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Immigrant” Neighborhoods Since 1945 NATIVE TO THE REPUBLIC: NEGOTIATING CITIZENSHIP AND SOCIAL WELFARE IN MARSEILLE “IMMIGRANT” NEIGHBORHOODS SINCE 1945 by Minayo A. Nasiali A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Rita C-K Chin, Co-Chair Associate Professor Joshua H. Cole, Co-Chair Professor David W. Cohen Professor Geoff Eley © Minayo A. Nasiali 2010 DEDICATION To my parents, Kathryn and Opanyi Nasiali ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is about diverse practices of citizenship and I would like to thank the mentors, friends, and family members who have taught me about the many ways of making a place in the world. I thank Rita Chin for her straight talk and for challenging me to think about citizenship from early on. Her strategic interventions have been an important touchstone and reminder about the central place of categories of difference at the heart of this dissertation. Joshua Cole’s steadfast support helped me scramble over big hurdles at critical moments. His kind yet keen eye has helped me transform drafts into chapters and express my ideas with greater clarity and nuance. I thank Geoff Eley for his intellectual example and for thinking carefully about the craft of history. He has helped me learn to use history to ask big questions about where politics happens. I thank David Cohen for seeing something in this project, and joining this committee at a later stage. I am grateful to Miriam Ticktin for pushing me at an early stage to parse out the historical relationships between human rights and social citizenship. I also thank Marty Pernick for embodying the link between research and teaching. From his example, I try to be a better teacher. iii In addition to guidance from my advisors, this project was made possible by generous support from the Lurcy Education Trust, the European Union Center, the University of Michigan International Institute and the Rackham Graduate School. I appreciate the productive feedback from participants in the European History and European Union Center Workshops who read sections of this work. Without the expertise and assistance from Kathleen King, Dianna Denney, Lorna Altsetter, and the History Department staff, getting to France and staying there (legally) would have been much more difficult. The archivists and staff at the Marseille Municipal Archives and the Bouches-du- Rhone Departmental archives, especially Sylvie Clair, were extremely helpful and accommodating. At the Center for Urbanism in Paris, the librarians took time to get to know my project and uncovered some very dusty and very useful materials. I also thank staff members at the Fonds d'Action et de Soutien pour l'Intégration et la Lutte contre les Discriminations for scheduling access to their private library and for generously opening their offices to me. The librarians at the Hatcher Graduate Library and the Interlibrary Loan Office have responded with patient efficiency to all my requests for obscure materials. They helped streamline my transition from research to writing. My interest in history was first sparked as an undergraduate in Mary-Lou Roberts’ course on twentieth century Europe. I thank her for introducing me to history as lived experience. I also thank Russell Berman for his guidance as I learned to persevere through the agonies and delights of my first research project. iv From Ann Arbor, to Marseille, to Paris, I thank Danna Agmon and Dan Simundza for their friendship. They did much more than help me replace my front door in Marseille and I will always be very grateful. My community of friends in Ann Arbor has been an important source of support throughout my time in graduate school, and, I hope, beyond. I thank Dmitri Krallis, Alice Weinreb, and Clapperton Mavhunga for their willingness to share their graduate experiences with me, and for modeling what it takes to get it done. I thank Sarah Hamilton, Ray Patton, Brendan Goff, Alex Beringer, Emma Amador, Rebecca Wall, Krista Goff, Adam Cowing, Matt Hall, Moira Poe, David Ratner, Cristina Mercado and Pelema Morrice. I also thank Kerry Allen for introducing me to the vibrant local dance community. Many relationships forged during my time in Europe shaped this project as well as offered me much needed respite and camaraderie. I thank Bertrand Metton and his family for their hospitality, especially opening their Toulouse home to me during the holidays, and including me in their family celebrations. From a chance subletting advertisement, I’m thankful for the warm friendship that has developed with Gesine Heuck, and remember with fondness the trips between Marseille and Geneva. Arnaud Vassalucci showed me his town and the Calanques around Marseille. Jean-Louis Vassalucci generously shared his research and introduced me to the vibrant community of Marseille scholars