WM White Geochemistry Chapter 1
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Geochemistry - (2021-2022 Catalog) 1
Geochemistry - (2021-2022 Catalog) 1 GEGN586 NUMERICAL MODELING OF GEOCHEMICAL 3.0 Geochemistry SYSTEMS GEOL512 MINERALOGY AND CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY 3.0 Degrees Offered GEOL513 HYDROTHERMAL GEOCHEMISTRY 3.0 • Master of Science (Geochemistry) GEOL523 REFLECTED LIGHT AND ELECTRON 2.0 MICROSCOPY * • Doctor of Philosophy (Geochemistry) GEOL535 LITHO ORE FORMING PROCESSES 1.0 • Certificate in Analytical Geochemistry GEOL540 ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY AND 3.0 • Professional Masters in Analytical Geochemistry (non-thesis) GEOCHRONOLOGY • Professional Masters in Environmental Geochemistry (non-thesis) GEGN530 CLAY CHARACTERIZATION 2.0 Program Description GEGX571 GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION 3.0 The Graduate Program in Geochemistry is an interdisciplinary program * Students can add one additional credit of independent study with the mission to educate students whose interests lie at the (GEOL599) for XRF methods which is taken concurrently with intersection of the geological and chemical sciences. The Geochemistry GEOL523. Program consists of two subprograms, administering two M.S. and Ph.D. degree tracks, two Professional Master's (non-thesis) degree programs, Master of Science (Geochemistry degree track) students must also and a Graduate Certificate. The Geochemistry (GC) degree track pertains complete an appropriate thesis, based upon original research they have to the history and evolution of the Earth and its features, including but not conducted. A thesis proposal and course of study must be approved by limited to the chemical evolution of the crust and -
What Use Is Chemistry?
2 Inspirational chemistry What use is chemistry? Index 1.1 1 sheet This activity is based on a Sunday Times article by Sir Harry Kroto, a Nobel prize winning chemist who discovered a new allotrope of carbon – buckminsterfullerene or ‘bucky balls’. The article appeared on November 28, 2004 and is reproduced overleaf as a background for teachers. The aim is to introduce students to the scope of modern chemistry and the impact that it has on their lives, even in areas that they may not think of as related to chemistry. An alternative exercise for more able students would be to research what was used before chemical scientists had produced a particular new product or material (eg silk or wool stockings before nylon, leather footballs before synthetics, grated carbolic soap before shampoo) and then to write about the difference it would make to their lives if they did not have the modern product. Students will need: ■ Plenty of old magazines and catalogues (Argos catalogues are good as virtually everything in them would not exist without modern chemistry) ■ Large sheets of sugar paper ■ Glue and scissors. It works well if students produce the poster in groups, but then do the written work by themselves. The activity could be set for homework. Inspirational chemistry 3 What use is chemistry? Some years ago I was delighted chemistry-related industries make a to receive an honorary degree £5 billion profit on a £50 billion from Exeter University turnover, the apparent government recognising my contributions to inaction over the looming disaster chemistry – especially the is scarcely credible. -
Organic Geochemistry
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ZENODO Organic Geochemistry Organic Geochemistry 37 (2006) 1–11 www.elsevier.com/locate/orggeochem Review Organic geochemistry – A retrospective of its first 70 years q Keith A. Kvenvolden * U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA Received 1 September 2005; accepted 1 September 2005 Available online 18 October 2005 Abstract Organic geochemistry had its origin in the early part of the 20th century when organic chemists and geologists realized that detailed information on the organic materials in sediments and rocks was scientifically interesting and of practical importance. The generally acknowledged ‘‘father’’ of organic geochemistry is Alfred E. Treibs (1899–1983), who discov- ered and described, in 1936, porphyrin pigments in shale, coal, and crude oil, and traced the source of these molecules to their biological precursors. Thus, the year 1936 marks the beginning of organic geochemistry. However, formal organiza- tion of organic geochemistry dates from 1959 when the Organic Geochemistry Division (OGD) of The Geochemical Soci- ety was founded in the United States, followed 22 years later (1981) by the establishment of the European Association of Organic Geochemists (EAOG). Organic geochemistry (1) has its own journal, Organic Geochemistry (beginning in 1979) which, since 1988, is the official journal of the EAOG, (2) convenes two major conferences [International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry (IMOG), since 1962, and Gordon Research Conferences on Organic Geochemistry (GRC), since 1968] in alternate years, and (3) is the subject matter of several textbooks. -
W. M. White Geochemistry Chapter 5: Kinetics
