Computer Organization (Keyboard & Display Control, and Printers)
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Image Carrier Poster
55899-11_MOP_nwsltr_poster_Winter11_v2_Layout 1 2/11/11 2:25 PM Page 1 The Museum of Printing, North Andover, MA and the Image Carrier www.museumofprinting.org Relief printing Wood cuts and wood engravings pre-dated moveable type. Called “xylographic printing,” it was used before Gutenberg for illustrations, playing cards, and small documents. Moveable type allowed corrections and editing. A wood engraving uses the end grain, where a wood cut uses the plank grain. Polymer plates are made from digital files which drive special engraving machines to produce relief plates. These plates are popular with many of today’s letterpress printers who produce invitations, and collectible prints. Metal relief cylinders were used to print repetitive designs, such as those on wrap - ping paper and wall paper. In the 1930s, the invention of cellophane led to the development of the anilox roller and flexographic printing. Today, flexography prints most of the flexible packaging film which accounts for about half of all packaged products. Hobbyists, artists, and printmakers cut away non-printing areas on sheets of linoleum to create relief surfaces. Wood cut Wood engraving and Metal plate Relief cylinder Flexographic plate Linoleum cut Foundry type began with Gutenberg and evolved through Jenson, Garamond, Moveable type Caslon and many others. Garamond was the first printer to cast type that was sold to other printers. By the 1880s there were almost 80 foundries in the U.S. One newspaper could keep one foundry in business. Machine typesetting changed the status quo and the Linotype had an almost immediate effect on type foundries. Twenty-three foundries formed American Type Founders in 1890. -
6.1. INTRODUCTION Printers Are Output Devices Used to Prepare
P a g e | 1 MAINTENANCE OF COMPUTER SYSTEM LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Concept of printers. Study of printing mechanism. Study of dot matrix,inkjet and laserprinters. Concept of printer controller. To know about interface and signals. CHAPTER-6(PRINTERS) 6.1. INTRODUCTION Printers are Output devices used to prepare permanent Output devices on paper.Printers can be divided into two main categories : Impact Printers : In this hammers or pins strike against a ribbon and paper to print the text. This mechanism is known as electro-mechanical mechanism 6.2 PRINTING MECHANISM: There are two types of printers. 6.3 Impact printers An impact printer makes contact with the paper. It usually forms the print image by pressing an inked ribbon against the paper using a hammer or pins. Following are some examples of impact printers. 6.3.1Dot-Matrix Printers The dot-matrix printer uses print heads containing from 9 to 24 pins. These pins produce patterns of dots on the paper to form the individual characters. The 24 pin dot-matrix printer produces more dots that a 9 pin dot-matrix printer, which results in much better quality and clearer characters. The general rule is: the more pins, the clearer the letters on the paper. The pins strike the ribbon individually as the print mechanism moves across the entire print line in both directions, i-e, from left to right, then right to left, and so on. The user can produce a color output with a dot- matrix printer (the user will change the black ribbon with a ribbon that has color stripes). -
Inkjet Printing This Process Works by Spitting Small Droplets of Ink on the Surface of the Paper
PRINTING FOR PACKAGING PREPARED BY MRS.M.JANANI DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS) GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE, COIMBATORE – 18. REFERENCE: http://imprimerie - sanjose.com/what - a r e - t h e - d i f f e r e n t - t y p e s - of- p r i n t i n g / https://www.brushyourideas.com/blog/types - p r i n t i n g - m e t h o d s - w e b - to- p r i n t - i n d u s t r y / https://www.glocaluniversity.edu.in/files/eContent/eBpharm/QUALITY%20C ONTROL.pdf TYPES OF PRINTING FOR PACKAGING 1. Lithography or “litho” or “offset” for short 2. Flexography or “flexo” for short 3. Rotogravure or “gravure” for short 4. Silkscreen or “screen” for short. 5. Digital 1. PLANOGRAPHIC PRINTING Lithography is the most dominant of the printing processes. When people refer to printing, especially color printing, they usually think of lithography. Lithography was invented by Alois Senefelder. Lithography is a chemical process. Lithography works on the principle that oil and water do not mix. A lithographic plate is treated in such a way that the image areas on the plate are sensitized and as such are oleophilic (oil-loving); and the non-image areas are treated to be ink repelling or oleophobic. During the press run, the plate is charged twice; first by a set of dampening rollers that apply a coat of dampening solution and second by a coat of the inking rollers. During this process the image areas have been charged to accept ink and repel water during the dampening. -
Embodied Community and Embodied Pedagogy
