU\ Observer time from demonstration & IULQJH UDWH WR DFFRXQW IRU KROLGD\ DQG Wage rate - $15.52/hr & YDFDWLRQ RIDQG DQLQGXVWU\PXOWLSOLHU Fringe rate multiplier - 1.07 & RI WRDFFRXQWIRURYHUKHDGFRVWV$OORI Overhead rate multiplier - 1.99 WKHVH FRVW HOHPHQWV ZHUH FDOFXODWHG IURP Blanket Wash & LQGXVWU\ VWDWLVWLFV UHSRUWHG LQ 1$3/ V Recorded quantity used during &RVW6WXG\DQGDUHH[SODLQHGLQPRUHGHWDLOLQ demonstration & 6HFWLRQ Adjusted for dilution & Product cost provided by supplier %ODQNHWZDVKSURGXFWV Materials - Wipes & Recorded quantity used during 7KHTXDQWLW\RIEODQNHWZDVKXVHGSHU demonstration EODQNHW ZDV UHFRUGHG GXULQJ WKH REVHUYHU V & Lease price - $0.11/wipe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n alternative method of determining the labor time was examined, apart from using the average time estimates compiled by observers. Within each facility, observers and press operators collected data on the number of blanket rotations per wash. Because only observers compiled time estimates, the rotations data included more observations and was, therefore, considered as an alternative method for estimating labor time. However, this approach was abandoned after further analysis found poor correlation between time and number of rotations. Although occasionally high correlation was found to exist, the majority of facilities did not show a high degree of correlation. Eight facilities with the greatest number of observations were analyzed separately to determine if time and number of rotations were correlated. Again, poor correlation was found. This is interpreted to mean that there was not a preset cleaning speed for the rotation of the cylinders; we were not, therefore, able to use the number of rotations multiplied by the average time per rotation recorded by the observer to determine the labor time involved with cleaning the cylinders. In addition, the ink coverage changed from one cleaning to the next, adding a variation which affected the cleaning time. However, poor correlation between time and number of rotations was also found to exist for facilities that reported consistent ink coverage. The trend in the number of rotations necessary to clean a cylinder was also examined to determine if there was a learning curve involved with using the alternative cleaners. While it is believed that there is a learning curve, the demonstration timetable was too short for this observation, which was further complicated by variable ink coverage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able 4-3. Substitute Blanket Washes, Manufacturer Pricing Blanket Wash Number and Type Product Cost per Gallon ($)** (based on the 55 gallon drum price)($) Baseline - VM&P Naphtha 5.88 1 - Vegetable Fatty Ester 20.00 6 - Ester/Petroleum + Surfactant 12.35 9 - Ester/Water 10.26 10 - Ester/Water 9.55 11 - Ester/Petroleum + Surfactant 12.15 12 - Petroleum/Water Diluted for Use 16.40 14 - Vegetable Fatty Ester + Glycol 9.55 19 - Vegetable Fatty Ester + Glycol 11.80 20 - Petroleum/Water 10.80 21 - Ester/Petroleum 10.08 22 - Water/Petroleum/Ester 13.15 24 - Terpene 17.85 26 - Vegetable Fatty Ester 12.24 29 - Vegetable Fatty Ester 18.00 30 - Petroleum/Water Diluted for Use 5.00 31 - Petroleum 9.80 32 - Petroleum 2.85 34 - Water/Petroleum/Ester 15.00 37 - Petroleum/Water 14.80 38 - Ester/Petroleum 19.00 39 - Petroleum/Water 8.95 40 - Ester/Petroleum + Surfactant 10.25 ** Unit costs supplied by manufacturers participating in the performance demonstrations. EProducts 9, 22, and 32 are not included within Figure 4.1 because VOC content for these products was not available. 4-83 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS 1 Difference Total cost/wash Total cost/press Total cost/press/shift/year Percentage Baseline Alternative Baseline Alternative Baseline Alternative Table 4-4. Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash Performance Demonstration Blanket Wash Performance Analysis for Summary of Cost Table 4-4. Test Facility Facility 6 0.46 0.87 1.84 3.48 4,600 8,700 +89 Facility 4 0.85Facility 2 0.53 2.20 0.68 3.40 2.12 8.80 2.72 8,500 5,300 22,000 6,800 +159 +28 Facility 3 0.55 0.69 2.20 2.76 5,500 6,900 +25 Facility 15 0.50Facility 15 0.50 0.77 0.92 2.00 2.00 3.08 3.68 5,000 5,000 7,700 9,200 +54 +84 Facility 13 0.80Facility 16 0.66 0.83Facility 19 0.53 0.82Facility 12 3.20 0.81 0.89 2.64 3.32 1.58 2.12 3.28 8,000 3.24 3.56 6,600 6.32 8,300 5,300 8,200 8,100 +4 8,900 +24 15,800 +68 +95 6 11 Facility 9 0.70 10 Facility 0.91 0.82 2.08 2.80 3.64 3.28 8.32 7,000 9,100 8,200 20,800 +17 +129 1 10 Facility 3 0.55 0.5714 Facility 619 2.20 0.46 18 Facility 20 2.28 0.62 1.07 11 Facility 0.70 1.66 5,500 1.84 1.13 2.48 4.28 5,700 2.80 6.64 4,600 4.52 +4 6,200 7,000 10,700 16,600 +133 11,300 +168 +61 11 Facility 112 0.59 Facility 12 0.81 1.29 0.99 2.36 3.24 5.16 3.96 5,900 8,100 12,900 9,900 +119 +22 Number Formula 4-84 4.2 COST ANALYSIS 1 Difference Total cost/wash Total cost/press Total cost/press/shift/year Percentage Baseline Alternative Baseline Alternative Baseline Alternative Test Facility Facility 8 0.55 0.89Facility 8 0.55Facility 5 2.20 0.53 0.59 3.56 0.43 2.20 5,500 2.12 2.36 1.72 5,500 8,900 5,300 +62 5,900 4,300 +7 -19 Facility 6 0.46 1.01 1.84 4.04 4,600 10,100 +120 Facility 17 0.41Facility 13 0.80 0.58Facility 17 0.41 1.51Facility 15 1.64 0.50 0.88 3.20 2.32 0.47Facility 19 1.64 6.04 0.53 4,100 2.00 3.52 0.62 8,000 1.88 4,100Facility 19 2.12 5,800 0.53 5,000 15,100 2.48 +41 0.95 8,800 +89 5,300 2.12 4,700 +115 3.80 -6 6,200 5,300 +17 9,500 +79 24 Facility 1626 0.66 Facility 529 0.55 0.97 Facility 730 0.57 Facility 18 0.73 2.6431 0.62 0.93 Facility 7 3.88 2.2032 0.57 1.01 Facility 1 2.2834 2.92 0.59 6,600 1.59 Facility 1 2.48 3.72 0.59 1.31 5,500 4.04 2.28 0.89 5,700 9,700 2.36 6.36 6,200 2.36 7,300 5.24 +47 5,700 9,300 3.56 +33 10,100 5,900 +63 5,900 15,900 +63 13,100 +179 8,900 +122 +51 21 120.8122 Facility 0.82 3.24 3.28 8,100 8,200 +1 Number Formula 4-85 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS 1 Difference ner instead of the base product. Total cost/wash Total cost/press Total cost/press/shift/year Percentage 0.91 0.87 3.64 3.48 9,100 8,700 -4 Baseline Alternative Baseline Alternative Baseline Alternative 10 Test Facility Facility Facility 4 0.85Facility 8 0.55 1.11 0.80 3.40 2.20 4.44 3.20 8,500 5,500 11,100 8,000 +31 +45 Facility 4 0.85 0.79 3.40 3.16 8,500 7,900 -7 Facility 3 0.55 0.48 2.20 1.92 5,500 4,800 -13 38 Facility 239 0.53 Facility 540 0.55 1.08 1 Facility 0.59 0.69 2.12 0.79 2.20 4.32 2.36 2.76 5,300 3.16 5,500 10,800 5,900 6,900 +104 7,900 +25 +34 37 Number Formula A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the cost when using the alternative blanket clea a negative sign denotes a decrease in the cost when using the alternative blanket A positive sign denotes an increase and 1 4-86 4.2 COST ANALYSIS Figure 4.1 Blanket Wash Costs Changes Arranged by Lowest to Highest VOC Content of Formulations 4.2.2 Details Related to Data Sources and Methodological Approach $VPHQWLRQHGDERYHWKHEODQNHWZDVKFRVWFRPSDULVRQFRQVLGHUHGWKUHHFRVWHOHPHQWV ZKHQFRPSDULQJWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIEDVHOLQHDQGVXEVWLWXWHEODQNHWFOHDQHUV ODERUFRVWV WLPH ÕZDJHUDWH EODQNHWZDVKXVH TXDQWLW\ÕXQLWSULFH DGMXVWLQJIRUGLOXWLRQ DQGPDWHULDODQG HTXLSPHQWFRVWV ZLSHVÕ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igure 4.2 Cost Difference Between Substitute and Baseline Blanket Washes 4-88 4.2 COST ANALYSIS DQQXDOZDJHVDQGRYHUKHDGFRVWVE\SUHVVW\SHDQGEUDQGQXPEHURIVKLIWVSHUGD\OHQJWKRI ZRUNZHHNDQGYDFDWLRQVDQGKROLGD\VDOORZHG%HFDXVHRIWKHPDQ\YDULDEOHVLPSDFWLQJKRXUO\ ZDJHVDQGRYHUKHDGUDWHVVHYHUDODVVXPSWLRQVZHUHPDGHWRIDFLOLWDWHFRPSDULVRQVDORQJWKH YDULRXVDOWHUQDWLYHV $VVXPSWLRQV & %DVHG RQ D UHYLHZ RI SUHVV VL]HV XVHG LQ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH GHPRQVWUDWLRQV DV ZHOO DV GLVFXVVLRQVZLWKSHUIRUPDQFHGHPRQVWUDWLRQREVHUYHUVZDJHUDWHVDQGRYHUKHDGH[SHQVHV IRUDLQFKXQLWSUHVVZHUHXVHGLQWKLVDQDO\VLV & 7KH1$3/ &RVW6WXG\SUHVHQWVWKUHHSRVVLEOHHPSOR\PHQWVFHQDULRV UHIHUUHGWRDV DUHDV$%DQG& HDFKZLWKGLIIHULQJZDJHVDQGRYHUKHDGFRVWV7KH§DUHDV¨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able 4-5. Calculation of Average Hourly Rate # Shifts (8 hrs.) Annual Wage Hourly Wage Weight (Facilities × Wage × Weight shifts) 1 $31,200 $15.00 9 $135 2 $64,740 $15.56 8 $124 3 $99,060 $15.88 12 $191 Totals: 29 $450 Total wage × weight: $450.04 Total/29: $15.52 Source: NAPL 1993 Cost Study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depreciation + rent & heat + fire & sprinkler insurance + pension fund + welfare benefits + payroll taxes + workmen’s comp. + light & power + direct supplies + repairs to equipment + general factory + administrative & selling overhead direct labor + supervisory and misc. labor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verhead cost elements were taken directly from the NAPL 1993 Cost Study. 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LQFUHDVHGURXJKO\SHUFHQW GXH WR %ODQNHW :DVK V KLJKHU SULFH 7KH UHGXFHG FRVWV H[SHULHQFHG E\ IDFLOLW\ DUH 4-98 4.2 COST ANALYSIS DWWULEXWDEOHWRDUHGXFWLRQLQWKHDYHUDJHTXDQWLW\RIEODQNHWZDVKXVHG&RVWVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK SURGXFW XVH GHFUHDVHG URXJKO\ SHUFHQW IRU IDFLOLW\ 3UHVV RSHUDWRUV DW ERWK IDFLOLWLHV FRPPHQWHGWKDW%ODQNHW:DVKFXWWKHLQNZHOO 4-99 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +21-0.36 +70 -24 +1.0 +100 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 51 (n=4) 1.14 (n=8) 2.0 (n=8) Baseline Wash Facility 6 (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +7.5 +25+0.04 +4-0.4 30 -20 1.5 1.0 Alternative Wash 37.5 (n=4) 1.04 (n=14) 1.6 (n=14) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 1 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 2.205,500 2.76 6,900 +0.56 +1,400 +25 +25 1.84 4,600 8,700 3.48 +4,100 +1.64 +89 +89 Facility 3 18" x 25"Facility 3Baseline Wash 18" x 25" 6 Facility 0.55 0.69 +0.14 +25 0.46 0.87 +0.41 +89 30 (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 1.00 # wipes 0.05Cost ($) 0.28 0.16 0.35 2.0 +0.11 +0.07 0.22 +220 0.18 +25 0.07 0.28 -0.04 0.18 0.47 -18 +0.11 +0.19 0.11 +157 0.22 +70 +0.11 +100 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/ shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 0 Medium-Heavy Medium 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-100 4.2 COST ANALYSIS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +24-0.4 +69 +0.1 -27 +10 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 59 (n=4) 1.1 (n=27) 1.1 (n=27) Facility 15 Facility 15 Baseline Wash (n=2) (n=2) (n=2) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +7+0.15 +11 +2100 1.0 35 1.5 Alternative Wash 68 (n=8) 0.88 (n=19) 1.0 (n=19) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 6 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 2.807,000 3.28 8,200 +0.48 +1,200 +17 +17 2.00 5,000 7,700 3.08 +2,700 +1.08 +54 +54 19" x 26"Facility 11 Baseline Wash 19" x 25" 15 Facility Facility 11 Facility 11 61 (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) 0.70 0.82 +0.12 +17 0.50 0.77 +0.27 +54 ($) 4 Cost ($)Post Dilution Cost ($) 0.03 0.56Cost ($) 0.08 0.63 +0.05 +0.07 0.11 +167 +11 0.11 0.07 0.32 0 0.11 0.54 0 +0.04 +0.22 +57 0.11 +69 0.12 +0.01 +9 Time spent cleaning (sec.) Average Quantity (oz.) 0.73 # wipes 1.0 ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 0 Medium-Heavy Medium 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Labor Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-101 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +45-0.64 +129 -43 00 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 80 (n=3) 0.86 (n=24) 1.0 (n=23) Baseline Wash Facility 15 Facility 15 (n=2) (n=2) (n=2) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +105 +175+0.1 35 +3+0.8 +40 1.5 1.0 Alternative Wash 165 (n=4) 3.1 (n=4) 2.8 (n=4) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 9 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 3.649,100 8.32 20,800 +4.68 +11,700 +129 +129 5,000 2.00 9,200 3.68 +4,200 +1.68 +84 +84 Facility 10 Facility 10 19" x 28"Facility 10 Baseline Wash 19" x 25" Facility 15 0.91 2.08 +1.17 +129 0.50 0.92 +0.42 +84 60 (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 3.0 # wipes 0.14Cost ($) 0.55 0.25 1.52 2.0 +0.11 +0.97 0.22 +79 0.31 +175 0.07 0.32 +0.09 0.07 0.74 +41 0 +0.42 0.11 0.11 +129 0 0 0 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 0 Medium Medium-Heavy 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-102 4.2 COST ANALYSIS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +150 +282 00 -1 -50 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 203 (n=4) 3.0 (n=4) 1.0 (n=1) Baseline Wash Facility 4 (n=2) (n=2) (n=2) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference 00 53 00 3.0 00 2.0 Alternative Wash 30 (n=4) 1.0 (n=4) 2.0 (n=4) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 10 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 2.205,500 2.28 5,700 +0.08 +200 +4 +4 3.40 8,500 8.80 22,000 +13,500 +5.40 +159 +159 Facility 3 18" x 25"Facility 3 Baseline Wash 40" x 34" Facility 4 0.55 0.57 +0.02 +4 0.85 2.20 +1.35 +159 30 (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 1.0 # wipes 0.05Cost ($) 0.28 0.07 0.28 