W. M. White Geochemistry Chapter 5: Kinetics CHAPTER 5: KINETICS: THE PACE OF THINGS 5.1 INTRODUCTION hermodynamics concerns itself with the distribution of components among the various phases and species of a system at equilibrium. Kinetics concerns itself with the path the system takes in T achieving equilibrium. Thermodynamics allows us to predict the equilibrium state of a system. Kinetics, on the other hand, tells us how and how fast equilibrium will be attained. Although thermo- dynamics is a macroscopic science, we found it often useful to consider the microscopic viewpoint in developing thermodynamics models. Because kinetics concerns itself with the path a system takes, what we will call reaction mechanisms, the microscopic perspective becomes essential, and we will very often make use of it. Our everyday experience tells one very important thing about reaction kinetics: they are generally slow at low temperature and become faster at higher temperature. For example, sugar dissolves much more rapidly in hot tea than it does in ice tea. Good instructions for making ice tea might then incor- porate this knowledge of kinetics and include the instruction to be sure to dissolve the sugar in the hot tea before pouring it over ice. Because of this temperature dependence of reaction rates, low tempera- ture geochemical systems are often not in equilibrium. A good example might be clastic sediments, which consist of a variety of phases. Some of these phases are in equilibrium with each other and with porewater, but most are not. Another example of this disequilibrium is the oceans. The surface waters of the oceans are everywhere oversaturated with respect to calcite, yet calcite precipitates from sea- water only through biological activity. -
The Role of Geochemistry and Stress on Fracture Development And
Geothermal Technologies Program 2010 Peer Review Public Service of Colorado Ponnequin Wind Farm The Role of Geochemistry and Principal Investigator (Joseph Moore) Stress on Fracture Development Presenter Name (John McLennan) and Proppant Behavior in EGS Organization University of Utah Reservoirs Track Name Reservoir Characterization May 18, 2010 This presentation does not contain any proprietary confidential,1 | US DOE or Geothermalotherwise restricted Program information. eere.energy.gov Timeline DOE Start Date:9/30/2008 DOE Contract Signed: 9/26/2008 Ends 11/30/2011 Project ~40% Complete 2 | US DOE Geothermal Program eere.energy.gov Budget Overview DOE Awardee Total Share Share Project $972,751 $243,188 $1,215,939 Funding FY 2009 $244,869 $107,130 $351,999 FY 2010 $383,952 $64,522 $448,474 FY 2011 $343,930 $71,536 $415,466 DOE Start Date:9/30/2008 DOE Contract Signed: 9/26/2008 Ends 11/30/2011 Project ~40% Complete 3 | US DOE Geothermal Program eere.energy.gov Overview: Barriers and Partners . Barriers to EGS Reservoir Development Addressed: . Reservoir Creation . Long-Term Reservoir and Fracture Sustainability . Zonal Isolation . Partners . Independent Evaluation 4 | US DOE Geothermal Program eere.energy.gov Relevance/Impact of Research Problem . Maximizing initial conductivity of EGS domains . Maintaining long-term conductivity . Facilitate development of extensive stimulated domain via diversion Solution . Proppant placed in fractures Challenge . Proppant behavior at geothermal conditions poorly understood Use of proppant recognized as potential technology under Task “Keep Flow Paths Open” in DOE EGS Technology Evaluation Report 5 | US DOE Geothermal Program eere.energy.gov Relevance/Impact of Research OBJECTIVE Develop Improved Methods For Maintaining Permeable Fracture Volumes In EGS Reservoirs . -
Chartered Status Charteredeverything You Need Tostatus Know Everything You Need to Know
Chartered Status CharteredEverything you need toStatus know Everything you need to know www.rsc.org/cchem www.rsc.org/cchem ‘The best of any profession is always chartered’ The RSC would like to thank its members (pictured top to bottom) Ben Greener, Pfizer, Elaine Baxter, Procter & Gamble, and Richard Sleeman, Mass Spec Analytical Ltd, for their participation and support . Chartered Status | 1 Contents About chartered status 3 Why become chartered? 3 What skills and experience do I need? 3 The professional attributes for a Chartered Chemist 5 Supporting you throughout the programme yThe Professional Development Programme 5 yThe Direct Programme 7 How to apply 7 Achieving Chartered Scientist status 8 Revalidation 8 The next step 8 Application form 9 2 | Chartered Status ‘Having a professionally recognised qualification will build my external credibility’ Elaine Baxter BSc PhD MRSC Procter & Gamble Elaine Baxter is a Senior Scientist at Procter & Gamble (P&G). Since joining the company, she has had roles in formulation, process and technology development in skin and shaving science. She graduated in 2001, before completing a PhD on synthetic inorganic chemistry of platinum dyes with applications in solar cells. Elaine is currently working towards Chartered Chemist status through the Professional Development Programme. Why do you want to achieve Chartered Chemist status? My role involves science communication with people such as dermatologists, academics and the media; having a professionally recognised qualification will build my external credibility with these professionals. How do you feel the programme has worked for you? Working towards achieving the attributes required for the CChem award has presented me with opportunities to share my industry knowledge and help others. -
