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Scott and Charcot at the Col Du Lautaret 1908 Trials of the First Motor Driven Sledges Designed for Transport in the Antarctic

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Scott and Charcot at the Col Du Lautaret 1908 Trials of the First Motor Driven Sledges Designed for Transport in the Antarctic S. Aubert, J. Skelton, Y. Frenot, A. Bignon+ Scott and Charcot at the col du Lautaret 1908 Trials of the first motor driven sledges designed for transport in the Antarctic Scott et Charcot au col du Lautaret essais de traîneaux à moteur menés en 1908 pour des expéditions antarctiques Les cahiers illustrés du Lautaret 2014 - n° 5 After their first Antarctic expeditions, at the beginning of the 1900s, Captain Scott and Dr Charcot were well acquainted with the extreme difficulties of transporting hundreds of kilos of equipment and supplies through snow and ice on sledges pulled by animals or men. They were both seeking alternative methods of traction and were actively developing motorised sledges. However, before returning to Antarctica, they needed to find a place to test their prototypes in severe conditions. The Alps were a natural choice and they settled on the col du Lautaret, at about 6,800 ft in altitude but accessible in winter through a high mountain road, where the trials took place in March 1908 with engines built by the De Dion-Bouton Company. Following Scott’s tragic death, Charcot had a cairn erected in homage to him in the Alpine Garden at the col du Lautaret in 1913. The cairn was re-erected on a new site in 1921, to which the garden was also moved shortly afterwards. Today, the Alpine and polar worlds continue to be linked through joint research in glaciology and ecology. Suite à leur première expédition antarctique au début des années 1900, le capitaine Scott et le docteur Charcot mesurent la contrainte que représente le transport par des animaux ou à dos d’homme de centaines de kilos de matériel et de vivres sur la glace et la neige. Dans ce contexte, ils décident d’essayer de nouveaux modes de traction, des traîneaux automobiles construits par l’entreprise De Dion-Bouton. Ces nouveaux matériels, dotés d’innovations pour résister aux rigueurs du climat antarctique, doivent être testés en conditions extrêmes avant le départ pour le pôle Sud. Le choix se porte naturellement vers les Alpes, avec un site desservi en hiver par une route de haute montagne, le col du Lautaret situé à 2 058 m, où les essais ont lieu en mars 1908. Suite à l’expédition tragique de Scott au pôle Sud, Charcot a décidé de faire ériger en 1913 un cairn en son hommage. L’installation se fait au Jardin alpin du Lautaret et le cairn sera déplacé en 1921 vers son emplacement actuel peu de temps après le déplacement du Jardin alpin. Aujourd’hui, les liens entre les mondes alpin et polaire se perpétuent à travers des recherches menées conjointement au col du Lautaret et en régions polaires, notamment en glaciologie et en écologie. Front cover: Dr Charcot during the trials at Lautaret 1e de couverture : Charcot durant les essais au Lautaret Back cover: Scott’s cairn in winter, with ‘La Meije’ 4e de couverture : le cairn Scott et la Meije en hiver. Photo S. Aubert Scott and Charcot at the col du Lautaret 1908 Trials of the first motor driven sledges designed for transport in the Antarctic Scott et Charcot au col du Lautaret essais de traîneaux à moteur menés en 1908 pour des expéditions antarctiques The plaque affixed to Scott’s cairn La plaque apposée sur le cairn Scott. Photo : T. Syre This publication is the outcome of a collaboration between the Joseph Fourier Alpine Station (University of Grenoble I and CNRS), the Paul Emile Victor French Polar Institute (IPEV) and the Scott Polar Research Institute of Cambridge University (SPRI). Some illustrations are from the archives of the Alpine Garden and others from an unpublished album of photographs belonging to Reginald Skelton, Scott’s chief engineer and in-charge of photography in Discovery. Warm thanks for a number of other illustrations go to several institutions: the French National Library, the Archives department of the Hautes-Alpes, the Musée Dauphinois and SPRI. We are also grateful to several private collections: Bernard François, historian from l’Oisans; Serge Kahn, specialist on French polar exploration and past President of the Friends of Commandant Charcot and of the Pourquoi-Pas?; Charles Gaston Rouillon (1915-2007), past Assistant Director and Chief Scientist of polar expeditions of Paul-Émile Victor Missions. We also thank the Community of Briançon Communes for their financial support to the Cahiers Illustrés du Lautaret since their creation in 2010. Many thanks also to Joyce McNeill for her assistance with the English translation. We would also like to thank Angela Antoina for help with the French translation of technical terms, and Christophe Perrier and Thibaud Syre for the critical reading of the manuscript. Print run: 1.500 copies Ce travail est le fruit d’une collaboration entre la Station alpine Joseph Fourier (Université Grenoble 1 et CNRS), l’Institut Polaire Français Paul Emile Victor (IPEV) et l’Institut Polaire de Recherche Scott (SPRI, université de Cambridge). Certaines illustrations sont issues des archives du Jardin alpin du Lautaret et d’autres d’un carnet de photographies inédites de Reginald Skelton, l’ingénieur en chef et photographe officiel de Scott. Une autre partie des illustrations provient de plusieurs institutions qui sont chaleureusement remerciées : la Bibliothèque Nationale de France, les Archives départementales des Hautes-Alpes, le Musée dauphinois et l’Institut polaire Scott de l’université de Cambridge (SPRI). Les propriétaires de plusieurs collections privées sont également remerciées : Bernard François, historien de l’Oisans, Serge Kahn, spécialiste des explorations polaires françaises et ancien président des Amis du commandant Charcot et du Pourquoi-Pas ?, Charles Gaston Rouillon (1915-2007), ancien directeur adjoint et responsable scientifique des Expéditions polaires françaises de Paul-Émile Victor. La Communauté de Communes du Briançonnais est également remerciée pour le soutien financier apporté à l’édition des Cahiers illustrés du Lautaret depuis leur création en 2010. Joyce McNeill est vivement remerciée pour sa participation à la traduction anglaise. De même qu’Angela Antoina pour son aide dans la traduction française de termes techniques et que Christophe Perrier et Thibaud Syre pour leur relecture. Tirage : 1500 exemplaires Station alpine Joseph Fourier UMS 3370 UJF CNRS Grenoble - Col du Lautaret [ 2100m ] Scott and Charcot at the col du Lautaret 1908 Trials of the first motor driven sledges designed for transport in the Antarctic Scott et Charcot au col du Lautaret essais de traîneaux à moteur menés en 1908 pour des expéditions antarctiques Serge AUBERT*, Judy SKELTON£, Yves FRENOT**, Alain BIGNON+ * Joseph Fourier Alpine Station, UMS 3370 CNRS Université Grenoble 1, Bât D, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France ; correspondence : [email protected] ** Institut Polaire Français Paul Emile Victor (IPEV), Technopôle Brest-Iroise CS 60 075, 29280 Plouzané, France £ volunteer at Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) and Treasurer to the Friends of SPRI, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1ER, England Enriched with / enrichi de 80 illustrations and 55 bibliographic references / et 55 références bibliographiques Contents - sommaire The Antarctic and its conquest 5 Captain Scott (1868-1912) 9 The Discovery expedition 9 The Terra Nova expedition 10 The controversy surrounding Scott’s tragic expedition 13 Dr Charcot (1867-1936) 17 Motorised sledges for extreme conditions 19 The different types of transport 19 The first motor sledges 19 The trials during winter 1908 22 The motorised sledges in the Antarctic 35 Charcot’s sledges 35 Scott’s sledges 35 The Cairn at the col de Lautaret 43 Construction 43 Inauguration 46 Moving the cairn 48 Treasure in the cairn? 53 The centenary of the motor sledge trials 56 Polar transport today 61 Polar research at Grenoble 69 Glaciology 69 Ecology of cold habitats 69 The Joseph Fourier Alpine Station (SAJF) 71 La version française (avec images en taille réduite) 79 Bibliography / bibliographie 121 ANTARCTIC The Lautaret Alpine Garden is associated with the history Fig. 1 (opposite page). Routes of polar expeditions and the conquest of the south pole in followed by Captain Scott and Amundsen during their conquest particular. In 1908, Captain Scott and Dr Charcot chose the of the South Pole (Modified after col du Lautaret to run the first trials of the new motorised Wikipedia) sledges which they were planning to take on their expeditions. The cairn in the garden is a tribute to Scott. A hundred years after its inauguration, this booklet tells the story of the trials and the cairn. The story and many of the photographs are published here for the first time. 3 Robert Falcon SCOTT Ernest SHACKLETON (1868-1912) (1874-1922) Roald AMUNDSEN Jean-Baptiste CHARCOT (1872-1928) (1867-1936) The Antarctic and its conquest In ancient Greece, Aristotle postulated the existence of a large southern continent, to provide a counterbalance to the continental masses of the northern hemisphere. Called ‘Terra Australis’, it appears on several 16th century maps, well before its official discovery. It is possible that the first Antarctic sighting was of the South Sandwich Islands, at the tip of the Antarctic peninsula, made as early as 1599 by a Dutch sailor, Dirck Gerritsz, when his ship was blown south in a storm. However, it wasn’t until the 18th century that more reliable records of sightings and landings were made. The French sea captain Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier explored among the ice bergs of the Southern Ocean in search of ‘Southern land’, reaching latitude 55°S in 1739 and discovering Bouvet Island in the subantarctic. Then, leaving France in 1771 in search of a ‘very large continent’, the French naval officer Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec’s expedition made a short stop on land he named ‘Southern France’, an archipelago which James Cook later rebaptised ‘The Island of Desolation’ and is now known as the ‘Kerguelen Islands’, part of Terres Antarctiques et Australes Françaises (TAAF).
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