Programme & Abstracts

Home , Anghel Saligny, Astra Arad, Banat Bulgarians, Bulgarians in Hungary, Bulgarians in Spain, Bulgarians in Ukraine

PROGRAMME & ABSTRACTS

41ST ICOHTEC SYMPOSIUM 29 July – 3 August 2014, Brasov, Romania Transilvania University of Brasov

TECHNOLOGY in TIMES of TRANSITION

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 1

Contacts during the symposium The Local Organising Committee Elena Helerea mobile: +40‐(0)744 624 682 E‐mail: [email protected] Daniel Calin mobile: + 40‐(0)726 194 856 E‐mail: [email protected]

Editors: Sławomir Łotysz, Elena Helerea Co‐editors: Marina Cionca, Bíborka Bartha Cover: Antónia Czika, Bíborka Bartha Maps: Bíborka Bartha

Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Brasov 2014

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 2

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 3

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 4

CONTENTS

WELCOME……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5

ORGANISERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7

SYMPOSIUM INFORMATION:………………………………………………………………………………………. 13

ICOHTEC AND ITS OBJECTIVES……………………………………………………………………………………. 14 THEME OF THE SYMPOSIUM……………………………………………………………………………………… 14 THE VENUE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15 REGISTRATION AND INFORMATION DESK…………………………………………………………………. 17 SYMPOSIUM LANGUAGE………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17 INSTRUCTIONS FOR PRESENTERS…………………………………………………………………………….… 17 INTERNET…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17 LUNCH AND COFFEE…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17 MOBILE PHONES………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17 POSTER PRESENTATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 18 EXHIBITION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18 SYMPOSIUM HOTELS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19

MAPS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 21

PROGRAMME AT A GLANCE…………………………………………………………………………………………. 23

SOCIAL PROGRAMME. EXCURSIONS, TOURS. ACCOMPANYING PERSONS……………………… 27

SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME……………………………………………………………………………………………… 35

KRANZBERG LECTURE…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 57

ABSTRACTS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 61

TRANSILVANIA UNIVERSITY OF BRASOV………………………………………………………………………. 229

THE CITY OF BRASOV……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 235

INDEX OF AUTHORS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 241

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 5

WELCOME TO TRANSILVANIA UNIVERSITY OF BRASOV Transilvania University, located at the foot of Mount Tampa in the city that has ensured the liaison between culture and civilisation on both sides of the Carpathians, enjoys significant prestige in both education and research. Transilvania University is a state institution of higher education looking back on a tradition of more than half a century. Its mission is to ensure and develop the resources and instruments for quality education and research in order to support competitiveness within the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) and the European Research Area (ERA). Each year Transilvania University of Braşov becomes the chosen destination for hundreds of students and teachers from all EU countries, involved in academic exchange programmes, perhaps attracted also by its slogan “Confidence and Excellence” and certainly by its reputation. On its turn, the university participates by its teachers and students in research and education at the more than 200 universities from Europe and beyond, with whom bilateral agreements of cooperation were closed. The role and place of Transilvania University in the international area of education and research is illustrated not only by its cooperation with more than 150 universities and research institutes worldwide, but also by its scientific research projects, educational projects and the mobility of teaching staff and students financed by the European Community, be the CEEPUS programmes and other bilateral schemes. Our academic community is actively present in our region not only by promoting European and universal educational values, but also by its involvement in economic and socio‐cultural activities, thus rendering the university one of Brasov’s emblematic institutions. It is within this context that the 41st Symposium of the International Committee for the History of Technology ICOHTEC held in Brasov between July 29th and August 2nd 2014 as part of the Division of History of Science and Technology of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science IUHPS/DHST represents a recognition of the constant involvement of our university’s academia the field of history of science and technology. I wish to thank all organisers, supporting entities and sponsors for their substantial contribution to the success of this academic meeting of prestigious tradition. By making our university the host of this symposium, a university that honours the history of both technology and science, we trust to facilitate an event designed to arouse the interest of history of technology researchers in a country that gave the world personalities like Hermann Oberth, Ștefan Odobleja, Anghel Saligny and Henri Coanda. Let me finally wish you a successful symposium and extend an invitation to be our honoured guests again on the occasion of many other events organised by our university.

Professor Ioan Vasile Abrudan Rector Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 6

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 7

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 8

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 9

ORGANISERS ICOHTEC President Timo MYLLYNTAUS

Transilvania University of Brasov Rector Prof.dr.eng. Ioan Vasile ABRUDAN

Brasov County Council President Aristotel CANCESCU

Brasov City Hall Mayor Gheorghe SCRIPCARU

ICPE‐CA Bucuresti Director Prof.dr. Wilhelm KAPPEL

SUPPORTING ENTITIES Academia Romana CRIFST‐Filiala Brasov Valentin VLAD, Academician

Academia de Stinte Tehnice‐ Dr.ing. Mihai MIHAITA Filiala Brasov

Asociatia Generala a Inginerilor Dr.ing. Mihai MIHAITA din Romania

Camera de Comert si Industrie Adriana ISPAS, Director General Brasov

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 10

SPONSORS Mihnea Cosmin COSTOIU, Ministerul Educatiei Nationale Ministru Delegat, Tudor PRISECARU, Secretar de

Stat Lucia MOISE, Director Agence Universitaire de la Abderrahmane RIDA, Director Francophonie regional pentru Europa Centrala si orientala, Stanislas PIERRET

S.N.G.N. ROMGAZ S.A. Medias Virgil Marius METEA, Director General

SC CRIOMEC SA Galaţi Prof.dr.ing. Alexandru STEFAN, Director

SC Domeniul Coroanei SEGARCEA Ing. Mihai ANGHEL, Director SRL

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 11

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE  Maria Elvira CALLAPEZ, Professor, Inter University Centre of History of Science and Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal  Slawomir LOTYSZ (Chair), Professor, University of Zielona Gora, Poland  Alexandre HERLEA, Professor emeritus, Technical University Belfort Montbéliard, France  Timo MYLLYNTAUS, Professor, University of Turku, Finland  Christopher NEUMAIER, Centre for Contemporary History Potsdam, Germany

LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE President: Elena HELEREA, Professor, Transilvania University of Brasov Secretary: Daniel CALIN, Lecturer, PhD, Transilvania University of Brasov Financial Advisor: Gabriela PLOPEANU, International Projects Expert, Project Management Office, Transilvania University of Brasov Members:  Liliana ROGOZEA, Professor, Transilvania University of Brasov, Vice‐Rector  Cecilia DOICIU, Brasov City Hall, Department of International Relations, Culture and Events  Claudiu COMAN, Assist. Professor, Transilvania University of Brasov, Director of the Social and Communication Sciences Department, President of the Culture Board of the Brasov County Council  Alexandru HERLEA, Professor, Doctor Honoris Causa of Transilvania University of Brasov  Marina CIONCA, Professor, Transilvania University of Brasov  Livia SANGEORZAN, Assist. Professor, Transilvania University of Brasov  Alin OLARESCU, Lecturer, PhD, Transilvania University of Brasov  Mircea IVANOIU, Teaching Assistant, Transilvania University of Brasov  Biborka BARTHA, Architect, PhD student, Transilvania University of Brasov  Marius BENTA, Engineer, PhD student, Transilvania University of Brasov  Laura LELUTIU, Lecturer, PhD, Transilvania University of Brasov  Catalin MIHAI, Engineer, PhD, SC FDEE Electrica Distributie Transilvania Sud SA  Dan BALAN, Historian, Brasov  Monica COTFAS, Teacher, Mircea Cristea Highschool, Brasov  Georgeta ALECU, Engineer, PhD, ICPE‐CA, Bucharest

Translation  Viviana MOLDOVAN, Highschool Codlea  Melania COTFAS, Mircea Cristea Highschool Brasov TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 12

 Luminita HUSAC, Ioan Senchea Highschool Fagaras  Virgil BORCAN, Lecturer PhD, Transilvania University of Brasov

Collaborators:  Adriana ISPAS, Director, Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Brasov  Sorin ABAGIU, S.C FDEE Electrica Distribuţie Transilvania Sud S.A  Puiu CHISALITA, Societatea Nationala de Gaze Naturale Romgaz SA Medias  Ovidiu SAVU, Casa Muresenilor Museum, Brasov  Florentin OLTEANU, Negru‐Voda Cultural Foundation, Fagaras, Brasov County  Elena BEJENARU, Valer Literat Museum of Fagaras

Registration Desk:  Ioana FIRESTRAU, Lecturer, PhD, Transilvania University of Brasov  Corneliu URSACHI, PhD, Transilvania University of Brasov  Andra TUDOR, Student  Flavius BEJAN, Student

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 13

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 14

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 15

ICOHTEC and its Objectives www.icohtec.org The International Committee for the History of Technology ICOHTEC was founded in Paris 1968 when bitterness divided the nations in the Eastern and Western worlds. The intent was to provide a forum of scholars for the history of technology from both sides of the "iron curtain" It was constituted as a Scientific Section within the Division of the History of Science and Technology of the International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science IUHPS/DHST.

The objectives of ICOHTEC are: • To establish close working relationships among specialists of different disciplines in order to foster international cooperation for the study and development of the history of technology; • To promote the study of appropriate historical subjects by establishing and extending the scholarly bases of the history of technology as well as by contributing to the resolution of certain contemporary national and international problems; • To facilitate research and documentation for scholars in all countries in the history of technology by exchange of information and the creation of the material means necessary for this objective. Theme of the Symposium The theme chosen for the 41st ICOHTEC Symposium 2014 is very topical and is of interest for historians, but also for economists, political scientists or sociologists. It covers a large range of subjects and is therefore in line with ICOHTEC traditions in choosing symposia themes. The notion of “period of transition” relates as well to the periods of rapid change in technology stretching from Prehistory to our days, as to the periods of radical change experienced in the fields of sciences, economy, society, politics, beliefs and mentalities. Because of the interdependence and the mutual influences between technology, science, economy and social‐political aspects, as well as beliefs, traditions and mentalities, periods of transitions are, in many cases, characterized by important changes in most or in all of these fields. The ICOHTEC Symposium 2014 more or less restricts itself to analyzing the transition period in the field of techniques and technology in the Western World in the 20th Century. This took place after the technological changes in the Middle‐Ages, the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and early 19th Centuries. The beginning of the techno‐sciences at the end of the 19th Century, mass production and rationalization, the information revolution and the biotechnological revolution extending to the present day have exerted a profound influence on the present period. But apart from these periods of “positive” transitions, characterized by intensive processes of innovation, there are periods of transition characterized by stagnation and crisis. In Europe, in the Western World and in the former Soviet Union and its satellites, there were several periods of stagnation and crisis, such as the great crisis of 1929 and the following years, the crisis of the Soviet system before the fall of the Berlin Wall, or the present day environmental crisis. The studies on “Technology in Times of Transition” deal with this issue also from another point of view. They concentrate particularly on political and socio‐economic ruptures. In this TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 16

context, the analysis of technology policy, concepts and applications, is of particular interest. Here, the evolution of technological systems in the former socialist countries after the fall of the Berlin Wall deserves consideration. This is a vast topic of present interest. The fact that the ICOHTEC symposium takes place in Romania is particularly significant here. But our world which finds itself in a process of accelerating globalisation, faces a serious crisis which does not only extend to the economy and finances or the environment but is also a systemic one. It is a crisis of civilization in which technological change is a vital element. Therefore scholarly investigations analysing aspects of this difficult situation are needed. To carry this through, historians, and especially historians of technology, are called upon to make their contributions.

The Venue The ICOHTEC Symposium takes place in the Aula of Transilvania University of Brasov, a modern building from the nineties. The Aula hosts the University Library, the Aula Magna, for various events, such as national and international meetings and conferences, artistic events and various ceremonies. The ground floor has special spaces for exhibitions, the Aula Magna is on the first floor, which also provides four other spacious rooms with various destinations: UI2, UI3, UI6, UI7. On the third floor you find Room UII3, where the participants can check and prepare for their presentation (Speakers’ Room), with the help of a technician. The ICOHTEC Symposium Registration is on the first floor. The exhibition is organized on the ground floor.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 17

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 18

Registration and Information Desk Registration and information desk will be open as follows: Aula of the Transilvania University of Brasov, address: Blvd. Iuliu Maniu no. 41 A •Tuesday, July 29: from 8:30 to 17:00 • Wednesday, July 30: from 8:30 to 17:00 • Thursday, July 31: from 8:30 to 17:00 • Friday, August 1: from 8:30 to 17:00 • Saturday, August 2: from 8:30 to 17:00

Conference Language The official language of the conference is English. Given the collaboration with the Agence Universitaire de France (AUF), some of the communications will be presented in French.

Instructions for Presenters Presentations are to be delivered for uploading to the speakers' room on a USB stick preferably one day prior or at least two hours prior to your session. The accepted formats are PDF or PowerPoint and the file must be named with your last name, first name and the code of your session (please, check the code from the programme), e.g. Smith_John_W1 A.ppt. A symposium assistant will be available to assist you in uploading your presentation. Personal laptops are not permitted for presentations. The time allocated for each presentation is 30 minutes (20 minutes presentation and 10 minutes discussion).

Internet The Aula of the Transilvania University of Brasov has a wireless internet connection. Access codes are available at the information desk.

Lunch and Coffee Lunch and coffee are included in your delegate fee. Lunch will be served at the Aula of the Transilvania University of Brasov on the 1st floor, on Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday at 12.30‐14.00 in the Aula Magna area. Coffee will be served in the lobby on the 1st floor, in the Aula Magna area, in the scheduled breaks. Please, wear your badge in order to enjoy the catering included in the delegate fee.

Mobile Phones Mobile phones must be switched off in the lecture halls since they can interfere with the audio system and disturb the attendants.

Name badges Upon registration you have received a name badge which should be worn at all meeting events, including the social functions.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 19

Poster Presentations Posters will be on display during the entire conference, the presentations will take place at the Aula of the University in the lobby on the ground floor. The Poster session is planned on Thursday 14.00‐15.30, on the Ground floor at the exhibition space. Posters are to be mounted preferably by 17:00 on Tuesday, July 29, so that the participants can familiarize themselves with them during the University reception. Mounting must be done by 12:00 on Wednesday, July 30, the latest. Adhesive tape will be provided by the organisers. Each presenter is responsible for dismounting his/her poster by 13:00 on Saturday, August 2.

Speakers' Room A speakers' room, where presenters can check their presentations and deliver their presentations will be room UII3 on the second floor of the Aula and it is open as follows: • Tuesday, July 29 at 12:30‐18:00 • Wednesday, July 30 at 8:00‐15:00 • Thursday, July 31 at 8:00‐14:00 • Friday, August 1 at 8:00‐13:00 • Saturday, August 2 at 8:00‐10:00

Exhibition In the vast lobby of the ground floor of the Aula an exhibition of projects and photos was organized, in order to give a specific visual relevance to the general theme of the ICOHTEC Symposium 2014, TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION. The exhibition is structured as follows: I. TURNING POINTS IN THE TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN ROMANIA FROM MID‐19TH CENTURY TO NOWADAYS. a. INDUSTRY AND ARCHITECTURE  The Mitropoly Grape Wine Museum, Wolff Industrial Site, Bucharest, a project of industrial reconversion, author PhD student arch. Biborka Bartha.  Railway Stations in Romania before World War I. Architectural Classification in a Cultural Perspective, Author PhD student arch Toader Popescu b. BRASOV INDUSTRY  Present and Past of ROMAN Plants  Present and Past of TRACTORUL Plants. Projects and architectural presentation, author PhD student arch. Biborka Bartha  The Memorable City/ Orasul memorabil, a substantial collection of photographs representing the industrial past of the city of Brasov from the 19th to the 21st century. The photographs were taken by Brasov citizens during the last 120 years and illustrate the dramatic changes in the industrial evolution of the city. The exhibition presents also old cameras, weighing devices, old industrial artifacts. II. TECHNICAL BOOKS EXHIBITION  An exhibition of technical books is presented by the General Association of Romanian Engineers (AGIR).  In this area a Welcoming Centre for the books donated by Symposium participants is also installed. III. EPM STAND (EPM ‐ European Pupil Magazine) .  Highschool students present the EP Magazine issue dedicated to the History of Technology. The EP Magazine is targeted at highschool and university students and teachers. TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 20

Symposium Hotels

Aro Palace Hotel 1 Eroilor Blvd., no. 27, Brasov, Romania http://www.aro‐palace.ro/hotel‐brasov‐aro‐palace‐en.html

Capitol Hotel 2 Eroilor Blvd., no. 19, Brasov, Romania http://www.aro‐palace.ro/hotel‐brasov‐capitol‐en.html

Coroana Hotel 3 Republicii Str., no. 62, Brasov, Romania http://www.aro‐palace.ro/hotel‐brasov‐coroana‐en.html

Ambient Hotel 4 Iuliu Maniu Str., no. 27, Brasov, Romania http://www.hotelambient.ro/en/

Pensiune Ambient 5 Iuliu Maniu Str., no. 62, Brasov, Romania http://www.pensiuneambient.ro/

Residence Ambient 6 Castanilor Str., no. 3, Brasov, Romania http://www.residenceambient.ro/

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 21

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 22

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 23

City map ‐ Accommodation

City map ‐ Events

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 24

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 25

Programme at a Glance

Monday 28 July Tuesday 29 July Wednesday 30 July 9:00 9:00‐10:30

9:30 Parallel paper sessions 10:00 Aula 10:30 10:30‐11:00 Coffee break 11:00 10:00‐12:00 11:00‐12:30 11:30 12.00‐14.00 Parallel paper sessions 12:00 Pre‐Symposium Brasov City Aula 12:30 Tour 12:30‐14:00 13:00 Lunch 13:30 Aula Arrival of participants 14:00 14:00‐16:00 14:00‐15:30 14:30 10:00 ‐ 21:00 Meeting of ICOHTEC Parallel paper sessions 15:00 Executive Committee Shuttle busses leave from Aula the Bucharest airport to 15:30 Room UII3 15:30‐16:00 Coffee break Brasov. 16:00 Registration desk will be 16:30 open from 8:30 to 17:00 16:00‐17:30 16:30 throughout the week. Opening Ceremony

Parallel paper sessions Aula Aula Magna

17:00‐18:30 Aula 17:00 Kranzberg lecture

17:30 Aula Magna 18:00 18:30 Exhibition opening 18:30 Aula Ground Floor

19:00‐21:00 19:00‐21:30 19:00 Welcome Reception Reception Aula Brasov City Hall

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 26

Thursday 31 Friday Saturday Sunday

August 1 August 2 August 3 August 9:00 9:00‐10:30 9:00‐10:30 9:00‐10:30 Parallel paper Parallel paper Parallel paper 9:30 9:00‐15:00 sessions sessions sessions

10:00 Aula Aula Aula Post‐Symposium Tour options: 10:30‐11:00 10:30‐11:00 10:30‐11:00 10:30 Coffee break Coffee break Coffee break a. Fagaras (Old Citadel and Museum) ‐ Lisa 11:00 11:00‐12:30 11:00‐12:30 11:00‐12:30 (Traditional Mills) ‐ 11:30 Sambata (Monastery Parallel paper Parallel paper Parallel paper and Old Books Library) sessions sessions sessions Lunch at Dejani Fishery ICOHTEC Book And 12:00 Aula Article Prizes Round Aula c. Bran/Dracula Castle, Table Rasnov Fortified Aula Village, Poiana Brasov 12:30 12:30‐14:00 12:30‐14:00 12:30‐14:00 13:00 Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Restaurant 13:30 Aula Aula Aula Capra Neagra, Poiana 14:00 14:00‐15:30 14:00‐18:00 14:00‐16:00 Brasov 14:30 Parallel paper Afternoon Symposium General Assembly sessions Excursion options: Aula Magna Poster Session a. Brasov City Tour 15:00 Round Table b. Prejmer ‐ Rasnov Citadels Aula c. Bran/Dracula Castle d. IAR Company and R&D 15:30‐16:00 Coffee 15:30 Institute of TUBv break 16:00 16:00‐17:30

16:30 5:00 ‐ 17:00 Parallel paper

sessions Departures of shuttle 17:00 buses to the Bucharest Aula airport 17:30

18:00

18:30 19:00 19:00‐21:30 19:00‐21:30 19:00‐22:00 19:30 Romanian Music Jazz Night Festive Dinner 20:00 Event Coliba Haiducilor 20:30 Cerbul Carpatin Beraria Ciucas

21:00

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 25

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 26

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 27

Social Programme

Tuesday, July 29 Pre‐Symposium Guided Brasov City Tour at 10.00‐12.00 and at 12.00‐14.00 Departure at 10.00 and at 12.00 from the Aula. A few highlights of Brasov, the green city, are going to be spotted. The participants are touring the city in an open‐deck bus. The tour includes: The Long Street ‐ Church of St. Bartholomew ‐ the Belvedere on the road to Poiana Brasov ‐ Union Square ‐ Church of St. Nicholas ‐ Mureşenilor Street ‐ Tampa alley. Welcome Reception at the Aula of Transilvania University of Brasov , address: Blvd. Iuliu Maniu no. 41A, at 19.00‐21.00 Incl. in the delegate and accompanying person fee.

Wednesday, July 30 Reception, Brasov City Hall, address: Bd. Eroilor no. 8, at 19.00‐21.30 Departure at 18.45 from the Aula.

Thursday, July 31 Romanian Music Event, at the Restaurant Cerbul Carpatin, Piata Sfatului no. 12‐14, at 19.00‐ 21.30 Price: 20 EUR both for delegates and accompanying persons. Meeting at 19.00 in Piata Sfatului (old city center), in front of the restaurant.

Friday, August 1 Jazz Night, at Beraria Ciucas, Politehnicii Str. no.1 (near Hotel Coroana), at 19.00‐21.30 Attending the Jazz Night is free of charge.

Saturday, August 2 Festive Dinner, at the Restaurant Coliba Haiducilor, Poiana Brasov, at 18.00‐21.30 Price: 25 EUR both for delegates and accompanying persons. Meeting and departure at 17.30 from the Aula.

Tours and Excursions Friday, August 1 Afternoon Symposium Excursion Options a. Brasov City Tour – Walking Trip Meeting at 14.00 in the lobby of Hotel Coroana

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 28

Key‐points of the walk: Ethnographic Museum/Central Park, Army House, Muresenilor Street, Old City Center (Piata Sfatului), Old City Hall, Muresenilor Memorial Museum, Black Church,Ecaterina Gate, Schei Gate, Rope Street, Tampa Alley, Bastions. MURESENILOR MEMORIAL MUSEUM. This small and attractive museum hosts documents, photos, furniture, decorative art, and the important Mureşanu family correspondence. Both Jacob and Aurel Mureşanu have contributed to the emergence and development, in complicated historic times, of the first Romanian language newspaper, the famous Gazeta de Transylvania. It is also seen as the Museum of the National Anthem, due to the fact that the lyrics were written by Andrei Muresanu, a member of the Muresenilor family. THE CITY HALL MUSEUM. It was built in the fifteenth century. The tower, 58 meters high, dates from 1528. Initially it was the City Hall of Brasov. It was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1689 and rebuilt in the eighteenth century. Currently, the building houses the Department of History of the County Museum. Back at the Aula at 18.00. b. Prejmer and Rasnov Citadels Departure at 14.00 from the Aula. THE FORTIFIED VILLAGE CHURCH IN PREJMER. Prejmer, known also by its Saxon name of Tartlau is the major Saxon citadel in Southern Transylvania. It was built starting from the 15th century, around a church dating from the 13th century. In the 15th century, the Romanesque church was adapted to the Gothic style, the style shift being visible in the architectural details. The church has a small organ, and there is a regular summer program of musical activities. The citadel has a relatively circular shape. The walls are approx. 3m thick, at a height of 10‐12m. The walls are surrounded by a deep and wide moat. The local population, in medieval times took refuge in the citadel, in case of an invasion. The fortified church was built by the Teutonic knights but two centuries later it started to be used by the Saxon community of Prejmer/Tartlau. The citadel has a delightful little museum at the entrance. THE VILLAGE CITADEL IN RÂSNOV. This rather large citadel of Rasnov (Rosenau) was built during several stages, between the 14th and the 16th centuries, on a calcareous height. It has several enclosures with towers, a polygonal bastion in the east and the ruined chapel dates from the 17th century. Inside the citadel the foundations of an Orthodox church from the 12th century were discovered. Between 1211 and 1225, the Tara Barsei plateau was ruled by the Order of the Holy Virgin Mary of the Germans –the Teutonic Order. It is supposed that the first Saxon colonists of Rasnov came from the Rhein riverside, from a village called Rosenau. They gave this name to their new settlement from Transylvania. Back at the Aula at 18.00. c. Bran/Dracula Castle Departure at 14.00 from the Aula. BRAN CASTLE. It was built between 1377‐1378 by the citizens of Brasov to control the way through the narrow valley of the creek Turcu. It was used as a customs point. For a while it was owned by the Romanian rulers of Walachia like Mircea the Old and Mihail. After 1498 it

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 29

was re‐ceded to the Braşov community, and between 1622‐1625 it was endowed by two new defense towers. In 1920 it was donated by the municipality of Brasov to Queen Maria of Romania, as a reward for her and her daughters’ dedication in nursing the wounded soldiers in the Balkan Wars and in WW1. The Queen remodeled the interior, together with the royal architect Karel Liman, with elements of the Art Nouveau so dear to her. The legend of Dracula, which became a myth in the 19th and 20th century, was born due to the original historic figure of Vlad Tepes, who ruled Walachia between1456 and 1462. Vlad Tepes, the Impaler, was famous for his unleashed cruelty. Impaling, one of the most horrible ways to die, was his favorite method of execution. The British novelist Bram Stoker brought his novel “Dracula” to the attention of the world readers of the 19th and 20th century and became one of the founders of the modern vampire mythology. Back at the Aula at 18.00.

d. IAR Company and the R&D Institute of Transilvania University Departure at 14.00 from the Aula The trip includes the visit at IAR Company –the oldest Romanian aerospace manufacturer, founded in 1925, which today carries out revisions and overhauls on helicopters and light aircrafts. The new Research and Development Institute of Transilvania University with its already well‐ known renewable energy systems, is also included in the visit.