2.0 +0.02 0 0.22 +40 0.22 0 0.14 0 0.22 0.49 0 1.87 +0.08 0.22 +1.38 +57 0.11 +282 -0.11 -50 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 0 Medium Medium 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-103 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference -10+0.27 -25 +23 +1.4 +140 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 30 (n=2) 1.44 (n=33) 2.4 (n=33) Baseline Wash Facility 2 (n=3) (n=3) (n=3) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +36+0.11 +89 +4+2.1 40 +210 1.17 1.0 Alternative Wash 76 (n=7) 2.61 (n=33) 3.1 (n=33) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 11 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 2.365,900 5.16 12,900 +2.80 +7,000 +119 +119 5,300 2.12 6,800 2.72 +1,500 +0.60 +28 +28 Facility 1 40" x 28"Facility 1 Baseline Wash 13" x 18" Facility 2 0.59 1.29 +0.70 +119 0.53 0.68 +0.15 +28 40 (n=2) (n=2) (n=2) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 2.50 # wipes 0.11Cost ($) 0.37 0.25 0.70 1.0 +0.14 +0.33 0.11 +127 0.34 +89 0.05 0.37 +0.23 0.14 0.28 +209 +0.09 0.11 -0.09 +180 0.26 -25 +0.15 +136 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 0 Medium Medium-Heavy 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-104 4.2 COST ANALYSIS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +2.5-1.47 +4 -63 00 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 62.5 (n=4) 0.86 (n=23) 1.3 (n=23) Baseline Wash Facility 13 Facility 13 (n=3) (n=3) (n=3) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +4-1.88 +9 -43+0.3 60 +17 2.33 1.3 Alternative Wash 48 (n=5) 2.54 (n=28) 2.1 (n=27) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 12 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 3.248,100 3.96 9,900 +0.72 +1,800 +22 +22 3.20 8,000 8,300 3.32 +300 +0.12 +4 +4 Facility 12 Facility 12 28" x 40"Facility 12 Baseline Wash 20" x 26" Facility 13 0.81 0.99 +0.18 +22 0.80 0.83 +0.03 +4 44 (n=6) (n=6) (n=6) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 4.42 # wipes 0.20Cost ($) 0.41 0.32 0.44 1.8 +0.12 +0.03 0.20 +60 0.23 +9 0.11 +0.03 0.55 0.11 0.58 +15 0 0.14 +0.03 0.14 +4 0 0 0 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 1:1 Medium Medium 1:1 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-105 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference -8+0.8 -16 +1.0 +40 +100 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 42 (n=6) 2.8 (n=40) 2.0 (n=40) Baseline Wash Facility 16 Facility 16 (n=2) (n=2) (n=2) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +60-0.25 +200 -17 50 +0.3 +30 2 1.0 Alternative Wash 90 (n=3) 1.25 (n=18) 1.3 (n=18) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 14 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 1.844,600 4.28 10,700 +2.44 +6,100 +133 +133 6,600 2.64 8,200 3.28 +1,600 +0.64 +24 +24 Facility 6 18" x 25"Facility 6 Baseline Wash 20" x 26" Facility 16 0.46 1.07 +0.61 +133 0.66 0.82 +0.16 +24 30 (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 1.50 # wipes 0.07Cost ($) 0.28 0.09 0.83 1.0 +0.02 +0.55 0.11 +29 0.15 +200 0.09 0.46 +0.04 0.21 0.39 +36 +0.12 -0.07 0.11 +133 0.22 -16 +0.11 +100 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 0 Medium Medium-Heavy 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-106 4.2 COST ANALYSIS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +25+0.8 +61 +0.1 +89 +10 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 66 (n=8) 1.7 (n=16) 1.1 (n=16) Baseline Wash Facility 19 Facility 19 (n=5) (n=5) (n=5) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +70+1.5 +146 +100 41 +1.6 0.9 +160 1.0 Alternative Wash 118 (n=5) 3.0 (n=10) 2.6 (n=10) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 19 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 2.486,200 6.64 16,600 +4.16 +10,400 +168 +168 5,300 2.12 8,900 3.56 +3,600 +1.44 +68 +68 Facility 18 Facility 18 19" x 26"Facility 18 Baseline Wash 19" x 26" Facility 19 0.62 1.66 +1.04 +168 0.53 0.89 +0.36 +68 48 (n=6) (n=6) (n=6) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 1.5 # wipes 0.07Cost ($) 0.44 0.28 1.09 1.0 +0.21 +0.65 0.11 +300 0.29 +146 0.04 0.38 +0.18 0.16 0.61 +164 +0.12 0.11 +0.23 +300 0.12 +61 +0.01 +9 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 0 Medium-Heavy Heavy 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-107 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +76-1.4 +173 +0.2 -32 +11 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 120 (n=1) 3.0 (n=1) 2.0 (n=1) Baseline Wash Facility 12 Facility 12 (n=6) (n=6) (n=6) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +35+0.6 +57 +86+0.3 44 +30 4.4 1.8 Alternative Wash 96 (n=7) 1.3 (n=24) 1.3 (n=24) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 20 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 2.807,000 4.52 11,300 +1.72 +4,300 +61 +61 8,100 3.24 15,800 6.32 +7,700 +3.08 +95 +95 Facility 11 Facility 11 19" x 26"Facility 11 Baseline Wash 28" x 40" Facility 12 0.70 1.13 +0.43 +61 0.81 1.58 +0.77 +95 61 (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 0.7 # wipes 0.03Cost ($) 0.56 0.11 0.88 1.0 +0.08 +0.32 0.11 +267 0.14 +57 0.20 0.41 +0.03 0.25 1.11 +27 +0.05 0.20 +0.70 +25 0.22 +173 +0.02 +10 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 0 Medium-Heavy Medium 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-108 4.2 COST ANALYSIS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +13-0.1 +52 +0.1 -7 +10 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 38 (n=9) 1.4 (n=34) 1.1 (n=34) Baseline Wash Facility 17 Facility 17 (n=5) (n=5) (n=5) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +32+0.5 +107 +33 25 +1.5 +150 1.5 1.0 Alternative Wash 62 (n=5) 2.0 (n=6) 2.5 (n=6) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 21 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 1.844,600 4.04 10,100 +2.20 +5,500 +120 +120 4,100 1.64 5,800 2.32 +1,700 +0.68 +41 +41 Facility 6 18" x 25"Facility 6 Baseline Wash 19" x 26" Facility 17 0.46 1.01 +0.55 +120 0.41 0.58 +0.17 +41 30 (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 1.5 # wipes 0.07Cost ($) 0.28 0.16 0.57 1.0 +0.09 +0.29 0.11 +129 0.28 +107 0.07 0.23 +0.17 0.11 0.35 +155 +0.04 0.11 +0.12 +57 0.12 +52 +0.01 +9 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 0 Medium Medium-Heavy 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-109 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +40+0.4 +67 +1.5 +17 +115 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 100 (n=3) 2.7 (n=20) 2.8 (n=20) Baseline Wash Facility 13 Facility 13 (n=3) (n=3) (n=3) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference -16-1.5 -36+0.6 -34 60 +33 2.3 1.3 Alternative Wash 28 (n=4) 2.9 (n=13) 2.4 (n=12) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 22 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 3.248,100 3.28 8,200 +0.04 +100 +1 +1 3.20 8,000 6.04 15,100 +7,100 +2.84 +89 +89 Facility 12 Facility 12 28" x 40"Facility 12 Baseline Wash 20" x 26" Facility 13 0.81 0.82 +0.01 +1 0.80 1.51 +0.71 +89 44 (n=6) (n=6) (n=6) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 4.4 # wipes 0.20Cost ($) 0.41 0.30 0.26 1.8 +0.10 -0.15 0.20 +50 0.26 -36 0.11 +0.06 0.55 0.28 0.92 +30 +0.17 0.14 +0.37 +155 0.31 +67 +0.17 +121 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 1:4 Medium-Heavy Medium 1:4 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-110 4.2 COST ANALYSIS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +39-0.2 +156 00 -13 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 64 (n=4) 1.3 (n=4) 1.0 (n=3) Baseline Wash Facility 17 Facility 17 (n=5) (n=5) (n=5) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +9+0.06 +18 +3+0.3 25 +30 1.5 1.0 Alternative Wash 59 (n=7) 2.06 (n=35) 1.3 (n=34) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 24 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 2.646,600 3.88 9,700 +1.24 +3,100 +47 +47 1.64 4,100 8,800 3.52 +4,700 +1.88 +115 +115 Facility 16 Facility 16 20" x 26"Facility 16 Baseline Wash 19" x 26" Facility 17 0.66 0.97 +0.31 +47 0.41 0.88 +0.47 +115 50 (n=2) (n=2) (n=2) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 2 # wipes 0.09Cost ($) 0.46 0.29 0.54 1 +0.20 +0.08 0.11 +222 0.14 +18 0.07 0.23 +0.03 0.18 0.59 +27 +0.11 0.11 +0.36 +157 0.11 +156 0 0 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 0 Heavy Medium-Heavy 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-111 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference -5-0.65 -14 -43 00 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 30 (n=3) 0.85 (n=25) 1.0 (n=25) Baseline Wash Facility 15 Facility 15 (n=2) (n=2) (n=2) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +30-0.44 +100 -44 35 -0.8 -40 1.50 1.0 Alternative Wash 60 (n=4) 0.56 (n=18) 1.2 (n=18) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 26 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 2.205,500 2.92 7,300 +0.72 +1,800 +33 +33 2.00 5,000 4,700 1.88 -300 -0.12 -6 -6 Facility 5 12" x 18"Facility 5 Baseline Wash 19" x 25" Facility 15 0.55 0.73 +0.18 +33 0.50 0.47 -0.03 -6 30 (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 1.0 # wipes 0.05Cost ($) 0.28 0.05 0.55 2.0 0 +0.27 0.22 0.13 +100 0 0.32 -0.07 0.07 0.28 -32 0.08 -0.04 0.11 +0.01 0.11 -14 +14 0 0 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 0 Medium Medium-Heavy 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-112 4.2 COST ANALYSIS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +2900 +64 00 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 74 (n=14) 0.7 (n=50) 1.0 (n=50) Baseline Wash Facility 8 (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +10+0.4 +22 +40+1.0 45 +100 0.7 1.0 Alternative Wash 55 (n=4) 1.4 (n=8) 2.0 (n=5) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 29 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 2.285,700 3.72 9,300 +1.44 +3,600 +63 +63 2.20 5,500 8,900 3.56 +3,400 +1.36 +62 +62 Facility 7 20" x 26"Facility 7 Baseline Wash 20" x 26" Facility 8 0.57 0.93 +0.36 +63 0.55 0.89 +0.34 +62 45 (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 1.0 # wipes 0.05Cost ($) 0.41 0.20 0.51 1.0 +0.15 +0.10 0.11 +300 0.22 +22 0.03 0.41 +0.11 0.10 0.68 +100 +0.07 0.11 +0.27 +233 0.11 +64 0 0 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 0 Medium Medium 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-113 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +11-0.14 +26 -16 00 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 52 (n=6) 0.74 (n=14) 1.0 (n=14) Baseline Wash Facility 19 Facility 19 (n=5) (n=5) (n=5) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +34+1.42 +71 +93+0.2 41 0.88 +20 1.0 Alternative Wash 82 (n=3) 2.95 (n=6) 1.2 (n=6) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 30 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 2.486,200 4.04 10,100 +1.56 +3,900 +63 +63 5,300 2.12 6,200 2.48 +900 +0.36 +17 +17 Facility 18 Facility 18 19" x 26"Facility 18 Baseline Wash 19" x 26" Facility 19 0.62 1.01 +0.39 +63 0.53 0.62 +0.09 +17 48 (n=6) (n=6) (n=6) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 1.53 # wipes 0.07Cost ($) 0.44 0.12 0.76 1.0 +0.05 +0.32 0.11 +171 0.13 +71 0.04 0.38 0.02 0.03 0.48 +18 -0.01 +0.10 0.11 -25 0.11 +26 0 0 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 0 Medium Heavy 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-114 4.2 COST ANALYSIS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference -2+0.4 -4 00 +57 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 43 (n=4) 1.1 (n=65) 1.0 (n=65) Baseline Wash Facility 8 (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +9500 +211 0.7 45 +1.0 +100 1.0 Alternative Wash 140 (n=3) 1.0 (n=3) 2.0 (n=2) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 31 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 2.285,700 6.36 15,900 +4.08 +10,200 +179 +179 5,500 2.20 5,900 2.36 +400 +0.16 +7 +7 Facility 7 20" x 26"Facility 7 Baseline Wash 20" x 26" Facility 8 0.57 1.59 +1.02 +179 0.55 0.59 +0.04 +7 45 (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 1.0 # wipes 0.05Cost ($) 0.41 0.08 1.29 1.0 +0.03 +0.88 0.11 +60 0.22 +21 0.03 0.41 +0.11 0.08 0.40 +100 +0.05 0.11 -0.01 0.11 +167 -4 0 0 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution rate (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket Medium 0 Light-Medium 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-115 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference -6-0.67 -15 -57 00 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 34 (n=4) 0.63 (n=16) 1.0 (n=13) Baseline Wash Facility 5 (n=3) (n=3) (n=3) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +700 +162 40 +1.5 0 +150 1.17 1.0 Alternative Wash 105 (n=4) 2.5 (n=8) 2.5 (n=8) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 32 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 2.365,900 5.24 13,100 +2.88 +7,200 +122 +122 5,300 2.12 4,300 1.72 -1,000 -0.40 -19 -19 Facility 1 40" x 28"Facility 1 Baseline Wash 12" x 18" Facility 5 0.59 1.31 +0.72 +122 0.53 0.43 -0.10 -19 40 (n=2) (n=2) (n=2) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 2.5 # wipes 0.11Cost ($) 0.37 0.06 0.97 1.0 -0.05 +0.6 0.11 -45 0.28 +162 0.05 0.37 +0.17 0.01 0.31 +155 -0.04 0.11 -0.06 0.11 -80 -15 0 0 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution rate (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket Medium 0 Medium 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-116 4.2 COST ANALYSIS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +26+0.35 +63 +40 +0.8 +80 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 67 (n=13) 1.23 (n=13) 1.8 (n=13) Baseline Wash Facility 19 Facility 19 (n=5) (n=5) (n=5) 1 Percentage Difference 1 00 41 Absolute Difference 0+1.1 0 +110 0.88 1.0 40 (n=4) Alternative Wash 2.5 (n=41) 2.1 (n=41) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 34 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 2.365,900 3.56 8,900 +1.20 +3,000 +51 +51 2.12 5,300 9,500 3.80 +4,200 +1.68 +79 +79 40 (n=2) Facility 1 40" x 28"Facility 1 Baseline Wash 19" x 26" Facility 19 0.59 0.89 +0.3 +51 0.53 0.95 +0.42 +79 (n=2) (n=2) ($) 4 2 (sec.) Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 2.5 # wipes 0.11Cost ($) 0.37 0.29 0.37 1.0 +0.18 0 0.11 +164 0.23 0 0.04 +0.12 0.14 0.38 +109 0.62 +0.10 0.11 +250 0.19 +0.24 +63 +0.08 +73 ($) 3 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Time spent cleaning Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution rate (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket Medium 0 Medium 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-117 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference -11-0.86 -21 -29 -0.6 -30 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 42 (n=5) 2.14 (n=11) 1.4 (n=8) Baseline Wash Facility 4 (n=2) (n=2) (n=2) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference -6+0.16 -20 +16-0.8 53 3.0 -40 2.0 Alternative Wash 24 (n=5) 1.16 (n=22) 1.2 (n=22) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 37 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 2.205,500 1.92 4,800 -0.28 -700 -13 -13 3.40 8,500 3.16 7,900 -600 -0.24 -7 -7 Facility 3 18" x 25"Facility 3 Baseline Wash 40" x 34" Facility 4 0.55 0.48 -0.07 -13 0.85 0.79 -0.06 -7 30 (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 1.0 # wipes 0.05Cost ($) 0.28 0.13 0.22 2.0 +0.08 -0.06 0.22 +160 0.13 -20 0.14 -0.09 0.49 0.25 0.39 -41 +0.11 0.22 -0.10 +79 0.15 -21 -0.07 -32 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 0 Medium-Heavy Medium 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-118 4.2 COST ANALYSIS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference -8+0.4 -15 -0.2 +13 -10 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 45 (n=4) 3.4 (n=10) 1.8 (n=9) Baseline Wash Facility 4 (n=2) (n=2) (n=2) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +25+0.51 +62 +44+1.1 53 3.0 +110 2.0 Alternative Wash 65 (n=6) 1.68 (n=15) 2.1 (n=15) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 38 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 2.125,300 4.32 10,800 +2.20 +5,500 +104 +104 8,500 3.40 11,100 4.44 +2,600 +1.04 +31 +31 Facility 2 13" x 18"Facility 2 Baseline Wash 40" x 34" Facility 4 0.53 1.08 +0.55 +104 0.85 1.11 +0.26 +31 40 (n=3) (n=3) (n=3) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 1.17 # wipes 0.05Cost ($) 0.37 0.25 0.60 1.0 +0.20 +0.23 0.11 +400 0.23 +62 0.14 0.49 +0.12 0.50 0.41 +109 +0.36 0.22 -0.08 +257 0.20 -15 -0.02 -9 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 0 Medium Medium 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-119 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +18+0.52 +40 +74 +0.2 +20 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 63 (n=4) 1.22 (n=9) 1.2 (n=9) Baseline Wash Facility 8 (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference +13-0.31 +43 -31+0.2 45 +10 0.70 1.0 Alternative Wash 43 (n=4) 0.69 (n=36) 2.2 (n=36) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 39 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 2.205,500 2.76 6,900 +0.56 +1,400 +25 +25 2.20 5,500 8,000 3.20 +2,500 +1.00 +45 +45 Facility 5 12" x 18"Facility 5 Baseline Wash 20" x 26" Facility 8 0.55 0.69 +0.14 +25 0.55 0.80 +0.25 +45 30 (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 1.0 # wipes 0.05Cost ($) 0.28 0.05 0.40 2.0 0 +0.12 0.22 0.24 +43 0 0.41 +0.02 0.03 0.58 +9 0.09 +0.17 0.11 +0.06 0.13 +40 +200 +0.02 +18 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 0 Medium Medium 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-120 4.2 COST ANALYSIS 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference 00 -1.800 -60 en using the alternative blanket cleaner and 2) Work is performed in 8 hour shifts, Alternative Wash 60 (n=5) 1.2 (n=11) 2.0 (n=10) Baseline Wash Facility 10 Facility 10 (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) 1 Percentage Difference 1 Absolute Difference 00 60 00 3.0 +1.0 +100 2.0 Alternative Wash 40 (n=4) 2.5 (n=10) 2.0 (n=10) Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash 40 for Blanket Wash of Cost Analysis Summary 2.365,900 3.16 7,900 +0.80 +2,000 +34 +34 3.64 9,100 8,700 3.48 -400 -0.16 -4 -4 Facility 1 40" x 28"Facility 1 Baseline Wash 19" x 28" Facility 10 0.59 0.79 +0.20 +34 0.91 0.87 -0.04 -4 40 (n=2) (n=2) (n=2) ($) 4 Cost ($)Average Quantity (oz.)Post Dilution Cost ($) 2.5 # wipes 0.11Cost ($) 0.37 0.20 0.37 1.0 +0.09 0 0.11 +82 0.22 0 0.14 +0.11 0.10 0.55 +100 0.55 -0.04 0.22 0.22 0 -29 0 0 0 Time spent cleaning (sec.) ($) 3 2 2 2 Total cost/press/shift/year Labor Facility Characteristics Press size Average ink coverageDilution ratio (water:wash) Wash Cost Element per Blanket 0 Light-Medium Medium 0 Blanket Wash Use Materials and Equipment Totals Total cost/wash ($) Total cost/press Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. Presses are assumed to have four units; "n" denotes the number of observations used in calculating average time, quantity, and number of wipes. "n" denotes the number of observations A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or cost wh a negative sign denotes a decrease in the time, quantity, number of wipes, or A positive sign denotes an increase and The following assumptions were made in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per shift, in generating a total cost/press/shift/year: 1) Each press is washed 10 times per The following assumptions were made 3 4 5 days per week and 50 weeks per year. 1 instead of the base product. 2 4-121 CHAPTER 4: COMPETITIVENESS 4.3 INTERNATIONAL TRADE ISSUES +LVWRULFDOO\IRUHLJQFRPSHWLWLRQZLWKLQWKH86OLWKRJUDSKLFEODQNHWZDVKLQGXVWU\KDV EHHQOLPLWHGGXHWRWKHGRPLQDQFHRIGRPHVWLFVXSSOLHUVDVZHOODVVHYHUDOEDUULHUVWRLPSRUW LQFOXGLQJ GLVSDULWLHV LQ SHWUROHXP SULFHV IDYRULQJ 86 PDQXIDFWXUHUV WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ H[SHQVHVDQGLPSRUWGXWLHV DQG SDSHUZRUNUHTXLUHPHQWVVXFKDV0DWHULDO6DIHW\'DWD6KHHWV 06'6 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Summary of Trade-Offs When Considering Energy Consumption and Natural Resources Use Energy Issues Natural Resource Issues Standard Shop Practices no clear distinction between reusable and disposable wipes or shop towels optimizing cleaning process and minimizing waste print run conserves energy and natural resources Chemical Composition no clear distinction between products concerning renewable and non- renewable resources Formulation and concentrated formulations concentrated formulations require Packaging consume less energy during less packaging thus reducing transport/distribution when diluted natural resource consumption on site packaging containing recycled content and which is recyclable reduces natural resource consumption Disposal recycling waste blanket wash collection and reuse/recycling of consumes energy (e.g., waste blanket wash conserves centrifugation, distillation, etc.) natural resources 5-5 Chapter 6 Additional Improvement Opportunities 7KLVFKDSWHUIRFXVHVRQWHFKQLTXHV ZKLFKPD\EHHPSOR\HGDWOLWKRJUDSKLFSULQW Chapter Contents VKRSV WR SUHYHQW SROOXWLRQ WR UHGXFH FKHPLFDO FRQVXPSWLRQ DQG WR PLQLPL]H 6.1 Pollution Prevention Opportunities ZDVWH6HFWLRQH[DPLQHVUHVXOWVIURPD 6.1.1 Summary of Responses to SROOXWLRQ SUHYHQWLRQ VXUYH\ ZKLFK DVNHG Workplace Practices Questionnaire OLWKRJUDSKHUVWRLGHQWLI\ZKDWDFWLYLWLHVWKH\ 6.1.2 Workplace Practices FXUUHQWO\HPSOR\WRDFKLHYHDPRUHHQYLURQ 6.1.3 Conclusions PHQWDOO\ IULHQGO\ ZRUNSODFH 7KH PRVW 6.2 Recycle Opportunities FRPPRQRIWKHVHDFWLYLWLHVDQGWKHLUHIIHFWV DUH SUHVHQWHG 7KH SROOXWLRQ SUHYHQWLRQ 6.2.1 Solvent Recovery from Press EHQHILWVWKDWUHVXOWIURPFKDQJLQJZRUNSODFH Wipes SUDFWLFHV DUH GLVFXVVHG LQ GHWDLO 6HFWLRQ 6.2.2 Methods of Solvent Recycling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ummary of Responses to Workplace Practices Questionnaire 2IWKHUHVSRQGHQWVWRWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHSHUFHQWKDYHWULHGDOWHUQDWLYHEODQNHWZDVKLQJ FKHPLFDOVSURGXFWVDVVKRZQLQ7DEOH7KLVRSWLRQZDVWKHPRVWIUHTXHQWO\WULHGSROOXWLRQ SUHYHQWLRQ RSWLRQ LGHQWLILHG E\ WKH UHVSRQGHQWV WR WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH &KDQJHV LQ ZRUNSODFH SUDFWLFHVWRSUHYHQWSROOXWLRQZHUHQH[WDWSHUFHQW1HDUO\SHUFHQWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWV LQGLFDWHGWKH\KDGLPSOHPHQWHGHLWKHUHTXLSPHQWDQGRUSURFHVVFKDQJHVWRLPSURYHWKHEODQNHW ZDVKLQJSURFHVV 6-1 CHAPTER 6: ADDITIONAL CONTROL OPPORTUNITIES Table 6-1. Blanket Washing Activities to Prevent Pollution Pollution Prevention Activity % Response Tried Alternative Blanket Wash 76.1% Implemented Workplace Practices Changes 48.4% Established Pollution Prevention, Waste Minimization, or Source Reduction Program 36.1% Implemented Equipment Changes 28.8% Implemented Process Changes 26.9% Note: Due to multiple responses, numbers add to more than 100%. 0DQ\SULQWHUVDUHUHDOL]LQJWKDWLPSOHPHQWLQJFKDQJHVVXFKDVWKHVHFDQVDYHWLPHDQG FXWFRVWVZKLOHSUHYHQWLQJSROOXWLRQ)URPWKHUHVXOWVRIWKH:RUNSODFH3UDFWLFHV4XHVWLRQQDLUH RYHUSHUFHQWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVZKRKDYHLPSOHPHQWHGFKDQJHVWRUHGXFHWKHXVHRIEODQNHW ZDVKLQGLFDWHGWKDWPDWHULDOVFRVWKDGGHFUHDVHGRUUHPDLQHGXQFKDQJHG)XUWKHUPRUHWKHWLPH UHTXLUHGWRFOHDQWKHEODQNHWIRUWKHVHUHVSRQGHQWVKDGHLWKHUUHPDLQHGXQFKDQJHGRUGHFUHDVHG IRUSHUFHQWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWV7KHVHUHVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH Table 6-2. Effects of Pollution Prevention Activities % Response Parameter Increased? Decreased? No Change? No Response Materials Cost 24.6% 36.9% 33.8% 4.6% Time to Clean Blanket 36.9% 32.3% 29.2% 1.5% Waste Run After Cleaning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able 6-3. Alternative Blanket Washing Products Implemented or Tested by Printers Product Category % Response < 30% VOC Content 39.2% Citrus-Based 52.9% Oil-Based 10.5% Surfactant-Based 11.8% Note: Due to multiple responses, numbers add to more than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orkplace Practices $VWKHVHFRQGSROOXWLRQSUHYHQWLRQHIIRUWPRVWIUHTXHQWO\LGHQWLILHGE\WKHUHVSRQGHQWVRI 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able 6-4. Benefits of Raising Employee Awareness Activity to Raise Employee Awareness Benefits Prepare a written environmental policy Establishes environmental management goals; illustrates management commitment to pollution prevention and environmental goals Prepare written procedures on equipment Better informs employees of the proper procedures for operation and maintenance, materials using equipment and disposing of materials; helps handling, and disposal prevent accidents Provide employee training on health and Ensures that employees have proper training to safety issues, materials handling and disposal understand benefits of proper materials handling and disposal, and potential consequences of improper workplace practices to their health and safety, the environment, and company profitability Seek employee input on pollution prevention Encourages the persons closest to the process to activities develop the best, most creative approach to pollution prevention; employee involvement and ownership of the program has been essential to many successful programs Make employees accountable for waste Encourages employees to be aware of ways they can generation and provide incentives for reduction prevent pollution; rewards active involvement in pollution prevention activities Provide feedback to employees on materials Re-emphasized management commitment to pollution handling and disposal, and pollution prevention prevention; encourages employees to continue to performance improve Table 6-5. Materials Management and Inventory Practices and Their Benefits Workplace Practices Benefits Manage inventory on a first-in, first-out basis Reduces materials and disposal costs of expired materials Minimize the amount of chemicals kept on the Gives employees an incentive to use less process floor at any time materials Centralize responsibility for storing and Gives employees an incentive to use less distributing chemicals materials Store chemical products in closed, clearly marked Reduces materials loss; increases worker safety; containers reduces worker exposure; prevents mixing of hazardous and nonhazardous materials Use a pump to transfer chemical products from Reduces potential for accidental spills; reduces large containers to smaller containers that are worker exposure used at work stations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able 6-6. Process Improvements and