Pauling-Linus.Pdf
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES L I N U S C A R L P A U L I N G 1901—1994 A Biographical Memoir by J A C K D. D UNITZ Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1997 NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS WASHINGTON D.C. LINUS CARL PAULING February 28, 1901–August 19, 1994 BY JACK D. DUNITZ INUS CARL PAULING was born in Portland, Oregon, on LFebruary 28, 1901, and died at his ranch at Big Sur, California, on August 19, 1994. In 1922 he married Ava Helen Miller (died 1981), who bore him four children: Linus Carl, Peter Jeffress, Linda Helen (Kamb), and Edward Crellin. Pauling is widely considered the greatest chemist of this century. Most scientists create a niche for themselves, an area where they feel secure, but Pauling had an enormously wide range of scientific interests: quantum mechanics, crys- tallography, mineralogy, structural chemistry, anesthesia, immunology, medicine, evolution. In all these fields and especially in the border regions between them, he saw where the problems lay, and, backed by his speedy assimilation of the essential facts and by his prodigious memory, he made distinctive and decisive contributions. He is best known, perhaps, for his insights into chemical bonding, for the discovery of the principal elements of protein secondary structure, the alpha-helix and the beta-sheet, and for the first identification of a molecular disease (sickle-cell ane- mia), but there are a multitude of other important contri- This biographical memoir was prepared for publication by both The Royal Society of London and the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. -
Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry
W. M. White Geochemistry Chapter 8: Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry CHAPTER 8: RADIOGENIC ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY 8.1 INTRODUCTION adiogenic isotope geochemistry had an enormous influence on geologic thinking in the twentieth century. The story begins, however, in the late nineteenth century. At that time Lord Kelvin (born William Thomson, and who profoundly influenced the development of physics and ther- R th modynamics in the 19 century), estimated the age of the solar system to be about 100 million years, based on the assumption that the Sun’s energy was derived from gravitational collapse. In 1897 he re- vised this estimate downward to the range of 20 to 40 million years. A year earlier, another Eng- lishman, John Jolly, estimated the age of the Earth to be about 100 million years based on the assump- tion that salts in the ocean had built up through geologic time at a rate proportional their delivery by rivers. Geologists were particularly skeptical of Kelvin’s revised estimate, feeling the Earth must be older than this, but had no quantitative means of supporting their arguments. They did not realize it, but the key to the ultimate solution of the dilemma, radioactivity, had been discovered about the same time (1896) by Frenchman Henri Becquerel. Only eleven years elapsed before Bertram Boltwood, an American chemist, published the first ‘radiometric age’. He determined the lead concentrations in three samples of pitchblende, a uranium ore, and concluded they ranged in age from 410 to 535 million years. In the meantime, Jolly also had been busy exploring the uses of radioactivity in geology and published what we might call the first book on isotope geochemistry in 1908. -
Robert Burns Woodward
The Life and Achievements of Robert Burns Woodward Long Literature Seminar July 13, 2009 Erika A. Crane “The structure known, but not yet accessible by synthesis, is to the chemist what the unclimbed mountain, the uncharted sea, the untilled field, the unreached planet, are to other men. The achievement of the objective in itself cannot but thrill all chemists, who even before they know the details of the journey can apprehend from their own experience the joys and elations, the disappointments and false hopes, the obstacles overcome, the frustrations subdued, which they experienced who traversed a road to the goal. The unique challenge which chemical synthesis provides for the creative imagination and the skilled hand ensures that it will endure as long as men write books, paint pictures, and fashion things which are beautiful, or practical, or both.” “Art and Science in the Synthesis of Organic Compounds: Retrospect and Prospect,” in Pointers and Pathways in Research (Bombay:CIBA of India, 1963). Robert Burns Woodward • Graduated from MIT with his Ph.D. in chemistry at the age of 20 Woodward taught by example and captivated • A tenured professor at Harvard by the age of 29 the young... “Woodward largely taught principles and values. He showed us by • Published 196 papers before his death at age example and precept that if anything is worth 62 doing, it should be done intelligently, intensely • Received 24 honorary degrees and passionately.” • Received 26 medals & awards including the -Daniel Kemp National Medal of Science in 1964, the Nobel Prize in 1965, and he was one of the first recipients of the Arthur C. -
Geochemistry and Crystallography of Recrystallized Sedimentary Dolomites