Sunday, August 3 9.00‐15.00 Post‐Symposium Excursions Price 50 EUR Options a. Fagaras‐Lisa‐Sambata Departure at 8.30, meeting in the lobby of Hotel Coroana. FAGARAS CITADEL. Built before 1310, when it was mentioned in historic documents, on the foundation of a palisaded clay building from the 10th century. Fagaras became then a voivodal residence, due to the Voivode Ştefan Mailat (1528‐1541), as well as an important military center, supported by a domain of more than 60 villages. The ruler of Wallachia, Mihai the Brave, owner of Fagaras between 1599 and 1600, looked at this town as at his own residence. Later on, in the 17th century, the Transylvanian princes Gabriel Bethlen and Gyorgy Rakoczi extend and define the final shape of the citadel. During the reign of the prince Mihaly Apafi I, Fagaras becomes the political centre of Transylvania and effective residence of the prince. The citadel was rebuilt in the style of Transylvanian Renaissance. Together with the Deva citadel it is known as one of the strogest fortifications of Transylvania. In the 18th century it was surrounded by a Vauban fortification. THE CASTLE OF COUNT SAMUEL VON BRUCKENTHAL. The castle from Sambata de Sus was built by Josef Bruckenthal in 1770. It is a Baroque building. In 1850 the building was remodelled. The castle with its annexes cover a surface of 36 hectares. In this area the TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 30

famous horses, the Lipizzaner horses, are kept, the most important breed of Romania. THE CASTLE OF CONSTANTIN BRANCOVEANU. With a splendid location, close to the huge Fagaras Mountain Ranges, there is a castle built by the famous Wallachian ruler Constantin Brancoveanu between 1653– 1678. The castle was restored after 1906 and used between the World Wars as a guesthouse for artists and writers. After WWII, it was used for apple storage for the local cooperative. After 1990, an ample restoration project was initiated, due to its advanced degradation. THE ORTHODOX MONASTERY AT SAMBATA DE SUS. The monastery was built between 1700‐1701 by the Wallachian ruler Constantin Brancoveanu. The church shows beautiful elements of the Brancovan style, and there are fresco paintings from 1766‐1787. The church was bombed by the Austrian army in 1785 and rebuilt in 1926‐1936. A relevant collection of icons painted on glass can be seen at the monastery, as well a library with old books and manuscripts. THE LISA TRADITIONAL RURAL MILLS. In Lisa village a unique ensemble of traditional installations was conserved and restored. The installations are powered by waterfalls. They are are of various kinds, for the processing of wool fabrics. The processing phases are on display, the entire installation works correctly, according to the traditional ways, used for many centuries. Water is directed through wood channels, left to fall from high altitude upon the woolen fabrics, thus improving their density and surface quality. Lunch at the Dejani Fishery incl. in the price. b. Bran/Dracula Castle‐Rasnov‐Poiana Brasov Departure at 8.30, meeting in the lobby of Hotel Coroana. BRAN CASTLE. It was built in the 14th century by the citizens of Brasov to control the way through the narrow valley of the creek Turcu. It was used as a customs point. For a while it was owned by the Romanian rulers of Walachia. In 1920 it was donated by the municipality of Brasov to Queen Maria of Romania, as a reward for her and her daughters’ dedication in nursing the wounded soldiers in the Balkan Wars and in WW1. The Queen remodeled the interior, together with the royal architect Karel Liman, with medieval and Art Nouveau elements. The legend of Dracula was born due to the original historic figure of Vlad Tepes, who ruled Walachia in the second part of the 15th century. Vlad Tepes the Impaler was famous for his unleashed cruelty in pursuing justice. The British novelist Bram Stoker brought his novel “Dracula” to the attention of the world readers of the 19th and 20th century and became one of the founders of the modern vampire mythology. THE VILLAGE CITADEL IN RÂSNOV. This rather large citadel of Rasnov (Rosenau) was built during several stages, between the 14th and the 16th centuries, on a calcareous height. It has several enclosures with towers, a polygonal bastion in the east and the ruined chapel dates from the 17th century. Inside the citadel the foundations of an Orthodox church from the 12th century were discovered. Between 1211 and 1225, the Tara Barsei plateau was ruled by the Order of the Holy Virgin Mary of the Germans –the Teutonic Order. It is supposed that the first Saxon colonists of Rasnov came from the Rhein riverside, from a village called Rosenau. They gave this name to their new settlement from Transylvania. Back at the Aula at 18.00. POIANA BRAŞOV is the most popular Romanian ski resort and an important tourist centre The ski area is of 80 hectares and the slopes length 23.9 km.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 31

It is located at about 1,020 meters (3,379 feet) above sea level at 12 km from the city of Braşov and it is easily accessible by road. Poiana Braşov is surrounded by four mountains: Postăvaru 1799 m), Piatra Craiului 2238 m, Bucegi 2505 m and Piatra Mare 1,848 m. The mountain landscape with forests and meadows is worth the travel. There are two cable cars that climb up the Postavaru peak, where the view is spectacular. Lunch at Restaurant Capra Neagra in Poiana Brasov, incl. in the price.

Accompanying Persons Wednesday, July 30 9.00‐13.00 Tampa Mountain Walking Trip Departure at 9.00, meeting in the lobby of Hotel Coroana. Key points of the trip: Star Shopping Mall, Tampa Alley, Cable car station, Walk on the top and city view, return by foot or cable car. The Tampa is the mountain surrounded by the city of Brasov, to which it is giving personality and confidence. It is part of the Eastern Carpathians, with an elevation of 960m, almost 400m above the city. The hill is also accessible by cable car, but the walking tour means to follow the path leading to the top. The fittest pedestrians need less than one hour to reach the top. The view from the top is worth the (lovely) walk. Tourists who don’t like longer walks or want to reach the top quickly and have a coffee at the Panoramic Restaurant can take the cable car which connects Cabana Padurarului Restaurant at the base of mountain and Panoramic Restaurant located on the ridge of the mountain in less than three minutes. Tampa is a protected nature reserve, with interesting animals and more than 450 species of plants that are to be found in the forest. Back at the Aula at 12.30‐13.00.

Thursday, July 31 9.00‐12.00 Visit of the First Romanian School and the Black Church Departure at 9.00, meeting in the lobby of Hotel Coroana. The First Romanian School FIRST ROMANIAN SCHOOL MUSEUM. The first Romanian School in Brasov was documented in the sixteenth century. The museum building was rebuilt during 1760‐1761 and is located in the churchyard of St. Nicholas of Schei quarter. The museum has one classroom downstairs and one upstairs, and in the lobby there are displayed several lithographs by the Brasov artist Misu Popp (1827—1892). In the two classrooms several rare old books printed by Deacon Coresi in the 2nd half of the 16th century are shown, as well as an old printing press. THE BLACK CHURCH. It is the largest Gothic church in Romania. It was built between 1383 and 1477 (and dedicated to St. Mary), on the foundations of an older building. In 1689 a great fire damaged it and blackened its walls, hence the name of Black Church. It is is a three‐ nave Gothic basilica, 89m long and 38m wide. The church is known for its adorning

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 32

sculptures and late Renaissance and Baroque furniture and woodwork. The Black Church has a six ton bell, the biggest in Romania, a huge 4,000 pipe organ built in 1839 by Carl August Buchholz (1796–1884) which is played during weekly concerts, as well as a rich collection of Anatolian prayer carpets donated from the 15th to 17th centuries by Transylvanian Saxon merchants. Back at the Aula at 12.30‐13.00.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 33

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 34

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 35

Tuesday, 29 July 29

Aula of Transilvania University of Brasov 10:00‐14:00 Pre‐Symposium City Tour 14.00‐16.00 Meeting of ICOHTEC Executive Committee 16:30 Opening Ceremony 17:00‐18:30 Kranzberg lecture: Alexandre Herlea, Professor Emeritus at the Université de Technologie Belfort‐Montbéliard, France 18:30 Exhibition opening 19:00‐21:00 Welcome Reception

Session codes

The sessions are coded by the day of the presentation (W = Wednesday, T= Thursday, F= Friday, S = Saturday), the number 1‐3 indicates the time slot of the session (sessions one in the morning at 8:30‐10:00, sessions two before lunch at 10:30‐12:00 and sessions three after lunch 13:30‐17:00). The parallel sessions are coded with letters A‐F. For instance, session W3G is held on Wednesday at 15:00‐17:00 and session S2F is held on Saturday at 10:30‐12:00

Wednesday, 30 July Parallel Sessions 09:00—10:30

W1A Technology of Health and Healthcare in Romania

Location: UI2 Organiser: PC Chair: Amelia Bonea 1. Contributions of Romanian Researchers for Obtaining Drugs from Natural Resources Lecturer Adriana ‐Elena Taerel Dr. Emilia Stancu Professor Ana Carata Researcher Constanta Rizescu Ph.D. candidate Mihai Stanescu 2. Changes in e‐documentation of the History of Medicine in the post‐Communist Romania Professor Liliana Rogozea Ph.D. candidate Florin Leasu Ph.D. candidate Oana Andreescu Lecturer Mihaela Badea

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 36

Professor Dan Dumitrascu Professor Angela Repanovici 3. The Infringement of Iron Curtain by the School of Medical Radiology in Iasi, Explained by Socio‐Physics Models Professor Radu Chisleag

W1B Technologies of Surveillance and Vision Before, During, and After World War II Location: UI3 Organiser: Nick Hall Chair: Nick Hall 1. Closed Circuit Television for the UK Military in the late 1930s Mr. Norman Green 2. Closer to the Action: Frank G. Back and the Zoomar Lens Dr. Nick Hall 3. Watching the City: The Emergence of CCTV in Postwar British Policing Ph.D. candidate Ben Taylor

W1C East West Transfer of Technology during the Cold War: 1. Channels and Policies Location: UI6 Organiser: Timo Myllyntaus Chair: Hans‐Joachim Braun 1. Designed and Engineered by Politicians? The Iron Curtain as a Filter of Technology Transfer Professor Timo Myllyntaus 2. The Soviet Forestry in 1953 ‐ 1964: Transfer and Implementation of Western Technologies Ph.D. candidate Elena Kochetkova 3. Trading with the Ideological Enemies Dr. Elitsa Stoilova

W1D Teaching Engineering in Different Times and Cultures Location: UI7 Organiser: PC Chair: Darwin Stapleton 1. Engineering Professors as Entrepreneurs: The Case of Franz Reuleaux (1829‐1905) and Alois Riedler (1850‐1936) Professor Wolfgang Koenig

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 37

2. Women Transport Engineers in Hungary ‐ Women Teachers and Students at the Faculty of Transport Engineers of the Technical University of the Building Industry and of the Faculty of Transport Engineering of the Budapest Technical University Professor Eva Vamos 3. Four Science Academies Makes a Lot Dr. Panu Nykänen 4. A tribute to Maurice Daumas Founding Father of the History of Technology and of the ICOHTEC Professor Pierre Lamard Professor Robert Belot

11:00—12:30

W2A Turning Points in Technological Development in Romania from the Mid 19th Century to Nowadays: 1. Opening & Miscellanies Location: UI2 Organiser: Alexandre Herlea Chair: Mircea Ivanoiu 1. Gheorghe Asachi (1788‐1869) in the Romanian Culture and Engineering Professor Eufrosina Otlacan 2. Henri Poincaré at Resita, between Science and Technology Dr. Magdalena Stavinschi Professor Andrei Vasilescu 3. The De‐Industrialization of the Republic of Moldova after the Fall of Communism (1991) Dr. Dorin Dusciac 4. The Romanian Agriculture and Viticulture after the Fall of Communism. The Example of the Domain of the Crown in Segarcea Mr. Mihai Anghel

W2B IXth Annual Symposium on the Social History of Military Technology: 1 Location: UI3 Organiser: Barton Hacker Chair: Ciro Paoletti 1. Between Religion, Weapons and Power: Armed Priests in Latin America 1800‐ 1850. Graduate student Juan Adriano Chumpitaz Fernandez 2. “Hybrid Warfare:’ the Progression of Technological Supplantation of European War Horses in the Development of Total War, 1850‐1950” Graduate student Chelsea Medlock

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 38

W2C East West Transfer of Technology during the Cold War: 2. Organisations and Hardware Location: UI6 Organiser: Timo Myllyntaus Chair: Timo Myllyntaus 1. Technological Development of Finnish Shipbuilding: From a Contractor to Russia to a Constructor for the Soviet, 1900‐1960 Ph.D. candidate Aaro Sahari 2. The Business of Foreign Affairs Unrealized Visions of Joint Business, Technology and Politics in Finnish‐Soviet Shipbuilding at the End of the Cold War Ph.D. candidate Saara Matala 3. Missed Transfer Chance. Early Outsourcing of Truck Transport in Russia and East Germany in the 1950s Had no Followers in the West Professor Richard Vahrenkamp 4. International Truck Transport during the Cold War Lecturer Emiliya Karaboeva

W2D Daily Life and Symbols of Technological Progress Location: UI7 Organiser: Artemis Yagou Chair: Patryk Wasiak 1. Playful Technology in a Box: Construction Sets and their Packaging as Symbols of Technological Transition Dr. Artemis Yagou 2. The All‐Electric Kitchen as Symbol of Modern Housekeeping and Technological Progress in Germany (1930‐2006) Dr. Sonja Petersen 3. Hot Commodity: Making Clothing Irons in post‐War Poland Dr. Sławomir Łotysz

14:00—15:30

W3A Turning Points in Technological Development in Romania from the Mid 19th Century to Nowadays: 2. Materials Science & Industry Location: UI2 Organiser: Alexandre Herlea Chair: Tudor Ionescu 1. Romanian Contribution to the Materials Science Professor Horia Colan

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 39

2. Evolution of Nanomaterials Development in Romania: from First Ideas to First Technology Transfers Lecturer Gabriela Adriana Plaiasu Researcher Radu Robert Piticescu Researcher Vasile Rizea Professor Marioara Abrudeanu 3. Priorities in Romanian Oil and Gas Industry: Resource; Personalities; Inventions; Technologies; Corporate Developments; Social and Historical Connections in situs, in tempus and Their Historical Evolution. (In French) Professor Cotorobai Victoria 4. The Beginnings of Explosive‐Material Manufacturing in Romania (1921‐1942) Professor Elena Helerea Mr. Florentin Olteanu

W3B IXth Annual Symposium on the Social History of Military Technology: 2 Location: UI3 Organiser: Barton Hacker Chair: Ciro Paoletti 1. Union and Confederate Views on Guncotton Dr. Yoel Bergman 2. ‘They say that it excited laughter rather than terror, among their men’: The British Professional Military Debate on Mitrailleurs, 1869‐1875 Ph.D. candidate Ryan Patterson 3. The Bullet‐Proof Vest and the Archduke: 19th Century Innovation Versus 20th Century Firepower. Researcher Lisa Traynor

W3C East West Transfer of Technology during the Cold War: 3. Commerce or Security Location: UI6 Organiser: Timo Myllyntaus Chair: Elena Kochetkova 1. Needs of Industrialization and the Vice of Economic Depression as Incentives for the Technology Transfer: the 1935 Agreement between the RCA and the Soviet People’s Commissariat in Radio and Electronics. Professor Vasily Borisov 2. Transnational Reactions to the Soviet Oil Offensive: NATO Debates on Oil Exports and Pipeline Technology (1960‐1962) Ph.D. candidate Roberto Cantoni

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 40

3. The Evolution of Science Cities as Centers for Technological Transitions in Russia Researcher Galina Gorokhova Professor Vitaly Gorokhov 4. Intelligence‐Interchange in the Area of Science and Technology between Poland and the Soviet Union, 1986‐1990 Dr. Mirosław Sikora

W3D Redefining Architecture Location: UI7 Organiser: PC Chair: Markku Norvasuo 1. Prefab‐Reinterpretation Dr. Agnes Borsos 2. Architecture and Politics. New Construction Solutions in Polish Fair Venues. Professor Piotr Marciniak 3. Experiences on the Timeline of Architecture ‐ Parallel Contemporary Design by the Manifesto of the Modernism Dr. Gabriella Medvegy

16:00—17:30 W4A Turning Points in Technological Development in Romania from the Mid 19th Century to Nowadays: 3. Civil Engineering & Architecture Location: UI2 Organiser: Alexandre Herlea Chair: Pierre Lamard 1. Turning Points of Eames Design: WWII and Postwar Developments Professor Marina Cionca Lecturer Ioan Muscu Ph.D. candidate Biborka Bartha 2. Railway Stations in Romania before World War I Lecturer Toader Popescu 3. Civil Engineering in Romania at the end of 19th Century through Two Buildings: the National Bank and the Romanian Athenaeum Professor Nicolae Noica

W4B IXth Annual Symposium on the Social History of Military Technology: 3 Location: UI3 Organiser: Barton Hacker Chair: Ciro Paoletti

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 41

1. War and Railways in Italy 1915–1918. Dr. Ciro Paoletti 2. Ottoman Military Governorate in Romania in World War I Professor Esat Arslan 3. Staying in Shape for War: Sport Promotion by Paramilitary Organization in Poland, 1927‒1939 Ph.D. candidate Anna Turza

W4C Chemistry for a Better World

Location: UI6 Organiser: PC Chair: Sami Louekari 1. A. I. Virtanen's AIV Method ‐ a Technological System That Thrived in Bad times but Struggled in Good Dr. Jarmo Pulkkinen 2. Polyurethane: the Fame and Decay Ph.D. candidate Susana França de Sá Professor Maria Elvira Callapez Researcher Joana Lia Ferreira Professor Rita Macedo Professor Ana Maria Ramos 3. Chemical Products in the Collection of the k. k. Consular‐Academy Vienna Dr. Susanne Gruber

W4D From Rural to Urban in the Industrial Era

Location: UI7 Organiser: PC Chair: Piotr Marciniak 1. The Evolution of Vernacular Construction Typologies in Times of Transition – Villages from Valcea County, Southern Romania Ph.D. candidate Biborka Bartha 2. Rapid Industrial Change and Urban Expansion: the Pansio‐Perno Shipyards in Turku, Finland. Dr. Markku Norvasuo Researcher Mikko Mälkki 3. An Overview Concerning the Transition Period Reflected in the Rural Vernacular Architecture in Southern Romania Lecturer Alin M. Olarescu Ph.D. candidate Biborka Bartha

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 42

Thursday, 31 July

09:00—10:30

T1A Playing with Technology: Questions of Infrastructure Location: UI2 Organiser: Stefan Poser Chair: Peter Koval 1. The Impact of Technology on the Development of Tourism in South Croatia in the Beginning of the 20th century Dr. Marija Benić Penava Dr. Marija Gjurašić 2. The View from the Pits: Fraternal Culture at America’s Speedways Ph.D. candidate Alison Kreitzer 3. Infrastructures of Play and their Impact on the Environment since the 1980s Dr. Stefan Poser

T1B The Uranium Utopia in Mexico: A Case of Restricted Technology Transfer Location: UI3 Organiser: Federico Lazarin Chair: Martha Ortega 1. Exploration and Mapping of Uranium Deposits in Mexico Researcher Hugo Pichardo 2. Creation of Institutes for the Reception of Nuclear Energy Dr. Federico Lazarin 3. Uranium Extraction: Utopian Progress for Rural Communities Ph.D. candidate Martha Ortega Graduate student Tadeo Liceaga

T1C Evolution and Diffusion of Technology Location: UI6 Organiser: PC Chair: Wilhelm Kappel 1. Oil and Gas Equipment and Technology, Two‐Way Scientific Bridges between East and West Professor Marian Rizea

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 43

2. From the Western Front to Texas: Early Development of Seismic Exploration for Oil (1914‐1926) Researcher Francesco Gerali 3. 60 Years of Technology Transfer Dr. Georgeta Alecu Ph.D. candidate Iulian Iordache Dr. Elena Enescu Professor Wilhelm Kappel 4. The Influence of IT&C and Biotechnology on the Evolution of Society. Dr. Cristina ‐ Maria Dabu

11:00—12:30

T2A Turning Points in Technological Development in Romania from the mid 19th century to nowadays: 4. Brasov Industry Location: UI2 Organiser: Alexandre Herlea Chair: Alexandre Herlea 1. The 20th Century Political Impact on Brasov Industry, Romania. Employees Testimonies. Lecturer Mircea Ivanoiu 2. The Transformation of the Largest Aircraft Factories of Romania in Tractors Factory as Result of the Soviet Occupation Lecturer Horia Salca 3. On the History of I.A.R (Romanian Aircraft Industry) ‐ Brasov Mr. Traian Tomescu Mr. Neculai Banea

T2B IXth Annual Symposium on the Social History of Military Technology: 4

Location: UI3 Organiser: Barton Hacker Chair: Ciro Paoletti 1. The Norwegian Army Air Force and the Fighter Question 1920‐1934 Researcher Frode Lindgjerdet 2. Man‐Machine Relationships: British and German Fighter Aces in World War II Professor Hans‐Joachim Braun 3. The Military‐Technological Revolution of 1944 Professor David Zimmerman

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 44

T2C “The Dark Side of Technology”: Technology and Illness since the Nineteenth Century: 1. Technological Hazards Location: UI6 Organiser: Amelia Bonea Chair: Amelia Bonea 1. “The Arm Troubles of Telegraphers”: Historical Perspectives on Technologies of Communication and Repetitive Strain Injuries Dr. Amelia Bonea 2. What the Great Majority of Patients Require is Letting Alone: The Uses of Technology in the Asylum Dr. Jennifer Wallis 3. Sunlight at the Flick of a Switch: The Risky Consumption of Ultraviolet Lamps, c.1900‐ 1940 Dr. Tania Woloshyn 4. One of Those Electric Outfits Put on the Market by Quacks: Overbeck’s Rejuvenator and the British Medical Association, 1924‐1937 Dr. James Stark

T2D Modern Versus Traditional? Core and Peripheries in the Transport and Communication Infrastructural Process: 1. National peripheries Location: UI7 Organiser: Simone Fari Chair: Simone Fari 1. Semi‐Periphery in Transition: The Typology of the Greek State's Identification in Relation with Automobility from the 1930s to the 2000s Dr. Alexia ‐ Sofia Papazafeiropoulou 2. High Speed Trains in a Peripheral Country: the Italian Railway System between Revitalization, Modernization, and Polarization Professor Andrea Giuntini 3. A Railway “Flowers bridge”. Iasi‐Ungheni‐Chisinau Railway (1876‐2011) Mr. Andrei Berinde

14:00—15:30

T3A Turning Points in Technological Development in Romania from the mid 19th century to nowadays: 5. Railway & Navy Location: UI2 Organiser: Alexandre Herlea Chair: Toader Popescu

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 45

1. The Romanian Railways During Two Transition Periods: 1945‐1960 et 1989‐2014 Mr. Radu Robert Bellu 2. Aspects of Romanian Navy Evolution, of its Harbours and Industry from 1860 to Nowadays Dr. Carmen Atanasiu 3. The Electrification of Railways in Romania Lecturer Marius Daniel Calin Mr. Dan Constantin Balan Mr. Gheorghe Zaharie

T3B IXth Annual Symposium on the Social History of Military Technology: 5 Location: UI3 Organiser: Barton Hacker Chair: Ciro Paoletti 1. The Study of Information Technology Use in the Collection, Transmission and Processing of Radiolocation Information Dr. Ioan Gheorghe Ratiu 2. Postwar Medical Use of Infrared Technology in the USSR Dr. Vasily P. Borisov Dr. Igor Y. Kudryavtsev Dr. Igor V. Ovcharov Dr. Anatoly N. Panibratets 3. How Sweden Learned to Worry about the Bomb and Stopped Loving It Ph.D. candidate Petter Wulff

T3C The Dark Side of Technology: Technology and Illness since the Nineteenth Century: 2. Impact of Mentality on Wellbeing Location: UI6 Organiser: Amelia Bonea Chair: Amelia Bonea 1. Technological Delusions as a Reflection of the Atmosphere of War: Narratives of Gas, Radio and Magnetism in German and Israeli Psychiatry during the 20th Century Ph.D. candidate Maria Christina Müller Dr. Dana Tzur Bitan Dr. Lars Hornuf 2. Oh God Make Me Slim, Make Me Beautiful: The Side‐Effects of Slimming Capsules in India ‐ A Case Study Dr. Tinni Goswami Bhattacharya 3. Transitioning to Targets: Demography and Population Policy in India, 1951‐1975 Ph.D. candidate Kathryn Johnston

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 46

T3D Modern Versus Traditional? Core and Peripheries in the Transport and Communication Infrastructural Process: 2. Colonial peripheries Location: UI7 Organiser: Simone Fari Chair: Alexia ‐ Sofia Papazafeiropoulou 1. Colonial Roads in Angola and Mozambique. Experts between Peripheries and Centres Dr. Luísa Sousa 2. Travelling or Communicating? The False Dilemma of Mobility. Questions about a Marginalized Issue Professor Gabriele Balbi Researcher Massimo Moraglio 3. Railway at the Core and Telegraph at the Periphery Dr. Simone Fari 4. Psycho‐Historical Review on Korean Visual Representation of New Transportations in 1890‐1920: From Tradition toward a Modern Culture under Foreign Colonial Occupation Professor Jung Sook Bae

T3E Poster Session

Location: Ground floor, Exhibition space Organiser: PC Chair: Livia Sangeorzan

1. Making a Functional Replica of a 1924 Dr. TITUS Radio Set Dr. Ionita Daescu, Researcher Francisc Visky, Romania 2. Technological Trends in Estonian Industry during and after World War I and II Ph.D. candidate Vahur Mägi, Estonia 3. Organizing Scientific and Technical Information during Communism: a Public Library Perspective Ph.D. candidate Claudia Serbanuta, USA, Ms. Raluca Nutiu, Romania 4. Source of Light and Color, Natural and Artificial, in the Perception of a Work of Art. Ph.D. candidate Andrei Hrib, Romania 5. Back to the Workers' Wonderland: Documenting the Industrial Culture in Eastern Europe, 1945‐1989. Dr. Slawomir Lotysz, Poland 6. ‘The End of Assassination?’ Researcher Lisa Traynor, USA

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 47

T3E Round Table. Trends in Technological Education in Eastern Europe Countries Location: Ground floor, Exhibition space Organiser: PC Chair: Alin M. Olarescu

1. Ştefan Bălan ‐Remarkable Pathfinder of History of Science and Technics in Romania, a Century since his Birth Professor Mihai Alexandrescu, Dr. Ştefan Florin Bălan, Adelin Bălan, Romania

2. V. Utkin as a Scientist and Designer in the Field of Space Rocket Engineering (1971‐1990) Dr. Alla S. Lytvynko, Ukraine

3. Paradigm Changes in Technical Education Construction in Romania. History, needs and building utopia Professor Victoria Cotorobai, Professor Liviu ‐ Alexandru Sofonea, Lecturer Cristina Vladoiu, Professor Theodor Mateescu, Romania

4. Intelligence‐Interchange in the Area of Science and Technology between Poland and the Soviet Union, 1986‐1990 Dr. Mirosław Sikora, Poland

5. Contemporary Trends in the Development of Technological Education in Brasov Dr. ing. Melania Filip, Prof. Monica Cotfas, Ing. Csaba Molnar

16:00—17:30

T4A Turning Points in Technological Development in Romania from the mid 19th century to nowadays: 6. Car & Medical Instruments Industries Location: UI2 Organiser: Alexandre Herlea Chair: Alexandre Herlea 1. Birth and Evolution of the Medical Instruments Factories in Romania since the Independence War (1877) to Nowadays Professor Pompiliu Manea 2. Renault, from Romania to the Logan Professor Jean Louis Loubet

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 48

3. Engines for Vehicles in Romania – a European Evolution through Research and Innovation Dr. Ruxandra Cristina Stanescu Professor Cornel Stan Professor Anghel Chiru

T4B IXth Annual Symposium on the Social History of Military Technology: 6 Location: UI3 Organiser: Barton Hacker Chair: Ciro Paoletti 1. Polish Torpedo Boats’ Constructions between 1965 ‐ 1986 Professor Antoni Komorowski Dr. Tomasz Neubauer 2. Chasing Wonder Weapons Dr. Hermione Giffard 3. Military Technologies and Scientific Development from Galileo until Nanotechnoscience Dr. Vitaly Gorokhov

T4C Environmental Utopias and Engineering Reality Location: UI6 Organiser: PC Chair: Timo Myllyntaus 1. Is the Debate Over: James Hansen's Contributions to the Changing Atmosphere‐ Changing Climate Theory Dr. Anthony N. Stranges 2. Utilizing the Environment in Sweden‐Finland in the 18th Century – Technology, Realism and Utopias. Dr. Sami Louekari 3. Unintended yet Unignorable Change, Technological Interventions into the River Eider (1886‐1973) Dr. Eike‐Christian Heine

T4D Computers and the ‘Second Industrial Revolution’ 1945 1970

Location: UI7 Organiser: Dick van Lente Chair: Dick van Lente

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 49

1. Exploring Comics as a Source for Computer History Ph.D. candidate Rik Sanders Dr. Gerard Alberts 2. Evolution of computers Lecturer Carmen Lungoci Professor Livia Sangeorzan

Friday, 1 August

09:00—10:30

F1A Romanians Pathbreakers of Technology Location: UI2 Organiser: PC Chair: Octavian Baltag 1. Automatic Focusing ‐ a Romanian invention Professor Octavian Baltag 2. Magnetic Measures and Countermeasures in Romania of the Cold War Professor Octavian Baltag Ph.D. candidate Georgiana Marin 3. Brasov, Romania, Academic Contributions to Systematization, Diversification, and Optimization of Robotic Mechanisms Professor Ionel Staretu 4. The Romanian Titus Konteschweller – Global Pioneer of the Radiophony Dr. Ionita Daescu Researcher Francisc Visky

F1B New Uses of Old Technologies in Times of Transition: 1. Theory and Practice of Industrial and Cultural Heritage Management Location: UI3 Organiser: Daqing Yang Chair: Daqing Yang 1. Relocating Marine Engine Shops in Scotland Mr. Mark Watson 2. Citizen Participation in Management, Promotion and Dissemination of Industrial Heritage: Ancient Brass Factory in Spain Dr. Marta Vera Prieto

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 50

3. Hard Places as Tourist Landscapes in North America's Mountain West Professor Todd Shallat

F1C Electric Power and Societal Development: 1. Hydro and Nuclear Power Location: UI6 Organiser: PC Chair: Edmund Todd 1. Some Notes on the History of the German Nuclear Science Community, 1986‐2011 Dr. Tudor B. Ionescu 2. Quebec's Aborted Transition Towards Nuclear Power, 1963‐1983 Ph.D. candidate Mahdi Khelfaoui 3. Monitoring and Control Chart of a Complex Hydropower Development ”Lotru” Dr. Mihai Sporiș Mr. Ștefan Ioan Neacșu Mr. Alexandru Duțu Mr. Mihai Marian Sporiș

F1D Designing a Product or Making a Customer? Policy and Perception Location: UI7 Organiser: PC Chair: Artemis Yagou 1. Deindustrialization, Multinationals and “Polish Electronics.” Public Debate Towards the Role of Consumer Electronics Industry After the System Transition of 1989 Dr. Patryk Wasiak 2. The Perception of Commodities Reflecting Scientific Technology Dr. Eva Waginger

11:00—12:30

F2 ICOHTEC Book and Article Prizes Round Table

Location: Aula, Ground Floor, Exhibition Area Organiser: Dick van Lente Chair: Hermione Giffard

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 51

computer historian of the University of Amsterdam, and professor Amy Dix, historian of gender and technology of Iowa State University under the chairmanship of Hermione Giffard of the University of Utrecht.

