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OF . Fhe EUROPE^ BASQUES W John Go Ghidaine An anthropological survey of the European Basques Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic); maps Authors Chidaine, John Gabriel, 1922- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 09:17:19 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551373 ffl ANIHROPOLOGIGAL SURVEY: OF . fHE EUROPE^ BASQUES W John Go Ghidaine :V ••• . A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the 1 OF AHTHROPOLOGI In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements , For the Degree of , . ^ ; : master OF m m :. ; , In the Graduate College ; ; / : , mnVERSITY OF ARIZOm 1 9 5 9 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re­ quirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: T. GETTY Date Associate Professor of Anthropology FOHsroro : • Judging from the abundance of publications which treat of the Basque people “=two thousand would be a conservative figure^ one might infer that the subject is esdiaustedo Surprisingly so5 ranch remains to be knomio The history and the language of the Basques have been thoroughly examined,, yet many of the data regarding the eharactezi sties of Basque society and ®raee?l have been often iaisinter= prated^ cursorily and incompletely observed,, or even never colleetedo • In their obsession. to "prove** th eir personal viewpoints^ most of the authors were led to present subjective or conjectural arguments rather than objective facts» Some of them persisted in their attempts to discover the "mysterious origins® of the Basques and bitterly defended the place of origin they had chosen® Others9 @thnoeehtrieal2y biased^ praised the extraordinary virtues of these peopleg while a few deprecated their lack of virtue So Somes under the spell of the Basque countrys eulogised Basque life with a ll the passion of the romanticist school of literatureg aid a few others were stirring the creation of a movement for an independent Basque nation^ The few studies of a sociological characters even those written by such pioneers as Le Play and Tardes lack sorely in datas tend to jump to conclusions^ or approach the problem from Auguste Comte's standpointo In general French authors ignore the Spanish Basques and the Spanish authors tend to neglect the French Basques^ lihat • ■■ :; V ii pervades most of these writings is the common asstaraption of Basque "'uniquenessw and ^puritjo!* This assumption could he expressed as followss if the Basque language is unique9 so must be the Basque race and social customsj and if all these are uniques they must derive from ancient original thus the present Basque languages vsss,es and culture must be the - purest in Europe'* In other wordss languages race s and culture were considered as ah' indivisible whole through time and srea and were. examined idth a purely speculative and conjectural approach* ' in the past few yfarss howevers' earnest attempts have been mad© to avoid the faults of earlier'literature* These newer studies tend.to treat the subject somewhat within the frame of anthropological methodologyc, Most of the data in th is ' survey are derived from such studiesa Only one social anthropologist has ever seriously undertaken the study of t&e Basquesj a Basque himselfs Julio Caro Baroja. is the author of several articles and publications among which his stenograph# ■ ,. ; .x" . " r Los Tasebss Etnologfas is the most complete and enlightened presentation of Basque culture to date* M other monograph of some standing is Las ■ ■ ’ '■■■■ : ■ \ Basques3 by Philippe Veyrin who appears to be chiefly a historian and a folkloristo The object of this work is to gather# classify# reorganize# and interpret along the lines of anthropological concepts and methods of investigation the data which are presented in the most pertinent literature o Extensive reading was done in the Bibliotheque Municipal© . ' • r-'' '■, 0 . ' de Bayonne and at the library of the Musee Basque de Bayonne # France <, This was done with the purpose in mind of selecting the most pertinent H i references for this study 0 From more that eight hundred references*" some three hundred were carefully analysed* Of this numberg about thirby-flve of the most comprehensive and authentic French and Spanish publications were used as the basis of this study*, Furthermore* some of these - data have been interpreted or completed in the light of the w r i t e r 8 @ personal observations, made, .especially on the French side of the Basque country* It is hoped that this analysis* condensation* and interpretation of original material* much of it unavailable in this country* m il be of some value to students of Basque problems* especially to those interested