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Harapan Rainforest: Cultivating Or Ignoring Hopes?

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Harapan Rainforest: Cultivating Or Ignoring Hopes? HARAPAN RAINFOREST: CULTIVATING OR IGNORING HOPES? The Livelihoods of the Forest Dwelling People and Their Perceptions (A Case Study in Harapan Rainforest, Jambi Indonesia) Nyimas Wardah Study Program: MSc International Development Studies (MID) Student Registration Number: 810909 613 020 Course Number :RDS 80433 Supervisor : Dr. Ir. Pieter de Vries Dr. F. Michiel Köhne Wageningen University, Rural Development Sociology Group August, 2013 ii Acknowledgement Alhamdulillah. Firstly I wish to thank my supervisors Pieter de Vries and Michiel Köhne for their valuable guidance and patience throughout all the months from the preparation for my field work to the completion of my thesis. Secondly, my gratitude goes to those I encountered in the Harapan Rainforest; the indigenous Bathin Sembilan, Mr. Yusup Cahyadin who gave me the opportunity to learn and work in Harapan Rainforest project and Mr. Yulius and Mr. Budi Aulia who volunteered their supervision, advice, and many discussions. All my friends from the Community Partnership Department: Desri, Yudha, Eka, Herry and my roommates Sulis and Susan who kindly permitted me to stay with them for five months. I also enjoyed the privilege of insightful discussion with Mr.M.Silalahi from Burung Indonesia and other colleagues from the Non-Governmental Organizations; CAPPA and KKI WARSI in Jambi. I also wish to extend heartfelt thanks to my family in Palembang, Indonesia. To my parents Kemas Mas’ud Khan and Nurlela, and my four siblings: Without your support, love, prayers and encouragement my goalto study in the Netherlands would remain only a dream. To the Indonesian Student Association PPI (Perhimpunan Pelajar Indonesia) Wageningen: you welcomed me warmly, became my second family and made me comfortable living in Wageningen. Additionally, my appreciation goes to the Ford Foundation for its sponsorship through the International Fellowship Program. Last but not least I must recognise the tropical forest and the bee that are my constant source of passion. Working there was a truly awesome experience which I wish to repeat. iii Abstract This research aimed to investigate the impacts of the Harapan Rainforest project on the livelihoods of the forest dwelling people in Jambi Indonesia, and to contribute to a better understanding of their perceptions of the forest and the restoration project. This study focused on two groups living in the Harapan Rainforest area: the indigenous Bathin Sembilan people and the encroachers who are mainly the migrants. This research was conducted as a case study with an ethnographic approach in order to permit a flexible response to social processes. Data were collected through various methods, including participant observation, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, desk study and document analysis. This study produced two major findings : (1) The Harapan Rainforest project has not had a significant effect on the livelihoods of the forest dwelling people who already have a long history of engagement in large scale economic activities, including working as labours at nearby plantation companies. Additionally, the transformation of the natural forest into monoculture plantations and the depletion of forest resources have forced the forest dwelling people to become independent of the forest (2) The Harapan Rainforest Project draws support from the Indigenous Bathin Sembilan in the Mitra Zone and Simpang Macan Dalam but faces opposition from the Indigenous Bathin Sembilan in Simpang Macan Luar and the encroachers in Kunangan Jaya, who take a sceptical view of the project. This study demonstrates that the livelihoods of these various groups have affected the way how the forest dwelling people perceive the forest and the project. Keywords : Harapan Rainforest, restoration projects, livelihoods, perception, Jambi, Indonesia iv Abbreviations AMAN Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Indigenous People Alliance of Indonesia Nusantara CIFOR Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Centre for International Forestry Research Internasional CP Kemitraan Masyarakat Community Partnership CSR Tanggung Jawab Sosial Corporate Social Responsibility Perusahaan FGD Diskusi Kelompok Focus Group Discussion GPS Global Positioning System HGU Hak Guna Usaha Land Use Permit HTI Hutan Tanaman Industri Industrial Timber Plantation HTR Hutan Tanaman Rakyat Community Timber Plantation HPH Hak Pengusahaan Hutan Forest Concession Rights HRF Hutan Harapan Harapan Rainforest ICI International Climate Initiative IGAs Kegiatan Peningkatan Income Generating Activities Pendapatan IP Masyarakat asli Indigenous People IUPHHK RE Izin Usaha Pemanfaatan Hasil Restoration Ecosystem within natural forest Hutan Kayu Restorasi Ekosistem Kadus Kepala Dusun Head of sub-village (hamlet) KEHI Konservasi Ekosistem Indonesia Ecosystem Conservation of Indonesia KTP Kartu Tanda Penduduk Legal Identity Card Menhut Menteri Kehutanan Ministry of Forestry (MoF) NGO Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat Non-Government Organization NTFPs Hasil Hutan Bukan Kayu Non Timber Forest Products Polhut Polisi Hutan Forest Ranger PTP Persero Perkebunan Plantation Company Pusling Puskesmas Keliling Mobile Medical Services RKL Rencana Kerja Lima Tahun Five Years Planning Activity RSPB The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds SK Surat Keputusan Decree SPORC Satuan Polisi Kehutanan Reaksi Forest Ranger Cepat STN Serikat Tani Nasional National Peasant Union UK Inggris United Kingdom UUD Undang-undang Dasar Constitution PT Persereoan Terbatas Limited Training/Company REKI Restorasi Ekosistem Indonesia Ecosystem Restoration of Indonesia SPI Serikat Petani Indonesia Indonesian Peasants Union TNC Taman Konservasi The Nature Conservation TSM Trans Swakarsa Mandiri Transmigration VRMA Perjanjian Pengelolaan Village Resource Management Agreement Sumberdaya v Table of Contents Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................ iii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ iv Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. v Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... vi List of Figure ................................................................................................................................ viii List of Table ................................................................................................................................... ix 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background and Problem ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Research Objectives and Research Questions ........................................................................ 5 1.3 Research Methods and Methodology ..................................................................................... 5 1.4 Research site ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Research informant and source of information ...................................................................... 6 1.6 Time Frame .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.7 Information Gathering Strategy .............................................................................................. 7 1.8 Constraints and Limitation ...................................................................................................... 8 1.9 Structure of the Thesis ............................................................................................................ 8 2. Theoretical Approach ........................................................................................................ 10 2.1 Sense of Place ........................................................................................................................ 10 2.2 Livelihoods ............................................................................................................................. 10 2.3 Legal Pluralism ....................................................................................................................... 11 2.4 Actor Oriented Approach ...................................................................................................... 13 2.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 14 3. The Project and the Organisation ....................................................................................... 15 3.1 The Harapan Rainforest ......................................................................................................... 15 3.2 The Organization Structure ................................................................................................... 18 3.3 Department and Activities .................................................................................................... 18 3.3.1 Forest Protection Department ............................................................................................ 18 3.3.2 Forest Restoration Department .........................................................................................
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