The book prize was won by Dr. Dora Vargha for her dissertation Iron Curtain, Iron Lungs: governing polio in Cold War Hungary, 1952‐1963, defended at Rutgers University, 2013. Discussants will be professor Liliana Rogozea, Transylvanian University of Brasov, and Dr. James Stark, University of Leeds. Both are historians of medicine. The session will be chaired by Dr. Dick van Lente of Erasmus University

F2A Turning Points in Technological Development in Romania from the mid 19th century to nowadays: 7. Information Technologies – IT Location: UI2 Organiser: Alexandre Herlea Chair: Alexandre Herlea 1. Development of the Information Revolution in Romania Professor Stefan Iancu 2. A Discourse Analysis of European Technobuzz and its Perception in Romania Researcher Tudor Ionescu 3. Romanian IT Seen by an Insider Dr. Vlad Tepelea

F2B New Uses of Old Technologies in Times of Transition: 2. Theory and Practice of Industrial and Cultural Heritage Management Location: UI3 Organiser: Daqing Yang Chair: Mark Watson 1. Identity, History and Profit? Comparison of Three Industrial Heritage Cases in Pori, Finland Lecturer Anna Sivula 2. Heritage Plants of The Ural Region (Russia) in post‐Industrial Period Ph.D. candidate Nadezhda Solonina 3. Late Industrialization and the Invention of Heritaging in Japan and Beyond Professor Daqing Yang

F2C Electric Power and Societal Development: 2. Era of Electrification Location: UI6 Organiser: PC Chair: Jochen Mayer

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 52

1. German Electrification in War and Revolution, 1913‐1921 Dr. Edmund N Todd 2. The Impact of Electrification in the Spanish Most Progressive Decade, 1958‐1975 Dr. Maria Teresa Sanchis 3. Electric Machines between Industrial Revolution and Information Era Professor Ion Voncila

F2D Rocketry and Spaceflight in the Cold War and After Location: UI7 Organiser: PC Chair: Michael J. Neufeld 1. Cold War, Space Research in Greenland, and the Politics of Rockets Dr. Henrik Knudsen 2. U.S. Planetary Exploration in the Post‐Cold‐War World Dr. Michael J. Neufeld

Saturday, 2 August

09:00—10:30

S1A Economic and Social Consequences of Automatisation Location: UI2 Organiser: PC Chair: Gerard Alberts 1. Office Spaces in Existing Structures for More Innovation and Space Efficiency Dr. Erzsébet Szeréna Zoltán 2. Wealth for Whoever Owns the Robots: Technological Unemployment Concerns in Twentieth and Twenty‐First‐Century Economic Crises Dr. Amy Bix 3. From File Card to Magnetic Tape: The Networks of Technologies and Institutions behind West German Labour Statistics, c.1945‐1973 Dr. Jochen F. Mayer

S1B Reinventing Industrial Culture Location: UI3 Organiser: PC Chair: Sławomir Łotysz TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 53

1. Industrial Heritage as a Resource ‐ the Case of Romania Lecturer Ioana Irina Iamandescu 2. New Industrial Culture Dr. Lars Scharnholz Researcher Heidi Pinkepank

S1C Artisans, Savants and Engineers Location: UI6 Organiser: PC Chair: Antoni Roca‐Rosell 1. Progressive Dies. History and Evolution. (In Spanish) Dr. Fernando Fadon Dr. Enrique Ceron 2. The Birth of the Science of Machines and the Roles of the Fathers‐Founders Dr. Irina Gouzevitch Dr. Dmitri Gouzevitch

S1D Technology of Research: Digitalization, Dissemination and Popularization of Technical Knowledge Location: UI7 Organiser: PC Chair: Francesco Gerali 1. The Technical Public Library: Popularizing Science vs. Offering Specialized Services Ph.D. candidate Claudia Serbanuta Ms. Raluca Nutiu 2. Digitization of Documentary Cultural Heritage in Romania Ph.D. candidate Marius Stoianovici Ph.D. candidate Ionela Barsan Professor Angela Repanovici Ph.D. candidate Nadine Roman Professor Liliana Rogozea 3. Archives in Wonderland: The Promise and Perils of Transitions into the Digital Era Professor Darwin Stapleton

11:00—12:30

S2A Telecommunication in Transition Location: UI2 Organiser: PC Chair: Maria Elvira Callapez

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 54

1. The Period of Transitions: from Landlines to Wireless Telegraphy in Brazil Dr. Mauro Costa da Silva 2. The Emergence of Optical Telegraphy during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: a Case Study of Ireland, 1797‐1805. Ph.D. candidate Adrian James Kirwan 3. The Evolution of Telecommunications in Romania Professor Mariana Jurian Professor Ioan Lita Lecturer Daniel Visan

S2B From Wagons to Luxury Cars and Beyond Location: UI3 Organiser: PC Chair: Biborka Bartha 1. How Dutch Wagonmakers Became Body Makers. Knowledge Transfer by Trade Association and a Government Agency, 1900‐1940 Ph.D. candidate Sue‐Yen Tjong Tjin Tai 2. Automobile Coachbuilders on the Early 20th Century in Portugal: Craftsmen Skills and Customs Policy as Factors to Softening Peripheral Status Dr. José Barros Rodrigues 3. The Appearance of Techniques Derived from Automobile Coachwork in Jean Prouvés Industrial Architecture Dr. Andreas Buss

S2C Technical Infrastructure and Technology on Peripheries Location: UI6 Organiser: PC Chair: Antoni Roca‐Rosell 1. The Modern Technique of Tapping the Pine in Spain, or The learning Process of Forest Engineers and Resin Tappers (1865‐1900) Ph.D. candidate Juan Luis Delgado 2. Solar Desalting Plants in Atacama (1872, 1907) Ph.D. candidate Nelson Arellano 3. The Lighting Systems on Lighthouses of the Polish Coast Changes Professor Antoni Komorowski Dr. Iwona Pietkiewicz

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 55

S2D Imagining Technological and Scientific Progress Location: UI7 Organiser: PC Chair: Gerard Alberts 1. April Fool’s Day Hoaxes and the Understanding of Technology Dr. Olle Hagman 2. I killed Einstein, Gentlemen. The Technology of Reality in Czechoslovak Science‐Fiction Films 1945‐1989 Researcher Peter Koval 3. The Image of Bio‐Technology in Contemporary Art and Media Professor Urszula Jarecka

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 56

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 57

Professor Alexandre Herlea

KRANZBERG Melvin Kranzberg Lecture is annually delivered in the ICOHTEC‐meetings by a distinguished historian LECTURE of technology. This year the lecture will be given by professor Alexandre Herlea. He is Professor TUESDAY Emeritus at the Université de Technologie Belfort‐ AULA MAGNA Montbéliard, France. 17.00‐18.30 Born in 1942 in Brasov, Romania, A. Herlea obtained his mechanical engineering diploma from “Institutul Politehnic” of Brasov in 1965. Resident in France since 1972, he was a research assistant at the “Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers” (CNAM), Paris, and obtained his Ph.D. degree in History of science and technology, in 1977. His Ph.D. thesis was directed by Professor Maurice Daumas whose collaborator he became. After post‐doctoral studies in the United States (Princeton, Pennsylvania, Smithsonian Institution), he continued his university career at the CNAM (maître de conferences) until 1995, when he became full professor of history of technology at the “Université de Technologie Belfort‐Montbéliard” (UTBM). During this time, at Paris XI–Sorbonne he earned the “Habilitation à diriger les recherches en sciences” diploma and was also associate professor at the “Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures” and advisor for technical museology at the “Cité des Sciences et de l’Industrie”, Paris. In 1990, he was visiting professor at the “Michigan Technological University”, USA. Until 2011, when he retired and became emeritus professor at UTBM, continuing to lead Ph.D. theses, he was a member of the university board, department director and director of international relations. A. Herlea is author, co‐author, and editor of ten books, notably the reference treatise Histoire Générale des Techniques (Paris: PUF, 1978). He has published a large number of scientific articles, and contributed to the realization of more than twenty‐five exhibitions. He is an elected member of several academic societies, including the: “International Academy of History of Science” (IAHS), “Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques” (CTHS), “International Committee for the History of Technology” (ICOHTEC), “Société Française d’Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques” (SFHST), “Society for the History of Technology” (SHOT) and “Comitetul Roman pentru Istoria si Filozofia Stiintei” (CRIFS), with leadership responsibilities in some of them, such as the presidency of ICOHTEC. He also had significant political and administrative responsibilities. He was Minister of European Integration in the Romanian government (1996–99), ambassador, chief of the Romanian Mission to the EU and vice‐president of the “Christian Democrat International” (CDI). A. Herlea’s distinctions include: in France, the silver medal of the “Société d’Encouragement au Progrès”, “Les Palmes Académiques” and “La Légion d’Honneur” (commandeur); and in Romania, “Serviciul credincios” (high officer) and Doctor Honoris Causa of “Universitatea Transilvania Brasov”.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 58

The History of Technology and the European Unity KRANZBERG LECTURE This conference about the History of Technology and the European unity opens the ICOHTEC symposium, whose general theme is: “Technology in Times of Transition”. It sets into parallel lines the birth and the TUESDAY evolution, in Europe, of a discipline—the History of Technology—and AULA MAGNA that of an idea which leads to the construction of the European Union. 17.00‐18.30 This presentation is chronologically divided in five parts: the Middle Age; the Renaissance period; the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century; from the middle of the 19th century to the Second World War; after the Second World War until the Treaty for the EU in 1992. It shows the dependence of the History of Technology and of the idea of European unity on human thought, on cultural and spiritual contexts. At the same time highlights a wide range of chronological similarities, of a similar rhythm of evolution, maturation, and implementation. In the Middles Ages, Europe was united by the Christian faith and monasteries played an important role in the preservation of technological memory. During the Renaissance period, the first projects dealing with the European political unification appear at the same time as the first technical publications: the “Theatrum Machinarum”. In the second half of the nineteenth century, a debate emerges on the legal form of a united Europe and the evolution of technology ceases to be solely regarded as a genealogy of technology and is integrated in economic, social, historical analyses. Between the two world wars, Aristide Briand’s project for a federal Europe, in which the syntagma “European Union” is used for the first time, and Lucien Febvre’s manifesto for the creation of a new branch of history, the History of Technology, were both launched. After the Second World War, the idea of European unity came to be implemented, the European Union to be established, and the History of Technology to reach maturity and to be fully recognized as an academic discipline. Today the EU is integrating into its plans (see the Lisbon and Europe 2000 strategies) the evolution of techno‐science, and History of Technology is expected to play its role at the technological assessment and technological forecasting levels. In a rapid changing world burdened by crises, morality must dominate efficiency.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 59

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 60

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 61

Technology of Health and Healthcare in Romania Wednesday Session W1A Chair: Amelia Bonea, University of Oxford, United Kingdom Room UI2 9:00‐10:30

Contributions of Romanian Researchers for Obtaining Drugs from Natural Resources

Lecturer Adriana‐Elena Taerel, Romanian Society of the History of Farmacy (SRIF), Romania Dr. Emilia Stancu, Romanian Society of the History of Farmacy (SRIF), Romania Professor Ana Carata, Romanian Society of the History of Farmacy (SRIF), Romania Researcher Constanta Rizescu, Romanian Society of the History of Farmacy (SRIF), Romania Ph.D. candidate Mihai Stanescu, Romanian Society of the History of Farmacy (SRIF), Romania

The use of indigenous raw materials for new drugs has been a priority in pharmaceutical research inRomaniain the second half of the twentieth century. The attention of researchers was pointed first toward traditional medicine (teas, infusions, decoctions etc.) and the base of existing materials. Afterwards, there have been studied some plants existing in the spontaneous flora. For standardize and enrich their active principles, some plants had to be introduced into directed cultures (supervised). The results obtained of mixed teams of Romanian researchers (pharmacists, chemists, physicians, biologists, agronomists) determined the establishment in Romaniaof a joint center ONUDI, initially aiming to a postgraduate specialization of some scholars ( Romanian and foreign) pharmacists, doctors, chemists etc., some who were their professors became experts ONUDI. Another important aspect about the researchers were concerned was the use and the capitalization of waste resulting from the processing of that plants. InRomania, between 1960‐1997, waste plants were transformed by special technological methods in support for animal feed additives and nutrients. These wastes have set up an energy biomass. The paper presents the technological schemes used throughout the circuit manufacturing process, from obtaining of raw materiel and drug to completion of nutrients or feed additives. The processing of raw materiels must be effectuated as close to the place of collection of these, use a discontinuous equipment. Such methods form the object of several invention patents and communications at specialized congresses in the country and abroad (FIP, Balkan Medical Week etc.). Generally, the technology for obtaining a drug has considered the capitalization of natural pools that represent a national and universal patrimony ensuring the biodiversity and a natural ecological environement.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 62

Wednesday Session W1A Room UI2 9:00‐10:30

Changes in e‐Documentation of the History of Medicine in the Post‐Communist Romania

Professor Liliana Rogozea, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Ph.D. candidate Florin Leasu, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Ph.D. candidate Oana Andreescu, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Lecturer Mihaela Badea, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Professor Dan Dumitrascu, University of Medicine and Farmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, Cluj‐ Napoca, Romania Professor Angela Repanovici, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

If the history of science and technology has gone much faster in virtual, medical history remained a long time in traditional access to information. Since the establishment of the Institute of History of Medicine in Cluj before the establishment of a virtual museum of medicine in Romania, the step should occur naturally and can be done in last half a century. However, unlike other countries, Romania has not succeeded to have such a virtual museum. The paper aims to realize an analysis of the type and quality of information for the history of medicine in Romania presented on the web sites of different medical institutions, in the international context of the development of other virtual museum of the history of medicine projects. In a context of the existence of museums of the history of medicine and pharmacy, which are far too little known by the general public, in the post‐communist era the attractiveness for visiting museums decreasing even more, the development of projects including the creation of virtual museums of history science and technology in Romania, with an important section relating to the development of medicine in our country is more than useful to educate the younger generation. We will present a few examples of such web sites as a model to be followed both by members of the Romanian Society of Medical History and universities in Romania, many of them featuring information capital that deserve to be brought to the public, including the initial appearance of online catalogues and digitization of documents that may otherwise be lost forever.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 63

Wednesday Session W1A Room UI2 9:00‐10:30

The Infringement of Iron Curtain by the School of Medical Radiology in Iasi, Explained by Socio‐Physics Models

Professor Radu Chisleag, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania

The History of Medical Radiology in Iasi, started with hand radiographs (1896, Dragomir Hurmuzescu), using a setup he mounted. The 3rd Congress of the Society of Radiology of Romania (SRR) was organized (Iasi, 1939) by its president, Prof Emil Radu (1887‐ 1950), helped by Dr Gheorghe CHISLEAG (1914‐1988), who later developed the Clinic of Radiology, bearing today his name and organized national congresses (1970 IASI; 1973, Bucharest), as president of SRR (1967‐73). After WWII, Radiology developed steadily in Iasi, by infringing Iron Curtain (IC). To explain this infringement, the author applies Socio‐Physics models, considering IC be a quantum barrier of potential, which, to be penetrated, has to relatively become thinner and less higher as possible, relatively to the potential levels at entry and exit. Newton’s 2nd law application and increase of the potential level of Radiology were ensured by: continous increase of professional and scientific levels of radiologists in initial or advanced training, based upon daily courses, followed by open hours dedicated to interpreting the radiological images got by local and visiting radiologists and to stimulating their research activities; bringing high tech (private, Siemens,1943) and new equipment (1958). Law of action and reaction explains the continuation of progress when lecturer Chisleag, was politically dismissed (1952) from his Chair of Radiology at IMF Iasi, but the National Institute for Training of Medical Specialists reacted, he forming in Iasi, half of the Romanian radiologists.The Principle of action of independent forces may explain the relative increase of the potential level by: improving the correct radio‐diagnose rate; publishing: Courses: (Roentgendiagnostic, Chisleag, 8 volumes, 1950), handbooks (radiologic specialities), treatise (Chisleag, Radiologie Medicala, 1986), 400 scientifific papers; sending to study abroad at top clinics, gifted young radiologists; offering positions to physicists aso; introducing new technologies: radioactive isotopes, tomography, interventional radiology, new imaging techniques and agents, computer drawing of isodose curves (X, Ra, Co); generating other 7 new academic specialized clinics, including Oncology. Width of the IC potential barrier was reduced by: offering high quality prompt services (population, political leaders), being elected in international committees, observing the approved schedule of the visits abroad.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 64

Technologies of Surveillance and Vision Before, Wednesday Session W1B During, and After World War II Room UI3 Organiser & Chair: Nick Hall, Royal Holloway University of London, 9:00‐10:30 United Kingdom

This session explores three case studies of emerging technologies of surveillance and vision, each of which were developed within the context of wartime, postwar, or Cold War national priorities. The first paper explores the British military’s development, in collaboration with EMI, of closed circuit television intended for applications as diverse as unmanned aerial vehicles and naval video conferencing systems. This research, based on newly discovered papers from the corporate archives of EMI and from the UK National Archives, demonstrates that although the closed circuit television technology was not innovated by the military, it played a significant role in post‐war British television receiver design. The second paper uncovers the history of the television zoom lens, showing that the postwar innovation of this important device was one of the many results of an energetic programme of research and development supported by the United States Signal Corps and Navy Department. Frank Back’s “Zoomar” lens provides a revealing case study of the way in which independent innovators adapted wartime inventions for postwar commercial uses. The paper is based on new research within the corporate archives of NBC and at the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, DC. The third paper sheds new light on the use of closed circuit television (CCTV) for the purposes of mass surveillance. Attention has been often been paid to the use of CCTV since the 1980s, but this paper breaks new ground by focusing on the technology’s early development during the 1960s and 1970s. Based on archival research carried out at the UK National Archive, the paper documents the shift from the initial conception of CCTV as a means to facilitate better communication between the public and the authorities, towards more coercive applications from the late 1970s onwards.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 65

Wednesday Session W1B Room UI3 9:00‐10:30

Closed Circuit Television for the UK Military in the late 1930s

Mr. Norman Green, Waldegrave Associates, United Kingdom

In April 1936, when Electric and Musical Industries (EMI) were preparing their 405 line television system for installation at Alexandra Palace in North London in order for the BBC to commence programme transmissions in the following November, the EMI Director of Research, Isaac Shoenberg, suggested to the UK War Office that a television system in a aeroplane could be useful for surveillance purposes and for use in a pilot‐less bomber. Prototype television equipment was put into a plane based at the Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough and trials proved promising. Subsequently a system was engineered and available for testing by late 1936 but because the War Office was unable to supply a plane the system was not evaluated until September 1939. The transmitter in the aircraft had a range of approximately 40 miles and the resultant pictures could be received in a mobile vehicle and in the battleship HMS Iron Duke. However, the French army purchased a set of equipment in 1937 and Russia and Greece wished to buy similar systems but the British Foreign Office prevented the sales. A second closed circuit system was developed to enable an Admiral to brief the Commanders of his fleet by transmitting pictures and sound to their ships. The pictures were of the Admirals map table where he would describe his strategy without the Commanders having to go aboard the Admirals battleship; this was particularly useful in bad weather. The final system that was developed was a surveillance system to observe the movements of troops etc. on a battlefield. This system had a reception range of approximately 15 miles. Illustrated by recently‐discovered drawings and photographs from the EMI and UK National Archives, this paper explores the breakthroughs in circuit design, pick‐up tubes, valves and aerial design involved in the design of these systems, which were to influence television design in the 1940s and 1950s.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 66

Wednesday Session W1B Room UI3 9:00‐10:30

Closer to the Action: Frank G. Back and the Zoomar Lens

Dr. Nick Hall, Royal Holloway University of London, United Kingdom

In October 1946, an optical engineer named Frank Back presented a new type of zoom lens to a convention of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers in Hollywood, California. Back told the meeting that the ‘Zoomar’ lens had the potential to revolutionise filmmaking, whether in the fields of documentary or education, sports or news, advertisements or medical films. Over the following years, Back’s Zoomar lens indeed exerted a substantial impact upon the American moving image entertainment industry. But it was in television, rather than film, that its effect was most keenly felt. The utility of the zoom lens lay in its ability to magnify or diminish the size of television images without the need to reposition the camera – an invaluable quality for broadcasters as they sought to cover the action at sporting events, parades, and political conventions. By 1957 hundreds of television stations in the United States had purchased Zoomar lenses. Drawing on substantial archival research, this paper discusses the invention of the Zoomar lens, explaining how it resulted from the consolidation and conversion of wartime innovations commissioned by the United States Signal Corps and Navy Department. During the prototyping and early marketing of the Zoomar lens, Back and his fellow investors adopted a range of innovation strategies in order to foster mutually beneficial, hands‐on relationships with corporate bodies such as NBC and Paramount. In addition to accounting for an under‐researched development in television history, this paper therefore also illuminates the relationship between wartime reconnaissance technology and post‐war entertainment industries.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 67

Wednesday Session W1B Room UI3 9:00‐10:30

Watching the City: The Emergence of CCTV in Postwar British Policing

Ph.D. candidate Ben Taylor, King’s College London, United Kingdom

CCTV has become ubiquitous in modern British cities. It has a long, though largely unexplored, history: CCTV and associated technologies of mass surveillance have had a presence in Britain’s cities since the 1960s. This paper will address and challenge many existing narratives surrounding the emergence of CCTV and associated technologies as a means of crime prevention in the 1980s and 1990s, and instead argue that we must look to the broader attempts by police and the state to reform urban communication, emergency response and the behaviour of citizens during the postwar decades. The paper will focus primarily on London in this period, charting the shift from the more symmetrical use of CCTV as a technology of communication in the 1960s and early 1970s, through to its more coercive uses in the late 1970s and 1980s – the period commonly taken as a starting point for studies of CCTV. The earliest uses of CCTV in London conceived of it as a way of facilitating better communication between the public and authorities in a wide range of situations, ranging from traffic control and subway station management through to education and teleconferencing applications. However, this paper will argue that this also paved the way for more coercive applications of the technology from the late 1970s, as a growing emphasis on efficiency and automation in urban infrastructure demanded greater discipline and predictability from urban populations. This paper will explore themes of symmetry and asymmetry in the history of CCTV, and the development of pedagogical and coercive approaches to mass surveillance in modern societies.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 68

East ‐ West Transfer of Technology during the Cold Wednesday Session W1C War: 1. Channels and Policies Room UI6 Organiser: Timo Myllyntaus, University of Turku, Finland 9:00‐10:30 Chair: Hans‐Joachim Braun, Helmut‐Schmidt Universität, Hamburg, Germany

The history of transferring knowledge and technology between East and West, socialist and capitalist, big and small states has attracted many researchers. Current historiography proposes new sources and approaches studying various forms of transfer on different levels, emphasizing not only conventional trade flows from West to East, but vice versa as well as other more or less unofficial forms of technology mobility. They include communication between scientists, attending exhibitions and conferences as well as copying patented innovations and industrial espionage among other channels of transfer, which demonstrate the permeability of geographical, state, cultural, political, social, and institutional borders. This permeability was also attested during the Cold War, results of which demonstrate the significance of East and West transfers and as Karen Freeze puts it in her article on Czechoslovak theater technologies and their move westward: “we may conclude that the Iron Curtain was more permeable than previously thought”. Consequently, technology transfer opens a wide and challenging field of research. Apart explaining movement and exchange of technologies, transfers explicate social, political and cultural transformations they entail and serve for. They also help explain communication of different actors on governmental, institutional, company and individual levels. Following this wide meaning of technology transfers between East and West our session proposal contains empirically based and conceptually solid contributions to the ICOHTEC symposium Technology in Times of Transition. Although much good research on the topic has already been done, there are still many grey areas in this large field. Historiography on transfers still requires more case studies, in particular on small Eastern and Central European countries, involving more areas and focuses in order to develop better comprehension of how soft and hard technologies cross borders, how they influence those who were engaged in transfer, what role did the transfer play in social change and other transformations.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 69