Their Benefits Workplace Practices Benefits Use plunger cans or squeeze bottles to deliver Reduces potential for accidental spills; reduces controlled quantities of blanket wash materials use; reduces worker exposure Apply a specified amount of chemical products to Reduces chemical usage through controlled shop towels rather than an uncontrolled amount applications directly to blanket Reduce the size of the towel or wipe used during More efficient use of towels; reduces solvent use; clean-up, and use reusable towels or wipes reduces worker exposure Use reusable towels or wipes, and reuse shop Reduces materials use (shop towels and blanket towels for multiple blanket washes wash); reduces solid waste generation; reduces worker exposure Store chemical-laden wipes in closed container Reduces chemical losses due to evaporation; between uses reduces worker exposure Evaluate alternative chemicals: water dilution Reduces chemical usage with no loss of ratios (increase the amount of water) efficiency; reduces worker exposure Only apply chemicals where necessary Reduces chemical usage; reduces worker exposure Avoid delays in cleaning blankets Simplifies ink removal from blanket Use appropriate personal protective equipment Reduces worker exposure (gloves, eye protection, etc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able 6-7. Waste Management Workplace Practices and Benefits Waste Management Practices Benefits Maintain accurate logs of chemical and materials Understanding materials flow and how it relates stock, chemicals and materials use, and waste to waste generation rates provides insights into generation rates pollution prevention opportunities Segregate waste by waste stream and keep in Allows for more effective reuse and recycling of marked, easily accessible, closed containers waste materials; prevents nonhazardous waste from becoming contaminated with hazardous waste; minimizes evaporation of chemical waste products; reduces worker exposure Use gravity-drain, wringing, or centrifugation to Recovers chemical products for reuse and collect excess chemical products from used shop recycling towels and wipes Keep used shop towels and collect waste Minimizes evaporation of chemical waste chemicals in closed containers products; reduces worker exposure 6-7 CHAPTER 6: ADDITIONAL CONTROL OPPORTUNITIES Table 6-8. Waste Management Practices for Waste Blanket Wash Method of Storage % Response Method of % Response Treatment/Disposal In a closed container 39.9% Sent to Recycler 14.8% In an open container 3.4% Recycled on-site 1.0% No specific container 1.5% Discharged to sewer 2.5% Other 0.5% Hazardous Waste 9.9% No response 4.9% Nonhazardous Waste 8.4% Not applicable 49.8% Other 4.4% No Response 9.4% Not Applicable 49.8% Note: Printers were able to specify unique methods under the category "Other". The "Not Applicable" category represents those printers who indicated they do not generate and/or collect liquid waste blanket wash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onclusions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able 6-9. Waste Management Practices for Reusable Shop Towels Method of Storage Method of Pretreatment Method of Reuse or Disposal In a closed Centrifuge 3.4% On-site Laundry 0.5% container 74.4% In an open Dryer 1.5% Off-site Laundry container 14.3% 62.6% No specific Hand Wringing 3.9% Hazardous Waste container 7.9% 4.9% Other 3.4% Automatic Wringer Nonhazardous 0.5% Waste 11.3% None 70.0% Other 16.8% Other 4.9% No Response 3.9% No Response 15.8% Note: Printers were able to specify unique methods under the category "Other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olvent Recovery from Press Wipes 6ROYHQWODGHQSUHVVZLSHVSUHVHQWVHYHUDOHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQFHUQVIRUSULQWLQJIDFLOLWLHV LQGXVWULDOODXQGULHVDQGORFDOVHZHUV\VWHPVWKDWUHFHLYHWKHODXQGU\ª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he mixture rule was struck down by a 1991 D.C. Circuit court ruling, but has been temporarily reenacted while EPA conducts a review of the rule. 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For example, California and Virginia consider the operation of an on-site centrifuge to be a form of hazardous waste treatment and, therefore, subject to local permitting requirements. 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3ULQWLQJ,QGXVWULHVRI1HZ(QJODQG0DVV)LQDOL]HV3ROLF\IRU,QGXVWULDO:LSHUV&RQWDPLQDWHG ZLWK6ROYHQWV 3ULQWHUª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hapter 7 Evaluating Trade-off Issues 7KLVFKDSWHUVHUYHVWR VXPPDUL]HPXFKRIWKH Chapter Contents LQIRUPDWLRQSUHVHQWHGWKURXJKRXW WKH&76$6HFWLRQSUHVHQWVD 7.1 Findings VXPPDU\RIWKHILQGLQJVGUDZLQJ 7.2 Qualitative Discussion of Benefit/Cost Analysis XSRQWKHULVNLQIRUPDWLRQ 7.2.1 Introduction GHYHORSHGLQ&KDSWHUDQGWKH 7.2.2 Benefit/Cost Methodology FRVWDQDO\VLVGHYHORSHGLQ 7.2.3 Potential Benefits &KDSWHU6HFWLRQSUHVHQWVD 7.2.4 Associated Costs EHQHILWFRVWDQDO\VLVRIXVLQJWKH 7.2.5 Costs and Benefits by Formulation EDVHOLQHEODQNHWZDVK90 3 7.2.6 Potential Benefit of Avoiding Illness Linked to QDSKWKDFRPSDUHGWRWKH Exposure to Chemicals Commonly Used in VXEVWLWXWHEODQNHWZDVKHV Blanket Washing ,QIRUPDWLRQRQFRVWVH[SRVXUHV 7.3 Overview of Risk, Cost and Performance DQGULVNVDUHSUHVHQWHGKHUHVR WKDWDQHDV\FRPSDULVRQFDQEH PDGHEHWZHHQWKHVXEVWLWXWH EODQNHWZDVKHVDQGWKHEDVHOLQH 6HFWLRQSURYLGHVVXPPDU\ VKHHWVIRUHDFKEODQNHWZDVK7KHVHVXPPDU\VKHHWVFRQWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQRQFRPSRVLWLRQ SHUIRUPDQFHFRVWULVNH[SRVXUHDQGUHJXODWRU\FRQFHUQVDQGDUHLQWHQGHGWRSURYLGHWKH UHDGHUZLWKDTXLFNUHIHUHQFHJXLGHIRUHDFKEODQNHWZDVK 7.1 FINDINGS (DUOLHUVHFWLRQVRIWKH&76$HYDOXDWHGWKHULVNDQGSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHEDVHOLQHEODQNHW ZDVKDVZHOODVWKHDOWHUQDWLYHV7KLVVHFWLRQSUHVHQWVWKHILQGLQJVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH DQDO\VLVRIEODQNHWZDVKHV5HOHYDQWGDWDLQFOXGH ZRUNHUKHDOWKULVNVSXEOLFKHDOWKULVNV IODPPDELOLW\ULVNVHFRORJLFDOULVNHQHUJ\DQGQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHXVH92&FRQWHQWDQGODERU PDWHULDOVDQGSURGXFWFRVWV(DFKLVGLVFXVVHGLQWXUQEHORZ :RUNHU+HDOWK5LVNV 7KHPDMRULW\RIVXEVWLWXWHIRUPXODWLRQVDVZHOODVWKHEDVHOLQHSUHVHQWVRPHFRQFHUQ IRUGHUPDOH[SRVXUHGULYHQSULPDULO\E\KLJKH[SRVXUHOHYHOVHVWLPDWHGLQ&KDSWHU7KH GHUPDOH[SRVXUHHVWLPDWHVSURYLGHDQXSSHUERXQGHVWLPDWHZKLFKQRZRUNHULVH[SHFWHGWR H[FHHGEHFDXVHWKHH[SRVXUHDVVHVVPHQWDVVXPHVWKDWQRJORYHVRUEDUULHUFUHDPVDUHXVHGE\ ZRUNHUVZKHQFOHDQLQJDEODQNHW:RUNHULQKDODWLRQULVNVDUHYHU\ORZIRUQHDUO\DOORIWKH EODQNHWZDVKSURGXFWVGXHWRORZRUQHJOLJLEOHH[SRVXUHOHYHOV2QO\RQHRIWKHVXEVWLWXWH IRUPXODWLRQV %ODQNHW:DVK WULJJHUHGLQKDODWLRQFRQFHUQV7KHFRPSRQHQWVRIDOORWKHU VXEVWLWXWHSURGXFWVSUHVHQWORZRUQRFRQFHUQ7KHEDVHOLQHSUHVHQWVORZLQKDODWLRQFRQFHUQ 7DEOHSUHVHQWVDVXPPDU\RIZRUNHUULVNVEHJLQQLQJZLWKWKHEDVHOLQHSURGXFW90 3 QDSKWKD7KHULVNDVVHVVPHQWDVVXPHGWKDWFRPSRQHQWVRIFRQFHUQSUHVHQWDJUHDWHUULVN WKDQFRPSRQHQWVRIORZWRPRGHUDWHFRQFHUQDQGFRPSRQHQWVRIORZWRPRGHUDWHSUHVHQWD JUHDWHUULVNWKDQFRPSRQHQWVRIORZFRQFHUQDQGVRRQ QRORZFRQFHUQ ORZWRPRGHUDWH FRQFHUQ FRQFHUQ 7-1 CHAPTER 7: EVALUATING TRADE-OFF ISSUES Table 7-1. Summary of Risk Conclusions of Substitute and Baseline Blanket Wash Cleaners Formula Chemicals Identified as a Worker Health Risk Number Concern in the Risk Assessment Dermal Inhalation Baseline Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates concern no/low concern (28) 1 No individual chemicals of concern no/low concern11 no/low concern identified 3 Hydrocarbons, aromatic concern no/low concern Hydrocarbons, aromatic concern concern Hydrocarbons, aromatic concern no/low concern 4 Terpenes concern no/low concern Ethoxylated nonylphenol no/low concern no/low concern2 5 Hydrocarbons, aromatic concern no/low concern Ethoxylated nonylphenol no/low concern no/low concern2 Ethylene glycol ethers concern no/low concern 6 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates concern no/low concern Hydrocarbons, aromatic moderate concern12 no/low concern Fatty acid derivatives no/low concern22 no/low concern Alkyl benzene sulfonates no/low concern22 no/low concern 7 Terpenes concern no/low concern Ethoxylated nonylphenol no/low concern no/low concern2 8 Propylene glycol ethers no/low concern no/low concern Ethoxylated nonylphenol no/low concern no/low concern2 Hydrocarbons, aromatic moderate concern12 no/low concern 9 Ethoxylated nonylphenol no/low concern no/low concern2 Fatty acid derivatives no/low concern12 no/low concern 10 Fatty acid derivatives no/low concern12 no/low concern 11 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates concern no/low concern Hydrocarbons, aromatic moderate concern12 no/low concern Alkyl benzene sulfonates no/low concern12 no/low concern 12 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates concern no/low concern Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates low to moderate concern11 no/low concern 14 Fatty acid derivatives no/low concern12 no/low concern Propylene glycol ethers no/low concern11 no/low concern 16 Terpenes concern no/low concern 7-2 7.1 FINDINGS Formula Chemicals Identified as a Worker Health Risk Number Concern in the Risk Assessment Dermal Inhalation 17 Glycols no/low concern no/low concern Ethoxylated nonylphenol no/low concern no/low concern2 Alkali/salts no/low concern no/low concern2 Fatty acid derivatives possible concern no/low concern2 18 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates concern no/low concern Dibasic esters concern no/low concern Alkyl benzene sulfonates no/low concern11 no/low concern Esters/lactones no/low concern11 no/low concern 19 Propylene glycol ethers no/low concern11 no/low concern Fatty acid derivatives no/low concern12 no/low concern 20 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates concern no/low concern Alkyl benzene sulfonates no/low concern11 no/low concern Hydrocarbons, aromatic moderate concern11 no/low concern 21 Hydrocarbons, aromatic concern no/low concern Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates concern no/low concern Fatty acid derivatives no/low concern11 no/low concern 22 Hydrocarbons, aromatic moderate concern12 no/low concern Fatty acid derivatives no/low concern12 no/low concern 23 Terpenes possible concern no/low concern Nitrogen heterocyclics possible concern no/low concern 24 Alkyl benzene sulfonates concern no/low concern2 Terpenes concern no/low concern Ethylene glycol ethers possible concern no/low concern Ethoxylated nonylphenol no/low concern no/low concern2 25 Terpenes concern no/low concern Esters/lactones possible concern no/low concern 26 Esters/lactones concern no/low concern2 Esters/lactones no/low concern no/low concern2 Fatty acid derivatives no/low concern12 no/low concern 27 Terpenes concern no/low concern 29 Fatty acid derivatives no/low concern12 no/low concern 30 Hydrocarbons, aromatic concern no/low concern Propylene glycol ethers no/low concern11 no/low concern 31 Hydrocarbons, aromatic concern no/low concern Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates low to moderate concern11 no/low concern 7-3 CHAPTER 7: EVALUATING TRADE-OFF ISSUES Formula Chemicals Identified as a Worker Health Risk Number Concern in the Risk Assessment Dermal Inhalation 32 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates low to moderate concern11 low to moderate concern 33 Hydrocarbons, aromatic concern no/low concern Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates concern no/low concern Propylene glycol ethers no/low concern no/low concern 34 Terpenes concern no/low concern Alkoxylated alcohols no/low concern no/low concern Fatty acid derivatives no/low concern12 no/low concern Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates low to moderate concern11 no/low concern 35 Hydrocarbons, aromatic concern no/low concern Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates low to moderate concern11 no/low concern 36 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates concern no/low concern Hydrocarbons, aromatic moderate concern12 no/low concern Propylene glycol ethers no/low concern no/low concern Fatty acid derivatives no/low concern12 no/low concern 37 Hydrocarbons, aromatic possible concern no/low concern Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates low to moderate concern11 no/low concern Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates low to moderate concern11 no/low concern 38 Fatty acid derivatives no/low concern12 no/low concern Alkoxylated alcohols no/low concern1 no/low concern Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates low to moderate concern no/low concern1 39 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates concern no/low concern Propylene glycol ethers no/low concern no/low concern Alkanolamines concern no/low concern2 Ethylene glycol ethers possible concerns no/low concern 40 Hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates concern no/low concern Ethoxylated nonylphenol no/low concern no/low concern2 Hydrocarbons, aromatic moderate concern12 no/low concern Fatty acid derivatives no/low concern12 no/low concern 1 Risks for this chemical in this product could not be quantified; therefore, the level of concern for this chemical is based upon a structure-activity analysis of potential hazard. 