Goldschmidt2019 Abstract Geochemistry and crystallography of recrystallized sedimentary dolomites GEORGINA LUKOCZKI1*, PANKAJ SARIN2, JAY M. GREGG1, CÉDRIC M. JOHN3 1 Oklahoma State University, Boone Pickens School of Geology, Stillwater, OK, USA 2 Oklahoma State University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tulsa, OK, USA 3 Imperial College London, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, London, UK (*Correspondence: [email protected]) Most sedimentary dolomites [CaMg(CO3)2] are meta- stable upon formation and either transform into more stable dolomite via recrystallization, or persist as meta-stable phases over deep geological time. The stability of dolomite has long been considered to be influenced by ordering and stoichiometry [1]; however, how recrystallization alters the crystal structure and chemistry of dolomites remains poorly understood. In order to better understand the relationship between various chemical and crystallographic properties and the underlying geological processes, sedimentary dolomites, formed in various diagenetic environments, were investigated in detail. The innovative aspect of this study is the application of high resolution diffraction techniques, such as sychrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction, together with various geochemical proxies, including clumped isotopes, to characterize recrystallized sedimentary dolomites. The age of the studied samples ranges from Holocene to Cambrian. The diagenetic environments of dolomitization and recrystallization were determined primarily on the basis of petrographic and geochemical data [2, 3, 4]. Rietveld refinement of high-resolution diffraction data revealed notable differences in crystallographic parameters across the various dolomite types. Several dolomite bodies have been identified as potential sites for CO2 sequestration [5]; therefore, new insights into what factors control dolomite ordering and stoichiometry will contribute to an improved understanding of dolomite reactivity and may be particularly important for CO2 sequestration studies. -
REFERENCES Abe, K., 2001. Cd in the Western Equatorial Pacific
REFERENCES Abe, K., 2001. Cd in the western equatorial Pacific. Marine Chemistry 74, 197-211. Åberg, G., Pacyna, J. M., Stray, H. and Skjelkvåle, B. L., 1999. The origin of atmospheric lead in Oslo, Norway, studies with the use of isotopic ratios. Atmospheric Environment 33, 3335-3344. Abraham, E. R., Law, C. S., Boyd, P. W., Lavender, S. J., Maldonado, M. T. and Bowie, A. R., 2000. Importance of stirring in the development of an iron-fertilized phytoplankton bloom. Nature 407, 727-730. Aiken, G. R., McKnight, D. M., Wershaw, R. L. and MacCarthy, P., 1985. An introduction to humic substances in soil, sediment, and water. In: Aiken, G. R., McKnight, D. M., Wershaw, R. L. and MacCarthy, P. (eds.) Humic Substances in Soil, Sediment, and Water. New York: Wiley-Interscience, pp. 1-12. Al-Asasm, I. S., Clarke, J. D. and Fryer, B. J., 1998. Stable isotopes and heavy metal distribution in Dreissena polymorpha (Zebra Mussels) from western basin of Lake Erie, Canada. Environmental Geology 33, 122-129. Al-Farawati, R. and van den Berg, C. M. G., 1999. Metal-sulfide complexation in seawater. Marine Chemistry 63, 331-352. Amano, H., Matsunaga, T., Nagao, S., Hanzawa, Y., Watanabe, M., Ueno, T. and Onuma, Y., 1999. The transfer capability of long-lived Chernobyl radionuclides from surface soil to river water in dissolved forms. Organic Geochemistry 30, 437-442. Anderson, T. F. and Arthur, M. A., 1983. Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their application to sedimentologic and paleoenvironmental problems. In: Arthur, M. A., Anderson, T. F., Kaplan, I. R., Veizer, J. -
New Model of Abiogenesis
Goldschmidt2020 Abstract New model of abiogenesis A. IVANOV1, V. SEVASTYANOV1, A. DOLGONOSOV1 AND E. GALIMOV1 1Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of Russian Academу of Sciences, Kosygina street 19, Moscow 119334, Russia ([email protected]) Understanding the nature of the causes that led to the beginning of the structural self-organization of protobionts is a fundamental question in finding solutions to the problem of abiogenic origin of life. The main difficulties in understanding the question - how this happened, arise due to the fact that after 4 billion years of geological and biological activity of the planet, direct material evidence, the complex process of spontaneous generation of living matter, was not found. But is it possible, with a detailed examination of the geophysical and geochemical features of the situation of the early Earth, to restore the history of the sequence of prebiological events that predetermined the formation of protocellular precursors of the first living organisms? After all, in fact, having embarked on this path, you can trace the order of formation of prebiotic structures reveal the principle of self-organization of primary biological matter, and eventually come to a pristine type of living matter. Probably, the primary living matter required not only special conditions, but also special location that could protect and maintain its existence for a long time, since the aggressive environment of the primitive Earth would not allow primitive life to develop without such protection. This is due to the various kinds of exposure to hard cosmic radiation, as well as the adverse effects of other physical and chemical factors.