who work to regenerate neighborhoods in their city. I also thank my neighbors in the Panier, especially Elise Lemoine. I appreciate their willingness to speak frankly with me about their lives and experiences. From these warm conversations, v chance encounters, and even uncomfortable tensions, my Panier neighbors helped me make Marseille home. In addition to the communities of friends that have welcomed me in Ann Arbor and Europe, I am grateful for the continued support and friendship of Courtney Gordon and Stacie Solt. I thank Mr. Noehren for teaching me fractions and much more. I thank my parents for being practicing citizens and for modeling the meaning of participation. And from Ann Arbor, to Marseille and beyond, I thank Ozan Jaquette for his support, integrity, zeal, and purpose. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………….ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………………………..…iii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………....……xi LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………….xii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………….xiii CHAPTER I. Introduction………………………………………………………………1 The Problem of Difference in France……………………………………………..3 The Social Question and the Legacy of Empire…………………………………..8 The Post 1945 Welfare State……………………………………………………..11 Modern Homes and Cities…………………………………………………….. ..15 Making Sense of Marseille: Difference in Everyday Life………………………21 Chapter Overview…………………………………………………..……………31 PART ONE. Les Trente Glorieuses: Modernizing the Metropolis in the Age of Decolonization CHAPTER II. Squatters, Citizens, and Asocials: Debating Social Welfare and the Right to Housing during France’s Reconstruction, 1944-1957……………………..37 The Housing Crisis and Everyday Life………………………………………..…45 The Squatters’ Movement and the Right to Housing…………………………….49 The Ministry of Reconstruction and Urbanism: Implementing the Right to Housing…………………………………………………………………………..61 Living in Camp Grand Arenas…………………………………………………...66 vii From Citizen Squatters to Asocials……………………………………………....69 One Solution to the Sanitation Problem………………………………………….74 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….78 CHAPTER III. Ordering the Disorderly Slum: ‘Standardizing’ Quality of Life in Marseille Shantytowns, 1953-1962…………………………………………………….79 Solving the Social Problem: Technocracy and Techniciens…………………….82 What is a Local Technicien?.... ………………………………………………….84 Local Techniciens and the Housing Crisis, 1953-1954………………………….87 Peyssonnel: The Court of Miracles at the Heart of Marseille……………………89 The War on Slums: A Pathological Problem and a Technocratic Solution……..94 Quantifying Quality of Life in Peyssonnel………………………………………98 Re-Housing Asocial Families: From Peyssonnel to La Paternelle…………….109 Social Welfare and Re-Education for Algerian Families………………………118 From Asocial Families to Algerian Families…………………………………...121 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...125 CHAPTER IV. Modernizing the Metropolis, 1953-1963…………………………...127 Local Politics and the Cumul des Mandats……………………………………..129 “We Have the Right to Comfort:” Debating the Meaning of Modernization…..136 Forming Resident Associations………………………………………………...142 The Saint Lazare Disaster: The Marseille Communist Party and the Local Politics of Housing………………………………………………………………………146 Clientelism……………………………………………………………………...155 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...161 PART TWO. The “Immigrant Question” and the “Crisis” of the Welfare State viii CHAPTER V. From Colonial Subjects to Immigrant Workers: Continuity and Change in Social Welfare Institutions from 1962-1979……………………………..164 The Exodus of 1962…………………………………………………………….169 Temporary Homes for Temporary Families: Les Cités de Transit…………….181 Transient Workers? …………………………………………………………….184 The “Immigrant Problem:” Massacre on Bus 72………………………………190 The “Immigrant Question” and the Threshold of Tolerance…………………...202 “We Won’t be Duped!” The SONACOTRA Rent Strikes …… …… ...………207 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...214 CHAPTER VI. Neighborhoods in Crisis: The Beur Generation and the New Dangerous Classes……………………………………………………………………..216 From the Social Question to the Racial Question?.. …………………………...218 Constructing Neighborhoods in Crisis………………………………………….220 The New Dangerous Classes….…… ……… …………………………………229 From Delinquents to Beurs: The Second Generation………………………….235 The Right to Difference: Debating Multiculturalism…………………………..244 The Social Development of Neighborhoods……………………………………249 The Body Politic: Integrating Banlieue Youth through Neighborhood Activity Centers………………………………………………………………………….262 Hip Hop and the Body Politic……..……………………………………………265 The Murder of Ibrahim…………………………………………………………273 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...278
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