2 Risks for this chemical in this product could not be quantified; therefore, the level of concern for this chemical is based upon a low risk call based on estimates of no or extremely low exposure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able 7-2. Relative Flammability Risk of Substitute and Baseline Blanket Washes Blanket Wash Flash Point ((F) Blanket Wash Flash Point ((F) Baseline (28) 50 22 157+ 1 230+ 23 140 3 114 24 100 4 114 25 220+ 5 139 26 230+ 6 152 27 145 7 165 29 230+ 8 115 30 100+ 9 230+ 31 105 10 230+ 32 220 11 150 33 105 12 125 34 138 14 230+ 35 105 16 145 36 175 D)ODVKSRLQWLVGHILQHGDVWKHORZHVWWHPSHUDWXUHDWZKLFKDOLTXLGJLYHVRIIYDSRUZLWKLQDWHVW YHVVHOLQVXIILFLHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQWRIRUPDQLJQLWDEOHPL[WXUHZLWKDLUQHDUWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHOLTXLG 7-5 CHAPTER 7: EVALUATING TRADE-OFF ISSUES Blanket Wash Flash Point ((F) Blanket Wash Flash Point ((F) 17 220+ 37 82 18 150 38 230+ 19 230+ 39 155 20 170 40 155 21 115 (FRORJLFDO5LVN 7KH(3$ULVNDVVHVVPHQWHYDOXDWHGWKHHFRORJLFDOULVNVRIWKHVXEVWLWXWHSURGXFWVDV ZHOODVWKHEDVHOLQHEODQNHWZDVK LQWKHDQDO\VLVIRUWKLV&76$RQO\WKHULVNVWRDTXDWLF VSHFLHVZHUHFRQVLGHUHG(YDOXDWLRQRIDTXDWLFULVNVLQYROYHGFRPSDULQJDSUHGLFWHGDPELHQW ZDWHUFRQFHQWUDWLRQWRD§FRQFHUQFRQFHQWUDWLRQ¨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ª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able 7-3. VOC Content of the Substitute and Baseline Blanket Washes Blanket Wash VOC Content Blanket Wash VOC Content (lbs/gal;% by weight) (lbs/gal;% by weight) Baseline (28) 6.2; 100% 22 Not measured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able 7-4. Blanket Wash Laboratory Test Results Form. Flash VOC Content1 Blanket Swell Wet Ink Dry Ink Film No. Point (lbs/gal; pH Film Strokes ((F) % by weight)1 hr 5 hr Strokes (%) (%) 1 230+ 2.3; 30% 7.8* 1.5 3.0 4 6 3 114 6.4; 91% 3.4* 1.5 4.5 4 4 4 114 6.4; 89% 8.7 3.0 5.2 3 2 5 139 2.5; 30% 4.3 6.1 15.4 9 8 6 152 3.5; 47% 5.5 0.7 1.5 8 6 7 165 3.0; 36% 9.3 3.8 6.8 6 8 8 115 3.3; 41% 4.0 7.7 20 7 9 9 230+ 0.77; 10% 4.6 1.5 1.5 19 30 10 230+ 0.16; 2% 5.7 0.7 0.7 12 13 11 150 4.3; 61% 5.0* 0.0 1.5 4 5 12 125 1.3; 20% 8.2 0.0 1.5 7 11 14 230+ 0.97; 12% 5.0 1.5 3.0 8 10 16 145 7.2; 99% 9.8 4.5 10.6 2 2 17 220+ 0.051; 0.6% 9.8 1.5 1.5 100 100 18 150 4.4; 60% 5.5 1.5 4.5 8 7 19 230+ 1.8; 22% 4.6 1.5 1.5 11 9 20 170 2.7; 35% 7.1 0.0 1.5 5 7 21 115 3.5; 47% 6.2 0.0 1.5 7 6 22 157(a) NM; 2.17%2 7.4(c) 1.5 1.5 13 13 23 140 0.48; 6% 9.2 0.0 1.5 24 100 24 100 1.5; 19% 9.9 1.5 3.0 15 12 25 220+ 4.1; 55% 4.3 3.0 4.5 22 32 26 230+ 1.3; 18% 7.8* 0.0 0.0 6 14 27 145 7.2; 93% 3.9 3.0 4.5 3 3 28 50 6.2; 100% 6.6 1.5 3.0 3 8 29 230+ 2.1; 30% 7.2 1.5 1.5 9 18 30 100(a) 0.48; 7% 7.6(c) 0.7 1.5 5 11 7-8 7.1 FINDINGS Form. Flash VOC Content1 Blanket Swell Wet Ink Dry Ink Film No. Point (lbs/gal; pH Film Strokes ((F) % by weight)1 hr 5 hr Strokes (%) (%) 31 105 6.6; 99% 7.6 1.5 3.0 3 3 32 220 6.5; 99% 8.5 0.1 1.5 5 30 33 105 3.4; 46% 7.2* 4.5 7.6 4 4 34 138 2.8; 39% 6.6 1.5 3.0 10 20 35 105 6.7; 99% 6.0 1.5 6.1 3 5 36 175 3.5; 48% 5.7* 0.7 1.5 4 5 37 82 1.0; 14% 3.9 3.0 3.0 5 8 38 230+ 4.9; 65% 5.6 0.0 1.5 9 16 39 155 2.9; 37% 9.2 1.5 3.0 7 10 40 155 3.8; 52% 4.8 1.5 3.0 5 10 (a) full strength (c) 25% NC - not calculated NM - not measured * - pH fluctuates wildly ght VOC was calculated based on information submitted 1VOC content in lbs/gal was measured at GATF; % by wei by the manufacturer. 2VOC content in lbs/gal was not measurable; % by weight VOC was submitted by the manufacturer. 3ULRUWRWHVWLQJWKHEODQNHWZDVKHVLQDSULQWVKRSWKHVXEVWLWXWHEODQNHWZDVKHV ZHUHWHVWHGLQWKHODERUDWRU\IRUEODQNHWVZHOOSRWHQWLDODQGZLSDELOLW\2IWKHZDVKHV ZHUHGHHPHGWREHVDWLVIDFWRU\IRUGHPRQVWUDWLRQVDWYROXQWHHUSULQWLQJVKRSV WZRVKRSV 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ntroduction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FURS\LHOGVDUHQRWFRQVLGHUHGE\WKHXWLOLW\ZKHQGHFLGLQJKRZPXFKHOHFWULFLW\WRSURGXFH7KHIDUPHU V ORVVHVGRQRWDSSHDURQWKHXWLOLW\ªVEDODQFHVKHHW 7-10 7.2 QUALITATIVE DISCUSSION OF BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS 1 Difference Percentage ner instead of the base Total (Alternative) cost/press/shift/year Total (Base) cost/press/shift/year Total cost/press (Alternative) Total (Base) cost/press Total cost/wash (Alternative) Total (Baseline) cost/wash Table 7-5. Summary of Cost Analysis for Blanket Wash Performance Demonstration Test Facility Facility 6 0.46 0.87Facility 4 1.84 0.85Facility 2 3.48 0.53 2.20 4,600 0.68 3.40 2.12 8.80 8,700 2.72 8,500 +89 5,300 22,000 6,800 +159 +28 Facility 3 0.55 0.69 2.20 2.76 5,500 6,900 +25 Facility 13 0.80Facility 16 0.66 0.83Facility 19 0.53 0.82Facility 12 3.20 0.81 0.89 2.64 3.32 1.58 2.12 3.28 8,000 3.24 3.56 6,600 6.32 8,300 5,300 8,200 8,100 +4 8,900 +24 15,800 +68 +95 Facility 15 0.50Facility 15 0.50 0.77 0.92 2.00 2.00 3.08 3.68 5,000 5,000 7,700 9,200 +54 +84 1 6 11 Facility 9 0.70 10 Facility 0.91 0.82 2.08 2.80 3.64 3.28 8.32 7,000 9,100 8,200 20,800 +17 +129 14 Facility 619 0.46 Facility 1820 0.62 1.07 Facility 11 0.70 1.66 1.84 1.13 2.48 4.28 2.80 6.64 4,600 4.52 6,200 7,000 10,700 16,600 +133 11,300 +168 +61 11 Facility 112 0.59 Facility 12 0.81 1.29 0.99 2.36 3.24 5.16 3.96 5,900 8,100 12,900 9,900 +119 +22 10 Facility 3 0.55 0.57 2.20 2.28 5,500 5,700 +4 Number Formula A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative decrease in the cost when using alternative blanket clea 1 product. 7-11 CHAPTER 7: EVALUATING TRADE-OFF ISSUES 1 Difference Percentage ner instead of the base product. Total (Alternative) cost/press/shift/year Total (Base) cost/press/shift/year Total cost/press (Alternative) Total (Base) cost/press Total cost/wash (Alternative) Total (Base) cost/wash Test Facility Facility 8 0.55 0.89Facility 8 0.55Facility 5 2.20 0.53 0.59 3.56 0.43 2.20 5,500 2.12 2.36 1.72 5,500 8,900 5,300 +62 5,900 4,300 +7 -19 Facility 6 0.46 1.01 1.84 4.04 4,600 10,100 +120 Facility 17 0.41Facility 13 0.80 0.58Facility 17 0.41 1.51Facility 15 1.64 0.50 0.88 3.20 2.32 0.47Facility 19 1.64 6.04 0.53 4,100 2.00 3.52 0.62 8,000 1.88 4,100Facility 19 2.12 5,800 0.53 5,000 15,100 2.48 +41 0.95 8,800 +89 5,300 2.12 4,700 +115 3.80 -6 6,200 5,300 +17 9,500 +79 24 Facility 1626 0.66 Facility 529 0.55 0.97 Facility 730 0.57 Facility 18 0.73 2.6431 0.62 0.93 Facility 7 3.88 2.2032 0.57 1.01 Facility 1 2.2834 2.92 0.59 6,600 1.59 Facility 1 2.48 3.72 0.59 1.31 5,500 4.04 2.28 0.89 5,700 9,700 2.36 6.36 6,200 2.36 7,300 5.24 +47 5,700 9,300 3.56 +33 10,100 5,900 +63 5,900 15,900 +63 13,100 +179 8,900 +122 +51 21 120.8122 Facility 0.82 3.24 3.28 8,100 8,200 +1 Number Formula A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative decrease in the cost when using alternative blanket clea 1 7-12 7.2 QUALITATIVE DISCUSSION OF BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS 1 Difference Percentage ner instead of the base product. Total (Alternative) cost/press/shift/year Total (Base) cost/press/shift/year Total cost/press (Alternative) Total (Base) cost/press Total cost/wash (Alternative) 0.91 0.87 3.64 3.48 9,100 8,700 -4 Total (Base) cost/wash 10 Test Facility Facility Facility 4 0.85Facility 8 0.55 1.11 0.80 3.40 2.20 4.44 3.20 8,500 5,500 11,100 8,000 +31 +45 Facility 4 0.85 0.79 3.40 3.16 8,500 7,900 -7 Facility 3 0.55 0.48 2.20 1.92 5,500 4,800 -13 38 Facility 239 0.53 Facility 540 0.55 1.08 Facility 1 0.59 0.69 2.12 0.79 2.20 4.32 2.36 2.76 5,300 3.16 5,500 10,800 5,900 6,900 +104 7,900 +25 +34 37 Number Formula A positive sign denotes an increase and a negative decrease in the cost when using alternative blanket clea 1 7-13 CHAPTER 7: EVALUATING TRADE-OFF ISSUES 7KHIROORZLQJWHUPVDUHXVHGWKURXJKRXWWKHEHQHILWFRVWDQDO\VLV Table 7-6. Glossary of Benefit/Cost Analysis Terms Term Definition Exposed Population The estimated number of people from the general public or a specific population group who are exposed to a chemical through wide dispersion of a chemical in the environment (e.g., DDT). A specific population group could be exposed to a chemical due to its physical proximity to a manufacturing facility (e.g., residents who live near a facility using a chemical), use of the chemical or a product containing a chemical, or through other means. Exposed Worker The estimated number of employees in an industry exposed to the chemical, Population process and/or technology under consideration. This number may be based on market share data as well as estimations of the number of facilities and the number of employees in each facility associated with the chemical, process, and/or technology under consideration. Externality A cost or benefit that involves a third party who is not a part of a market transaction; “a direct effect on another’s profit or welfare arising as an incidental by-product of some other person’s or firm’s legitimate activity” (Mishan, 1976). The term “externality” is a general term which can refer to either external benefits or external costs. External Benefits For example, if an educational program results in behavioral changes which reduce the exposure of a population group to a disease, then an external benefit is experienced by those members of the group who did not participate in the educational program. For the example of nonsmokers exposed to second-hand smoke, an external benefit can be said to result when smokers are removed from situations in which they expose nonsmokers to tobacco smoke. External Costs For example, if a steel mill emits waste into a river which poisons the fish in a nearby fishery, the fishery experiences an external cost as a consequence of the steel production. Another example of an external cost is the effect of second-hand smoke on nonsmokers. Human Health Reduced health risks to workers in an industry or business as well as to the Benefits general public as a result of switching to less toxic or less hazardous chemicals, processes, and/or technologies. An example would be switching to a less volatile organic compound, lessening worker inhalation exposures as well as decreasing the formation of photochemical smog in the ambient air. Human Health Costs The cost of adverse human health effects associated with production, consumption, and disposal of a firm’s product. An example is respiratory effects from stack emissions, which can be quantified by analyzing the resulting costs of health care and the reduction in life expectancy, as well as the lost wages as a result of being unable to work. Illness Costs A financial term referring to the liability and health care insurance costs a company must pay to protect itself against injury or disability to its workers or other affected individuals. These costs are known as illness benefits to the affected individual. 7-14 7.2 QUALITATIVE DISCUSSION OF BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS Indirect Medical Costs Indirect medical costs associated with a disease or medical condition resulting from exposure to a chemical or product. Examples would be the decreased productivity of patients suffering a disability or death and the value of pain and suffering borne by the afflicted individual and/or family and friends. Private (Internalized) The direct costs incurred by industry or consumers in the marketplace. Costs Examples include a firm's cost of raw materials and labor, a firm's costs of complying with environmental regulations, or the cost to a consumer of purchasing a product. Social Cost The total cost of an activity that is imposed on society. Social costs are the sum of the private costs and the external costs. Therefore, in the example of the steel mill, social costs of steel production are the sum of all private costs (e.g., raw material and labor costs) and the sum of all external costs (e.g., the costs associated with the poisoned fish). Social Benefit The total benefit of an activity that society receives, i.e., the sum of the private benefits and the external benefits. For example, if a new product yields pollution prevention opportunities (e.g., reduced waste in production or consumption of the product), then the total benefit to society of the new product is the sum of the private benefit (value of the product that is reflected in the marketplace) and the external benefit (benefit society receives from reduced waste). Willingness-to-pay Estimates used in benefits valuation intended to encompass the full value of avoiding a health or environmental effect. For human health effects, the components of willingness-to-pay include the value of avoiding pain and suffering, impacts on the quality of life, costs of medical treatment, loss of income, and, in the case of mortality, the value of a life. benefit may result in private benefits in the form of reduced product usage and waste print runs as well as external benefits in the form of reduced consumption of non-renewable resources. 