Wednesday Session W1C Room UI6 9:00‐10:30

Designed and Engineered by Politicians? The Iron Curtain as a Filter of Technology Transfer

Professor Timo Myllyntaus, University of Turku, Finland

There are forms and channels of technology transfer which can be considered uncontrolled. Nevertheless, a great deal of technology transfer has always been and still is controlled but part of the control tends to fail. Naturally, companies supplying technology are most interested to control the transfer of their technology. In addition, many other stakeholders participate in the control of transfer. Recipient firms want to influence what kinds of technology are used in their premises as well as their economic environment. Furthermore, governments of the countries of both suppliers and recipients and even those of neighbouring countries sometimes attempt to use their power in selecting the transfer of technology. Because the transfer of technology tends to be under the surveillance of many stakeholders even in normal peacetime situations, this phenomenon was under a tight control in the exceptional circumstances of the Cold War. This paper focuses to study how the Iron Curtain operated as a filter of technology transfer. The applicability of the theoretical model is demonstrated and tested by examining some historical case studies of technology transfer between Finland and the Soviet Union. The paper argues that the USSR did always not want to import the best available western technology but preferred products which had primarily manufactured from Finnish raw materials and components. This policy forced Finland to invest in the production of some raw materials and components which were not of the best quality or price competitive in the western markets. As the result, the trade with the Soviet Union on one hand diversified the composition of the Finnish industrial production. On the other hand it made the structure of the industrial production more fixed. However, not all choices by the Soviet Union were politically motivated. Especially in the consumer sector some Finnish products fit Russian taste better than other. The paper ends up to a conclusion that the transfer of technology in the Cold War period was a very complex issue. The choice of transferred technology did not depend only on political and economic factors; cultural and national preferences had also impact on deliveries.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 70

Wednesday Session W1C Room UI6 9:00‐10:30

The Soviet Forestry in 1953‐1964: Transfer and Implementation of Western Technologies

Ph.D. candidate Elena Kochetkova, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Saint‐Petersburg, Russia

In my paper I investigate how the Soviet Union, aimed to “catch up and surpass with the West”, transferred and implemented Western technologies in such an important but outdated sector as the forestry industry. My starting point lies in that Soviet economic and technological improvement was possible only due to outside help, and the forestry depended a lot on technologies brought from Finland which was the Soviet border neighbor and capitalist “friend” after the Soviet‐Finnish war of 1941 – 1944. Soviet history after the Second World War included both technological achievements in physics, space sciences and apparently outdated industries like forestry, consumer goods manufacturing etc. Technological backwardness in some fields was recognized by N.S. Khrushchev who initiated technological improvement which was proclaimed to be of immense importance. Special attention was paid to forestry as one of the main industries in a country which possessed huge forest resources but suffered from outdated machines and facilities as well as a lack of specialists. The Soviet leadership claimed that the state should take the best of whatever the West could give, although in practical terms the number of Western countries “open” for the Soviets was not large. For the Soviet state, Finland was a source of Finnish homegrown technology and know‐how as well as a channel for technology transfer from Western Europe and North America. I examine the issue focusing on the micro level, in particular on activities of Soviet engineers and industrial scientists in their effort to transfer and implement Finnish and Western‐ through‐Finland knowledge, techniques and expertise. I put the issue into a large context of cooperation between East and West. Through these lenses, I analyze how “capitalist” knowledge correlated with the “socialist” ground and planned economy. How did Soviet transfer agents encounter Western local actors, or engineers and scientists? How did transfer occur practically and what forms did it take? And in general, what were economic, social, and cultural consequences of transfer activities for the Soviet Union?

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 71

Wednesday Session W1C Room UI6 9:00‐10:30

Trading with the Ideological Enemies

Dr. Elitsa Stoilova, Plovdiv University, Bulgaria

Notwithstanding the limitations of the Cold War in terms of travel and trade, socialist Bulgaria accomplished the export of technical know‐how and products to various countries beyond the Iron Curtain. The paper examines the promoting abroad of Bulgarian scientific and technical achievements in industrial yoghurt manufacturing in the1970s. Bulgarian yoghurt was successfully promoted abroad in part because the Western yoghurt market was already well developed. Science not only helped construct and launch the notion of Bulgarian yoghurt’s superiority but also gave credence to the national myth of Bulgaria being the home of yoghurt. When Bulgarian producers exported yoghurt or its technology, they were also exporting stereotypes, myths, and symbols. For their part, West European dairy companies further reinforced the image. When yoghurt started “travelling,” any expectations or preliminary plans had to be checked against the outcome. By appropriating yoghurt, considered a traditional Bulgarian product, the European market changed the context of yoghurt consumption and adapted it to the specificity of the local markets. Therefore the export of yoghurt that initially conveyed national pride did transform European taste. I would argue, that despite restrictions at various levels, exchange and cooperation between East and West existed, rendering the Iron Curtain, metaphorically speaking, permeable. In the 1960s and 1970s, the industrial need for Western innovations, machinery, and thus currency pushed the liberalization of trade policies with the rest of the European countries considered as capitalist ‐ in opposition to the communist ideological and economic order. Bulgarians attempted to develop trade relations with non‐communist countries, even though establishing contact with “ideological enemies” officially went against Cold War animosity and the government’s restrictions of free movement of people and goods. Bulgaria’s export and import policies, however, show that the state was less of a monolithic actor and operated on many levels. Civil servants working in the foreign trade area were entwined with Bulgarian embassies and state security agencies.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 72

Teaching Engineering in Different Times and Cultures Wednesday Session W1D Chair: Darwin Stapleton, University of Massachusetts, Boston, USA Room UI7 9:00‐10:30

Engineering Professors as Entrepreneurs: The Case of Franz Reuleaux (1829‐1905) and Alois Riedler (1850‐1936)

Professor Wolfgang Koenig, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany

In late 19th century, Franz Reuleaux and Alois Riedler were probably the most well‐known mechanical engineering professors in Germany. The two professors worked in an era when Germany became one of the world’s leading industrial countries and when the Institutes of Technology (‘Technische Hochschulen’) started to appoint engineers who possessed industrial experience to the chairs. It was near at hand that professors tried to contribute to the industrial development by obtaining patents, founding own companies, investing in existing and new firms and working as consultants. By doing that, Reuleaux lost nearly all his capital whereas Riedler became millionaire. I shall use the two cases for discussing systematic questions on academic entrepreuneurship. Were there differences between the engineering disciplines in establishing commercial activities? What kind of activities did the engineering professors perform? What were the conflicts between the professors and state bureaucracy on the one hand and with industry on the other hand? What were the reasons for success and failure? The case studies on Reuleaux and Riedler are based on all printed and archival sources which are available. The general reflections on academic entrepreneurship are a first attempt of systematizing that research field.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 73

Wednesday Session W1D Room UI7 9:00‐10:30

Women Transport Engineers in Hungary – Women Teachers and Students at the Faculty of Transport Engineers of the Technical University of the Building Industry and of the Faculty of Transport Engineering of the Budapest Technical University

Professor Eva Vamos, Hungarian Museum for Science ,Technology and Transport, Budapest, Hungary

After WW II the socialist cultural government strived to open specialized universities all over the country. The University of Transport Engineering was founded in Szeged( South‐East Hungary) in 1951 and transferred to Szolnok in 1952. It merged with the Technical Universityof the Building Industry and Engineering as third Faculty in 1955. (The Departments of Building Engineering had been detached from Budapest Technical University in 1949 to form a separate institution..) This new university was independent for 12 years only then joined Budapest Technical University. According to the aspirations of the epoch women were invited to enroll for the Faculty of Transport Engineering. However, during the 20th century their number never exceeded 10% of total students. The paper describes in detail the careers of 4 outstanding women transport engineers. All of them graduated from the Faculty of Transport Engineering of Budapest Technical University. Two of them became regular professors and were awarded the Széchenyi prize the highest distinction scientists could obtain. One of them became the first female dean of Budapest Technical University.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 74

Wednesday Session W1D Room UI7 9:00‐10:30

Four Science Academies Makes a Lot

Dr. Panu Nykänen, Finnish Academy for Technical Sciences, Finland

In Finland there are two academies of technological sciences, The Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in Finland (f. 1921) and The Finnish Academy of Technical Sciences (f. 1957). There are also two general science academies. In addition there is also the Technology Academy Finland TAF and the Finnish Academy, the latter being merely a governmental financing organization. There is also the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies, working near the science academies. For a small country the number of academies is quite high. For the reasons of international co‐operation of the science academies the Council of Finnish Academies was founded in 1975. For the same reasons the technical science academies formed a co‐operative organization Finnish Academies of Technology FACTE in 1988. FACTE was 2002 one of the founders of Millennium‐foundation, now the Technology Academy Finland. The co‐operative organisations have not been able to fade the basic differences in between the four academies. There are several reasons for the founding of the science academies. The university is an organisation in eternal transition, a changing picture of the society it supports. Sometimes the contact between a society and the university is injured. This has happened in Finland for economic or political reasons e.g. in 1830’s, and during the years of the both World Wars. During the years, when university for some reason has not been able to discuss with the society, the science academies have offered an alternative scientific body for different needs of the society. The four Finnish science academies have a language based division and there is also a division between the technical and general sciences. In this paper the history of four Finnish science academies is discussed in the context of political and economic history of the nation. The role of the science academies seem to be changing rapidly in the 2010’s, when the scientific advising has became an important topic in the EU and in the world. The sources for this study are the archives of the Council of Finnish Academies and the technical academies of Finland.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 75

Wednesday Session W1D Room UI7 9:00‐10:30

A tribute to Maurice Daumas Founding Father of the History of Technology and of the ICOHTEC Professor Pierre Lamard, Technical University Belfort Montbéliard, France Professor Robert Belot, Technical University Belfort Montbéliard, France

We commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of Maurice Daumas death. Student of Gaston Bachelard, editor of a History of Science and together with René Taton of a General History of Technical and General History of Science, he was however much more than a great historian of technology. He also helped the dissemination of knowledge through his initiatives to create institutional structures such as the ICOHTEC and one of his latest projects materialized by the emergence of industrial archeology as a new field of research. Our contribution would like to trace on the one hand his intellectual career in order to give the keys to understand the epistemological construction of the field of history of technology and to do justice on the other hand to an engaged historian who heightened public awareness of the importance of technology, popularized history of technology but also cleaved the field debating with Bertrand Gille. Finally, this research on the consistency of Maurice Daumas intellectual journey and on the territories he has build, leads to the question of his legacy, both in terms of concepts and methods. Are they still relevant and do they fit the frame of our modernity?

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 76

Turning points in technological development in Wednesday Session W2A Romania from the mid‐19th century to nowadays: Room UI2 1. Opening & Miscellanies 11:00‐12:30 Organiser: Alexandre Herlea, Technical University Belfort Montbéliard, France Chair: Mircea Ivanoiu, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

Gheorghe Asachi (1788‐1869) in the Romanian Culture and Engineering

Professor Eufrosina Otlacan, Romanian Committee for the History and Philosophy of Science, Romania

A history of Technology is first of all a history of people who created and who put in function the instruments that were created. By “transition” here we understand a certain kind of transition that manifested at the beginning of the XIXth century in the Romanian Principalities. The paper presents a page of the history of this transition represented by one of the most important personalities of those times, Gheorghe Asachi. The Romanian scholar was born in Herta (today in Ukraine) at 01.09.1788 and died in Iasi (Romania) at 12.11.1869. About Gheorghe Asachi, the great Romanian historic Nicolae Iorga wrote: “In those times a Romanian to know so many things as he, did not exist”. The importance of Asachi’s contribution to the development of the cultural, scientific, educational and technical level in Moldavia is pointed by many authors whose books and articles tell about the life and works of this learned patriot. Among the sources we enumerate some books written between 1890 and 1992, some authors being V. Atanasiu, E. Lovinescu, D. Caracostea, C. Simionescu. One important source of information consists in the works written by Asachi himself, textbooks, social analysis, literary composition, poetry, his Curriculum Vitae. The transition in Moldavia in those times needed persons with general and technical education. Asachi had the competence to respond to the needs of his country, obtained through deeper levels of study. In 1804 he finished his studies in Lvov, being graduating with a PhD. in Philosophy and also obtained a diploma as engineer and architect. Since 1805, Asachi traveled to Vienna, took courses of mathematics and painting, then to Rome, where he studied archeology and Italian language. Some important facts for the Moldavian life due to Gheorghe Asachi are: the class of surveyors and civil engineers, where he taught mathematics with practical applications for geodesy and lessons of architecture; a gymnasium at Iasi; the Philharmonic and Dramatic Conservatorium; a vocational school. Asachi set up the first printing house with Latin characters and edited books, calendars, almanacs and the publication “Institute of Romanian Honey” in Romanian. Asachi is recognized as the founder of the engineering education in Romania and that is why we have the “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 77

Wednesday Session W2A Room UI2 11:00‐12:30

Henri Poincaré at Resita, between Science and Technology (in French)

Researcher Magdalena Stavinschi, Astronomical Institute of the Romanian Academy, Romania Professor Andrei Vasilescu, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Bucharest, Romania

«Son érudition scientifique était si vaste et profonde et son pouvoir de compréhension si grand qu'il choisissait les sujets de recherche à sa volonté et il imprimait partout, avec la même puissance, les signes de son génie ». C’est ainsi qu’Henri Poincaré a été caractérisé par l'un de ses principaux collaborateurs, le savant roumain Spiru Haret. En effet, Poincaré a donné des résultats impressionnants dans l'analyse, la mécanique céleste, la physique mathématique et la philosophie scientifique. Peu de gens savent qu’à la base de tous ces résultats se trouvait une formation technique. En juillet 1877, à la fin de la seconde année des études à l'École des Mines de Paris, Poincaré fera le voyage d’étude obligatoire de trois mois qui a inclus aussi la région industrielle de Reşiţa, conclut avec un «Mémoire sur la fabrication de l'acier dans le Banat». Ce mémoire nous révèle l’importance de l’industrie métallurgique, pour l’Europe, fin du 19ème siècle. Après avoir évoqué brièvement l’histoire des usines de Resita de 1771, date de leurs créations et jusqu’à l’époque de la visite d’Henri Poincaré, la communication s’arrête plus en détails sur ces usines à l’époque de la visite d’Henri Poincaré. On met ainsi en évidence qu’en 1868 à Reşiţa, a été introduit le processus Bessemer pour la production d'acier, seulement six ans après son utilisation dans l'entreprise Krupp. En 1874, à Reşiţa avait commencé la production, pour les chemins de fer européens, de plusieurs pièces et sous‐ ensembles importants et même de la première locomotive pour le transport interne des usines. Il y avait donc suffisamment de raisons pour que les étudiants de l'École des Mines de Paris (1875‐1878) aillent à Reşiţa pour leurs études. Bien que Reşiţa se trouvât à l’époque dans l'Empire austro‐hongrois, le voyage d’Henri Poincaré dans ce centre de l’acier sera son premier contact avec les Roumains. De retour en France, il travaille avec de nombreuses personnalités de premier rang de la Roumanie, devenant lui‐même membre honoraire de l'Académie Roumaine. Plusieurs détails sur ces aspects seront présentés.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 78

Wednesday Session W2A Room UI2 11:00‐12:30

The De‐Industrialization of the Republic of Moldova after the Fall of Communism (1991) (in French)

Researcher Dorin Dusciac, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Saclay, France

Durant la période soviétique (de 1944 à 1991), la République Soviétique Socialiste Moldave (RSSM)a été le théâtre d’une industrialisation forcée et le plus souvent mal dirigée, qui a défiguré toutes les branches de l’activité économique. Fruit d’une volonté politique dictée par le Kremlin, l’industrialisation du pays n’était pas repartie de manière équitable sur tout le territoire de la RSSM. Ainsi, les deux tiers du potentiel industriel de la république ont été concentrés en Transnistrie, où habitaient environ 20% de la population. En 1991, suite à l’implosion de l’URSS, la RSSM déclare son indépendance et devient l’actuelle République de Moldavie. S’en suit une longue période de transition vers l’économie de marché, qui s’accompagne d’une profonde crise économique et sociale. Durant les deux décennies qui s’en suivent, le pays subit un processus de dé‐industrialisation qui est favorisé par la conjonction de plusieurs facteurs. La plupart des grands sites industriels construits pendant l’époque soviétique dépendaient dans leur fonctionnement sur une chaine de fournisseurs et sur des consommateurs finaux qui en 1991 se sont retrouvés dans des pays différents (les anciennes républiques de l’URSS), tous en proie à une profonde crise économique. L’hyperinflation, le manque de liquidités et la privatisation chaotique des géants industriels a déstabilisé les processus industriels et rompu les liens commerciaux. La désagrégation du complexe industriel militaire soviétique a vidé le carnet de commandes de nombreuses entreprises sous‐traitantes moldaves, laissant sans emploi bon nombre d’ouvriers qualifiés, de techniciens et d’ingénieurs. Le conflit militaire qui a éclaté en 1992 entre les autorités centrales de Chisinau et les forces séparatistes de Transnistrie a mené à la division du pays et par conséquence à l’amputation de la plus grande partie du potentiel industriel du pays. La dé‐industrialisation de la Moldavie s’accompagne d’une très importante vague d’émigration, qui mène à la diminution considérable du potentiel humain du pays.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 79

Wednesday Session W2A Room UI2 11:00‐12:30

The Romanian Agriculture and Viticulture after the fall of Communism. The Example of the Domain of the Crown in Segarcea (in French)

Mr. Mihai Anghel

L’agriculture de la Roumanie, pays agricole, a été profondément touchée par les changements politiques et socio‐économiques radicaux que le pays a subis depuis la deuxième moitié du XIX‐ème siècle à nos jours. Après un court passage en revue des principales étapes traversées par l’agriculture roumaine depuis 150 ans (les grandes propriétés, la réforme agraire après la Grande Guerre, la collectivisation de l’agriculture pendant le régime communiste, la privatisation de l’agriculture après la chute du communisme), l’exposé porte sur une partie des Domaines de la Couronne de Segarcea, comme exemple illustrateur de ces étapes. Elles sont brièvement évoquées, à l’exception de la dernière, celle d’après ’89, plus précisément depuis l'année 2000 jusqu'à présent. Le Domaine Segarcea, l’un des 12 Domaines de la Couronne (180.000 ha) créé en 1884, est utilisé pour la culture des céréales et de la vigne. Les technologies, les machines et les installations les plus modernes (caves, silos, etc.) sont achetées et employées. Après la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale, les Domaines de la Couronne sont devenus des fermes agricoles d’Etat ou collectives, sans efficacité. Après la chute du communisme, l’agriculture rentre dans une période de crise profonde due au ralentissement de la restitution des propriétés confisquées, l’inexistence et la manipulation des crédits bancaires, etc. Mon exposé portera principalement sur l’évolution d’une partie des Domaines de la Couronne de Segarcea après leurs privatisation, c’est à dire après avoir été rachetée à l’Etat roumain par la famille Anghel. C’est un passage en revue de la renaissance d’une partie des anciens Domaines de la Couronne de Segarcea, suite à la mise en oeuvre d’une stratégie similaire à celle du début du XX‐ème siècle. On insistera surtout sur les vignes (300ha), tout en mettant en évidence leur refonte et consolidation conformément aux technologies et standards des années 2000, avec la préservation des bâtiments historiques et plus généralement de l’identité de la terre et de ses traditions.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 80

IXth Annual Symposium on the Social History of Wednesday Session W2B Military Technology: 1 Room UI3 Organiser: Barton Hacker, National Museum of American History, 11:00‐12:30 Washington, USA Chair: Ciro Paoletti, Italian Commission of Military History (CISM), Rome, Italy

The history of military technology usually centers on weaponry, warships, fortifications, or other physical manifestations of warfare, emphasizing how they were made or how they worked. Historians have also tended to assume a strictly utilitarian and rational basis for military technological invention and innovation. However necessary they may be, such approaches largely ignore some very important questions. What are the contexts of social values, attitudes, and interests, non‐military as well as military, that shape and support (or oppose) these technologies? What are the consequences of gender, race, class, and other aspects of the social order for the nature and use of military technology? Or, more generally: How do social and cultural environments within the military itself or in the larger society affect military technological change? And the indispensable corollary: How does changing military technology affect other aspects of society and culture? In brief, this symposium will address military technology as both agent and object of social change, taking a very broad view that encompasses not only the production, distribution, use, and replacement of weapons and weapon systems, but also communications, logistics, medicine, and other technologies of military relevance as well as sciences of military interest.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 81

Wednesday Session W2B Room UI3 11:00‐12:30

Between Religion, Weapons and Power: Armed Priests in Latin America, 1800‐1850

Graduate student Juan Adriano Chumpitaz Fernandez, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Maranga‐San Miguel, Peru

In this essay we intend to analyze the similarities and differences between the activities of the priests and the militia, its religious significance and policy and its participation in the independence process through the use of the weapons and the appropriation of technology and the military organization, as symbols of power and authority in Latin America, especially in Peru, Argentina and Mexico, between 1800 and 1850 In the organizational structure of the main religious orders that were established in Latin America, it is possible to find some similarities between the organization of military units and those of the religious orders. Marchena (1992), the organization of the fighting forces in America, their weapons and tactics employed, allow us to consider that the American wars are, essentially, a prolongation of the wars that are taking place in Europe between 1792 and 1815. The religious orders were not alien to the social conflicts, political and economic at the end of the XVIII century, are evident and harden at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The consolidation of the independence process and the organization of the new states, inaugurates a convulsive period of anarchy, chaos and social disorder, political and economic, caused by the vacuum of power and the power struggles.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 82

Wednesday Session W2B Room UI3 11:00‐12:30

“Hybrid Warfare”: the Progression of Technological Supplantation of European War Horses in the Development of Total War, 1850‐1950

Graduate student Chelsea Medlock, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA

The First World War was the apex of nineteenth century scientific and ideological trends and can be viewed as a “hybrid” conflict, which involved the merging of pre‐industrialized modes of warfare (animals) and modern modes of warfare (mechanization) to produce the first total and industrialized war of modernity. The Industrial Revolutions of the nineteenth century led to societal pressure to modernize and mechanize in all areas of European society. The most significant aspect of this push for industrialization was the supplantation of horses on the battlefield; in this movement, Great Britain led the way for much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The technological supplantation of European war horses began during the Crimean War with the introduction of the railroad to European warfare. It continued steadily in the European cities from 1860 to 1880 with the advent of automobiles and other technological innovations; however, the pace of removal sped up significantly after the 1890s with the introduction of mass production and the industrialization of warfare. The skirmishes and technological developments of the Interwar period hammered the final nail in the coffin of equine warfare for the British, unlike its allies and rivals in Western society such as Nazi Germany, the USSR, and even the United States. These countries continued to use horse‐power during the Second World War, with disastrous consequences. The British, on the other hand, had been fully mechanized by 1939 (not including the prestigious Horse Guards). Thus, Europe experienced an important transitional period in modern warfare regarding the conversion from animal transportation to mechanical transportation. This paper explores the transnational progression of equine supplantation in Western military from the Crimean War to the Second World War. It follows the numerous industrial and technological revolutions that affected the role of the horse on the battlefield and on the home front to produce modern and industrialized concepts of total war.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 83

East ‐ West Transfer of Technology during the Cold Wednesday Session W2C War: 2. Organisations and Hardware Room UI6 Organiser & Chair: Timo Myllyntaus, University of Turku, Finland 11:00‐12:30

Technological Development of Finnish Shipbuilding: From a Contractor to Russia to a Constructor for the Soviet, 1900‐1960

Ph.D. candidate Aaro Sahari, University of Helsinki, Finland

This paper examines the development of Finnish shipbuilding in the context of Russian and Soviet maritime needs. During the first half of the 20th century Finnish shipyards went from being fully dependent on Russian commissions to relying on limited domestic markets, before an unprecedented expansion buoyed by war reparations and subsequent demand from the Soviet Union. The industry largely procured materials and technology from the west and sold products to the east. Throughout this period Finland was in a peculiar place between the cold war lines. With this paper I will explore the scope and nature of Finnish ship exports into the Soviet Union. Understanding Russian needs, and how Finnish shipyards met them, allows us to examine this east‐west link. By focusing on this period we can compare both political changes and technological development. Up to 1917 Finland was part of the Russian empire and to an extent its domestic markets. Still before the Second World War Finnish shipbuilding was underdeveloped and very limited in scope. By 1960 major shipyards were able to offer Soviet and other buyers competitive products. As global shipping had moved from steam to combustion, the change in Finnish shipbuilding was not only quantitative but also qualitative. My research is based on Finnish shipbuilding companies’ records including technical ship’s cards. With these construction records it is possible to use quantitative methodology to recognize trends and transitions in the development of shipbuilding. I will also use the Finnish war reparation bureau archives and other government records to establish the diplomatically controlled setting, under which most of Finnish‐Soviet trade took place. This paper will develop the central themes of my ongoing doctoral dissertation work on government control and guidance policies in Finnish shipbuilding.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 84

Wednesday Session W2C Room UI6 11:00‐12:30

The Business of Foreign Affairs Unrealized Visions of Joint Business, Technology and Politics in Finnish‐Soviet Shipbuilding at the End of the Cold War

Ph.D. candidate Saara Matala, Aalto University, Finland

Technology transfer between the West and East has played a remarkable, though ambiguous, role in Finnish ‐ Soviet trade during the Cold War. Throughout this period Finland and Soviet Union had a bilateral trade relationship which has been presented as a political necessity but economical profitable for Finland, and as a mean to ensure Finland`s dependability and to channel western technology for the USSR. The technological collaboration as a part of this was based on state`s level agreements, but from Finland`s point of view it was primarily the business of private Finnish enterprises. This paper explores this intermingling of technology transfer, foreign affairs and private business in the failed efforts to increase collaboration between Finnish and Soviet shipyards towards the end of the Cold War. It does it through a case study of the shipbuilding company, Wärtsilä Marine and it`s initiative to launch a joint Finnish‐Soviet enterprise 1987‐ 89. The motives of private Finnish industry were mainly economical: to maintain market position, to increase sales, to decrease costs of production and to bypass the regulations of the bilateral trade arrangements. However, also the political dimension was strongly involved in the rhetoric and the channels of influence used to promote the initiative as well as implicitly in shaping what projects were contemplated. The study contributes to the discussion about the relationship between the political visions and the economic interest in the Finnish‐Soviet technological collaboration. It increases understanding about the role of private companies as being allies in forging technopolitical visions of technology transfer and trade. However, the efforts appeared to be useless as neither of the partners, Soviet Union or Wärtsilä Marine, existed anymore more than a couple of years. From this angle, the study increases also knowledge about the phase of turmoil and transition in the end of the Cold War. The primary previously unexplored sources consists of Finnish archival material both from the public and private side (Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Central Archives for Finnish Business Records) and interviews to explore the economic and political motives and technopolitical visions behind this initiative.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 85