ZINES, n°2, 2021 MATERIAL MATTERS: EMBODIED COMMUNITY AND EMBODIED PEDAGOGY Kelly MCELROY & Korey JACKSON Oregon State University Libraries and Press [email protected] [email protected] Abstract: In this essay, we outline how materiality can be a tool of critical pedagogy, leading to pleasure, vulnerability, and embodied learning in the classroom. Over the past four years, we have taught an honors colloquium to undergraduate students focused on self-publishing as a means to create social change. As we explore various publishing media, genres, and activist movements with our students, we combine traditional academic activities like scholarly reading and written analysis with informal hands-on craft time. Our students make collages, learn to use the advanced features on a photocopier, and collaborate on hectograph printing among other crafts, all as they begin to put together their own final DIY publication. Students regularly report that the hands-on activities are crucial to their learning, giving them new appreciation for the underground publications they read, through embodied experiences that can’t be replicated with a reading or a quiz. It also builds our community of learners, as we share ideas, borrow glue sticks, and chit-chat as we put our zines together. We will outline how we built and teach this course, placing it within our critical pedagogy – informed by bell hooks, Kevin Kumashiro, and Paulo Freire, among others – and how teaching this course has helped us incorporate embodiment into our other teaching. Keywords: embodied pedagogy, teaching, publishing. 58 Material Matters: Embodied Community and Embodies Pedagogy ZINES, n°2, 2021 INTRODUCTION Alison Piepmeier has argued that, “Zines’ materiality creates College, this course is one of a suite of course offerings community because it creates pleasure, affection, allegiance, and that highlight exploratory discovery and deep dives vulnerability” (2008, 230). -
Judging Permanence for Reformatting Projects: Paper and Inks
ConserveO Gram September 1995 Number 19/14 Judging Permanence For Reformatting Projects: Paper And Inks Many permanently valuable NPS documents fibered, high alpha-cellulose cotton and linen such as correspondence, drawings, maps, plans, rags. Early rag papers were strong, stable, and reports were not produced using permanent and durable with relatively few impurities. and durable recording media. When selecting In the mid-17th century, damaging alum paper items for preservation duplication, items sizing was added to control bacteria and marked on the list below with a " - " are at mold growth in paper. By 1680, shorter highest risk and should have special priority for fiber rag papers were being produced due to duplication. Document types marked with a the use of mechanical metal beaters to shred "+" are lower priorities for reformatting as they the rag fibers. By about 1775, damaging tend to be more stable and durable. See chlorine bleaches were added to rag papers Conserve O Gram 19/10, Reformatting for to control the paper color. Acidic alum Preservation and Access: Prioritizing Materials rosin sizing was introduced around 1840 to for Duplication, for a full discussion of how to speed the papermaking process thus leading select materials for duplication. NOTE: Avoid to even shorter-lived papers. Rag papers using materials and processes marked " - " when became less common after the introduction producing new documents. of wood pulp paper around 1850. Compared to rag paper, most wood pulp papers have Paper much poorer chemical chemical and mechanical strength, durability, and stability. All permanently valuable original paper - documents should be produced on lignin-free, Ground or mechanical wood pulp paper: high alpha-cellulose papers with a pH between After 1850, most paper produced was 7.5 and 8.0, specifically those papers meeting machine-made paper with a high proportion the American National Standards Institute of short-fibered and acidic wood pulp. -
Dick Maggiore: What We Can Learn from Xerox
Dick Maggiore: What we can learn from Xerox Tuesday Posted at 7:42 AM Company failed (and failed again) when it strayed from its established core position. By Dick MaggioreSpecial to The Canton Repository The basic positioning principle applies regardless of the size of your business or whether you sell to consumers or other businesses. It also does not matter whether your business sells locally, regionally or nationally, or whether you are for-profit or nonprofit. Your business works best when your brand stands for one idea. That's just the way the minds of your prospects and customers work. Xerox is a remarkable example of a company that did just about everything right in terms of technology, but made many mistakes in go-to-market matters. On the plus side, Xerox built one of the most powerful brands in the world. It achieved this by standing for one idea. Its name became the synonym for the act of making a photocopy, as well as the photocopy itself — the verb and the noun. Not too many brands can claim generic ownership of the category itself. In my industry, one of our favorite pastimes has been watching our friends at Xerox. Their follies demonstrated valuable lessons for business. In 1959, Xerox introduced the Xerox 914, the first automatic copier. Research showed people were not willing to pay 5 cents per copy, but Xerox launched the 914 anyway. The rest is photocopier history. If Xerox had heeded its research, it would have missed a tremendous opportunity to build the world’s greatest photocopier brand and gain notoriety as "the most successful product ever marketed in America" as Forbes magazine declared. -
