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Major and Minor Ion Geochemistry of Groundwaters from Bermuda

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Major and Minor Ion Geochemistry of Groundwaters from Bermuda University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 1987 MAJOR AND MINOR ION GEOCHEMISTRY OF GROUNDWATERS FROM BERMUDA JAMES ANDRE KENT SIMMONS University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation SIMMONS, JAMES ANDRE KENT, "MAJOR AND MINOR ION GEOCHEMISTRY OF GROUNDWATERS FROM BERMUDA" (1987). Doctoral Dissertations. 1516. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/1516 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: • Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. ® Copyrighted material may have been removed from the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17”x 23" black and white photographic print. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or microfiche but lack the clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, 35mm slides of 6”x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography. Order Number 8722440 Major and minor ion geochemistry of groundwaters from B erm uda Simmons, James Andre Kent, Ph.D. University of New Hampshire, 1987 Copyright ©1987 by Simmons, James Andre Kent. All rights reserved. UM'I 300 N.ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or p a g e_____ s 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print_______ 3. Photographs with dark background ■/ 4. Illustrations are poor copy_______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy ______ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of p a g e_______ 7. Indistinct, broken or smalt print on several pages J 8. Print exceeds margin requirements ______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine _______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print______ 11. Page(s)____________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)____________seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled p a g e s ______ 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed a s received _________ 16. Other ___________________________________________________________________________ University Microfilms International MAJOR AND MINOR ION GEOCHEMISTRY OF GROUNDWATERS FROM BERMUDA BY J.A. KENT SIMMONS B.A., University of Rhode Island, 1981 M.S., University of New Hampshire, 1983 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Sciences May, 1987 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED c 1987 J.A. Kent Simoons This dissertation has been examined and approved. Dissertation directo/, Wm/Berry Lyons Associate Professorrof Earth Sciences P. ~~£UL— Theodore C. Loder Associate Professor of Earth Sciences fA./e U J j . Francis R. Hall Professor of Hydrology ? * & J . £ ^ Mark E. Hines Researcffftssistant Professor c.f Earth Sciences Bermuda Bioyogical Station for Research II, 1197 itV< [j DEDICATION To Dad, Hon and B.J., whose love, encouragement, and personal sacrifice have made everything worthwhile. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The funds which supported this research were graciously provided by the Bermuda government through the Department of Public Wbrks. These funds were provided for hydrogeological and hydro- geochemical studies of the Pembroke marsh landfill. I wish to express my sincere thanks to the Bermuda government for selecting me for this project. Special thanks to the members of the Bermuda government's Pembroke Dump Committee: Hon. Robert Birritt, Chair­ man; Mr. David Summers; Mr. John Roach and Mr. Geofrey Melotti; and also to personnel at the Public Works Department: Mr. James Thomson and Mr. Sandy Taylor. This research was conducted at the Bermuda Biological Station (BBS), St. George, Bermuda. The BBS has provided major contribu­ tions in finances and facilities for all of my work in the past five years, and particularly in the past three years with this project, and for this I am very grateful. I am also very grateful and highly indebted to a good friend and advisor Dr. Anthony H. Knap, who has always taken a keen interest in my work at the Bio-Station. I wish to thank Dr. Timothy Jickells for his consultation on analytical techniques and also for many long and involved discussions about groundwater and related geochemical problems. Thanks also goes to Kandy Binkley, who advised in the collection and analyses of organic samples. I also wish to thank all resident scientists and research support staff like Rachael and Sue J., and also Biostation office v staff like Margaret, Jill, Harry, Nancy, and everyone in accounts, public relations, and development, and also Butch, Sonny, Austin and all the guys in operations and maintenance. I would like to thank all of the professors and staff (Linda, Sue and Caroline) in the Earth Sciences Department at the University of New Hampshire, in particular the members of my doctoral committee, they include: Dr. Wto. Berry Lyons, Chairman; Dr. Francis R. Hall; Dr. Theodore C. Loder; Dr. Mark E. Hines; Dr. Anthony H. Knap; and also unofficial advisors Dr. Henri Gaudette and Dr. Mary Jo Spencer, each of whom shared considerable amounts of time and experience with me over the past years. I wish to express my extra special thanks to Berry, not only for his major contribution to my educational aspirations over the past six years, but also for being a fantastic advisor and a truly good friend, a friendship which I know will extend many, many years into the future. Also, I wish to thank Berry's wife, Anne, who sacrificed a great deal of time to share with me some of her computer skills during a particularly busy period of finishing her own thesis. Lastly, I wish to thank all of my friends and colleagues in both New Hampshire and Bermuda. I especially wish to thank my very good friend Mimi Boxwell, who helped keep things in perspective during my last grueling year at UNH. I thank you all. Graduate Committee Dr. wm. Berry'Lyons Dr. Theodore C. Loder Dr. Francis R. Hall Dr. Mark E. Hines Dr. Anthony H. Knap vi Research sponsorship was generously provided by; Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc. Bermuda Government Department of Public works Bermuda Junior Service League American Friends of Bermuda Pembroke Dump Committee Hon. Robert Barritt Mr. John Roach Mr. David Summers Mr. Geoffrey Melotti Biostation Scientists and Staff Dr. Wolfgang E. Sterrer Harry Barnes Dr. Anthony H. Knap Nancy Smythe Dr. Thomas D. Sleeter Phillip Reeves Dr. Clayton B. Cook Patricia Brown Dr. Susan B. Cook Zina Francis Dr. Thomas M. Iliffe Christine Harrell Tim D. Jickells Patricia Little Susan Jickells Mary van Soren Kandy Binkley Gerraldine Pharris Rachael Sherriff-Dow S. Robertson Smith Wilfred "Butch" Stovell Sheila Wyers Chesley "Sonny" Foggo Susan Boyd Austin Smith Jon Moreland Winston "Pene" Foggo Barbara Sheehan Frederick "Teddy" Sewell Warren Smith Margaret Emmott Michael Rhodes Jill Cadwallader Anthony She r ri ff Virginia O'Connor Public Works James Thomson Patricia Hollis James Conyers Sandy Taylor University of New Hampshire Faculty and Staff Dr. Herbert Tischler Dr. James D. Irish Dr. Henri E. Gaudette Dr. Wm. Berry Lyons Dr. Francis R. Hall Dr. Jo Laird Dr. Cecil J. Schneer Dr. William Olszewski Dr. Robert I. Davis Dr. Mary Jo Spencer Dr. Lincoln R. Page Dr. Neil R. Pettigrew Dr. Franz E. Anderson Dr. Mark E. Hines Dr. Theodore C. Loder Dr. David A. Gust Dr. Francis S. Birch Linda Hoadley Dr. Wendell S. Brown Susan Gagnon Dr. Wallace A. Bothner Caroline Miller Dr. S. Lawrence Dingman Susan Lucus Dr. Paul A. Mayewski Frank Smith vi i T TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION 1 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................. v LIST OF TABLES.................................... ........... LIST OF F I G U R E S xi 1 ABSTRACT...................................................... *v CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION.......................................... 1 II. BACKGROUND ............................................ 4 Geology of Bermuda................................ 4 Li me stones............... 4 S o i l s ........................................ 9 Carbonate Diagenesis .............................. 11 Ghyben-Herzberg L
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