Wednesday Session W2C Room UI6 11:00‐12:30

Missed Transfer Chance. Early Outsourcing of Truck Transport in Russia and East Germany in the 1950s Had No Followers in the West

Professor Richard Vahrenkamp, Logistic Consulting Berlin, Germany

In the 1950s the Soviet‐Union and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) introduced an innovative concept of cargo transport by trucks: They pulled out the truck fleets that were operated by the enterprises of industry, construction and commerce and concentrated them into service companies (forwarders) that operated at the request of the enterprises. By bundling orders of different clients the capacity utilization of the loading space of the trucks could be increased and a macroeconomic utility were generated. I made some research to explore this innovation. For the case of Soviet‐Union I relied on papers published in German in the GDR. The Western management did not pick up this concept but invented it a second time 30 years later in the 1980s under the name “outsourcing”. This concept was imported from the Japanese car industry (Toyota production system).[1] The Western management made no reference to the Eastern innovation as research in the archives of trade journals revealed. The Western management literature points out to outsource only those business processes that are not closely tied to core processes of the enterprise. This experience made also the Soviet‐Union and the GDR. The outsourcing in the construction industry and in the wholesale enterprises, where transport was closely tied to core processes, was not successful. This paper could be a starting point for an international comparative research project. Scholars in the states of the former Eastern Bloc could evaluate the outsourcing policy in the 1950s and 1960s in their country.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 86

Wednesday Session W2C Room UI6 11:00‐12:30

International Truck Transport During the Cold War

Lecturer Emiliya Karaboeva, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands/Plovdiv University, Bulgaria

The project deals with the international truck transport in the framework of the Cold War regime of separation. The case study is the Bulgarian state cargo company SO MAT (Business Association of International Automobile Transport) and the group of the Bulgarian international truck drivers. The main idea behind the project is that the global transnational truck transport and also the TIR system allowed extensive transfer of goods, technologies, but also images, ideas and values across the Iron Curtain. These transfers and flows can be seen on at least three different levels: 1. the official network of cargo transfers covering the whole Europe and the Middle East. 2. the state contraband transfers of illicit goods and technologies between Bulgaria and the Middle East. 3. the transnational parallel truck drivers’ infrastructure for unofficial distribution of smuggled goods across the Iron Curtain, covering the socialist countries, Western Europe and the Middle East. The main thesis is that despite the Cold War separation and the ideological warfare, namely the international transport system, presented here by the truck transport, allows for more holistic analysis of the seemingly contradictory essence of the actual and rather extensive contacts and transfers between the two blocs. This approach considers not only the intergovernmental trade and exchange, but also the way the flows of goods, images and ideas crossed the Curtain and reached the ordinary people mainly via the smuggling system of the truckers, who transferred technological gadgets, clothes, magazines, and other consumer goods. The general conclusion is that these flows and exchange also should be seen as one of the most important tools for hidden unification of the tastes, values and attitudes of people from the both sides of the Wall. This unification of tastes and values proved further to be one of the key reasons for the smoother transition from socialist to market economy system after 1989. The research is based on various data provided by different kinds of sources, including archival documents, interviews, and officially published state documents.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 87

Daily Life and Symbols of Technological Progress Wednesday Session W2D Organisers: Artemis Yagou, Macromedia University for Media Room UI7 and Communication, Munich, Germany 11:00‐12:30 Slawomir Lotysz, University of Zielona Gora, Poland Chair: Patryk Wasiak, University of Wroclaw, Poland

The proposed panel adresses issues of technology usage in daily life, with emphasis on the formation of symbols of technological progress. The four papers of the panel deal with technological objects from the domain of the everyday: modest and mundane, but also ubiquitous and essential, such objects influence our perception of technological change and reveal a lot about the related ideologies of the societies in which they belong. More specifically: Artemis Yagou examines construction toys and their packaging (1920s‐1950s) as representations of technological change and of evolving public perceptions of technology. Sonja Petersen traces the role of the electric kitchen in the German household (1930‐2006), by using a cookbook first published in 1936 as a case study to disscuss how the fading of traditional skills and the emergence of novel ones were negotiated by electric kitchen users. Sławomir Łotysz employs the example of the electric iron in postwar Poland to illustrate the complex processes of introducing and using new technology within a state‐controlled economy that was resistant and even hostile to change. Constantin Canavas uses the example of the public access defibrillator to discuss how such technology is perceived as a symbol of efficiency, safety and technological progress in contemporary societies. As a whole, the panel aims to foreground international and interdisciplinary examples of technologies of everyday life, to generate a creative dialogue between them and to illustrate the processes of interaction between technology and changing socioeconomic conditions.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 88

Wednesday Session W2D Room UI7 11:00‐12:30

Playful Technology in a Box: Construction Sets and Their Packaging as Symbols of Technological Transition

Dr. Artemis Yagou, Macromedia University for Media and Communication, Munich, Germany

This paper deals with representations of technology and the ways in which they influence daily life. The specific focus is on so‐called technical or construction toys, such a sets of building blocks; these originate from the world of building and machinery and are inspired by the architectural and technological environment. The boxes of such toys are mundane and perishable objects which however constitute a rich source on behaviors and beliefs in relation to technology. Boxes for technical toys are not mere containers to protect and carry the toy, they are indispensable and crucial components of the product; they support the significance of the playthings they contain and contribute to their functions and symbolism in multifarious ways. These boxes are thus central in the generation and dissemination of relevant technological knowledge and its applications: what the toy is and how it functions; who is supposed to use it, when, where, and how; what kinds of behavior by children and parents it encourages; what types of professional orientation it promotes; how it affects the development and diffusion of specific attitudes towards science and technology; how it is related to the unfolding of wider social or political agendas. The paper will present examples of toys and their boxes from technological and toy museum collections in Germany and discuss these and similar questions, with the aim of contributing to the symposium's subject of transitional aspects of technology.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 89

Wednesday Session W2D Room UI7 11:00‐12:30

The All‐Electric Kitchen as Symbol of Modern Housekeeping and Technological Progress in Germany (1930‐2006)

Dr. Sonja Petersen, University of Stuttgart, Germany

Our eating, conservation, food preparation and cooking habits changed significantly due to the implantation of electric household appliances. Cookbooks are a rarely used source in the history of technology and consumption. Especially energy supply companies, like the Berliner Kraft‐ und Licht (BEWAG) ‐ Aktiengesellschaft, tried to educate users to buy electric appliances for example by special cook books. These books create new needs, even before the appliances became part of standard household equipment. My thesis is that the all‐ electric kitchen becomes a symbol of modern housekeeping and technological progress in Germany and that on the one hand, knowledge about manual skills and traditional cooking procedures get lost in the process but, on the other hand, new knowledge concerning the handling of electric household appliances for preparation and cooking needed to be gained by the users. This process is illustrated in a case study of the cookbook “Das elektrische Kochen”, first published in 1936. The cookbook has now been in print for 75 years, from its first publication to the present, in no less than 54 editions. Over the decades, this cookbook has accompanied the technological progress of the all‐electric kitchen in Germany. It shows how the ideas of technological progress changed over 70 years from the perspective of energy supply companies.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 90

Wednesday Session W2D Room UI7 11:00‐12:30

Hot Commodity: Making Clothing Irons in Post‐War Poland

Dr. Slawomir Lotysz, University of Zielona Gora, Poland

The clothing iron is one of the most basic and probably the most common household appliance in the world. The first electric irons appeared in Poland in the 1920s but until the World War Two broke they remained rather a scarce commodity mainly due to general underdevelopment of power grid and relatively high prices of energy. During the Nazi occupation, the charcoal, and box & slug irons were again in vogue, and the market for electric units recovered only in the early 1950s. At first the market of electric iron was left aside by state owned factories, and as such small private enterprises and cooperatives picked up the slack. The irons that they produced were very simple and robust, but sufficient to fill the want. As the market has been saturated to some extent in 1960s and later, the customers started to complain about low quality and functionality of domestic irons. The matter was taken in hands by testers from the Office of Quality Mark. Also, the designers associated with the Institute of Industrial Design took the electric irons on their drawing boards. However, most of those steps did not bring any tangible effects. A significant exception was improving working humidity conditions of irons produced at Nowa Deba plant in southern Poland. In this case the re‐designing process was initiated by the African buyers of Polish irons, and was carried out under the supervision of central governmental institutions and the socialist party leaders of the highest ranks. Significanly, the mentioned irron, denominated as model C28, is still being produced in Poland since then, which beats all records of longevity of industrial design in the country. The paper analyzes how the quality, functionality and the esthetics of electric irons was negotiated in the realm of state controlled economy. The paper concludes, that the communication between designers, producers and customers of electric irons, and other household appliances, in post‐war Poland was highly ineffective, and as such the case of a robust model C28, which retained its main features and shape unchanged for the next half a century, is not an exception, but an exemplification of this claim.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 91

Turning Points in Technological Development in Wednesday Session W3A Romania from the mid‐19th century to nowadays: Room UI2 2. Materials Science & Industry 14:00‐15:30 Organiser: Alexandre Herlea, Technical University Belfort Montbéliard, France Chair: Tudor Ionescu, University of Vienna, Austria

Romanian Contribution to the Materials Science (in French)

Professor Horia Colan, Polytehnic Institute of Cluj‐Napoca, Romania

La fin du XIXe siècle a marqué, du point de vue de la relation science‐industrie, le début d une nouvelle époque : celle de la recherche scienﬁque dirigée vers l industrie qui connue d ̀exister jusqu‘à nos jours, quand le progrès industriel et celui scientifique sont étroitement liés. Un exemple dans ce sens est la création, il y a un siècle, de la science des matériaux, en majorité métalliques, dont l′ application a révolutionné l'industrie et a eu de grandes conséquences sur le développement de la civilisation. Les étapes de l'histoire de la science des matériaux résultent des grands événements qui ont exercé une influence décisive sur sa formation et son développement. A mon avis, ceux‐ci sont les suivants : l'introduction de l'expérimentation en métallurgie et la découverte de nouveaux matériaux (Réaumur, 1722) ; la découverte des constituants et des transformations des phases dans les alliages, c'‐est‐à dire la création de la théorie des alliages et des traitements thermiques grâce à deux méthodes d'investigation : la métallographie et l'analyse thermique (Osmond, Le Chatelier, Roberts‐Austen, Martens, 1887‐1895) ; la découverte de la diffraction des rayons X et leur application en cristallographie (Bungeţianu, 1896 ; von Laue, 1912 ; Bragg, 1913) ; l'idée des défauts cristallins (dislocations) et leur découverte expérimentale ultérieure (Taylor, Orowan, Burgers, Frank etc, 1934‐1939). Anghel Saligny (1854‐1925) a élaboré le projet et a construit le plus long pont d'Europe (1895). Son" Mémoire sur le projet du pont sur le Danube à Cernavodă" (1888) est un exceptionnel ouvrage sur les propriétés mécaniques et technologiques des aciers. À Reşiţa il y avait dès 1880 le laboratoire d'essais physiques (mécaniques), enrichi ensuite avec des sections comme la métallographie, l'analyse dilatométrique, etc. À Bucarest, le premier laboratoire complètement outillé a été fondé en 1886 à l'Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées par l 'éminent chimiste Alfonse Saligny. En 1924 est créé le laboratoire de métallurgie à l'Ecole Polytechnique, qui en 1927 est complétée par une nouvelle section de métallographie et traitements thermique et en 1930 par des appareils de rayon X, spectroscopie, etc. grâce au professeur Traian Negrescu. Au début du XXe siècle apparaissent en Roumanie les premières recherches métallographiques et d'analyse thermique de niveau international. Elles sont dues à Cristea Nicolescu‐Otin (1879‐1954) et sont publiées à l'Académie Roumaine (1910‐1913).

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 92

Wednesday Session W3A Room UI2 14:00‐15:30

Evolution of Nanomaterials Development in Romania: from First Ideas to First Technology Transfers

Lecturer Gabriela Adriana Plaiasu, University of Pitesti, Romania Researcher Radu Robert Piticescu, Institute of Non‐ferrous and Rare Metals, Romania Researcher Vasile Rizea, Professor Marioara Abrudeanu, University of Pitesti, Romania

The history of nanomaterials in Romania started around year 1987 when the Joint Economical Aid Council (CAER) of former communist countries started the first research program aiming to develop the so‐called adiabatic motor, requiring nanostructured ceramics materials. There were practically no relevant experimental developments and the program was closed in 1991. After the Romanian revolution of December 1989, the access to international scientific and education community has opened a large gate to new ideas, new markets and new opportunities. Collaboration with partners from France (e.g. CNRS/PROMES Franc) started around 1995 in the frame of different bilateral programs. NATO Science for Peace and European Programs (SOLFACE, SFERA) was one of the first success stories enabling the joint development of new structural and functional ceramic nanomaterials by original physical and chemical procedures. In 1997 the first attempts to develop the first National Program for Nanomaterials started under the leadership of Prof. Teodor Segarceanu from IMNR, nominated by the National Agency for Scientific Research. This work was continued and finished by the Romanian Association of Materials. In the same time Acad. Prof. Dan Dascalu from the Institute for Microtechnologies proposed a first national program for micro and nanotechnologies. After year 2001 the two programs were joined in the first National Programs for Materials, Micro and Nanotechnologies – MATNANTECH, financing an important number of applied projects in cooperation between academic and industrial partners. New modern experimental facilities were developed in all major Academic Centers from Bucharest, Cluj, Iassy, Timisoara, Constanta, Pitesti, Galatzi and even more. The growing importance of the National entities is reflected in the study and electronic resources database NANOPROSPECT, a study of the possible strategy for development of nanomaetrials and nanotechnologies in Romania for the next period. In the main text of this communication examples of relevant achievements of Romanian research in nanomaterials will be given.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 93

Wednesday Session W3A Room UI2 14:00‐15:30

Priorities in Romanian Oil and Gas Industry: Resource; Personalities; Inventions; Technologies; Corporate Developments; Social and Historical Connections in situs, in tempus and Their Historical Evolution (In French)

Professor Cotorobai Victoria, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași, Romania

The Ponto ‐ Carpatho‐ Danubian area was born, grew up, was formed and was fulfilled, along history, by people who have contributed to the progress of humanity. Others just were born, raised and formed here but fulfillment came for them in other societies more open to innovation and, certainly more potent for adequate funding of research and practical applications, and a more pragmatic approach to the subject. Some of them acted as true „explosions of intellectual achievement" that, far away in space or future, exered their influence for a long period of human development. Two of these intellectuals, who were born and died in Romania, whose intellectual potential exploded in the epoch but whose innovations were ahead of their time are: the Romanian engineer Gogu Constantinescu, whose contributions in introducing the theory of Sonics and his preoccupations about its possible applications were highlighted by important patents, and also the Romanian engineer Ion Basgan, whose patent "Method for improving the efficiency of advanced rotary drilling, by rotation percussion and the depreciation of hydro mechanic pressure" has revolutionized the drilling technology. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis on multiple levels, inventions / innovations of several Romanian engineers and technological priorities of the Romanian oil and gas technology and the interrelations between the areas of human creativity. Analysis criteria adopted are: a) oil and gas in Romania: short history; b) personalities involved in oil and gas: their professional training and their inventions; interconnection between formative professional institutions, research and technological implementation, western and eastern Romanians; c) the role of Romanian oil in European history; d) oil‐gas history and social aspects; e) the possible continuity of the oil and gas industry in Romania: bioengineering, new technologies.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 94

Wednesday Session W3A Room UI2 14:00‐15:30

The Beginnings of Explosive‐Material Manufacturing in Romania (1921‐1942) (In French) Professor Elena Helerea, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Mr. Florentin Olteanu, Presedinte al Fundatiei Culturale “Negru Voda”, Fagaras, Romania

La communication concerne la première usine d’explosifs de Roumanie: sa mise en place et son développement, ainsi que les implications socio‐économiques au niveau local et national. Après la Premiere Guerre Mondiale et la création de l’Etat unitaire roumain, le développement économique s’accélère. Parmi les priorités, à part l’agriculture : l’exploitation et l’utilisation des matières premières et de l’énergie. Immédiatement après la guerre, l’industrie minière doit répondre aux besoins d’explosifs nécessaires dans le processus d’exploitation minière. Il était ainsi urgent et impératif de fonder en Roumanie une usine pour leur fabrication. Le siège de l’usine a été établi aux alentours de la ville de Fagaras, région située au centre du Pays, au pieds des montagnes, bénéficiant ainsi d’un degré de sécurité élevée. La première société roumaine d’explosifs, une société commerciale anonyme, est fondée le 10 février 1921, jour de son enregistrement par l’Administration de Brasov, Le capital est à 60% roumain (10% l’Etat et 50% capital privé) et 40% étranger: le groupe des Sociétés Nobel Industries Ltd. et Dynamit Nobel A. G de Bratislava. Ces derniers apportent des installations, machines et assurent le support technique. La nouvelle société obtient un monopole de 30 ans. En 1924, l’usine d’explosifs de Fagaras devient opérationnelle avec trois branches: celle de la production d’acide nitrique, celle d’explosifs de sécurité et celle de dynamite. Le personnel technique, de spécialité et d’encadrement est formé par des roumains et des étrangers. La matière première utilisée provient de Roumanie, Allemagne, France, Amérique du Sud, Tchécoslovaquie, Autriche. La mise en place de cette usine à Fagaras eut un fort impact sur la région: la construction des logements et des écoles, un déplacement de la population rurale vers la ville de Fagaras et ses alentours; un centre de recherche est mis en place et des chercheurs s’y installent. L’article examine les conditions dans lesquelles la diversification de la production et la capacité de fabrication d’explosifs jusqu’aux années 1939‐1942, lorsque la production militaire prend le pas sur la production civile.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 95

IXth Annual Symposium on the Social History Wednesday Session W3B of Military Technology: 2 Room UI3 Organiser: Barton Hacker, National Museum of American History, 14:00‐15:30 Washington, USA Chair: Ciro Paoletti, Italian Commission of Military History (CISM), Rome, Italy

Union and Confederate Views on Guncotton

Dr. Yoel Bergman, Tel‐Aviv University, Israel

Yet few years before in the Confederacy, guncotton was employed in electric torpedoes and in other weapons. The "electric torpedo" was a static mine laid under water and detonated from a remote operator position, by sending an electric current through insulated wires. Such a device was invented before the War but was improved by the South with the contributions of Charles Wheatstone with his portable electric generator and Frederick Abel's fuses for denotation. Abel's improvement in the guncotton process during 1862‐1865 may have helped him to devise the needed fuse and assist the South in employing guncotton. Several sources indicate that guncotton use was not a sporadic incident. Civil War General Gabriel Rains wrote that guncotton was the more effective explosive in Southern torpedoes and also in shells, and the Scientific American after the War writes about guncotton use in the Confederacy. One indication follows May 6, 1864. On that day for the first time in history, an electrically detonated torpedo sunk a warship, the Union Commodore Jones in the James River, Virginia. Following the incident Union advance toward Richmond was halted, prompting the South to equip with more electric torpedoes. This seems to have reflected on guncotton procurement. On June 20, 1864 the Confederate Navy Secretary Mallory wrote to his agent in England: "We require as soon as we can get it the 25 miles of insulated wires and 1000 pounds of guncotton ordered in my letter of 11th of April" and "If you can send us 5000 pounds of guncotton such as is prepared by the last improved process (the new Frederick Abel process‐Y.B) you will please do so. This is required specially for torpedo services, which is destined to become an important element of the defensive war". Procurement was made abroad since both sides in the War were unsuccessful in their attempts to manufacture guncotton. The South had the cotton but not the essential ingredient nitric acid, while the Union had nitric acid but not cotton.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 96

Wednesday Session W3B Room UI3 14:00‐15:30

‘They say that it excited laughter rather than terror, among their men’: The British Professional Military Debate on Mitrailleurs, 1869‐1875

Ph.D. candidate Ryan Patterson, University of Exeter, United Kingdom

Amateur enthusiasm and official scepticism; these two threads ran through the debate among British officers on the question of mitrailleurs (early machine guns) before their incorporation into the army. In my paper, I explore these arguments as a window into the culture of military, its images of itself, and its images of empire during a pivotal period in the formation of British imperialism. My study takes a comparative look at the records of the War Office 1870 and 1871 Special Committees on Mitrailleurs and those of the Director of Artillery. I then show the highly cultural components of this technical and tactical debate with an examination of the proceedings of the Royal United Services Institution and a number of publications, articles, and pamphlets released by officers with an interest in the topic. I employ David Edgerton’s use‐based approach to the history of invention, which resists the tendency to characterise novel technologies as ‘revolutionary’ or inevitable. To become accepted a technology must only be perceived as superior to alternatives in those specific categories that are believed to be important. Thus, the perspectives of testing committees at the War Office, theorists at the Royal United Services Institution, and proponents of expansion in the colonies, reveal what those commentators felt was needed in a new weapon or, indeed, why and where new weapons were needed. To many officers, the mitrailleur appeared to be an ideal solution to the challenges of African and Indian ‘small wars’, as they then conceived them.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 97

Wednesday Session W3B Room UI3 14:00‐15:30

The Bullet‐proof Vest and the Archduke: 19th Century Innovation Versus 20th Century Firepower.

Researcher Lisa Traynor, Royal Armouries Museum, Leeds, United Kingdom

Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated on the 28th June 1914 in Sarajevo. The assassin, Gavrilo Princip’s lucky shot, struck him in the neck, resulting in the Archduke bleeding to death. Historical rumours claim that the Archduke owned a piece of silk bullet‐proof body armour, which he failed to wear that day. Originally the brainchild of priest‐turned‐inventor Casimir Zeglen, this armour was composed of a combination of organic layers, most notably silk, which had bullet stopping capabilities. By the early 1900?s these armours were being sold globally, and were marketed to heads of state and royalty. The focus of this paper is to report the on‐going research at the Royal Armouries of the capabilities of Zeglen type replica armours against the FN Browning Model 1910, in .380 ACP (M1910). This was the same model of self‐loading pistol used to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand. So far the Royal Armouries has tested early Zeglen patents successfully against various black‐powder calibres of the 19th century. The tests on Zeglen’s early patents against modern .380 ACP have not been as successful, however they have provided promising indicators for what later Zeglen patents might be able to withstand. Princip’s shot heard around the world is something which as a researcher of arms and armour within this epoch fascinates me. The idea of Ferdinand’s survival has led many to wonder about the outbreak of War in 1914. Had he lived, could this global conflict have been delayed or even prevented? Through ballistic testing, with firearms and replica type silk vests, the Royal Armouries will eventually be able to show which Zeglen patent, if any, would have withstood the bullet from Princip’s pistol.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 98

East ‐ West Transfer of Technology during the Cold Wednesday Session W3C War: 3. Commerce or Security Room UI6 Organiser: Timo Myllyntaus, University of Turku, Finland 14:00‐15:30 Chair: Elena Kochetkova, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Saint‐Petersburg, Russia

Needs of Industrialization and the Vice of Economic Depression as Incentives for the Technology Transfer: the 1935 Agreement between the RCA and the Soviet People’s Commissariat in Radio and Electronics.

Professor Vasily Borisov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

In December 1935 some American newspapers reported that Amtorg, the Soviet trading corporation, had ordered $2,000,000 worth of radio equipment and machinery for shipment to the Soviet Union[1]. The news was remarkable, as the United States did not recognize the Soviet Republic for a very long time and had made that only in 1933. So in previous years the USSR contacted mainly with the West European companies when stocking up with electronic equipment. One more curious fact was that the purchase had been approved by the U.S. army and navy and the State Department. The equipment was to be made in the Radio Corporation of America plants in Camden and Harrison, New Jersey. The RCA manufactured a complete television system, including the transmitter, control rooms, cameras, and receivers. The RCA transmitting system was installed at the Moscow TV center for completely electronic translation of television programs. Besides the RCA plants delivered three technologic lines for radio valves production. The technologic lines were installed at plants in Leningrad and in the suburb of Moscow.[2] Business got over political discrepancies: the USSR needed facilities of the well‐known corporation for the aims of industrialization, while in conditions of the recession the RCA needed solvent customers for their production.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 99

Wednesday Session W3C Room UI6 14:00‐15:30

Transnational Reactions to the Soviet Oil Offensive: NATO Debates on Oil Exports and Pipeline Technology (1960‐1962)

Ph.D. candidate Roberto Cantoni, University of Manchester, United Kingdom

By the late‐1950s, the Soviet Union had reacquired a strong position as a world oil exporter, thanks to a number of discoveries in the Ural‐Volga area. In order to transport their oil to strategic locations within the Soviet Union and to Europe, the Soviets devised a project of a colossal pipeline system that would connect oilfields to Eastern Europe, as well as to the Black and the Baltic Seas. Works to the system started in 1960. Anxieties for the pipeline coupled with those arising from a spectacular oil export strategy directed to some major West European countries. The Soviet 'oil invasion of Europe' was seen by countries with established positions in the international oil market as part of a larger economic offensive, aimed at generating dependence of European markets from cheap Soviet oil, and at destabilising the international market's price structure. The completion of the pipeline’s European branch, Druzhba, would thus help the Soviets accomplishing their putative mission. Both exports and pipelines were at the core of bitter and lengthy discussions staged between 1960 and 1962 within transnational organisations, where a difficult harmonisation of conflicting positions was attempted. In my paper, I decided to focus on NATO. I first show that the debate on oil imports eventuated in very limited concrete results, due to the opposition of Italy and to its temporising tactics. I then move to the Druzhba question, and analyse how the US‐ formulated proposal of an embargo on pipes and pipeline technology met with firm British hostility. While the Americans tried to persuade their allies into accepting their proposal by advancing military security reasons, the British responded by stressing the economic inconvenience of a blockade. The NATO confrontation, which included the intervention of high‐rank military and intelligence figures, also centered on a more technical aspect, namely the definition of ‘strategic equipment’. The latter, I argue, was co‐produced through a negotiation among the parties involved, and eventually steered the issue to a conclusion.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 100

Wednesday Session W3C Room UI6 14:00‐15:30

The Evolution of Science Cities as Centers for Technological Transitions in Russia

Researcher Galina Gorokhova, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Professor Vitaly Gorokhov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Throughout the postwar period, the USSR military‐industrial complex was the chief consumer and customer as far as science was concerned. Secrecy that dominated that period predetermined the location and organizational structure of science cities: they were academic and military settlements closed to outsiders. But in this time were many scientists and engineers from Germany in these institutions together with Russian scientists and engineers (Sharashka was an informal name for these secret research and development laboratories). But it was also West‐East Transfer of Technology. Under Khrushchev, political factors cameto the fore. Under Brezhnev, party and ideological interests gained supremacy, often to the detriment of the economy. The main factors constituting science cities are political, economic, legal, and social. Initially, domestic science cities were created as artificial settlements; in the Soviet era, they began to develop as a natural system ‐ urban agglomerations witha uniquely democratic social environment. These entities were interdisciplinary and multinational. Similarly, gathered in a science city were scientists from different regions of the USSR and from different areas of science, where they created a new interdisciplinary research community under the auspices of the city. But for example in the city Dubna in Joint Institute for Nuclear research were scientists and engineers from different European Countries. It was East‐West Transfer of Technology under the epithet “peaceful co‐existence”. The involvement of the scientific community in military‐industrial projects ensures its relative independence from ideological and financial pressure. Generation of favorable and creative conditions for dealing with scientific and engineering problems is a salient feature and, in fact, the foundation of a science city. The evolution of science cities proceeds today to free cities of science, which, in addition to raising scientific technologies, are assuming certain defensive functions in our increasingly bureaucratized society. Modern societies and states require early commercial and technological results from modern science. But we need forthe development of new areas of social science, such as the risk studies, the study of the effects of management and economic decisions, social evaluation of technologies, and applied ethics. (This report is prepared for the project „Social‐philosophical and methodological problems of the technological risks in the modern society“ (12‐06‐00092) of the Russian Foundation of Basic Research).