Factsheet Photocopiers & Laser Printers
7 Photocopier and sept 200 laser printer hazards The LondonCentre Hazards Factsheet Photocopiers and laser printers fatigue, drowsiness, throat and eye minimised. Contact with the tongue, are safe when used occasionally irritation), xylene (can cause menstrual e.g. by touching copied papers with a disorder and kidney failure) and benzene wetted finger can lead to small growths and serviced regularly. But if (carcinogenic and teratogenic). on the tongue. Other health effects they are badly sited, poorly may be irritated eyes, headache and maintained and used frequently Selenium and cadmium sulphide itching skin. Maintenance workers are or for long runs, there are risks Some copiers use a drum impregnated at risk from repeated exposure which to health, ranging from irritated with selenium or cadmium sulphide. can lead to skin and eye sensitisation. The gas emitted from these materials eyes, nose and throat to especially when hot can cause throat Airborne toner dust dermatitis, headaches, premature irritation and sensitisation (i.e. adverse A recent study by the Queensland ageing and reproductive reaction to very tiny quantities of University of Technology in Australia has and cancer hazards. Proper chemical) to exposed workers. Short raised concerns about very small particles ventilation and maintenance are term exposure to high levels of selenium of toner from a number of laser printers by ingestion causes nausea, vomiting, that can become airborne and penetrate essential in eliminating hazards. skin rashes and rhinitis. The UK WEL deep into the lung. It showed that almost for selenium compounds is 0.1 mg/m3 a third studied emit potentially dangerous The chemicals (over an 8 hr reference period). -
Polyester Plate Lithography / Pronto Plates
Kevin Haas | www.wsu.edu/~khaas Polyester Plate Lithography / Pronto Plates CREATING YOUR IMAGE DRAWING MATERIALS Ball Point Pen, Sharpie or Permanent Marker, China Marker/ Litho Crayons, Photocopier Toner (Must be heat-set in an oven or on a hot plate at 225º - 250º for 10 minutes.) PHOTOCOPIED AND DIGITAL IMAGES Using Adobe Photoshop and a laser printer you can easily scan and print images onto polyester plates. A 1200dpi laser printer such as an HP 5000, a GCC Elite XL or a Xante printer will work best. However, it is best to make a few adjustments to your print settings to make polyester plates print easily and accu- Set the Format to the printer you are using and the Page Size to rately at the press. match the size of the polyester plates. Orientation (portrait or landscape) should also be set at this time. By default most laser printers will print images over 133 lines per inch. Lines per inch (lpi) is a measurement of how many 2. Set your Printing Options lines of small varying sized halftone dots are used to create the MB > File > Print with Preview… illusion of a continuous tone image. Since printing these plates by hand requires more ink and pressure than offset printing, which is what these plates were intended for, we need to de- crease the lpi to 75. If you did not do this, the ink sitting on top of all the very tiny halftone dots would likely run together, or ‘bridge’. To prevent this from happening, lower the lpi to main- tain a balance between the amount of ink that is needed to print and the space around the dots to hold water that repels the ink. -
Research and Development Washington, DC 20460 ABSTRACT
United Slates EPA- 600 R- 95-045 7 Enwronmental Protection ZL6ILI Agency March 1995 i= Research and Developmen t OFFICE EQUIPMENT: DESIGN, INDOOR AIR EMISSIONS, AND POLLUTION PREVENTION OPPORTUNITIES Prepared for Office of Radiation and Indoor Air Prepared by Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory Research Triangle Park NC 2771 1 EPA REVIEW NOTICE This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policy of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa- tion Service. Springfield, Virginia 22161. EPA- 600 I R- 95-045 March 1995 Office Equipment: Design, Indoor Air Emissions, and Pollution Prevention Opportunities by: Robert Hetes Mary Moore (Now at Cadmus, Inc.) Coleen Northeim Research Triangle Institute Center for Environmental Analysis Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 EPA Cooperative Agreement CR822025-01 EPA Project Officer: Kelly W. Leovic Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1 Prepared for: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ofice of Research and Development Washington, DC 20460 ABSTRACT The objective of this initial report is to summarize available information on office ~ equipment design; indoor air emissions of organics, ozone, and particulates from office ~ equipment; and pollution prevention approaches for reducing these emissions. It should be noted that much of the existing emissions data from office equipment are proprietary and not available in the general literature and are therefore not included in this report. -