7.2.2 Benefit/Cost Methodology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able 7-7. Costs and Benefits of Baseline and Substitute Blanket Washes Private Costs1 Private Benefits External Benefits Formula Average % Change Worker Risk Flamma- % VOC Environ- Number Cost/Press Trade-offs bility mental Risk Risk2 Baseline Low to moderate concern High risk 99% No estimated (28) for dermal and inhalation risk exposure.4 1 Alternative: 2.76 +25 Overall concern is low for Low risk 30% No estimated Baseline: 2.20 dermal and inhalation risk exposure.4 Alternative: 3.48 +89 Baseline: 1.84 3 Not tested Concern for dermal Moderate 91% Aquatic exposure and inhalation Risk species risk exposure. 4 Not tested Concern for dermal Moderate 89% Aquatic exposure and very low Risk species risk concern for inhalation exposure. 5 Not tested Concern for dermal Moderate 30% Aquatic exposure and very low Risk species risk concern for inhalation exposure. 6 Alternative: 3.28 +17 Concern for dermal Low risk 47% Aquatic Baseline: 2.80 exposure and very low species risk concern for inhalation Alternative: 3.08 +54 exposure. Baseline: 2.00 7 Not tested Concern for dermal Low Risk 36% Aquatic exposure and very low species risk concern for inhalation exposure. 8 Not tested Low concern for dermal Moderate 41% Aquatic exposure and very low Risk species risk concern for inhalation exposure. 7-16 7.2 QUALITATIVE DISCUSSION OF BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS Private Costs1 Private Benefits External Benefits Formula Average % Change Worker Risk Flamma- % VOC Environ- Number Cost/Press Trade-offs bility mental Risk Risk2 9 Alternative: 8.32 +129 Very low concern for Low risk 10% Aquatic Baseline: 3.64 dermal exposure and no species risk concern for inhalation Alternative: 3.68 +84 exposure.4 Baseline: 2.00 10 Alternative: 2.28 +4 Very low concern for Low risk 2% No estimated Baseline: 2.20 dermal exposure3 and no risk concern for inhalation Alternative: 8.80 +159 exposure.4 Baseline: 3.40 11 Alternative: 5.16 +119 Concern for dermal Low risk 61% Aquatic Baseline: 2.36 exposure and very low species risk concern for inhalation Alternative: 2.72 +28 exposure. Baseline: 2.12 12 Alternative: 3.96 +22 Concern for dermal Moderate 20% No estimated Baseline: 3.24 exposure and low concern risk risk for inhalation exposure.3 Alternative: 3.32 +4 Baseline: 3.20 14 Alternative: 4.28 +133 Low concern for dermal and Low risk 12% No estimated Baseline: 1.84 inhalation exposure.3 risk Alternative: 3.28 +24 Baseline: 2.64 16 Not tested Concern for dermal Moderate 99% No estimated 17 Not tested Possible concern for dermal Low Risk 0.6% Aquatic 19 Alternative: 6.64 +168 Low concern for dermal and Low risk 22% No estimated Baseline: 2.48 inhalation exposure.3 risk Alternative: 3.56 +68 Baseline: 2.12 20 Alternative: 4.52 +61 Concern for dermal Low risk 35% Aquatic Baseline: 2.80 exposure and low concern species risk for inhalation exposure.3 Alternative: 6.32 +95 Baseline: 3.24 21 Alternative: 4.04 +120 Concern for dermal Moderate 47% No estimated Baseline: 1.84 exposure and very low risk risk concern for inhalation Alternative: 2.32 +41 exposure. Baseline: 1.64 22 Alternative: 3.28 +1 Moderate concern for Low risk 17% No estimated Baseline: 3.24 dermal exposure3 and low risk concern for inhalation Alternative: 6.04 +89 exposure.4 Baseline: 3.20 7-17 CHAPTER 7: EVALUATING TRADE-OFF ISSUES Private Costs1 Private Benefits External Benefits Formula Average % Change Worker Risk Flamma- % VOC Environ- Number Cost/Press Trade-offs bility mental Risk Risk2 23 Not tested Possible concern for dermal Moderate 6% No estimated exposure and very low Risk risk concern for inhalation exposure. 24 Alternative: 3.88 +47 Concern for dermal Moderate 19% No estimated Baseline: 2.64 exposure and very low risk risk concern for inhalation Alternative: 3.52 +115 exposure. Baseline: 1.64 25 Not tested Concern for dermal Low risk 55% No estimated exposure and very low risk concern for inhalation exposure. 26 Alternative: 2.92 +33 Concern for dermal Low risk 18% No estimated Baseline: 2.20 exposure and no concern risk for inhalation exposure.4 Alternative: 1.88 -6 Baseline: 2.00 27 Not tested Concern for dermal Moderate 93% No estimated exposure and very low risk risk concern for inhalation exposure. 29 Alternative: 3.72 +63 Low concern for dermal Low risk 30% No estimated Baseline: 2.28 exposure3 and no concern risk for inhalation exposure.4 Alternative: 3.56 +62 Baseline: 2.20 30 Alternative: 4.04 +63 Concern for dermal Moderate 7% No estimated Baseline: 2.48 exposure and low concern risk risk for inhalation exposure.3 Alternative: 2.48 +17 Baseline: 2.12 31 Alternative: 6.36 +179 Concern for dermal Moderate 99% No estimated Baseline: 2.28 exposure and low concern risk risk for inhalation exposure.3 Alternative: 2.36 +7 Baseline: 2.20 32 Alternative: 5.24 +122 Low to moderate concern Low risk 99% No estimated Baseline: 2.36 for dermal and inhalation risk exposure.3 Alternative: 1.72 -19 Baseline: 2.12 33 Not tested Concern for dermal Moderate 46% No estimated exposure and very low risk risk concern for inhalation exposure. 34 Alternative: 3.56 +51 Concern for dermal Moderate 39% No estimated Baseline: 2.36 exposure and low concern risk risk for inhalation exposure.3 Alternative: 3.80 +79 Baseline: 2.12 7-18 7.2 QUALITATIVE DISCUSSION OF BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS Private Costs1 Private Benefits External Benefits Formula Average % Change Worker Risk Flamma- % VOC Environ- Number Cost/Press Trade-offs bility mental Risk Risk2 35 Not tested Concern for dermal Moderate 99% No estimated exposure and low concern risk risk for inhalation exposure. 36 Not tested Concern for dermal Low risk 48% No estimated exposure and low concern risk for inhalation exposure.3 37 Alternative: 1.92 -13 Low to moderate concern High risk 14% No estimated Baseline: 2.20 for dermal exposure and risk low concern for inhalation Alternative: 3.16 -7 exposure.3 Baseline: 3.40 38 Alternative: 4.32 +104 Low to moderate concern Low risk 65% No estimated Baseline: 2.12 for dermal exposure and risk low concern for inhalation Alternative: 4.44 +31 exposure.3 Baseline: 3.40 39 Alternative: 2.76 +25 Low concern for dermal Low risk 52% No estimated Baseline: 2.20 exposure and very low risk concern for inhalation Alternative: 3.20 +45 exposure. Baseline: 2.20 40 Alternative: 3.16 +34 Concern for dermal Low risk 52% Aquatic Baseline: 2.36 exposure and low concern species risk for inhalation exposure.4 Alternative: 3.48 -4 Baseline: 3.64 1 Cost analysis based upon product performance as determined by the performance demonstration at various testing facilities and pricing submitted by the product supplier. See Chapter 4 for a more in-depth description of the cost analysis and descriptions of the testing facilities. 2 Flammability risks are defined as follows: 1) High Risk: products with a flash point less than 100 F; 2) Moderate Risk: products with a flash point greater than 100 F but less than 150 F; and Low Risk: products with a flash point greater than 150 F. 3 Risks for this chemical could not be quantified; therefore, the level of concern for this chemical is based upon a structure-activity analysis. 4 Risks for this chemical could not be quantified; therefore, the level of concern for this chemical is based solely upon estimated exposure levels. 7.2.3 Potential Benefits 7KHSRWHQWLDOVRFLDOEHQHILWVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHXVHRIDVXEVWLWXWHEODQNHWFOHDQHUYHUVXV WKHEDVHOLQHZDVKLQFOXGH UHGXFHGKHDOWKULVNVIRUZRUNHUVDQGWKHJHQHUDOSXEOLFUHGXFHGULVN RIILUHDQGH[SORVLRQGXHWRORZHUIODPPDELOLW\UHGXFHGHFRORJLFDOULVNVUHGXFHGXVHRIHQHUJ\DQG 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osts and Benefits by Formulation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successful VOC reduction strategy can not be limited to blanket washes. All sources of VOC releases (i.e., inks, coatings, etc.) within the print shop must be evaluated in order to design and implement an efficient emissions control plan. f For a copy or further information about this case study, contact: Office of Technical Assistance (OTA), Executive Office of Environmental Affairs, 100 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02202, or phone OTA at (617) 727-3260. g Presses are assumed to have four units; therefore, four blankets are washed each time a press is cleaned. 7-22 7.2 QUALITATIVE DISCUSSION OF BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS RU92&FRQWHQWZKHQXVLQJWKHVXEVWLWXWHEODQNHWZDVKLQVWHDGRIWKHEDVHOLQHSURGXFW$VPLOLQJ IDFH LQGLFDWHVDUHGXFWLRQLQFRVWZRUNHUULVNIODPPDELOLW\DTXDWLFVSHFLHVULVNRU92& FRQWHQWZKHQXVLQJWKHVXEVWLWXWHLQVWHDGRIWKHEDVHOLQHSURGXFW$]HUR LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKH ULVNDVVHVVPHQWLGHQWLILHGQRGLIIHUHQFHLQUHODWLYHULVNVZKHQXVLQJWKHVXEVWLWXWHEODQNHWFOHDQHU LQVWHDG RI WKH EDVHOLQH %HFDXVH WKH ULVN DVVHVVPHQW HYDOXDWHG LQGLYLGXDO EODQNHW ZDVK FRPSRQHQWVWKHUHODWLYHZRUNHUKHDOWKULVNVDUHEDVHGXSRQWKHFRPSRQHQWWKDWSRVHVWKHKLJKHVW GHJUHHRIFRQFHUQ)RUH[DPSOHFRPSRQHQWVRI%ODQNHW:DVKZHUHGHWHUPLQHGWRSRVHQRRU ORZ FRQFHUQ SURS\OHQH JO\FRO HWKHUV DQG FRQFHUQ DURPDWLF DQG SHWUROHXP GLVWLOODWH K\GURFDUERQV WKHUHIRUHWKHRYHUDOOGHUPDOULVNRI%ODQNHW:DVKLVRQHRIFRQFHUQ%ODQNHW :DVKLVVKRZQWRKDYHVLPLODUUHODWLYHGHUPDOULVNVWRZRUNHUVZKHQFRPSDUHGWRWKHEDVHOLQH EHFDXVH WKH EDVHOLQH SURGXFWª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otential Benefit of Avoiding Illness Linked to Exposure to Chemicals Commonly Used in Blanket Washing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h The risk classification scheme should be interpreted as follows: no/low concern < low to moderate concern < concern. 7-23 CHAPTER 7: EVALUATING TRADE-OFF ISSUES Table 7-8. Relative Benefits and Costs of Substitute Versus Baseline Blanket Wash 1 Cost/Press Worker Health Risk Flammability Risk to VOC Formula Risk Aquatic Content2 Number Facility Facility Dermal Inhalation Species #1 #2 1 33 3 Not tested 4 Not tested 5 Not tested 6 7 Not tested 8 Not tested 9 10 3 11 12 14 3 16 Not tested 17 Not tested 18 Not tested 19 3 20 21 22 3 NM 23 Not tested 24 25 Not tested 26 27 Not tested 29 30 31 7-24 7.2 QUALITATIVE DISCUSSION OF BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS Cost/Press Worker Health Risk Flammability Risk to VOC Formula Risk Aquatic Content2 Number Facility Facility Dermal Inhalation Species #1 #2 32 33 Not tested 34 35 Not tested 36 Not tested 37 38 39 40 1 Baseline Blanket Wash is Formulation 28, VM&P naphtha. Information used to develop this table varies in the level of confidence. Please refer to earlier tables and to the development of each type of information for additional information. 2 "NM" indicates that VOC content was not measured. 3 Level of concern for this substitute blanket wash based upon a structure-activity analysis of potential hazard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ªVZLOOLQJQHVVWRSD\WRDYRLGDVLQJOHLQFLGHQFHDQGQRWWKHDYHUDJHOLIHWLPHFRVWRI WUHDWLQJDGLVHDVH7DEOHSUHVHQWVDVXPPDU\RIWKHORZPLGUDQJHDQGKLJKHVWLPDWHVRI LQGLYLGXDOZLOOLQJQHVVWRSD\WRDYRLGHDFKRIWKHVHKHDOWKHQGSRLQWV7KHVHHVWLPDWHVSURYLGHDQ LQGLFDWLRQ RI WKH EHQHILW SHU DIIHFWHG LQGLYLGXDO WKDW ZRXOG DFFUXH WR VRFLHW\ LI VZLWFKLQJ WR D VXEVWLWXWHEODQNHWZDVKSURGXFWUHGXFHGWKHLQFLGHQFHRIH\HLUULWDWLRQKHDGDFKHVQDXVHDDQG DVWKPDDWWDFNV i Several approaches are available for estimating the costs of illness. Appendix E provides a brief description of each. 7-25 CHAPTER 7: EVALUATING TRADE-OFF ISSUES Table 7-9. Estimated Willingness-to-pay to Avoid Morbidity Effects for One Symptom Day (1995 dollars) Health Endpoint Low ($) Mid-Range ($) High ($) Eye Irritation1 20.79 20.79 46.14 Headache2 1.67 13.23 66.72 Nausea1 29.11 29.11 83.66 Asthma Attack3 15.62 42.96 71.16 Sources: 1 Tolley, G.S., et al. 1986. Valuation of Reductions in Human Health Symptoms and Risks. University of Chicago. Final Report for the U.S. EPA. January. As cited in Unsworth, Robert E. and James E. Neumann, Industrial Economics, Incorporated, Memorandum to Jim DeMocker, Office of Policy Analysis and Review, Review of Existing Value of Morbidity Avoidance Estimates: Draft Valuation Document. September 30, 1993. 2 Dickie, M., et al. 1987. Improving Accuracy and Reducing Costs of Environmental Benefit Assessments. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, September, and Tolley, G.S., et al. 1986. Valuation of Reductions in Human Health Symptoms and Risks. University of Chicago. Final Report for the U.S. EPA. January. As cited in Unsworth, Robert E. and James E. Neumann, Industrial Economics, Incorporated, Memorandum to Jim DeMocker, Office of Policy Analysis and Review, Review of Existing Value of Morbidity Avoidance Estimates: Draft Valuation Document. September 30, 1993. 3 Rowe, R.D. and L.G. Chestnut. 1986. Oxidants and Asthmatics in Los Angeles: A Benefit Analysis. Energy and Resource Consultants, Inc. Report to U.S. EPA, Office of Policy Analysis, EPA-230-07-85- 010. Washington, DC March 1985. Addendum March 1986. As cited in Unsworth, Robert E. and James E. Neumann, Industrial Economics, Incorporated, Memorandum to Jim DeMocker, Office of Policy Analysis and Review, Review of Existing Value of Morbidity Avoidance Estimates: Draft Valuation Document. 