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 101

Wednesday Session W3C Room UI6 14:00‐15:30

Intelligence‐Interchange in the Area of Science and Technology Between Poland and the Soviet Union, 1986‐1990

Dr. Mirosław Sikora, Instytut Pamieci Narodowej, Katowice, Poland

Technological gap in development between both sides of iron curtain became obvious already during the 1950s. Along with the détente‐era communists countries managed to import some vital technological solutions by purchasing production‐lines or signing license‐ agreements with France, West Germany or Great Britain. However real high‐tech, especially in such branches as automatic control or power engineering, was either protected by private companies interested in maintaining its monopoly and export, or embargoed by western governments inspired by the USA. My paper claims that, in order to evade various legal restrictions in international trade, the Soviet Union encouraged satellites‐states to launch massive clandestine undertakings. Furthermore Moscow’s intelligence service instructed and trained their colleagues from Warsaw, Prague or East Berlin in the area of scientific and technical espionage. KGB also organized this multilateral intelligence‐relationships, by designing a complex system of information‐exchange. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, in most former communistic countries, documents of the intelligence service had been declassified and made available for historians. In Poland these files are stored and accessible in the Institute of National Remembrance. Files of the scientific‐technical intelligence covering years 1986‐1990 are exceptionally well preserved and they allow detailed reconstruction of the Polish‐Russian cooperation in the area of industrial espionage during the last five‐years plan curried out by the countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Analysis involved tasks‐ descriptions passed from KGB to Polish intelligence as well as Polish reports on debriefings with the representatives of the Russian partner. Insight in those files enables to estimate the profile and the quantity of smuggled and exchanged material as construction‐ documentation, chemical samples, components, entire devices etc. Moreover we can point out targeted countries, state’s organizations or private companies. Both sides exchanged experience in recruiting, handling and paying agents, which will be also discussed in the paper. The emphasis is put on the Russian partner, because the activity of the scientific‐ technical arm within KGB in the late 1980s – comparing to the previous period – is still not enough examined by historians. Basic conclusions are as follows: the amount of the information being shared was growing systematically during the second half of the eighties. The spectrum of Soviet interest in the area of science and technology was rather evenly distributed between the civil and military applications. Electronic and IT, biotechnology and chemistry dominated information‐stream, making heavy industry and energetic a secondary field of activity.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 102

Redefining Architecture Wednesday Session W3D Chair: Markku Norvasuo, Aalto University, Finland Room UI7 14:00‐15:30

Prefab‐Reinterpretation

Dr. Agnes Borsos, University of Pécs, Hungary

In Central and Eastern Europe, prefabricated panel buildings make up a significant part of the housing stock. These ’prefabs’ define the cityscape of Hungary’s main cities in a great deal, and a high percentage of the population live, or have lived in such buildings. Hungary is standing right before the ’Prefab 3’ program, indicating that a part of these blocks has gone under some kind of renovation already. These rehabilitations could only partially remedy the obsolescence and the related prejudices. One of the relevant problems is mostly caused by these building’s lack of individuality, the deficiency caused by the module system which prevents the flexible formation of the interior spaces . These spatial structures, the ’prefabs’ were to be considered too small and too tight even shortly after their construction. The prefab’s conveniences, such as bathroom, elevator, etc., lost their value shortly, for these conveniences could not meet, nor complement the needs of the family living space. This ’escape’ had of course many reasons and components. Finding a full, or a partial solution to these components and problems may provide an opportunity to reverse, or at least slow down the obsolescence. One part of the deficiencies, and the emerging prejudices is figuring the questions of remote heating and engineering, while the other part is dealing with practical everyday use. A complex interior‐design response, which pays attention to conveniences and details resulting from the use, may be the solution. The precise consideration of these details and use, assuming that the solution is adjusted to the owner’s lifestyle, is the most important, letting the missed‐from‐the‐beginning individuality be found. The task and the goal is the demonstration of these solutions, the presentation of the countless variations inherent in the one same prefab apartment. Using all the resources and tools of interior design, the living spaces should be constructed so that they can fulfill the physiological needs of a home. With the precise consideration of the particular interior spaces, the detailed design of the main household objects: the built‐in, and not built‐in furniture, is one of the groundbreaking cornerstones of ergonomic use.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 103

Wednesday Session W3D Room UI7 14:00‐15:30

Architecture and Politics. New Construction Solutions in Polish Fair Venues

Professor Piotr Marciniak, Poznan University of Technology, Poland

Apart from playing a typical marketing role, international exhibitions and fairs were, for many years, a field of specific propaganda‐based competition between Western and Eastern Europe. Consequently, of major significance was the architecture of the fair venues, which provided the necessary exhibition space and, also, presented the effects of architectural explorations in the particular countries. Architects from various milieus in Poland proposed construction solutions that were bold, albeit to a lesser extent pioneering in architectural terms. Opportunities to fully demonstrate the designers’ potential were, actually, limited to exhibitions abroad, especially the World’s Fairs, where the particular countries availed of the vast grounds to showcase their achievements, for example at Expo 58 in Brussels, Expo 67 in Montreal or Expo 70 in Osaka. The authorities of the People’s Republic of Poland were very willing to be involved in international exhibitions which featured new Polish pavilions. Their architecture was to bear testimony to the country’s advancement. It was at such exhibitions that some very modern concepts from Poland were shown to the great approval of the western world, for instance the Polish pavilion featuring light hanging roof structures, designed by Zofia and Oskar Hansen for the exhibitions in São Paulo and in İzmir, or the Polish pavilion with an openwork roof structure for Expo 58 in Brussels, based on a design by J.Sołtan, Z.Ihnatowicz and W.Zalewski. In Poland, the Poznań International Fair was also a major venue where the East competed with the West in presenting its technological developments. Polish architects where fascinated with new construction solutions and this corresponded with the creative explorations of the times. However, due to various technological setbacks, their expectations regarding the forms of the new pavilions had to be curbed. Nonetheless, a great example of their work were the new exhibition halls featuring some unique tension structures and hanging roofs. In the presentation I wish to show how Polish architects sought to find new forms and technological solutions, in addition to the actual technologies used in their construction. The source materials include Polish and Western literature as well as some unique photographic and archive materials.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 104

Wednesday Session W3D Room UI7 14:00‐15:30

Experiences on the Timeline of Architecture – Parallel Contemporary Design by the Manifesto of the Modernism

Dr. Gabriella Medvegy, University of Pécs, Hungary

The work with built architecture can provide a possibility of design experiences. The examination of the architectural concept helps to understand unwritten rules the local situation, urban situation, landscape quality, owner, etc. The design can be harmoniously based on the monitoring of the place. Sometime happens more. I integrate the 5 points of Le Corbusier to a contemporary design project. His individually planning method came not from the environment, it’s his own way, depends on Corbuser’s genius. This points manifested in the ages of the heroic modernism ‐ pilots, roof gardens on the top of the building, the free deigning of the ground plan, the free design of the façade without connection with the structure and the horizontal windows of the façade. The nicer example of this planning method is the Villa Savoy in France from1931, became a built monument as an architectural basic in Corbu’s life. These 5 points could be an interaction between old and new, modern and contemporary. The specific expressive style generates a contemporary residential building as a “study case house” of nowadays – with focus of the changes of the functions, but stay by the historical targets for form. (This research was supported by the European Union and the State of Hungary, co‐financed by the European Social Fund in the framework of TÁMOP 4.2.4. A/2‐11‐1‐2012‐0001 ‘National Excellence Program’.)

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 105

Turning Points in Technological Development in Wednesday Session W4A Romania from the Mid‐19th Century to Nowadays: Room UI2 3. Civil Engineering & Architecture 16:00‐17:30 Organiser: Alexandre Herlea, Technical University Belfort Montbéliard, France Chair: Pierre Lamard, Technical University Belfort Montbéliard, France

Turning Points of Eames Design: WWII and Postwar Developments

Professor Marina Cionca, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Lecturer Ioan Muscu, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Ph.D. candidate Biborka Bartha, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

The research aimed to highlight a crucial period in the career development of Charles Eames as reflected in his particular approach of the design process. The innovative steps Eames (1907‐1978) and two of his Cranbrook Academy fellow designers, Eero Saarinen and Harry Bertoia, took for innovating furniture forms, materials and their subsequent technology are a worldwide example of the true mission of industrial design even today, after decades of successful experiments in this field. The highly experimental approach of form, ergonomics, materials and the contribution of Charles Eames at the evolution of crucial technological stages in view of the industrial production during WWII and the post‐war decade are still building an exemplary work paradigm. It was hence possible to identify the dynamics of the creative process, based first on several biographical and historical facts, secondly on the evolution of the erratic and rather turbulent relationship between design and its industrial counterpart, as it was dictated by war, then by the transition to normality and by certain human needs as marketed by the American way of life. A few significant chairs, created between 1940 and 1958, representing highlights of the history of twentieth century design as expressed by the “modern classics” syntagm were selected and compared in order to illustrate vital elements of the design process, followed by short discussions regarding the materials which were used (molded plywood, plastic, wire mesh), the technical solutions devised for the structural assembling as well as the specific technology that evolved from improvised devices to full industrial production. Unfolding the illustrated synoptic features of the creative process is expected to be a beneficial method for the good understanding of innovative industrial design and a useful instrument for designers, design critics and historians.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 106

Wednesday Session W4A Room UI2 16:00‐17:30

Railway Stations in Romania before World War I

Dr. Toader Popescu, Universitatea de Arhitectură și Urbanism Ion Mincu, Bucharest, Romania

This paper investigates the specific expression of Romanian railway architecture. We argue that the image of railway stations shifts from the practice of mechanical and non‐critical imitation or adaptation of Western models (often, ad litteram quotations of foreign examples) to “locally‐amended” initiatives, then passes through the two manifestations of autochthonous modern originality (the “C.F.R. style” and the national style) and culminates with the elaboration of the so‐called “showcase projects”. This fits the synchronistic model of modernization as it was first stated by Eugen Lovinescu. This perspective emphasizes the initially purely imitational and formal character of modernity in “backward” civilizations, which generates a form / substance contrast. This phase is considered normal, as fitting in a “revolutionary” logic of modernization (specific to those backward civilizations) rather than in an “evolutionary” one. Subsequently, these copied forms were critically assimilated, being “filled up” with a local and specific content, culminating in original manifestations. The paper focuses on the most intense development phase of the national railway network, between 1869 (the inauguration of the first line) and 1916 (the beginning of World War I for Romania). The approach is typo‐morphological, identifying the various types and families of railway stations and presenting them within a broader cultural framework. Our sources are mainly primary ones (archival and iconographical), and our conclusions are an original contribution to the study of railway architecture, as they dispute the, so far, canonical perspective, which is fragmentary and mostly informed by technical arguments.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 107

Wednesday Session W4A Room UI2 16:00‐17:30

Civil Engineering in Romania at the End of 19th Century through two Buildings: the National Bank and the Romanian Athenaeum (in French)

Professor Nicolae Noica, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Bucharest, Romania

Le règne du roi Carol I (1866‐1914) a marqué pour la Roumanie le début de sa modernisation dans tous les domaines, parmi lesquels la construction des bâtiments publics a occupé une place de premier plan. Les travaux publics réalisés pendant les 48 ans de ce règne sont représentatifs du climat politique, de l’état de l’administration roumaine et des moyens techniques de l’époque, existant en Roumanie. Parmi les premiers édifices publics construits à Bucarest à la fin du 19ème siècle se trouvent la Banque Nationale et l’Athénée Roumain. Le 23 avril 1880 a été créée la Banque Nationale Roumaine et la première préoccupation de son CA a été de lui trouver un siège correspondant. La décision de la construction d’un nouveau bâtiment a été prise, le projet étant confié à deux architectes français : Cassieu Bernard et Albert Galleron qui ont remis leur projet en 1883. Le 18 juillet 1884, commence la construction qui dure jusqu’en 1890, réalisée par la Société Roumaine des Bâtiments. L’édifice réalisé avec des matériaux de grande qualité impressionne encore aujourd’hui par sa monumentalité et élégance. Dans la même période a été construit l’Athénée Roumain conçu comme un temple de la culture. L’initiative a été prise par un groupe de roumains enthousiastes qui ont fait appel à la générosité du public ; le financement étant assuré par des donations. Le projet sera réalisé par la collaboration de l’architecte français Albert Galleron avec une commission d’architectes et ingénieurs roumains (Alexandru Orascu, Ion Mincu, Grigore Cerkez et Nicolae Cucu Starostescu), la construction étant réalisée entre 1886 et 1888 par l’entreprise roumaine de Dobre Nicolau. Cette communication mettra en évidence le rôle que les architectes français ont joué en Roumanie et leur étroite collaboration avec les roumains. Elle présentera les éléments techniques concernant l’architecture, la stabilité et la résistance utilisés à l’époque dans un pays soumis à de forts tremblements de terre.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 108

IXth Annual Symposium on the Social History of Wednesday Session W4B Military Technology: 3 Room UI3 Organiser: Barton Hacker, National Museum of American History, 16:00‐17:30 Washington, USA Chair: Ciro Paoletti, Italian Commission of Military History (CISM), Rome, Italy

War and Railways in Italy, 1915–1918

Dr. Ciro Paoletti, Italian Commission of Military History (CISM), Rome, Italy

Italy entered World War I in 1915 and had to fight a war of attrition on its northeastern border. Its local railway net had not been expanded as much as necessary in previous years, in order not to irritate Austria, which on its own side hardly worked on expanding its own net. When the Great War began in 1914 it was a risk to expand railways in that area, because Austria could realize its was the preparation for a war against her, and again nothing was made. When in May 1915 Italy entered the war, its national net covered roughly 7,000 miles and was served by roughly 3,000 steam and electric locomotives. The limits of the net in northeast affected mobilisation, reinforcements and supplies. Due to the relatively small capacity of the railways, mobilisation was made in a peculiar way, because it occurred after the Army had been moved to border. Later, reinforcements and supplies could not be sent so easily to the front, and the Army was forced to invent an intermodal railway‐tire system. The lack of lines and the rough terrain forced to install a great amount of décauville railways, and to build new railways, and a wide net of cableways, especially on the mountains. Last, in order to afford war duties, a certain amount of stream engines was purchased in the US and Canada, whilst the lack of coal pushed the Country toward a huge development of hydroelectric plants, providing energy to move the trains. As a result, in 1917 railways played a major role in supporting all the offensives as well as in avoiding the collapse of the Army after the defeat in Caporetto, and again they played a major role in 1918 supporting both the defensive victory against the last Austrian offensive in June and the Italian final offensive in October.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 109

Wednesday Session W4B Room UI3 16:00‐17:30

Ottoman Military Governorate in Romania in World War I

Professor Esat Arslan, Cag University, Mersin, Turkey

Army‐Nation solidarity in Turkish state tradition is an auto‐formed positive movement not a forcing necessity. This phenomenon has caused us to perceive it as organizational systematic especially during the First World War in the Turkish Military History. As for having looked at the military literature, these kinds of affairs have been discussed in the context of “Civilian Affairs & Military Government”. In this paper, as the example of army‐nation solidarity and the activities of Ottoman Military Governorate in Romania during the First World War will be presented as the case study of the civilian affairs and military government. In the mean time, the 40 pictures concerning Ottoman Military Governorate in Romania in my private archives will be presented in my exposition.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 110

Wednesday Session W4B Room UI3 16:00‐17:30

Staying in Shape for War: Sport Promotion by Paramilitary Organization in Poland, 1927‐1939

Ph.D. candidate Anna Turza, University of Rzeszow, Poland

Before Poland regained independence in 1918, there were sport organizations, which were aiming at popularizing physical education. This goal had a double meaning especially since those organizations were of paramilitary character. Firstly, physical education helped the individuals to stay in shape and promoted social integration, also in a sense of national identity. Secondly, it was the strengthening tool defense capability of the nation, which aspired to independence by all necessary means. Also through military confrontation. In fact those organizations greatly contributed to the process of regaining independence, by giving a rise to the first military formations of independent Poland. After 1918 the main goal of those organizations was to strengthen the defense potential of the country. Physical education was the main axis of Defense Training as a military doctrine. In the interwar period (1918‐1939) the task was also ceded to paramilitary organizations. The most important element was preparation whole groups of employees of such National institutions as railways, post offices, and operators of other the communication networks to which an eventual war seemed to be essential. Later the program covered also the firemen, chemists, foresters, electricians, telegraphists etc. This program included the preparation for the performance of professional duties during the war, civic education, general military and physical training. The largest organization of this kind were Military Railway Preparation (KPW), founded in 1927, and Military Post Preparation (PPW), founded in1934. In late 1930s, in a view of worsening political situation in Europe, the Ministry of Military Affairs predicted mass public participation in the paramilitary training. Therefore, the activities of KPW were coordinated by the State Office of Physical Education and Military Preparation (PUWFiPW), which was like a Ministry of Sport and Tourism at the present moment. Although, the paramilitary organizations in interwar Poland, had different goals, they popularized the idea of the commonness of sport. Their main aim was to create the Social Information Network, engaged (deeply) in social changes, as backup for the army during the war.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 111

Chemistry for a Better World Wednesday Session W4C Chair: Sami Louekari, University of Turku, Finland Room UI6 16:00‐17:30

A. I. Virtanen's AIV Method – a Technological System that Thrived in Bad Times but Struggled in Good

Dr. Jarmo Pulkkinen, University of Oulu, Finland

Invented in 1928 by Finnish biochemist Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (1895‐1973), the AIV method was the first reliable method to produce good quality silage. In 1945, it brought Virtanen the Nobel Prize in chemistry. Being based on an artificial acidification of fresh fodder below pH 4, the AIV method was taken into use in Finnish agriculture in 1929. Its adoption required the creation of a large supportive infrastructure. For example, the AIV solution, i.e. a mixture of sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, was sold to farmers in large glass jars. In a few years, the number of jars in circulation increased to tens of thousands. However, the AIV method also suffered from technical drawbacks which made it cumbersome and labor intensive. The main goal of the AIV method was to render possible high milk production without the use of expensive concentrates. In this respect, the introduction of the AIV method took place at the right moment, i.e. it coincided with the beginning of the Great Depression. The collapse of prices of dairy products required created an incentive to maximize self‐ sufficiency in cattle feeding. In the 1930s, the rights of the AIV method were sold to over ten countries. The most successful period of the AIV method began with the Second World War and continued until the early 1950s. In this period, self‐sufficiency in agricultural production in general was emphasized throughout Europe. However, the success came to an end as cheap concentrates became available again in the 1950s. The paper is mainly based on Virtanen’s large scientific archive, preserved at the National Archives of Finland. In addition, I have used newspapers, popular agricultural journals, and scientific publications. Major conclusions: In my paper I shall show how the success of the AIV method was dependent on the general economic conditions, on the one hand, and on its properties as a technological system, on the other.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 112

Wednesday Session W4C Room UI6 16:00‐17:30

Polyurethane: the Fame and Decay

Ph.D. candidate Susana França de Sá, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Professor Maria Elvira Callapez, CIUHCT, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Researcher Joana Lia Ferreira, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Professor Rita Macedo, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Professor Ana Maria Ramos, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

Polyurethane (PU) was invented in 1937 by Otto‐Bayer (Germany) and it is known as one of the most versatile polymer families. The possible variety of its chemical structure can give place to many different material forms which have been attractive to artists and designers. In the design field, mostly since the sixties polyurethane has come into every living room and household in the form of comfortable, stylish and luxury furniture design. Taking the polyurethane collection from MUDE as a case‐study (the new design and fashion museum from Lisbon), we aim at establishing a bridge between the industry and the design world from the sixties and seventies on one hand. On the other hand, we intend to study the introduction of polyurethane‐based materials in this field, identify the main reasons that led designers and industrials to use this material, the advantages and disadvantages as well as the relationship between designers and the industry. In our research, we have identified some partnerships between Portuguese and International industrial design factories and learned how polyurethane‐based materials are used in these two contexts. Based on a multi and interdisciplinary approach, we have been assessing historical documentation from libraries and archives of the Portuguese plastics industry, visiting the industries of polyurethane foams and artificial leathers as well as carrying out interviews to workers, designers and industrial design factories. Although polyurethane‐based materials face severe conservation problems it is our objective, not only to develop the national history polyurethane´s triumph but also to preserve its heritage.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 113

Wednesday Session W4C Room UI6 16:00‐17:30

Chemical Products in the Collection of the k. k. Consular‐Academy Vienna

Dr. Susanne Gruber, Association for Research in Commodity Sciences, Obersdorf, Austria

More than a third of the objects of the Merchandise and Product Museum at the k. k. Consular‐Academy Vienna are Chemical Products. At present the inventory of this collection is reviewed to identify existing objects in the Technical Museum Vienna. Many of the objects in the Product Collection do have labels of the k. k. Consular‐Academy, but most of the Chemical Objects are not branded with such labels, so that is difficult to identify them exactly as a part of this collection. The review of the inventory will help to solve this question. The former Oriental Academy was founded in 1754 on the basis of an Imperial Order by empress Maria Theresia. The Academy's initial purpose was to enhance Austria's position in the Balkans and the Near East by improving the nation's trade and cultural relations. The curriculum emphasized oriental languages, political sciences and general sciences in order to educate diplomats and merchants. The Merchandise and Product Museum at the Consular Academy comprised hundreds of chemical products and more than thousand of synthetic dyes, donated by companies from Europe, namely Wagenmann, Seybel & Co, Vienna; Rademacher & Co, Prague; Meister Lucius & Brüning, Höchst; Boryslaw AG; or Brüder Janoušek, Prague. Many of these products are preserved in the original customary packing, as a result of this the companies’ economic development can be reproduced. Redundant to the dyes there are colour charts for textiles and papers in the collection. Some of whom include instructions in detail for the process of coloration. The results of our research are supported by funds of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Anniversary Fund, project number: 15587).

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 114

From Rural to Urban in the Industrial Era Wednesday Session W4D Chair: Piotr Marciniak, Poznan University of Technology, Poland Room UI7 16:00‐17:30

The evolution of Vernacular Construction Typologies in Times of Transition – Villages from Valcea County, Southern Romania

Ph.D. candidate Biborka Bartha, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

The purpose of this study is to embrace regionalism and the evolution of vernacular construction typologies in times of transition with the aim of creating a vital connection between vernacular concepts and new interior design. In this time of technological advancement, rapid urbanization which is not taking in consideration the traditional rural structure, local identity, cultural value, where the handicraft is under the constant pressure of mass production, there is still much to be learned from the knowledge of vernacular architecture. It can be seen very clear that the architectural, functional, house position and veranda evolution regarding vernacular housing in the Romanian rural context has been directly influenced by the two world wars making these constructions more enclosed, reflecting the need of people for protection; after the Second World War the porch with railing or turret being replaced almost completely by the enclosed veranda. The methods used in the study process are based on field trips, visiting villages from Valcea County, connecting with the community and determining the degree of presence of traditional wood structures and housing, thetransition of vernacular construction typologies in the contemporary context. The most difficult part of this project consists mainly of raising the awareness of local authorities and the community of local identity, traditions, vernacular construction as a viable way of seeing contemporary design. The aim of the project is to create furniture with value and meaning as a symbolic, direct, clear reflection of the context which increases with time and through the use of local communities. The traditional Romanian vernacular characteristics can still be easily identified due to the limited acceptance of advanced technologies in villager’s way of living. The differences between the “vernacular” and “modern” design processes are very clear: in the case of vernacular, the production would be singular, crafted and local, whereas the contemporary modern production would be characterized by a serial, industrial, dislocated approach. In order to achieve the wanted result, we need to utilize and rely on the advantages of modern production, but should not forget that the design should reflect the profoundness of a local vernacular concept.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 115

Wednesday Session W4D Room UI7 16:00‐17:30

Rapid Industrial Change and Urban Expansion: the Pansio‐Perno Shipyards in Turku, Finland

Dr. Markku Norvasuo, Aalto University, Finland Researcher Mikko Mälkki, Aalto University, Finland

The paper discusses the close connection between rapid post‐war industrial change and urban expansion in Finland. The Pansio‐Perno area of Turku provides an outstanding example of historical development and its effects on current city. In the aftermath of the Second World War, Finland was bound to pay reparations to the USSR. Among them were hundreds of vessels, in which situation the shipbuilding industry had to be expanded. Two of the new shipyards were established at Pansio area of Turku during years 1945–46. The need of labour led to the gradual construction of several housing areas. One of them, designed by architect Erik Bryggman, pioneered in the use of industrially prefabricated units, and has been classified as national heritage. The formerly rural area thus gradually developed to a new socially diverse industrial community. Later construction has further added to the industrial and urban layers of Pansio and its neighbouring area Perno, but the decline of shipbuilding industry has impaired current development. Currently the area is one of the suburban revitalization targets of Turku. A key issue of the paper is how to understand the former industrial history and culture in current situation. The timeline of development focusses on three key periods: the birth of the post‐war industrial community, the industrially produced neighbourhoods of the 1970s, and the latest structural changes starting from the 1990s. The study is based on primary archival sources, former studies, and an empirical analysis of the layered historical development of the area. The paper demonstrates the complexity of industrial and urban development, and discusses the potential of industrial culture in urban revitalization.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 116

Wednesday Session W4D Room UI7 16:00‐17:30

An Overview Concerning the Transition Period Reflected in the Rural Vernacular Architecture in Southern Romania

Lecturer Alin M. Olarescu, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Ph.D. candidate Biborka Bartha, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

