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Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia Contents OECD Green Growth Studies Chapter 1 OECD Green Growth Studies OECD Green Growth Studies Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia Contents OECD Green Growth Studies Chapter 1. The urgent need to make growth in Southeast Asian cities green Chapter 2. Seizing untapped opportunities: Green growth policies in Southeast Asian cities Chapter 3. Governance levers to enable urban green growth in Southeast Asia Urban Green Growth Annex A. Profiles of the case study cities Annex B. The Knowledge-Sharing Platform on Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia in Dynamic Asia Annex C. Urban green growth indicators for Southeast Asia Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia Consult this publication on line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264266360-en. This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical databases. Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information. ISBN 978-92-64-26635-3 04 2016 16 1 P 9HSTCQE*cggdfd+ OECD Green Growth Studies Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2016), Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia, OECD Green Growth Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264266360-en ISBN 978-92-64-26635-3 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-26636-0 (PDF) Series: OECD Green Growth Studies ISSN 2222-9515 (print) ISSN 2222-9523 (online) The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm. © OECD 2016 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. FOREWORD – 3 Foreword The Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia project explores how to promote green growth in cities in Asia, examining policies and governance practices that encourage environmental sustainability and competitiveness in a rapidly expanding economy. The main aim is to assist Southeast Asian cities in decoupling economic growth from environmental stress and to promote a long-term trajectory of sustained growth. This synthesis report presents the results of case studies along with practical policy recommendations, reflecting the local contexts of Southeast Asia. While Southeast Asian cities are affected by a range of economic, infrastructure, environmental and social challenges, ongoing rapid development offers opportunities to shift towards greener growth models. The concept of urban green growth can be a powerful vector of sustainable development, by emphasising the existence and potential of enhancing both economic and environmental performance. This report indicates that there are many unexplored areas for advancing green growth, especially in land use and transportation, solid waste, water resource management, energy, buildings, and green industries and services. However, it highlights that the window of opportunity for Southeast Asia to switch to a sustainable model of growth is fast closing, and that it should act now to reduce the environmental externalities associated with its rapid economic and urban growth. Inaction now could not only hinder economic and social progress but reduce quality of life. Land use is the most important policy area that can underpin other sectoral opportunities, generating synergies to advance green growth. This report contributes both to the OECD Green Growth Strategy and to the OECD Strategy on Development, as well as to ongoing discussions on the role of cities in tackling the urgent challenges of climate change. The project is part of the OECD Green Cities Programme, launched in 2010, which has conducted four metropolitan case studies (Paris, Chicago, Stockholm and Kitakyushu), two national case studies (the People’s Republic of China and Korea) and produced a synthesis report, Green Growth in Cities (2013). The analysis is based on a “focused comparison” strategy of case study research. This entailed asking the same questions to the different case study cities in order to discern similarities and draw general lessons. Although the analysis focuses on Asian cities, the lessons for promoting green growth will also be relevant for other OECD member countries and cities. The report was prepared by the Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development. The Directorate’s mission is to help governments at all levels design and implement strategic, evidence-based and innovative policies to strengthen public governance; respond effectively to diverse and disruptive economic, social and environmental challenges; and to deliver on governments’ commitments to citizens. URBAN GREEN GROWTH IN DYNAMIC ASIA © OECD 2016 4 – FOREWORD This publication benefited from guidance from the OECD Regional Development Policy Committee and its Working Party on Urban Policy, as well as the support of the local teams and city governments. It draws on data provided by the local team and the OECD Metropolitan Database. The analytical approach draws on Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia: A Conceptual Framework (2014). The expertise and experience of OECD member countries provided relevant international benchmarks and policy examples. URBAN GREEN GROWTH IN DYNAMIC ASIA © OECD 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS – 5 Acknowledgements This publication was led and co-ordinated by Tadashi Matsumoto (Project Manager, Urban Green Growth/Knowledge Sharing) under the direction of Joaquim Oliveira Martins (Head of the Regional Development Policy Division). Loïc Daudey (Consultant, Green Growth/Knowledge Sharing in Southeast Asia) drafted Chapters 1 and 3, while Tadashi Matsumoto and Kwame Boye Frimpong (Consultant, Green Growth in Southeast Asia) drafted Chapter 2. The report benefited from comments and inputs from colleagues at the OECD: Karen Maguire, William Tompson, Martin Abbott, Christian Pollock, Chris McDonald, Hidekatsu Asada, Peter Borkey and Miza Razali. Pilar Philip, Joanne Dudon and Jennifer Allain prepared the manuscript for publication. Our thanks go to the local teams of the five case study cities in Southeast Asia that provided comments and inputs to the report: Bandung (Indonesia), Iskandar Malaysia (Malaysia), Metro Cebu (the Philippines), Bangkok (Thailand) and Hai Phong (Viet Nam). The OECD Secretariat would like to thank in particular: Boyd Dionysius Joeman and Sharifah Shahidah Syed Ahmad (Iskandar Regional Development Authority), Province of Cebu; Evelyn Nacario Castro and Jackie Amazona Clavin (Metro Cebu Development and Coordinating Board-Research Program and Organization Development/Ramon Aboitiz Foundation, Inc. Eduardo Aboitiz Development Studies Center); Suwanna Jungrungrueng, Wullaya Wattanarat, Termsiri Chongpoonphol, Jarupong Pengglieng and Nuanphan Phawawes (Bangkok Metropolitan Administration); Vu Hoang Cuong and Le Thi Hanh (City of Hai Phong). The publication also benefited from valuable inputs from the five case study reports and the Knowledge-Sharing Platform on Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia, in particular from the Knowledge Sharing Workshops held in Bangkok (6-7 August 2014), Iskandar Malaysia (5-6 November 2014), Bandung (6-7 May 2015), Hai Phong (25-27 June 2015) and Cebu (9-10 December 2015). The OECD Secretariat would like to acknowledge gratefully the financial support of the government of Japan. URBAN GREEN GROWTH IN DYNAMIC ASIA © OECD 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS – 7 Table of contents Acronyms and abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 11 Executive summary ................................................................................................................................. 13 Chapter 1. The urgent need to make growth in Southeast Asian cities green .................................... 17 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 20 The growth of Southeast Asian cities and their role in national economic development...................... 23 Infrastructure and environmental challenges of fast urbanisation and economic growth ..................... 33 Social challenges of Southeast Asian cities may have long-term economic and environmental repercussions ................................................................................................................. 47 Conclusion: The urgent
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