Colour Lithography and Its Moral Nature a Paper Written As Part of the Requirements for the Masters in Library and Information Science Degree at Mcgill University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Colour Lithography and its moral nature a paper written as part of the requirements for the Masters in Library and Information Science degree at McGill University Allana Mayer 2014 Introduction Lithography, the process of applying paints and inks to a stone for transfer to paper, was invented in Germany in 1798 by Alois Senefelder (Twyman, 2013). The technique is less talked-of than the invention of movable type, or the diffusion of digital tools, in their effects on the respective industries and sociocultural climates of their times, but historical documents do portray a similar tension between a new technology and existing processes. Lithography is in particular an interesting halfway point between the former and the latter: while the process of mechanical reproduction is an obvious antecedent to the invention of printing in general, its chemical-based process is a herald of things to come, namely home laser printing that uses toner and ink to apply images to paper -- or even the chemical negative/ positive processes that make up photosensitive reactions. The chemical process that operates in lithography relies on oil and water repelling one another but adhering to stone. An image is drawn onto a lithographic stone (often limestone or zinc) with a grease stick or wax crayon, then the stone is coated with gum arabic, citric acid, and water, which is repelled from the oily design and adheres to the negative space, without etching the stone. Then the stone is prepared for printing with a mixture of oil-based paint and water: the water adheres to the gum arabic in the negative space, while the oil-based paint creates a positive image and is transferred to subsequent sheets of paper. -
The Story of Xerography Page 1 of 13
The Story of Xerography Page 1 of 13 Our Heritage, Our Commitment "10-22-38 ASTORIA" This humble legend marks the time and place of an auspicious event. It is the text of the first xerographic image ever fashioned. It was created in a makeshift laboratory in Queens, NY. by a patent attorney named Chester Carlson, who believed that the world was ready for an easier and less costly way to make copies. Carlson was proved right only after a discouraging ten-year search for a company that would develop his invention into a useful product. It was the Haloid Company, a small photo-paper maker in Rochester, N.Y, which took on the challenge and the promise of xerography and thus became, in a breathtakingly short time, the giant multinational company now known to the world as Xerox Corporation. This report contains several stories about xerography: the man who invented it, the company that made it work, and the products it yielded for the benefit of mankind. These stories chronicle a classic American success story: How men of courage and vision grew a highly profitable business from little more than the seed of an idea. Certainly, Xerox has changed greatly in size and scope since the historic 914 copier was introduced in 1959. But we also believe that the basic personality of Xerox has never changed. We are convinced that the essential attributes that brought the young Xerox such spectacular rewards in office copying are the same attributes we need to assure continued success for the mature Xerox as it develops total office information capability. -
Hewlett Packard: Continuing Dominance in the Printer Industry
HEWLETT PACKARD: CONTINUING DOMINANCE IN THE PRINTER INDUSTRY BEM 106 Friday May 28, 2004 Anita Choi, Chris Flatt, Mike Lammers, Jason Quimby 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY By the 2006, Americans will be printing 1.8 trillion pages and spending $15 billion a year on ink and toner. Printers are one of the most important complements to the PC, needed by users both at home and in the office to transfer any electronic document onto paper. Since the first dot-matrix printer was introduced into the market in the early 1980s, printer technology has rapidly evolved to become machines that are increasingly efficient in producing sophisticated looking documents both in color and black-and- white. Hewlett Packard is a global leader in the industry of home and office printing. Even after merging with Compaq in 2002, HP’s Imaging and Printing group accounts for about 30% of the companies revenues and is markedly the most profitable division with earnings 1.4 times that of the company as a whole. Recently HP has faced new challenges with the entry of Dell and the surge in inkjet cartridge refill kits. This paper explores the challenges that HP faces in maintaining its dominance in the printer industry with respect to the competitive landscape and its current business strategy. 2. BACKGROUND ON HEWLETT PACKARD HP was founded in 1939 by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard. The company has its roots in the electronics, microwave, and radio industries. World War II government contracts enabled the business to grow into a million dollar company by 1944. By the 1960s, HP had diversified into personal computing, starting with programmable calculators in 1972, and eventually entering the desktop market in 1980.