in conducting a field study*, This student wishes"to express his gratitude to don Julio Caro Baroja* whose help and guidance is greatTy appreciated^ to members - • , ■ " ; of the larralde family of the village of Louhossoa* in Inboard* w ith ; " ' , i:;: ' • - ' ; whom he has had'on several occasions since.1937* informative, contacts; to the staff of the Musee Basque of Bayonne for the use of its library; and to h is p ro fesso rs* Mrs* C lara le e Tanner* B r0 H0 Ts G etty* and - . ' _ , ' . i " ' Bto E o H o Spicer for their competent advice regarding the general ' ; ■ ' presentation of the materialo ’' it number of Basque words had to be utilised either because of their linguistic interest, or because of their specific meaning0 In order to facilitate their pronunciation in Eogliah# these words were . arbitrarily transcribed according to a combination of Spanish and French ^ . / ■■ ■' orthogr^by* the Intematlonai" Phonetic Alphabet could not be used throughout-the texto It should be noted that at times the suffixes =-a and -ak are added to Basque #brds to indicate respectively" the article or plural 0 It was also me@ gm^’t#,:Tas# a aumber of la41as Spanish2 sa,d French words o In order to avoid any.possible ©©tifasionj, the origin of these words is indicated whenever neeessajcy in the foHra-ring mnners (1) Estoara, or Basque languages (L). I ^ la s;: (S)Spanlshs and (?) French^ ■. TmiM m COMSNfS F&ge FOKiO® o O O O O 0*0 O 0 op O <J o o1 o p o o 0-0 6 o o o © o . i i ■ IS ... GIWTER 0B3E„ WkT IS A. BiEODE t „ „ c . » o o o o ' 1. I- «= Isitw a l Emd-roment © © © © © © © © . 0 6.' 1 . ■ : / Physiography ' - ; B= Natural Resourees - G=> GHmate . ' .... / : ’ D= Flora and Fatim - ■ I I = Die Pregent o - o o O O O O O O O O O 0*0 o o - ■ 7 ■ ■: ‘ A” Bi@ S&wen Provinmg . '' BA Definition in Terms, of % ee# G= Definition in Terns of Ffees® . B" Defimitlon. in Teas' of Gnltnre . V'.IIX 03 Tfet© P a st O 0 0 0.0 © o o o’ 0 o o o o o o o 15 . - V - ; A= " . : ■ • B-'Baoe ;. - ■ "■ ! . .■ ■ r . A : ; ' G nltw e. ' . : . ' ’' . ' IF «• G jondnsion ■ © o © © © © © © © © ©. © © .© O 0 21 ' CHAPTER BFGo. THE MIGUAGE © © © © © © © © „ © © © © © © ©o - o ■ ' ■ 2k ■ 2 = General Mature • of Eska»a © © o o 25 , / Jfr Phonetios . - ' ' " . ' B^ Morphology . : ' - g.“ /'■ ' ' : ■ ■ ' ■ 12'■= Some Pediliarities of liteara o o .3 1 A° Smsrstien ' ■: ■ B©= Time' TaM ilm 1. G= Color BisfeiBetion. ' SomatbpoeiAs' '-;" III = Word 'BorroMngs © © © © © © © o o 32 IT »' problem ©f Origins © . © :© © © : o b 3k ' -. T M te ra tw e and MLteraey © © © o ■ f , 36 GEMTER IHEEEo ffiE mGB o o o o o o I <= H - G‘3iO.'3T?U. G r’O cX ch o o o o o © © o o o o o o o' o o o A«= The ABO Blood G roips, B= The 1# Blood’ Groups G- The m #K@mi ' - ... ‘ ' ^ ' ' D=- The lutheran 9 Duffys' and Other Blood G-roups E= Other Gene Frequencies ............ ' : " ' ’ I I I = Gondnsxons o © © © © © o o : © © o © © © © © © © © © 51; GlWTEH FOUR© THE CULTURE © © © © © © © © O P O O O G O 55 X a The lndtxstrs.al Areas © ©' © © © © © © © © © © © © © - j&i Siderurff ' Shipping. ' ' . ' . C= Other Industries D= #@#mlr'Md; :G0-tnral A#e@tm II ” The Fashxag Area ©. © © ©■ © © © © © © © © © © © © © ^1 III ^ The Rural Area © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ^3 IF cz- The Fs^iBtoral A reas © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ©. © (Sii- Mp Lohg=distan©e TraashuBahoe B= aaort=di.sta8ioe Tr-ssishxaiaanee' - . PART THD>; RURAL BASQUE CULTURE CWTER H iE ®E ETCHE © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ©. ©;© ?2 Definition and'Component Parts 'B= Tapes''of Faz*omses ’ ' ' ' : ' I ”• The JSocxaX © o’ © © © © © © © © © ©. © _© © © © © @3 ■ A- U n sh ip /" ; . " B^ RmkSsg ; v .......... , : C“: Breblem of .Inheritance '>' " ; ’ / .. ' ' t I I ^ The Eoono^xe © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 101 £«= Men6'® Work' , ; ■ ■ ' / . B=» tfome^ slfcrk' . ■. ^ ' ■ 0= ;Ohiiarehfs Worlc' t . ' . ■ .t . D= Oomolmslon: ' ' ' ' ' ' ' H I “ The Bolxtxoal ^^tit © © © ® . © © © © © © © © © © © © H2 I¥ » Other JB^ieets' of Etehe life © © © © © © © © © © © © 113 A* C lothing ' " ; ' ;■ ■ . ' . B" l&ythms of B,f® . ' ‘ Pag® CHSFEEE S3X THE VXLMGE-GOMMOMXTX 0 o 0 0 o » o » . o o. 122 - I The Neighborhood ,0 0 » 0 0 = ■ I2h Lehen M m B= SjsdalAties and Cliques II The o.o o o o o o o o 128 III The ooooooooooo o o 129 4“ Religious Center ; ' B= Soeio=ee©noraic Center 0= R ec re a tio n al C enter D= Goimaunieations and Cross-cultural Center IV - Social Organisation of the Village-eomunity 0 139 ' A= Kinship B- Sodalities , G= Cliques and Clienteles D- Stratification ¥ life Cycleg B eliefand some Cultural Values 0 O O lh9 m W TEl SE¥1I, THE PROVINCE , 0.
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