Rural vernacular architecture represents an important social‐cultural and identity indicator mainly due: to its lack of an architect; its realisation according to the owner’s aesthetic feel/individuality; its reflection of the social status of the inhabitant; its protean nature, being able to adapt rapidly to the social context and mainly to the cultural development but also to the needs of the owner, sometimes, becoming the creative source concerning parallel functional systems. The study embraces the evolution of the rural homestead starting from the 30s in the 19th century (the first modern systematisation of Romanian villages) being followed by the 1880‐ 1890 decade, when based on a holistic research on site, the elaboration of the first urban regulations concerning rural areas was possible, leading to the structural reorganisation of the rural household until the Second World War. In the same time it highlights the architectural characteristics, but also the dependent functional systems of the household, representative for the communist and post‐communist era, when important mutations appear caused especially by the dynamic of movement concerning the population (rural ‐ urban; urban ‐ rural; rural, urban – abroad ‐ rural). These are significantly reflected in the rural vernacular architecture of Southern Romania, offering a large variety of data regarding the constructive capacity and tendencies.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 117

Playing with Technology: Questions of Infrastructure Thursday Session T1A Organiser: Stefan Poser, Helmut‐Schmidt Universität, Hamburg, Room UI2 Germany 9:00‐10:30 Chair: Peter Koval, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Germany

Research in the field ‘Playing with Technology’ ought to contribute to the development of theory in the history of technology: both technology and play have crucial functions in human life. They have strongly influenced the development of societies. Thus research in this field might open new perspectives on the question how and why people use technology. Playing with technology is on the one hand dealing with the (i) fascination of speed and acceleration, (ii) with different ways to reach delirious happiness, described as the play of ‘ilinx’ by the philosopher and sociologist Roger Caillois, (iii) with the role play ‘mimicry’ based on technology, (iv) with appropriating technology and (v) with persons, who trust in technology aiming to make new experiences. On the other hand playing with technology is a story about the increasing commercialization of society, of lost knowledge on do‐it‐yourself and tinkering, on a shift from independent acting to consuming. The session in Brasov will focus on infrastructures of play: in which way is the environment shaped by playing? In which way were locations and regions (mainly relicts of industry) adapted for playful purposes? Panelists present case studies on competitions of racing cars as hobby culture and the infrastructure behind these games; they will discuss the increasing infrastructure of play and leisure. Contributions on other issues of the field ‘Playing with Technology’ can be included, too.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 118

Thursday Session T1A Room UI2 9:00‐10:30

The Impact of Technology on the Development of Tourism in South Croatia in the Beginning of the 20th Century (in German)

Dr. Marija Benić Penava, University in Dubrovnik, Croatia Dr. Marija Gjurašić, University in Dubrovnik, Croatia

This paper analyses, using archive records and relevant literature, the application of technological advances in transport and tourism in South Croatia in the period that preceded mass air transport, as well as the usage of computers reservation systems and credit cards that are used in tourism industry nowadays. Technology was intensively involved in the tourism industry in the past. The impacts of technology could be seen on the connectivity by railway as well as sea, land and air traffic. In addition to the mentioned factors of communicative tourism, its receptive factors – hotel industry, catering, marketing, cultural institutions, public services etc became more dependent on technologies in the interwar period. The connection between the advances in technology and the new growing service sector of tourism in the Croatian south was a prerequisite of the coming development of mass tourism. Therefore, the human need for rest, recreation and adventure while abandoning their permanent residence achieved its purpose ‐ enjoyment and relaxation. Peripheral parts of the Croatian south outgrew into world tourist destinations due to the progress of both transport and communication technology in the first half of the 20th century.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 119

Thursday Session T1A Room UI2 9:00‐10:30

The View from the Pits: Fraternal Culture at America’s Speedways

Ph.D. candidate Alison Kreitzer, University of Delaware, USA

“Each car owner is responsible for the conduct of the driver and pit men attached to his car at each meet including himself [emphasis added]” explained the Ohio Stock Car Racing Association in their 1949 rulebook. Many members of the dirt track racing fraternity agreed that the “pit area,” a space designated for the preparation of racecars before and during a speed contest, was a male domain. While racecar designs, participant demographics, and promotional organizations for oval track racing evolved throughout the twentieth century, the gender and racial compositions of grassroots American motorsports remained relatively static. White men consistently acted as the gatekeepers of the sport. Promoters and officials created physical barriers on the landscape of their speedways to limit access to the pit area. Additionally, white racecar drivers and mechanics devised complicated sets of rules and secret racecar set‐ups in the pit area to keep minority men and women from gaining the technical knowledge needed to excel in the sport. My paper will explore how promoters and participants reinforced cultural ideas about technological skill, whiteness, and masculinity through the exclusionary infrastructure at America’s speedways. Automobile and landscape historians have largely ignored dirt track speedways as important sites of America’s automobile culture. However, the built environment and regulations at small quarter‐mile and half‐mile speedways illuminate the ways Americans conceptualized their ideas about gender and race through their participation in technologically‐centered hobbies. Blue prints and photographs of speedway facilities provide convincing visual evidence of the ways that cultural hierarchies and values became part of the infrastructure of these play palaces. Periodicals and rule books about racing mechanics and pit area traditions provide further evidence of the gatekeeping practices of veteran male racers. My paper will build on scholarly works, such as Robert Post’s High Performance and Ben Shackleford’s essay, “Masculinity, the Auto Racing Fraternity, and the Technological Sublime: The Pit Stop As Celebration of Social Roles,” to provide additional evidence of the gender‐ segregation and pit crew traditions of American motorsports.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 120

Thursday Session T1A Room UI2 9:00‐10:30

Infrastructures of Play and their Impact on the Environment since the 1980s

Dr. Stefan Poser, Helmut‐Schmidt Universität, Hamburg, Germany

Playing with technology depends on its infrastructures. This holds for activities as out‐door sports as well as for playing with technical toys, especially those which represent technical systems, and for fairground attractions, namely those of driving. Quite different activities such as skiing, model railroading or driving in a bumper car have in common to be based on infrastructures. Thinking about Roman amphitheaters (as an infrastructure) and the fashion of ‘naval battles’ of small ships, the so‐called ‘naumachias’, it becomes clear, that infrastructures of playing are dating far back in history. Due to the development of the leisure society the number of infrastructures increased as well as their environmental impact. Thus this paper will focus on the period since the 1980s. On the one hand a strong negative impact can be observed in case of skiing and the system of funiculars, ski lifts and slopes for example. On the other hand especially abandoned industrial sites changed to locations of sports, playing, leisure and tourism. For example: (i) old railway lines were transferred to hand car or bike routes, (ii) halls for industrial production now host locations for sports and leisure as pools or indoor‐skiing; these sites are thus preserved from being demolished. (iii) Some abandoned constructions for storage of mass goods as sand and coal and old pools serve more or less illegal as walls for painting graffiti and as half pipes for skating. The infrastructure of playing is a new issue of the research in the field of playing with technology. Until now there are only a few studies, which enlighten some parts of the field: Wolfgang König has analysed mutual influences on the design of mountain transportation, early mass tourism and skiing. Noyan Dinckal and Rachel Maines studied spaces of sports and of tinkering culture. The aim of the paper is to investigate the development of infrastructures of play and their influence on the environment. In doing so, I link the history of technology of playing to the history of urban space and to environmental history.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 121

The Uranium Utopia in Mexico: A Case of Restricted Thursday Session T1B Technology Transfer Room UI3 Organiser: Federico Lazarin, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, 9:00‐10:30 Iztapalapa, Mexico Chair: Martha Ortega, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Mexico

This session will describe the nuclear energy development project from 1952 on, explaining the measures deployed in order to encourage and build it up. In 1955, the National Commission for Nuclear Energy (CNEN, Spanish acronym) was created in Mexico. In 1972, it became the National Institute for Nuclear Energy (INEN, Spanish acronym) and finally, in 1979, it turned into the National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ, Spanish acronym). In 1979 as well, the state enterprise Uranio Mexicano (URAMEX, Spanish acronym) was founded so as to locate and transform uranium. This lecture aims to show that the creation of these institutions sought to favor the reception of nuclear technology in Mexico. Scientists were instructed and researches on nuclear energy were carried out at these institutes. In addition, they were in charge of uranium exploration, extraction and use at the nuclear plants to be built as a result of technology transfer. Works at the National Commission for Nuclear Energy started in 1953. One of their main objectives was to explore the location and the extraction likelihood of uranium deposits in Mexico. The mapping created in the 1960s resulted from these activities. It represented a strategic basis for the implementation of uranium extraction technology and for the projection of uranium enrichment industry locations as enclave phenomena. When the works for uranium extraction began, the Mexican government generated growth and development expectations at the locations where this activity was to be carried out. Thus, inhabitants assumed their taking part would improve their living conditions. However, the government's promises did not come true —in the first place, because most inhabitants were employed only as laborers. Secondly, and more importantly, because the uranium enrichment project failed, leading to the canceling of extraction works throughout the 1970s.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 122

Thursday Session T1B Room UI3 9:00‐10:30

Exploration and Mapping of Uranium Deposits in Mexico

Researcher Hugo Pichardo, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Mexico

In 1917, when amidst a Revolution, Mexico replaced the old Liberal 1857 Constitution with one showing more social sensitivity, it sought to engage the population in working with and benefiting from natural resources, so as to promote a nationalistic feeling. Article 27 of the new Constitution established that these resources were to be owned by the Nation, clarifying that those discovered or found in the future and considered strategic had to be incorporated as well. Therefore, the decades following World War II witnessed the creation of governmental institutions to secure the exploration, extraction and exploitation of the natural resources ‐ such as uranium ‐ required for the development of nuclear energy. One of the main objectives of Mexico's National Commission of Nuclear Energy, which started operating in 1955, was exploring the country's territory so as to locate uranium deposits likely to be exploited. It also aimed, supported by the State's authority granted by laws on that matter, at holding control of all information on this and other minerals considered defining supplies for the desired nuclear industry. These activities resulted in, among other products, the mapping elaborated on the basis of the topographic surveys performed using the tools needed to explore detected regions, namely Mexico's North and South East areas. Works in possible deposits by geographers, topographic engineers, geologists, and other professionals, were undertaken throughout the 1960s and the early 1970s. The resulting cartographic products are rather interesting, mainly for the analysis of "the silence in maps", as the historian of cartography J.B. Harley would call it. The concept refers to the questions aroused by a map and the answers it succeeds or fails to give, which must be explained as historical issues. Consequently, it is not only about studying the intentional modifications or distortions in the mapping process, but also about explaining the technological procedures employed in the construction of a determined cartography ‐ that of Mexico's uranium, in this case. Data on the mapping and the technology used to locate uranium deposits allow understanding, in turn, how this process represented a strategic basis for the implementation of uranium extraction technology and for the projects of uranium enrichment industry locations as enclave phenomena.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 123

Thursday Session T1B Room UI3 9:00‐10:30

Creation of Institutes for the Reception of Nuclear Energy

Dr. Federico Lazarin, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Mexico

In 1942, when the United States launched the Manhattan project, the Nuclear Era began. This Era brought about the emergence of a nuclear industry, which is considered to consist of the following three stages: The first one includes exploration and extraction, the second one uranium processing, and the third one uranium use for the generation of electrical energy or atomic weapons. New technology had to be designed and produced for each of these stages. In 1955, Mexico became a member of the "international club" advocating for the peaceful use of nuclear energy, when the National Commission for Nuclear Energy (CNEN, Spanish acronym) was created. In 1972, it became the National Institute of Nuclear Energy (INEN, Spanish acronym) and finally, in 1979, it turned into the National Institute of Nuclear Research (ININ, Spanish acronym). In 1979 as well, the state enterprise Uranio Mexicano (URAMEX, Spanish acronym) was founded so as to locate and transform uranium. This lecture aims to show that these institutions were created in order to favor the reception of nuclear technology in Mexico and the deployment of the three stages of the nuclear industry. There, scientists were instructed and researches on nuclear energy were carried out. In addition, these institutions were in charge of uranium exploration, extraction and use at the nuclear plants planned to be built as a result of technology transfer.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 124

Thursday Session T1B Room UI3 9:00‐10:30

Uranium Extraction: Utopian Progress for Rural Communities

Ph.D. candidate Martha Ortega, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Mexico Graduate student Tadeo Liceaga, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Mexico

This lecture will focus on the analysis of the relations created by a governmental project — the extraction of energy resources— and the populations inhabiting the places where uranium was extracted from. To us, it is important and necessary to reconstruct and interpret, as thoroughly as possible, the history of the actual actions undertaken and the impact they had on the lives of those who, whether they wanted to or not, got involved in that process. In an attempt to branch out the array of energy generation possibilities, the Mexican government encouraged a project aimed at electrical energy production by means of nuclear reactors. The thought that it was possible to build this kind of facilities in Mexico was based on the findings from the explorations carried out from the 1950s to 1975 seeking uranium deposits. Expectations included using extracted Mexican uranium to fuel the nuclear reactors the government planned to construct. All the data about that process we have collected up to this date will be shown in this lecture. The work we have done so far allows us to affirm that the uranium extraction project resulted in the creation of unbalanced relationships between the agents sponsored by the government and the inhabitants of the towns neighboring the uranium deposits. On the one hand, these relationships proved to be harmful for the communities. On the other hand, the governmental project turned out to be unsuccessful. Thus, we will present an initial evaluation of the damages caused not only when the uranium deposits were exploited, but also the residual effects of this governmental project.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 125

Evolution and Diffusion of Technology Thursday Session T1C Chair: Wilhelm Kappel, INCDIE ICPE‐CA, Bucharest, Romania Room UI6 9:00‐10:30

Oil and Gas Equipment and Technology, Two‐Way Scientific Bridges between East and West

Professor Marian Rizea, Ecological University of Bucharest, Romania

The discovery of oil and gas one hundred and fifty years ago, in Romania, United States and in further other states, has lead the way of human development towards a society based on hydrocarbons whereas the technical and technological competition between companies and states for the ultimate supremacy evolved and is still in progress. In the past century, the two world wars and the most recent conflicts we were and are contemporary with (Falkland Islands war, Iraq, Libya, Syria etc.) began with and for energy resources which resulted in a fierce battle on the front of research and streamline of this field. The technical and technology transfer in many areas, including the oil and gas one, disregarded ideological barriers imposed by the “Cold War” so that, through legal methods (imported licenses) and “reverse engineering” (intelligence), it carried through. Since the emergence of the “drilling method with rotary table”, discovered by the Romanian engineer Ioan Basgan which revolutionized the worldwide deep drilling technology and whose patent is still disputed by Romania and the United States, up to offshore drilling platforms, high pressure blowout preventers, drilling rigs for mining and transport for extreme weather conditions and to the controversial method of extracting shale gas, the transfer of science, engineering and technology knew and will know no boundaries.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 126

Thursday Session T1C Room UI6 9:00‐10:30

From the Western Front to Texas: Early Development of Seismic Exploration for Oil (1914‐1926)

Researcher Francesco Gerali, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico

Geophysics – the study of the physics of the earth – has had a very slow and largely academic development just during the 1800s. Despite of the numerous skills and talents of the early geophysicists, the major advances in this field that would truly benefit mankind on a large scale were not possible until after the invention of several artifacts (i.e., galvanometer, photographic film, vacuum tube amplifier) that made possible practical applications. The most important advancement in the discipline has been the establishing and the interpretation of earth physics data from observational network, overall the measurement of the earth displacement though the seismometer in 1880. Since then, it started a global interest on the study of the propagation of the various range waves generated by earthquakes, and the localization of their epicenter. When in October 1914 the Great War stabilized the Western Front, the heavy artillery got a strategic offensive importance by both the sides. The experience gained in using early seismic networks to locate the origin of distant earthquakes soon led to locating artillery position of the enemy. French, British, German and US Military Stuff displaced in the battlefield several “seismic troops” composed by scientists specialized in reading the speed and the radius of propagation of the waves. Although none knew it at the time, by the involvement of physicist in the artillery location it would arise the practice of the seismic exploration for oil and natural gas. This presentation aims to focus on the interplay between warfare and geophysics during the WWI, and their apparently fortuitous relation with the oil industry. This combination of times, places and men blossom into a totally new and high profitable profession, the geophysicist specialized in oil exploration. By then, geophysical exploration is considered the most reliable and efficient method to localize oil bearing formations in the subsoil.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 127

Thursday Session T1C Room UI6 9:00‐10:30

60 Years of Technology Transfer

Dr. Georgeta Alecu, INCDIE ICPE‐CA Bucharest, Romania Ph.D. candidate Iulian Iordache, INCDIE ICPE‐CA, Bucharest, Romania Dr. Elena Enescu, INCDIE ICPE‐CA, Bucharest, Romania Professor Wilhelm Kappel, INCDIE ICPE‐CA, Bucharest, Romania

This paper describes the history of ICPE since its founding in 1950 until today in inorganic materials research for electrical industry. As important milestones in this evolution are presented creation and separation of ICPE of some research and production groups, of some materials whose technology was previously established in our laboratory, approved and with technology transfer in three major stages after their maturation: in the first two decades 1950‐1970 after the establishment and then transfer of products during 1970‐1990, and the last transfers made under conditions much changed between 1990‐2010. Therefore, are analyzed and presented the results of five major areas of R&D on metallic pseudoalloys with imposed electrical properties, carbon materials (electrical brushes, resistances, composites), structural and functional ceramic materials, magnetic and superconducting materials. The paper presents also the conditions for technology transfer and economic effects of last transfers to Electromagnetica Bucharest, Elba Timisoara, Electroaparataj Bucharest, IPRS Baneasa, Electroceramica Turda, trading companies from Odorheiu Secuiesc and not the last part, the establishment of a new plant for carbon materials ‐ especially brushes for electric cars ‐ to Ferite Urziceni, which after the transfer, became ROFEP. A special chapter is dedicated to technology transfer of electrical contacts and permanent magnets, sintered and bounded, to SINTEROM Cluj‐Napoca with the establishment here of specialized production departments. It must be mentioned that all these technologic transfers were performed outside ICPE and those direct from the research team to pilot stations, are not considered in this paper. Those who are going through this paper will be little surprised when will finds that technology transfers which are presented, are not only for electrical engineering products, but for all branches of economy, starting from agriculture and ended with the equipment for aviation.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 128

Thursday Session T1C Room UI6 9:00‐10:30

The Influence of IT&C and Biotechnology on the Evolution of Society

Dr. Cristina‐Maria Dabu, Romanian Committee of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology

The development of science and technology in the actual society is characterized by two major trends: interdisciplinarity and computerization. These two evolution trends, largely due to the unprecedented development of IT&C and biotechnology fields, are influencing the scientific and industrial research results complexity and also the speed of implementing the results of this research in all industry and social fields. From the 1950’s until today, the role of IT&C in society has become more prominent in all fields of industry and research: medicine, pharmacy, industry, finance and banking, public administration, education, research, aerospace, national security. In the same time, the development of biotechnology, from 1970’s until now opens new perspectives in medicine and life sciences. The advances in bioinformatics, programming technology and computer systems made possible to store and analyze large amounts of biological data. These advances in bioinformatics lead to models that are helpful in analysing, interpreting and even predicting the genotype–phenotype relationship and lead to major results in medicine and pharmacy. New approaches in intellectual property and patenting biotech industry inventions are considering not only to speed up the patenting procedure in order to insert the new technologies into the market and industry, it also seeks to avoid excessive patenting and unjustified increase of costs for related scientific research. In the same time, a series of research in the field of biotechnology and biosciences, raises a variety of ethical and bioethical issues that should be analyzed in terms of legal doctrine so that economic interests do not violate fundamental human rights. The transfer of a considerable amount of daily activity in the IT&C environment inherently required to an equivalent volume of data transferred in the same informational environment, which led to the emergence and expansion of the criminal phenomenon in the IT&C environment. Technological evolution of contemporary society caused major changes in the ethical principles, protecting them and protecting fundamental human rights represent serious challenges for national and international legal systems and for the entire human society.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 129

Turning Points in Technological Development in Thursday Session T2A Romania from the Mid‐19th Century to Nowadays: Room UI2 4. Brasov Industry 11:00‐12:30 Organiser & Chair: Alexandre Herlea, Technical University Belfort Montbéliard, France

The 20th Century Political Impact on Brasov Industry, Romania. Employees Testimonies (in French)

Lecturer Mircea Ivanoiu, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

Le contenu de cette communication résulte d’une série de conversations avec d’anciens employés industriels de la ville de Braşov. Les récits commencent pratiquement au moment de la nationalisation et vont jusqu’au retour à un système de production capitaliste, après 1990. Les personnes interrogées occupaient différentes positions dans la hiérarchie de l’entreprise et cela explique les points de vue différents par rapport aux événements sociaux, à la technologie et au management, par rapport à la politique des cadres et à la stratégie de développement de l’industrie, etc. A présent, celles‐ci regardent leur propre trajet professionnel, les événements d’après 1990, suite à un certain éloignement temporel, avec moins d’implication affective, ce qui mène à une analyse (comparaison) plus objective de la culture industrielle dans la société roumaine. Une partie des interlocuteurs détient une bonne information sur les réalités contemporaines dans le milieu industriel, même après leur retraite officielle. Braşov et ses alentours (Râşnov, Zărneşti, Codlea, Săcele) forment une région qui depuis plus de 150 ans représente la plus grande concentration industrielle de Roumanie, une région avec une riche tradition de l’industrie (surtout les constructions de machines et industrie lourde). La collecte du matériel (les interviews) s’est déroulée d’après les règles les plus strictes de l’histoire orale, le point de départ commun est représenté par un paquet de questions d’intérêt pour le thème, mais, pour protéger le style coulant (la fluidité) du récit, on a laissé à l’interlocuteur la liberté de développer ses idées préférées autour de la question. Les questions centrales de la collection de récits portent sur la production et les produits de l’entreprise, les clients et bénéficiaires les plus connus, le progrès technologique et la dotation en équipements, les innovations, la qualité des produits, le management..., l’impact des relations interpersonnelles et professionnelles dans le climat de l’entreprise. De ces témoignages sont extraits et mis en évidence les éléments communs des histoires vécues afin de les comparer et les interpréter par rapport à l’histoire officielle. Cela permet d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur l’évolution de Brasov et ses environs placés dans le contexte national, voire européen.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 130

Thursday Session T2A Room UI2 11:00‐12:30

The Transformation of the Largest Aircraft Factories of Romania in Tractors Factory as Result of the Soviet Occupation (in French)

Lecturer Horia Salca, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

Après avoir rappelé la création en 1925 et l’essor de „Industrie Aéronautique Roumaine” (I.A.R.) la plus performante usine de Roumanie pendant la période de l’entre deux guerres la communication analyse en détail deux périodes de profond bouleversement de celle‐ci. La première dans le contexte de l’occupation de la Roumanie par les soviétiques et l’instauration de la dictature communiste, voit la transformation de l’IAR en usines de tracteurs. La deuxième, après décembre ’89 dans le processus de la sortie du communisme, se caractérise par une longue agonie de l’usine qui se termine par sa liquidation. Jusqu’à la fin de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale l’IAR produit plus de 1200 appareils dont plus de la moitié de conception propre et l’autre sous licence : PZL (Pologne), Fleet (U.S.), Savoia Marchetti and Nardi (Italie), Fiesler Storch and Messerschmitt (Allemagne). La Convention de l’armistice avec les soviétiques était très sévère et n’était que le commencement d’une suite de crimes (liquidation des élites) et d’abus. Parmi ces dernières la confiscation à titre de dédommagements (suivi par la nationalisation) de certaines entreprises industrielles, la suppression ou le changement d’affectation pour d’autres, etc. Ce dernier cas est illustré à merveille par l’IAR. Dès 1946, elle a changé de spécialisation, fabriquant désormais des tracteurs. Le premier a été l’IAR‐22, un hybride entre Hanomag et Lanz Bulldog, suivi par des modèles sur chenilles soviétiques, KD et KDS. Au commencement de 1960, apparaissent sur le marché les premiers tracteurs de conception intégralement roumaine, ainsi que des modèles ayant des moteurs Fiat. L’usine s’est développée, atteignant une capacité de production de 32 000 tracteurs par an, ayant 24 000 employés. Après décembre 1989, la situation de l’usine s’est détériorée sans cesse et souvent, les salariés de l’usine sont sortis dans la rue pour exprimer leur mécontentement. En 2002, la compagnie produisait encore 4000 tracteurs. En 2004, elle a été proche de la privatisation, l’acheteur étant l’italien Landini. Pour différents raisons qu’on évoquera la privatisation n’a pas eu lieu. En 2007, l’usine a été fermée, entrant dans un processus de liquidation, et ses actifs ont été achetés par Flavus Invest SRL de Bucarest, détenu par le fond britannique d’investissement Centera Capital Partener.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 131

Thursday Session T2A Room UI2 11:00‐12:30

On the History of I.A.R (Romanian Aircraft Industry) – Brasov (in French)

Mr. Traian Tomescu Mr. Neculai Banea, IAR Brasov, Romania

Après un court passage en revue de la contribution des roumains ‐ Traian Vuia, Aurel Vlaicu et Henri Coandă à la naissance de l’aviation, la communication présente l’industrie aéronautique de Brasov, depuis sa création en 1924 jusqu’à nos jours. Il s’agit d’une approche globale qui prend en considération aussi bien les aspects techniques qu’économiques, sociaux et politiques dans leur étroite interdépendance. La Société ”Industrie Aéronautique Roumaine”(IAR) a été fondée le 25 juin 1925; 1/3 du capital appartenait à l’état roumain, 1/3 aux sociétés françaises–Lorraine‐Dietrich et Blériot‐ Spad et 1/3 aux sociétés Astra Arad et certaines banques roumaines. Pandant les 90 ans d’existence à l’IAR ‐ Brasov plus de 2200 aéronefs (planeurs, planeurs à moteurs, avions et hélicoptères) furent construits. Lors de cette période, compte tenu du contexte politique et économique spécifique du pays, peuvent être mises en évidence quatre étapes: 1924‐1945, une étape de développement qui se termine à la fin de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale. Elle est la plus fructueuse en matière de réalisations et met en évidence le rôle des ingénieurs roumains dans les projets et la construction de plus de 100 types d’aéronefs; 1945‐1968, une étape de survie, après la transformation d’IAR Brasov en usine de tracteurs, dans le contexte des nationalisations et de la mise en place d’une économie communiste centralisée. Elle se termine par la création d’I.C.A. (Industria de Constructii Aeronautice) ‐ Brașov; 1968‐1989 une étape de développemnt d’ICA – Brasov qui a pris fin avec la chute du régime communiste et la re‐fondation d’IAR. Brasov; 1989‐2014 une étape caractérisée par la privatisation de l’économie roumaine et l’introduction du capital étranger – Eurocopter ‐ dans le contexte de la transition de la Roumanie du communisme vers la démocratie et l’économie de marché; L’étude présente ces étapes (sutrout la première et les deux dernières) en s’arrétant sur leurs caractéristiques et en analysant les causes complexes du passage de l’une à l’autre. Chaque étape a eu une influence majeure sur le développement de l’industrie aéronautique de Roumanie et sur la vie de ceux qui ont travaillé et travaillent dans ce secteur industriel.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 132

IXth Annual Symposium on the Social History of Thursday Session T2B Military Technology: 4 Room UI3 Organiser: Barton Hacker, National Museum of American History, 11:00‐12:30 Washington, USA Chair: Ciro Paoletti, Italian Commission of Military History (CISM), Rome, Italy

The Norwegian Army Air Force and the Fighter Question, 1920‐1934

Researcher Frode Lindgjerdet, Norwegian University of Science and Technology,Trondheim, Norway

A military review in the wake of WWI was to give the background for the build‐up of the Norwegian Fighter weapon. Frequent change of government ensured that a political decision was not reached until 1927. During 1929, the Army Air Force’s Construction Committee decided that new fighter had to be all‐metal construction. The maneuverable single‐seat concept was favored over the sturdy double‐seat fighter with additional, dirigible firepower as the former was better tested and different types more available. A separate Fighter Commission was commissioned to seek out a specific fighter model. As a minor power without a much of a domestic aviation industry to consider, Norway could scanned the international markets for the best models. However, in order to safeguard jobs and minimize the monetary outflow resulting from the acquisitions, the Norwegian parliament decided that any new fighters had to be fitted with an engine that the Naval Munitions Factory happened to have a license to produce. Four Armstrong‐Withworth Schimitar was purchased with license to manufacture additional aircraft domestically as it was the only model found that could be fitted with the engine without increasing fuel consumption, impair upon the balance of the construction or hamper its overall performance. However, the Scimitar had a faulty undercarriage that was prone to collapse, especially if fitted with skis. In addition, the collaboration with the Armstrong‐Withworth company went sour and the contract was cancelled. The four aircraft acquired never got operational. Outside the Norwegian context, this paper is first; another example of the negative consequences of letting economic considerations trump operational ones. Second; it marks a watershed when Norway as a minor power with limited industrial base could no longer rely on domestic resources in R&D and production of military aircraft.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 133

Thursday Session T2B Room UI3 11:00‐12:30

Man‐Machine Relationships: British and German Fighter Aces in World War II

Professor Hans‐Joachim Braun, Helmut‐Schmidt Universität, Hamburg, Germany

“Fighter Aces” in the two World Wars have received much attention, not least in popular literature and in the movies. Their bravery and sometimes chivalry was the subject of many, often questionable, publications. But what about their tools, their aircraft? Here, too, the literature is extensive, particularly in English. Regarding the relationship between pilots and aircraft, however, we are less well served: Literature on this is distinctly thin and there are no comparative studies on this issue. My paper makes an attempt to tap into this field. It is to an extent based on interviews with World War II pilots and their assessment of two prominent British and German aircraft, the Supermarine Spitfire and the ME 109. Regarding pilots, two World War II “fighter aces” are in the forefront, Douglas Bader and Hans‐Joachim Marseille. Based on the present state of my research, my thesis is that the differences between British and German fighter pilots and contemporary observers regarding man‐machine relationships were small. It seems, however, that in Germany there was a bias towards emphasizing the spirit and character of the pilot who, if needs be, would be able to make up for any deficiencies in the machine. This idea was in line with and fuelled by Nazi propaganda. Interestingly enough that view was and still is echoed in English language literature on German War Aces; it obviously sells. Of course, Britain had their fighter ace heroes, too, but they seemed to have had a more “functional” role in the context of a team composed of humans, aircraft, infrastructure etc. But this is no more than a thesis to be explored further in the framework of relevant theoretical approaches in the history of technology such as actor‐network theory, technological determinism and others. Summary of major conclusions? We shall see by the end of July. There are still six months to go and we want to be up to date, don`t we?