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X X X X aromatic 7-90 7.3 OVERVIEW OF RISK, COST AND PERFORMANCE References 1. Abt Associates Inc., Cambridge, MA. Telecon with Schuler, Scott, Printing Industries of Minnesota. November 29, 1995a. 2. Abt Associates Inc., Cambridge, MA. Telecon with Kim, Eva, Printing Industries of Illinois. December 5, 1995b. 3. Abt Associates Inc., Cambridge, MA. Telecon with Dave Dunlap, Uniform and Textile Service Association. July 24, 1995c. 4. Abt Associates Inc. 1993. The Medical Costs of Five Illnesses Related to Exposure to Pollutants. Draft Report. 5. Krupnick, Alan J., et al. 1989. Valuing Chronic Morbidity Damages: Medical Costs and Labor Market Effects. Draft Final Report on EPA Cooperative Agreement CR-814559-01-0. Resources for the Future. 6. Mishan, E.J. Cost-Benefit Analysis. Praeger Publishers. New York. 1976. 7. 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Solvent Naphtha, heavy aromatic: ISCLT Parameters: Half-life in air: 2.5 days (from Fate Summary) x 24 hours/day x 60 minutes/hour x 60 seconds/minute = 216,000 seconds Release Rate for Single Facility: 0.02429 g/sec ÷ 100 m2 = 0.0002429 = 2.4 x 10-4 g/sec/m2 Model Result: 4.3 µg/m3 Exposure calculations: mg per year: 4.3 µg/m3 x 20 m3 /day x 250 days/year ÷ 1000 = 21.5 mg/year 20 mg/year Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD) 4.3 µg/m3 x 20 m3 /day x 0.001 ÷ 70 kg = 1.2 x 10-3 mg/kg/day 1 x 10-3 mg/kg/day BOXMOD Parameters: DECAY = 0.693 ÷ 216000 = 3.21 x 10-6 Time Constant= 1 ÷ DECAY = 216000 ÷ 0.693 = 311688 Molecular Weight = 128 Release Rate for Denver: 0.02429 kg/site/day x 235 sites = 5.7 kg/day 5.7 kg/day ÷ 277130000 m2 (277.13 km2 ) = 2.1 x 10-8 g/sec/m2 Model Result: 0.68 µg/m3 Air Potential Dose calculations: mg per year: 0.68 x 20 m3 /day x 250 days/year ÷ 1000 µg/mg = 3 mg/year Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD) 0.68 x 20 m3 /day x .001 ÷ 70 kg = 1.9 x 10-4 mg/kg/day 2 x 10-4 mg/kg/day B-1 APPENDIX B B.1.2. Propylene glycol monobutyl ether ISCLT Parameters: Half-life in air: 14 hours 14 hours x 60 minutes/hour x 60 seconds/minute = 50400 seconds Release Rate for Single Facility: 0.03815 g/sec ÷ 100 m2 = 0.0003815 g/sec/m2 Model Result: 4.7 µg/m3 Exposure calculations: mg per year: 4.7 µg/m3 x 20 m3 /day x 250 days/year ÷ 1000 = 23.5 mg/year 20 mg/year Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD) 4.7 µg/m3 x 20 m3 /day x 0.001 ÷ 70 kg = 1.3 x 10-3 mg/kg/day 1 x 10-3 mg/kg/day BOXMOD Parameters: DECAY = 0.693 ÷ 50400 = 1.38 x 10-5 Time Constant = 1 ÷ DECAY = 50400/0.693 = 72728 Molecular Weight = 132 Release Rate for Denver: 0.03815 kg/site/day x 235 sites = 9.0 kg/day 9.0 kg/day ÷ 277130000 m2 (277.13 km2 ) = 3.2 x 10-8 g/sec/m2 Model Result: 1.0 µg/m3 Exposure calculations: mg per year: 1.0 µg/m3 x 20 m3 /day x 250 days/year ÷ 1000 = 5 mg/year Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD) 1.0 µg/m3 x 20 m3 /day x 0.001 ÷ 70 kg = 2.9 x 10-4 mg/kg/day 3 x 10-4 mg/kg/day B-2 APPENDIX B B.1.3 Fatty Acids, C16 -C 18 , Methyl Esters Water Release of 225.3 kg/site/year Estimate of 94% removal during wastewater treatment Daily Release: 225.3 kg/site/year ÷ 250 days/year = 0.9 kg/site/day Daily Release after treatment: 0.9 kg/site/day x (1-0.94) = 0.05 kg/site/day 50th percentile mean flow of 499 million liters per day 0.05 kg/site/day x 1000 ÷ 499 million liters per day = 0.1 µg/L Human Potential Dose via drinking water in mg/year: 0.1 µg/L x 2 L/day x 250 days/year ÷ 1000 = 5 x 10 -2 mg/year Human Potential Dose via fish ingestion: Log BCF = 5.65; BCF = 105.65 = 446,683 0.1 ug/L x 250 days/year x 16.9 g/day x 446,683 ÷ 1,000,000 = 189 mg/year 2 x 102 mg/year 10th percentile mean flow of 66 million liters per day 0.05 kg/site/day x 1000 ÷ 66 million liters per day = 0.8 µg/L Human Potential Dose via drinking water in mg/year 0.8 µg/L x 2 L/day x 250 days/year ÷ 1000 = 0.4 mg/year Human Potential Dose via fish ingestion: Log BCF = 5.65; BCF = 105.65 = 446,683 0.8 µg/L x 250 days/year x 16.9 g/day x 446,683 ÷ 1,000,000 = 1510 mg/year 2 x 103 mg/year 10th percentile low flow of 1 million liters per day 0.05 kg/site/day x 1000 ÷ 1 million liters per day = 50 µg/L Denver Release Daily Release Amount: 225.3 kg/site/day x 235 sites ÷ 250 days/year = 212 kg/day Denver Daily Release After Treatment: 212 kg/day x (1-0.94) = 12.71 kg/day South Platte River Mean flow Stream Concentration: 12.71 kg/day x 1000 ÷ 875 million liters per day = 15 µg/L Human Potential Drinking Water Ingestion in mg/year: 15 µg/L x 2 L/day x 250 days/year ÷ 1000 = 7.5 mg/year Human Potential Fish Ingestion in mg/year: 15 µg/L x 16.9 g/day x 446,683 x 250 days/year ÷ 1,000,000 = 2.8 x 104 mg/year 3 x 104 mg/year South Platte River Low flow Stream Concentration: 12.71 kg/day x 1000 ÷ 590 million liters per day = 22 µg/L B-3 APPENDIX B B.1.4 Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate Water Release of 25.2 kg/site/year Estimate of 0% removal during wastewater treatment Daily Release: 25.2 kg/site/year ÷ 250 days/year = 0.1 kg/site/day Stream Concentrations: 50th percentile mean flow of 499 million liters per day 0.1 kg/site/day x 1000 ÷ 499 million liters per day = 0.2 µg/L Human Potential Dose via drinking water in mg/year: 0.2 µg/L x 2 L/day x 250 days/year ÷ 1000 = 0.1 mg/year 10th percentile mean flow of 66 million liters per day 0.1 kg/site/day x 1000 ÷ 66 million liters per day = 1.5 µg/L Human Potential Dose via drinking water in mg/year 1.5 µg/L x 2 L/day x 250 days/year ÷ 1000 = 0.8 mg/year 10th percentile low flow of 1 million liters per day 0.1 kg/site/day x 1000 ÷ 1 million liters per day = 1 x 102 µg/L Denver Release Daily Release Amount: 25.2 kg/site/day x 235 sites ÷ 250 days/year = 23.7 kg/day Denver Daily Release After Treatment: 23.7 kg/day x (1-0.94) = 1.4 kg/day South Platte River Mean flow Stream Concentration: 1.4 kg/day x 1000 ÷ 875 million liters per day = 1.6 µg/L 2 µg/L Human Potential Drinking Water Ingestion in mg/year: 1.6 µg/L x 2 L/day x 250 days/year ÷ 1000 = 0.8 mg/year Human Potential Fish Ingestion in mg/year: 1.6 µg/L x 16.9 g/day x 446,683 x 250 days/year ÷ 1,000,000 = 3.0 x 103 mg/year South Platte River Low flow Stream Concentration: 1.4 kg/day x 1000 ÷ 590 million liters per day = 2.4 µg/L B-4 APPENDIX B B.2 ISCLT INPUT FILE EXAMPLE SITE 001 - SANBERN - Sample Formulation Single Facility in San Bernardino 1 2 2 0 0 3 2 3 4 2 0 0-7-8-9 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 30 16 0 1 6 5 16 0 33.33 66.67 100.00 133.33 166.67 200.00 233.33 266.67 300.00 333.33 366.67 400.00 433.33 466.67 500.00 533.33 566.67 600.00 633.33 666.67 700.00 733.33 766.67 800.00 833.33 866.67 900.00 933.33 966.67 1000.00 0. 22.50 (7X,6F7.5) N 0.001580.000200.000000.000000.000000.00000 NNE 0.000730.000000.000000.000000.000000.00000 NE 0.000210.000000.000000.000000.000000.00000 ENE 0.000080.000000.000000.000000.000000.00000 E 0.000180.000000.000000.000000.000000.00000 ESE 0.000150.000000.000000.000000.000000.00000 SE 0.000210.000000.000000.000000.000000.00000 SSE 0.000290.000000.000000.000000.000000.00000 S 0.000550.000000.000000.000000.000000.00000 SSW 0.001150.000300.000000.000000.000000.00000 SW 0.003930.001000.000000.000000.000000.00000 WSW 0.005670.001800.000000.000000.000000.00000 W 0.014280.004600.000000.000000.000000.00000 WNW 0.010100.003400.000000.000000.000000.00000 NW 0.005820.001600.000000.000000.000000.00000 NNW 0.002300.000400.000000.000000.000000.00000 N 0.003510.000400.000100.000000.000000.00000 NNE 0.003190.000300.000000.000000.000000.00000 NE 0.002430.000100.000000.000000.000000.00000 ENE 0.002590.000200.000000.000000.000000.00000 E 0.004070.000200.000000.000000.000000.00000 ESE 0.002480.000200.000000.000000.000000.00000 SE 0.002020.000100.000000.000000.000000.00000 SSE 0.001300.000200.000000.000000.000000.00000 S 0.002390.000600.000000.000000.000000.00000 SSW 0.003180.000800.000300.000000.000000.00000 SW 0.007580.003400.001600.000000.000000.00000 WSW 0.009880.005800.003200.000000.000000.00000 W 0.022150.012400.007300.000000.000000.00000 WNW 0.012960.006100.002400.000000.000000.00000 NW 0.006630.002500.000600.000000.000000.00000 NNW 0.002220.000600.000100.000000.000000.00000 N 0.001070.000500.000900.000200.000100.00000 NNE 0.001460.000400.000400.000000.000000.00000 NE 0.001990.000400.000100.000000.000000.00000 ENE 0.001920.000500.000000.000000.000000.00000 E 0.003130.000700.000000.000000.000000.00000 ESE 0.001730.000300.000100.000000.000000.00000 SE 0.001780.000500.000200.000000.000000.00000 SSE 0.001190.000500.000200.000000.000000.00000 S 0.000970.000500.000400.000000.000000.00000 B-5 APPENDIX B SSW 0.001160.000600.000600.000000.000000.00000 SW 0.002960.002200.002900.000100.000000.00000 WSW 0.004290.003900.008400.000400.000000.00000 W 0.007670.006400.020900.000900.000000.00000 WNW 0.002830.002300.004000.000300.000000.00000 NW 0.001280.000700.000900.000000.000000.00000 NNW 0.001100.000800.000500.000000.000000.00000 N 0.002800.001200.001300.004800.002400.00060 NNE 0.001900.000900.000700.003200.001500.00080 NE 0.001940.001200.000300.000700.000200.00010 ENE 0.003070.001900.000400.000100.000000.00000 E 0.009610.003800.001300.000200.000000.00000 ESE 0.007900.002900.001600.000100.000000.00000 SE 0.006660.002500.001800.000400.000000.00000 SSE 0.003620.001400.000800.000400.000000.00000 S 0.003350.001500.001000.000200.000000.00000 SSW 0.003580.001300.001000.000300.000000.00000 SW 0.009760.004200.003600.001300.000000.00000 WSW 0.016040.007400.008000.003900.000100.00000 W 0.026460.013000.018300.010100.000100.00000 WNW 0.007520.003700.002500.000800.000000.00000 NW 0.003720.001600.000900.000800.000000.00000 NNW 0.002300.001100.000700.001400.000200.00000 N 0.003700.001200.001700.000000.000000.00000 NNE 0.009260.002500.001500.000000.000000.00000 NE 0.028130.009000.000600.000000.000000.00000 ENE 0.036010.010100.000600.000000.000000.00000 E 0.057860.011300.000500.000000.000000.00000 ESE 0.036440.005100.000000.000000.000000.00000 SE 0.024540.002800.000000.000000.000000.00000 SSE 0.008130.001500.000000.000000.000000.00000 S 0.006850.001200.000100.000000.000000.00000 SSW 0.003970.000700.000100.000000.000000.00000 SW 0.013900.004000.000800.000000.000000.00000 WSW 0.037200.014100.004000.000000.000000.00000 W 0.062430.023800.009400.000000.000000.00000 WNW 0.008390.002400.000700.000000.000000.00000 NW 0.002870.000800.000100.000000.000000.00000 NNW 0.002090.000900.000500.000000.000000.00000 294.10 294.10 294.10 291.00 287.90 287.90 1728.00 1152.00 1152.00 843.00 534.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.800.00000321 1.5 2.5 4.3 6.8 9.5 12.5 0.00 22.50 45.00 67.50 90.00 112.50 135.00 157.50 180.00 202.50 225.00 247.50 270.00 292.50 315.00 337.50 B-6 APPENDIX B 0.15000001 0.15000001 0.2 0.25 0.30000001 01011020 0.00 0.00 3.00 10.00 0 0.0002429 B-7 APPENDIX B B.3 BOXMOD MODEL RUN FOR SAMPLE FORMULATION B.3.1 Solvent Naphtha * * * * GAUSSIAN BOX MODEL INPUT * * * * Latitude 39.49.30. Longitude 104.57. 0. Area Width (km) = 1.66E+01 Emission Rate (g/m**2/s) = 2.10E-08 Time Constant (s) = 3.12E+05 Precipitation Rate (mm/hr) = 1.22E+00 Precipitation Frequency = 4.30E-02 STAR station 0618 - DENVER/STAPLETON CO Molecular Weight = 1.28E+02 * * * * GAUSSIAN BOX MODEL RESULTS * * * Scavenging Coeff (1/s) = 6.01E-05 Deposition Speed (m/s) = 7.00E-03 Concentration (ug/m**3) = 6.77E-01 B.3.2 Propylene Glycol * * * * GAUSSIAN BOX MODEL INPUT * * * * Latitude 39.49.30. Longitude 104.57. 0. Area Width (km) = 1.66E+01 Emission Rate (g/m**2/s) = 3.20E-08 Time Constant (s) = 7.27E+04 Precipitation Rate (mm/hr) = 1.22E+00 Precipitation Frequency = 4.30E-02 STAR station 0618 - DENVER/STAPLETON CO Molecular Weight = 1.32E+02 * * * * GAUSSIAN BOX MODEL RESULTS * * * Scavenging Coeff (1/s) = 5.92E-05 Deposition Speed (m/s) = 7.00E-03 Concentration (ug/m**3) = 9.99E-01 B-8 APPENDIX C LITHOGRAPHIC PERFORMANCE DEMONSTRATION METHODOLOGY 7KLVFKDSWHUSUHVHQWVLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHPHWKRGVWKDWZHUHXVHGWRJDWKHUWKHSHUIRUPDQFH GHPRQVWUDWLRQGDWDDWWKHSULQWVKRSVDQGLQWKHODERUDWRU\DVSUHVHQWHGLQ&KDSWHUVDQG 6SHFLILFDOO\WKLVDSSHQGL[LQFOXGHV &&KDUDFWHULVWLFVWREH5HSRUWHG2XWRIWKH3HUIRUPDQFH'HPRQVWUDWLRQ &'HPRQVWUDWLRQ0HWKRGRORJ\ &%ODQNHW6ZHOO7HVW ODERUDWRU\WHVW &:DVKDELOLW\ZLSH7HVW ODERUDWRU\WHVW C.1 CHARACTERISTICS TO BE REPORTED OUT OF THE PERFORMANCE DEMONSTRATION C.1.1 Cost of Each Product as Utilized 3URGXFW&RVW ,QWHUHVWHGSURGXFWVXSSOLHUVVKRXOGLQFOXGHWKHPDQXIDFWXUHU VVXJJHVWHGUHWDLOSULFH WRWKH HQGXVHU 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This observer will not provide technical assistance to the printers. The observer will serve to document the demonstration and record the operators observations. The observer will ensure the operator performs the demonstration according to the final approved methodology. The observer will additionally serve as the press operators conduit to the technical assistance personnel. This conduit is necessary so as to clearly document the direction given and the actions taken. 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The technical assistance provider (i.e., GATF, university, etc.) will be available to trouble-shoot during the field demonstration portion of the project. 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DUHSODFHGLQWRWKHVZHOOFODPSZKHUHWKHEODQNHWLVWLJKWHQHGGRZQRQWRWKHPRXWKRIWKHGLVK XQWLODOHDNSURRIVHDOLVIRUPHG7KHYDULRXVZDVKHVDUHNHSWLQFRQWDFWZLWKWKHEODQNHWIRURQH KRXU&DOLSHUUHDGLQJVDUHWDNHQDQGWKHSHUFHQWVZHOOLVFDOFXODWHG7KHEODQNHWLVUHWLJKWHQHG H[SRVHGIRUDQDGGLWLRQDOILYHKRXUVDQGWKHFDOLSHULVPHDVXUHGDJDLQ7KLVVDPHSURFHGXUHZLOO EHUHSHDWHGIRUHDFKEODQNHWZDVK7KH90 31DSKWKDZLOOEHXVHGDVDFRQWURO 3HUFHQW6ZHOO )LQDO&DOLSHU,QLWLDO&DOLSHU[ ,QLWLDO&DOLSHU C-7 APPENDIX C 6DPSOH &DOLSHU&KDQJH$IWHU+RXU &DOLSHU&KDQJH$IWHU+RXUV &RQWURO 90 31DSKWKD 7HPSHUDWXUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 5HODWLYH+XPLGLW\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB %ODQNHW7\SHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB C-8 APPENDIX C C.4 WASHABILITY/WIPE TEST (TXLSPHQW ,QN6KHHWIHG3URFHVV%ODFN %ODQNHW&RPSUHVVLEOH%ODQNHW&XW,QWR6TXDUHV 4XLFNSHHN%UD\HU$SSDUDWXV *DUGQHU6FUXEEHU$SSDUDWXV *UDGXDWHG&\OLQGHU &RQWURO%ODQNHW:DVK90 31DSKWKD 3OD\WH[3DQW\6KLHOG 6WDWXV75HIOHFWLYH'HQVLWRPHWHU 6WDQGDUG:DWW%ORZ'U\HU 9DULRXV&DQGLGDWH%ODQNHW:DVKHV ([SHULPHQWDO3URFHGXUH 7KHSURFHGXUHLQYROYHVDQLQLWLDOHYDOXDWLRQE\XVLQJERWKDGU\DQGZHWLQNILOPGUDZQ GRZQRQVHSDUDWHSLHFHVRIEODQNHWXVLQJDTXLFNSHHNEUD\HUDSSDUDWXV7KHLQNVWULSHVZLOO PHDVXUHLQFKHVZLGHDQGILYHLQFKHVLQOHQJWK7KHDPRXQWRILQNDSSOLHGZLOOEHGHWHUPLQHG E\XVLQJRQHVPDOORUODUJHKROHRQWKH4XLFNSHHNDSSDUDWXV7KHEODQNHWZLOOEHQHZDQGFOHDQHG ZLWKWKHVWDQGDUGSULRUWRDSSO\LQJWKHLQNILOPV2QHRIWKHLQNILOPVZLOOEHGULHGZLWKDVWDQGDUG EORZGU\HU 7KH SLHFH RI EODQNHW ZLOO WKHQ EH SODFHG LQWR WKH KROGHU RI WKH *DUGHQHU 6FUXEEHU $SSDUDWXV$PHDVXUHGYROXPHRIVWDQGDUGDQGFDQGLGDWHZDVKHVZLOOEHHYDOXDWHG7KHQXPEHU RIVWURNHVQHFHVVDU\WRFOHDQWKHEODQNHWZLWKWKHVWDQGDUGZLOOEHGHWHUPLQHG2QFHWKHDUHDKDV EHHQFOHDQHGZLWKWKHVWDQGDUGWKHGHQVLWRPHWHUZLOOEHXVHGWRHYDOXDWHWKHFOHDQOLQHVVRIWKH EODQNHW (DFK FDQGLGDWH ZDVK ZLOO EH SODFHG RQWR D FOHDQ 3OD\WH[ 3DQW\ 6KLHOG DQG WKH FOHDQOLQHVVRIWKHEODQNHWZLOOEHPHDVXUHGDIWHUWKHVDPHQXPEHURIVWURNHVIRXQGQHFHVVDU\E\ WKHVWDQGDUGLIWKHEODQNHWLVQRWFOHDQWKHQXPEHURIVWURNHVQHFHVVDU\WRFOHDQWKHEODQNHWZLOO 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sk each participating printer in the substitute blanket wash performance demonstrations, to answer these questions when you call to schedule your visit to their facility. Once on-site, verify the answers. 1. Printing process Approximately what percentage of your business (based on annual sales) is in the following segments? Please check all boxes that apply. <50% 50 - 95% 95 - 100% Lithography/Offset ** * Gravure ** * Flexography ** * Screen printing ** * Letterpress ** * Other (specify) ** * 2. Products What percentage of your lithography business (based on annual sales) is in the following products? Please check all boxes that apply. <50% 50 - 95% 95 - 100% Commercial Printing *** Direct-mail Products *** Business Forms *** Publications (other than news) *** Packaging *** News *** Other (specify) *** 3. General Facility Information How many employees are at this location? ______ How many employees work in the press room? ______ How many shifts does your facility run per day? ______ D-2 APPENDIX D 4. Press Type(s) Describe the press(es) that will be used for the performance demonstrations. The required press size is in the 19" x 26" class. 1. Press size: # of print units: Print speed: ______(in. x in.) ______(# impressions/hour) 2. Press size: # of print units: Print speed: ______(in. x in.) ______(# impressions/hour) 5. Blanket information On the press(es) that will be used for the demonstration, what is the average number of times a blanket is washed per shift? ______ What type of blanket do you use on the press(es) that will be used for the demo: - Manufacturer: ______ - Type (e.g., 3-ply compressible, etc.) ______ - Number of impressions on this blanket prior to the demonstrations: 1 week or less...* 1 week to 3 months...* 3 months or more...* - Do you have any automatic blanket washers in your facility? ______ 6. Blanket Washes Press Trade Name of Blanket Cost Dilution Ink Type(s) Used in Wash/Manufacturer ($/gallon Ratio Demo. ) (wash:water ) conventional * vegetable oil-based * UV * waterless * other______* conventional * vegetable oil-based * UV * waterless * other______* 7. Experience with Substitute Blanket Washes a. Have you tried any substitute blanket washes for environmental or worker health and safety reasons? - Did the substitute wash work better, the same, or worse than your old wash? Why? D-3 APPENDIX D b. Besides substitute washes, have you changed any equipment, procedures or work practices that reduced your use of blanket wash solution or reduced the time required to wash the blanket? Yes.....* No.....* - If yes, please describe: 8a. Cleaning Procedure - CURRENT PRODUCT Record blanket cleaning procedure using the chart below and the space at the bottom of the page for additional comments. In each column, check all that apply. Method for Applying Type of Wipe Avg. No. of Wipes Method for Wipes Blanket Wash Used to Clean Used/Cleaning Removing Excess Management the Blanket (cleaning+excess) Wash from Blanket Use squirt bottle * Disposabl * 1-2 * Clean dry * Send off-site * to spray directly e rag for laundering on blanket Size:______ Use squirt bottle * Wet * 2-4 * Clean wet * Launder on- * to spray on wipe rag site and apply wipe Dry * to blanket 4-6 * Allow to * Dispose of as Dip wipe in * evaporate hazardous blanket wash Reusable * waste and apply to blanket Use safety * Size:______plunger can 6-8 * No excess * Dispose of as * * Wet non- hazardous Dry * waste None Used * 8-10 * Other * (specify) * * Other * Other Other * Other (specify)(specify) (specify) (specify) • Was the rotation of the blanket during washing (circle one): manual or automatic? • Note any other steps taken in washing the blanket: • For the current blanket wash product, ask the press operator if there are ever any variations in the cleaning procedure, and if so, under what circumstances? D-4 APPENDIX D 8b. Cleaning Procedure - BASELINE PRODUCT Clean the blanket using the baseline product, Naphtha, recording the required information on the observer's evaluation sheet for each cleaning. • Note the condition of the blanket before cleaning: • Weigh the Naphtha container before use. Record weight: ______ • Pour Naphtha onto a clean, dry wipe. • Weigh the Naphtha container again. Record weight: ______ • Record the difference in weight on the evaluation sheet. • Clean the blanket. • Was the rotation of the blanket during washing (circle one): manual or automatic? • Note any other steps taken in washing the blanket: 8c. Cleaning Procedure - SUBSTITUTE PRODUCT # ______Clean the blanket using the substitute blanket wash. Follow the manufacturers instructions and record the required information on the observer's evaluation sheet for each cleaning. • Note the condition of the blanket before cleaning: • Describe the cleaning procedure: • Was the rotation of the blanket during washing (circle one): manual or automatic? D-5 APPENDIX D D.2 OBSERVER'S PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SHEET Facility Name______Date ______ Demo Type: (Check one and enter wash #) Current Wash ______Baseline Wash ______Substitute Wash ______(enter code # ______) Wash # ______(1 - 3) Wash # ______(1 - 5) Ink used before wash-up Specify ink color, type, and manufacturer: conventional ...... * vegetable oil-based....* other (specify) ______ Run length Record length of run (# impressions) ______ Ink coverage (obtain a (check one): sample sheet for each level of Heavy______Medium______Light______coverage) Substrate Record substrate printed: Drying time Time from end of press run to start of blanket wash: ______minutes Dilution ______(enter wash:water ratio or "none" if used at full strength) Quantity of wash used ______ounces (pour wash on wipe; record volume of wash poured) Cleaning time ______minutes (time for blanket cleaning only) ______rotations (corresponding number of blanket rotations) Ease of cleaning (check one for each question): • Compared to your standard wash, was the effort needed: Lower______Same______Higher______ • Compared to the baseline wash, was the effort needed: Lower______Same______Higher______ • Did the wash cut the ink: Well____ Satisfactorily____ Unsatisfactorily____ Excess wash Did you have to remove excess wash? (check one) Yes ______No______ If "Yes", how was it removed? (check all that apply): Wet wipe____ Dry wipe____ Allow to evaporate____ Wipes used Enter the total number of fresh wipes used for blanket washing (includes both wipes used for washing and for removing excess wash): ______ D-6 APPENDIX D Odor (check one): Odor not noticed______Odor detected______Strong odor______ Printer's opinion of the The wash performance was (check one): wash performance? Good______Fair______Poor______ Examine the blanket Evaluate the blanket appearance after the wash: Printing after the wash Specify the ink color and type used after the wash: How many impressions were run to get back to acceptable quality? ______ Does the printer think the wash caused problems with the print quality? Yes or No If yes, explain: D-7 APPENDIX D D.3 PRINTER'S EVALUATION SHEET Facility name: ______Date: ______ Press Operator's Initials: ______ Answer these questions for the BLANKET WASH ONLY (do not include the roller cleaning) Ink used Specify ink color: ______before wash-up Specify ink type: conventional...... * other______vegetable oil-based...* Record length of run: Run length # impressions = ______ circle one: Ink coverage Estimate the image coverage: Heavy Medium Light Quantity of wash used for this cleaning ______# of ounces from Portion Aid dispenser provided Cleaning ______rotations (record the number of blanket rotations completed rotations during the blanket cleaning) circle one: Ease of cleaning The effort needed to clean the blanket was: Low Medium High Wipes used Number of fresh wipes used for blanket washing: ______ What is your circle one: opinion of The wash performance was: Good Fair Poor this blanket wash? Examine the Is there any residue, debris, etc. on the blanket? Yes.....* No.....* blanket If yes, please explain: condition after the wash Printing after How many impressions were run to get back to acceptable print quality? the wash Did the blanket wash cause problems with the print quality? Yes...* No...* If yes, please explain: Comments or suggestions - Use the back of this sheet or the space below for any comments: D-8 APPENDIX D D.4 END-OF-WEEK FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONNAIRE End of Week Follow-Up to Lithographers At the end of the week-long demonstration, contact the press operator who used the blanket wash either in-person or by phone. Interview the operator to determine if there were any problems, changes, or concerns since your visit. If you are contacting them by phone, remind them to send in the completed forms immediately. Facility Name ______Substitute Wash # ______ 1. In your opinion, was the performance of the substitute wash better, worse, or about the same as your standard wash? Why? 2. Did you find any conditions where the wash did not work? (e.g., a certain ink type, ink color, or especially heavy coverage). If so, describe the condition(s). 3. Have you changed the appliation procedure in any way? • Do you use more wash? • Have you changed the dilution? • Have you changed the method for removing excess wash? 4. Do you think the number of impressions required to get back to acceptable print quality is greater, the same, or less than were required using your standard blanket wash? Why? 5. Did you use any other blanket washes during the week on this blanket? Why? 6. Note the condition of the blanket 7. Do you have any other comments, concerns or problems regarding the substitute blanket wash? D-9 APPENDIX E CATEGORIZATION FOR LITHOGRAPHIC BLANKET WASHES 7DEOH(SUHVHQWVWKHIROORZLQJFDWHJRULHVDQGFODVVVLILFDWLRQRIIRUPXODWLRQVWKDWZHUH GHYHORSHGE\WKH'I(/LWKRJUDSK\3URMHFW&RUH*URXSDQGUHYLHZHGE\WKHEODQNHWZDVKVXSSOLHUV 7KH FDWHJRUL]DWLRQ ZDV GHYHORSHG WR DVVLVW ZLWK WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH 3HUIRUPDQFH 'HPRQVWUDWLRQV Table E-1. Categories and Classifications of Formulations Washes Category Mix All Pass1 to Demo 1. Vegetable fatty ester 1 1 26 26 29 29 1a. Vegetable fatty ester 14 14 (+glycol) 19 19 2. Ester/Petroleum 3 21 21 36 36 38 38 2a. Ester/Petroleum 6 6 (+surfactant) 11 11 18 40 40 3. Ester/Water 9 9 10 10 4. Petroleum 31 31 32 32 35 5. Petroleu/Terpene 13 13 15 6. Petroleum/Water 5 20 837 20 39 37 39 6a. Petroleum/Water (diluted 12 30 for use) 30 12 33 7. Water/Petroleum/Ester 22 22 34 34 8. Terpene 16 24 24 27 8a. Terpene (+ additives) 4 7 23 25 9. Detergent 17 well test (3.0%) and basic washability 1 indicates formulations passed blanket s E-1 APPENDIX F COST OF ILLNESS VALUATION METHODS 6HYHUDODSSURDFKHVDUHDYDLODEOHWRHVWLPDWHWKHHFRQRPLFEHQHILWVRIUHGXFHGPRUELGLW\ HIIHFWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK SROOXWLRQ UHOHDVHV LQFOXGLQJ FRQWLQJHQW YDOXDWLRQ DYHUWLQJ EHKDYLRU KHGRQLFYDOXDWLRQDQGFRVWRILOOQHVVDSSURDFKHV7DEOH)SURYLGHVDEULHIVXPPDU\RIHDFK Table F-1. Cost of Illness Valuation Methods Valuation Method Description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ource: Unsworth, Robert E. and James E. Neumann, Industrial Economics, Incorporated, Memorandum to Jim DeMocker, Office of Policy Analysis and Review, Review of Existing Value of Morbidity Avoidance Estimates: Draft Valuation Document. September 30, 1993. F-1