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 134

Thursday Session T2B Room UI3 11:00‐12:30

The Military‐Technological Revolution of 1944

Professor David Zimmerman, University of Victoria, Canada

In the context of the history of the Second World War, the year 1944 marks the final decisive battles that secured Allied victory a year later. In the history of warfare, however, 1944 is not the beginning of the end, but the start of one of the most significant transitions in the technology, tactics, and strategy used in conflict. The list of new types of weapons systems and related technologies deployed in significant numbers for the first time is staggering: the first jet aircraft (Me262 and Gloster Meteor); ballistic and cruise missiles ( A‐3 and V‐1); proximity fuses; snorkel equipped and underwater high speed submarines; integrated submarine killing sonar/underwater mortar systems (Type 247B/Squid); electronic computers (Colossus); and the assault rifle (Sturmgewehr 44). Missing from this list, of course, is the atomic bomb, but by the end of 1944 the scientists at Los Alamos had solved all scientific and technical issues related to building a practical device. Remarkably, none of these technologies played a significant role in the outcome of the war. My paper will explore the roots of this military/technological revolution and examine the ramifications of the introduction of so many new technologies for post war military planning, research, development, and doctrine. It will provide new insights into the nature of military and technological innovation during the war. Finally, I will compare the technological revolution of 1944 to the one that occurred at the end of the First World War. I will provide a brief analysis of how the uncertainty concerning the value of relatively untried weapons influenced both the interwar and post‐Second World War periods.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 135

“The Dark Side of Technology”: Technology and Thursday Session T2C Illness since the Nineteenth Century: Room UI6 1. Technological Hazards 11:00‐12:30 Organiser & Chair: Amelia Bonea, University of Oxford, United Kingdom

Technology and medicine are intimately connected. Particularly since the nineteenth century, technology has often been hailed as an instrument of progress and modernization and has played a central role in the development of medical theory and practice, making diseases recognizable and curable. Yet, the invention and use of technologies has also been surrounded by scepticism and anxiety, with new technologies often generating new concerns and risks of disease. This panel will focus not on technology as a “cure” of disease, but rather on technology as a (potential) cause of physical and mental illness. We are looking for papers that will investigate health concerns associated with the proliferation and use of various technologies, from medical technology such as vaccines and medical devices to industrial technologies to technologies of transport and communication. Possible topics include, but are not limited to: epidemics and travel, medical X‐rays and cancer risk, technology and mental health, occupational health problems, musculoskeletal disorders and technologies of communication. By examining case studies from a variety of geographical and socio‐economic settings, the panel hopes to stimulate discussion of broader themes such as the role of technology in creating medical knowledge, risk management and the ethics of risk, and to identify common trends and divergences in health concerns associated with technology over the last two centuries.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 136

Thursday Session T2C Room UI6 11:00‐12:30

“The Arm Troubles of Telegraphers”: Historical Perspectives on Technologies of Communication and Repetitive Strain Injuries

Dr. Amelia Bonea, University of Oxford, United Kingdom

The unprecedented development and proliferation of technologies of communication during the last decades has led to significant changes in work and lifestyle patterns, with more and more people suffering from repetitive strain injuries as a result of excessive typing and the use of a computer mouse. But such afflictions are far from new. During the nineteenth century, another technology of communication, the telegraph, generated health concerns of a strikingly similar nature. Known as “telegraphist’s cramp”, this nineteenth‐century repetitive strain injury belonged to a group of disorders which also included “writer’s cramp”, a condition prevalent among writers and the clerical strata. The symptoms were pain, numbness and tingling of the arm and wrist, and, in severe cases, even paralysis of the fingers. The medical and popular discourse of the time often described the use of the Morse telegraphs as a possible cause for "telegraphist's cramp". By the end of the nineteenth century, instances of cramp had reached almost epidemic proportions in Britain and in 1908 it became the first chronic disorder to be deemed compensable under the Workmen’s Compensation Act. The disease was also reported in the United States and Australia, where the use of automatic dot machines was suggested as a possible remedy. Using the example of “telegraphist’s cramp”, this paper will provide a historical perspective on technologies of communication as a cause of repetitive strain injuries, showing how the etiology of the cramp has oscillated between a “disease of the body” and a “disease of the mind” since the late nineteenth century. Furthermore, the paper will show how medical knowledge about this condition was circumscribed by contemporary ideas about what it meant to live and work in a modern, technologically advanced society. Unlike traditional infectious diseases, “telegraphist’s cramp” was a condition with diverse symptoms, whose specific lesions were difficult to identify. Thus, especially in the period before WWI, there was a strong belief that the disorder had an underlying psychological component, affecting people of an anxious, nervous disposition, who were unable to adapt to the frenetic pace of modern life.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 137

Thursday Session T2C Room UI6 11:00‐12:30

“What the Great Majority of Patients Require is Letting Alone”: The Uses of Technology in the Asylum

Dr. Jennifer Wallis, University of Oxford, United Kingdom

The late nineteenth century saw the proliferation of graphical methods in science and medicine, particularly within the field of physiology. Instruments to measure the pulse especially captured the imagination of medical practitioners. The sphygmograph of Étienne‐ Jules Marey was a notable example, fitting onto the wrist and recording the wearer’s pulse by means of an attached pen. The sphygmograph promised to reveal the innermost workings of the human body and was put to use by a number of asylum practitioners in the hope of mapping the characteristic pulse forms of various mental diseases. Employing such technology proved difficult in the asylum, however. The excitable nature of many patients necessitated modifications such as the strapping of the instrument to the arm, whilst the excitement or anxiety of others prevented doctors from applying the instrument at all. This paper will consider how the sphygmograph was employed within the asylum, particularly how its presence as a medical object could problematize the very objectivity it was intended to provide. The instrument’s tendency to inspire ‘horror and fear’ in its subjects had clear implications for the assessment of patient’s mental states, the medical knowledge that resulted from physiological investigation, and the boundaries between physiology and psychology. In assessing mental states in this way, doctors were forced to address how mental illness could be both a physiological fact (an unusual pulse form) measurable by an instrument and a changeable condition dependent upon external factors (fear of medical examination). The paper will also address how the instrument impacted upon patient experiences, both in the immediate examination and via subsequent drug treatments to alter the pulse, where broader issues were raised such as the applicability of general hospital methods to the asylum context and the therapeutic value of physiological investigation.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 138

Thursday Session T2C Room UI6 11:00‐12:30

Sunlight at the Flick of a Switch: The Risky Consumption of Ultraviolet Lamps, c.1900‐1940

Dr. Tania Woloshyn, University of Warwick, United Kingdom

Harnessing light for therapeutic use during the early twentieth century was a risky business, but a course of action perceived to have enormous individual and public benefit. This paper will explore medical and popular perceptions of ultraviolet radiation through the ephemera of lamp manufacturers, c.1900‐1940. It focuses especially on the selling and consuming of carbon arc and mercury vapour lamps by the British manufacturers Hanovia, Perihel and the Thermal Syndicate. While both of these types of lamps were available for therapeutic use at the turn of the century, by the 1920s manufacturers began to modify them for prophylactic and therapeutic home use, making them conveniently portable in size and advertising them directly to consumers. Some physicians and nurses celebrated the public’s access to ultraviolet lamps for private use; others vehemently protested it. Accounts of severe burns, electric shocks and even death by ultraviolet lamps in medical and popular press publications challenged and complicated the supposed blind faith of practitioners in the rays’ powers to regenerate the body. This would only be compounded by early reports warning of ultraviolet light’s carcinogenic abilities, appearing in medical journals as early as 1925. This paper offers a unique contextualisation of this understudied history by close analysis of manufacturers’ illustrated pamphlets, user manuals and the lamps themselves. In particular it will analyse photomontage as a vanguard method to represent the invisible rays of ultraviolet light, comparing these with representations of other forms of therapeutic radiation ‐ X‐rays and radium ‐ in contemporaneous visual culture. In doing so it looks to images and objects as points of entry into light therapy’s contentious past, connecting the ultraviolet lamp to the atom bomb.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 139

Thursday Session T2C Room UI6 11:00‐12:30

“One of those electric outfits put on the market by quacks”: Overbeck’s Rejuvenator and the British Medical Association, 1924‐1937

Dr. James Stark, University of Leeds, United Kingdom

Although historians have shown that relationships between the body, medicine and the force of electricity have been complex and multi‐layered, many avenues remain to be explored. One of the most prominent of these is the way in which electrotherapy technologies were marketed to a wide variety of different end users and intermediaries. This paper offers the first historical analysis of one such device – the Overbeck Rejuvenator – a 1920s electrotherapy machine designed for use by the general public. Its inventor, Otto Overbeck, was not a medical man, but a brewer’s chemist, and this enabled him to use aggressive strategies of newspaper advertising, using testimonials to market his product alongside appeals to his own scientific authority. He commissioned the prestigious Ediswan Company to manufacture the Rejuvenator on a large scale, and took out patents in eleven countries to persuade users of the efficacy of the device. In response to Overbeck’s activities, the British Medical Association enlisted an electrical engineer to examine the Rejuvenator to determine whether it was safe, alerted practitioners whose endorsements were being used in publicity material, and denied Overbeck permission to advertise in the British Medical Journal. Despite the almost wholly negative response from the BMA, the Rejuvenator brought its inventor wealth and notoriety, and helped redefine the concept of “rejuvenation”, even if the professional reception of such a device was almost universally hostile. This paper shows how the marketing, patenting and publishing strategies of Overbeck combined to persuade members of the laity to try the Rejuvenator as an alternative form of therapy even though it was privately rubbished by professional bodies representing mainstream medicine.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 140

Modern Versus Traditional? Core and Peripheries in Thursday Session T2D the Transport and Communication Infrastructural Room UI7 Process: 1. National peripheries 11:00‐12:30 Organiser & Chair: Simone Fari, Universidad de Granada, Spain

Up to now, the gaze from the core towards the periphery has been shaped by “coloniality,” whether of the classic colonialist/imperialist type, or of the more recent type governed by population experts (Boatcă 2006). This is not only the case for ‘obvious’ targets like India or Latin America, but also applies to the European fringes as the recent emotional debates around Greece and Cyprus testify. This is largely the case also in infrastructural systems, both of communication and of transport, which leads us to question the role of the concept of periphery (and its core) on infrastructural networks (defined in a very broad sense) in producing, reinforcing, smoothing, alleviating or revealing the concept of core (and cores) and periphery (peripheries). We would like to go beyond the distinction between core and periphery as defined in terms of time (modern versus traditional; civilized versus primitive) and political agenda (progressive versus backward), and move to a more innovative approach, such as, for instance, gender (masculine versus feminine), number (cores and peripheries), and contamination (how peripheries accept, adapt and twist incoming models, and how this altered examples are bouncing back to the cores). The question, then, is: What set (and sets) this periphery apart? And are periphery and core (still used within the discipline of World History) really the right terms to indicate these differences? (Wolfe 2010) In this vein, peripheral can have a double entendre. Peripheral can be applied geographically, in which infrastructures follow stereotyped models, which are disseminated from a geographical core to peripheries. But “peripheral” can be also understood as presence of different layers of infrastructural systems in the same place, in which some networks are hidden, marginal or silent, and others are revealed. Finally, “peripheral” can refer to under‐researched investigation paths: for this proposal, for instance, we stress the need of a closer collaboration between transport historians and communication scholars.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 141

Thursday Session T2D Room UI7 11:00‐12:30

Semi‐Periphery in Transition: The Typology of the Greek State's Identification in Relation with Automobility from the 1930s to the 2000s

Dr. Alexia‐Sofia Papazafeiropoulou, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

The categorization of the states as central, semi‐peripheral and peripheral as coined within the world system analysis has been widely used for the exegesis of the geopolitical balances' consolidation in relation with mobility. This approach is mainly based on the national states' classification according to their economic power as well as their political influence. Still, as far as mobility is concerned, such a dichotomy could be considered as oversimplifying, since the mobility networks are related not only with economic and political but also with socio‐ cultural parameters. Moreover, the terms "center", "periphery", or "semi‐periphery" have been characterized as somewhat vague even within the context of the world system analysis, since they are used in order to describe a variety of heterogeneous cases. Additionally, whereas centers and peripheries usually tend to be conceived as essentialist and static, the characteristics on which such categorizations are based, can either change over time, or they can be revisited. Regarding the above, the proposed paper aims to focus on the construction of the Greek state's identification as a semi‐peripheral state in relation with the mobility development from the 1930s to the 2000s. As the paper argues, the specific case has had a transitional character in the geopolitical and geocultural map of Europe throughout the examined period. Consequently, it is attempted to be conceptualized within the context of the intercultural exchange of normative stereotypes between centers and peripheries. In doing so, the paper aims to analyze this classification's typology as well as the stereotypical representations it promotes as ontological characteristics, so as to better understand if it provides the most adequate hermeneutic scheme for the understanding of the geopolitical and geocultural dimension of the mobility networks. The main aim of the paper is to contribute to the discussion concerning the transitional characteristics and the power relations of the mobility infrastructural process which determine the categorization of societies.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 142

Thursday Session T2D Room UI7 11:00‐12:30

High Speed Trains in a Peripheral Country: the Italian Railway System between Revitalization, Modernization, and Polarization

Professor Andrea Giuntini, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

Italy is the country in Europe in which, more than any other, the degree of road traffic saturation leads to a forced reorientation of the overall transport organization. The Italian infrastructure system now has a particularly high level of imbalance, generating malfunctions. There is, in fact, a real competition between road and rail, except in the case of over long distances and poor goods; road transport dominates, presenting a greater versatility and the weight that has assumed is not reflected in any European experience. In addition, the Italian railway system from the beginning of the new century presents worrying polarization characteristics: on the one hand there is High Speed, which receives most of the investments – the top of the system – on the other hand local trains networks, on which it is more and more difficult to travel. The current conditions must be explained largely on the basis of history: the lack of coordination between various operators of the transport system and between the several modes is the core of the question. In particular the origins are in the political and economic choices taken after the second World War, when the push to motoring was too strong and the road transport was really favored in terms of lack of a precise regulation. Despite a fluctuating attention was destined to it, with continuous and exhausting “stop and go”, High Speed has been the only attempt to revitalize the railway system in Italy in the last thirty years, introducing for many extents a high level of modernization. The first steps in this direction were made with the implementation of the Pendolino, the first tilting train, completed in 1971.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 143

Thursday Session T2D Room UI7 11:00‐12:30

A railway “Flowers bridge”. Iasi‐Ungheni‐Chisinau Railway (1876‐2011)

Mr. Andrei Berinde, S.C. RC‐CF TRANS S.R.L., Brasov, Romania

A track with an extreme strategic and economic importance, having the purpose to provide a connection between Lemberg – Cernăuţi – Suceava – Paşcani – Iaşi and Odessa – Razdelnaia – Tighina – Chişinău main lines and to facilitate the commercial links between the Austrian‐ Hungarian Empire and the Russian ports from the Black Sea's shore, the broad gauge (1524 mm.) Iaşi – Chişinău railway was built between 1871 and 1876 by the Russian Company for Navigation and Commerce (Chişinău – Ungheni Prut section) and by Grigore Heliad Enterprise (Iaşi – Ungheni section). The first ideas concerning the opening of a railway link between Romania and the Tsarist Empire appeared during the reign of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the future international connexion project being discussed during the bilateral meeting between the Tzar Alexander III and Price Carol I, that took place on August 14th 1869, on the occasion of the Romanian Ruler's visit in Crimea. In the spring of 1871, the Russian Company for Navigation and Commerce begun the building of Chişinău – Ungheni Prut railway, the line being completed on June 1st 1875. In the spring of 1873, the Romanian private building enterprise of Engineer Grigore Heliad begun to build the 21 km. of Iaşi – Ungheni railway, which was officially opened a year later, on August 1st 1874. Although Iaşi – Chişinău railway's building was completed on June 1st 1875, the actual link between Romania and the Tsarist Empire was only possible starting from February 12th 1876, the day when the first track trials train crossed the bridge over Prut river, which was officially opened a month later, on March 19th 1876.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 144

Turning Points in Technological Development in Thursday Session T3A Romania from the mid‐19th century to nowadays: Room UI2 5. Railway & Navy 14:00‐15:30 Organiser: Alexandre Herlea, Chair: Toader Popescu, Universitatea de Arhitectură și Urbanism Ion Mincu, Bucharest, Romania

The Romanian Railways during Two Transition Periods: 1945‐1960 and 1989‐2014 (in French)

Mr. Radu Robert Bellu

La première ligne de chemin de fer construite sur le territoire de la Roumanie d’aujourd’hui est le “Simeringul Banatean” la ligne Oravita ‐ Anina ouverte pour le transport du charbon le 20 août 1854, ce qui fait d’elle la 13ème ligne construite en Europe. Avec ses 22.250 kms de voies ferrées (8585 kms électrifiées) la Roumanie d’aujourd’hui occupe la 7ème place en Europe. Jusqu’en 1945, les chemins de fer en Roumanie ont été marqués par les guerres dont la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale qui les a fortement affectés et par la concurrence de l’automobile qui, entre les deux guerres mondiales, a commencé à les concurrencer et qui a déterminé une modification substantielle des techniques d’administration de ceux‐ci. Dans la période 1945‐1960 les chemins de fer ont du être reconstruits après les grandes destructions dues à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale (1900 kms de voies, 1800 ponts, 22 tunnels et plus d’un million de m2 de bâtiments) et s’adapter au régime communiste installé par l’occupant soviétique. La direction générale des chemins de fer roumains a pris en charge les travaux de reconstruction et dans la dernière étape de cette période a lancé les travaux pour le début de l’électrification des chemins de fer : sources d’énergie, stations de traction et locomotives électriques Dans la période 1989‐2014 caractérisée elle aussi par un changement de régime politique, notamment le retour de la Roumanie à la démocratie et à l’économie de marché, les chemins de fer ont connu des changements profonds dus essentiellement aux transferts de technologie. Sont ainsi modernisées les installations de centralisation des aiguillages des voies, les outillages d’entretien des voies et le remplacement des locomotives à vapeur par des locomotives diesel et électriques construites sous licence dans le pays. Dans la deuxième partie de cette période, font aussi leur apparition les opérateurs privés dans le transport ferroviaire de marchandises et de voyageurs. Les aspects techniques, administratifs et économiques de toutes ces évolutions seront présentés dans cette communication.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 145

Thursday Session T3A Room UI2 14:00‐15:30

Aspects of Romanian Navy Evolution, of its Harbours and Industry from 1860 to Nowadays (in French)

Dr. Carmen Atanasiu, Romanian Naval League, Romania

La Marine Roumaine est née avec la création de l’Etat roumain moderne, mise en place suite à trois événements déterminants: l’union des Principautés Roumaines (1859), la montée sur le trône de Carol I (1866) et la conquête de l’Indépendance suite à la guerre de 1877‐1878. Celle‐ci a comme conséquence le retour de la Roumanie sur les bords de la Mer Noire accédant à un littoral maritime de plus de 220 kms de long, fait d’importance capitale pour le développement de la Marine Roumaine. La communication portera sur : 1. Les ports fluviaux et maritimes. Dans les années 1870‐ 1874, la Roumanie entreprend les premiers grands travaux techniques dans le port de Giurgiu, sur le Danube et les ingénieurs français Larousselière, Desmaroux, et l’officier ingénieur roumain Peiu feront dans le cadre du Service Hydraulique nouvellement créé les premières études pour la modernisation des ports fluviaux. Suivent des travaux et des constructions d’exception tels les silos des ports Galati et Braila (capacité 50 tonnes) pour la construction desquels Anghel Saligny a utilisé parmi les premiers au monde le béton armé. 2. La marine militaire. Le 22 octobre 1860, les flottes militaires des deux principautés la Moldavie et la Valachie, ont fusionné pour constituer un seul corps d’armée sous commande unique. 3. La marine commerciale. Les premières institutions nationales de navigation ont été créées à la fin du 19ème siècle : “la Navigation Fluviale Roumain” (1890) et “le Service Maritime Roumain” (1895) Après l’évocation de ces débuts, la communication présentera l’évolution de la Marine Roumaine, des ports et de l’industrie navale sous les aspects techniques et scientifiques en les plaçant dans le contexte politique et socio‐économique. On s’arrêtera notamment sur les conséquences des deux guerres mondiales et des autres moments de rupture connus par la Roumanie. Une attention particulière est accordée à l’époque communiste et à celle de la transition d’après 1989.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 146

Thursday Session T3A Room UI2 14:00‐15:30

The Electrification of Railways in Romania

Lecturer Marius Daniel Calin, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Mr. Dan Constantin Balan Mr. Gheorghe Zaharie

The paper deals with following issues: the question on modernizing the railways by electrification; the beginning of electrification of Romanian railways, the electrification of Romanian railways during the communist regime 1965‐1989. The first elements of electrification of railways in Romania have emerged since 1899, by electrifying the narrow railway of the paper factory in Busteni. In 1913 is inaugurated the electrified railway Arad‐Podgoria‐Ghioroc Piata‐Radna/Pancota, and the transportation is provided by the motors „Green Arrow”, which had benzo‐electric traction on four axles with Dion‐Buton motors to ensure the functioning of the generator of DC and the traction is provided by the rear axle. The first project of electrification of the Romanian railways was thought/designed since 1913 by the engineer I.S. Gheorghiu for the railway Bucuresti‐ Ploiesti‐Brasov. During the period between the World Wars, under the command of the engineer Dimitrie Leonida, the General Directorate of Railways was founded, based on the law 612/1942. New projects and legal actions were initiated and new electric power plants were built to ensure the power supply (hydro power plants from Dobresti, Galma‐Moroieni, Filipestii de Padure). These projects were interrupted because of the outbreak of the second World War. A new stage in electrification of the Romanian railwaysbegins in 1951, when the Ministry Committee of electrification decided to stop the electrification works for the railways Bucuresti‐Poiesti‐Brasov, starting with the line Brasov‐Predeal. They have adopted the power supply system in alternativ current, mono‐phase (with the phase through wired air – „catenary” and the neutral through rails) of 27 kV and the frequency of 50 Hz. In 1963 the works to electrify the railway Brasov‐Predeal were interrupted, some technical samples were begun. The Romanian government opened the action to purchase electric locomotives and four offers were presented: Alsthom (France), Skoda (Czechoslovakia), VEB‐Lokomotivbau Elektrotechnische Hennigsdorf (Germany), ASEA‐Vasterls (Swedena). The suppy contract was signed with ASEA‐Vasterls‐Sweden (the locomotive isequipped with electronic systems with silicon rectifiers), who purchased the license for these electric locomotives for the factories Electroputere from Craiova. The first train hauled by an electric locomotive entered Bucharest on February 16 1969, which meant finishing the electrification of the railway of Ploiesti Vest‐Chitila – Bucureşti. The paper also presents the implications of the electrification upon the social and economical life in Romania.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 147

IXth Annual Symposium on the Social History of Thursday Session T3B Military Technology: 5 Room UI3 Organiser: Barton Hacker, National Museum of American History, 14:00‐15:30 Washington, USA Chair: Ciro Paoletti, Italian Commission of Military History (CISM), Rome, Italy

The Study of Information Technology Use in the Collection, Transmission and Processing of Radiolocation Information

Dr. Ioan Gheorghe Ratiu, Military School of Air Force, Brasov, Romania

Radiolocation is the newest branch in radio technology, the radar method has emerged before World War II, but it developed especially during the great conflagration, having by then applications almost exclusively in the military field. Later, due to remarkable performances and possibilities, radiolocation started to be utilized more and more in civilian activities, from geology to astronomy and space domains, decisively contributing to the scientific successes of our contemporary society. Presently, the large‐scale use of information technology in radiolocation, allows processing (collecting, processing and transmission) the enormous volume of radiolocation‐related data and information of civil and military purpose (the integration degree of the two domains is greater and greater) which are utilized in the present. Nowadays, an efficient management of an extremely crowded air‐space is no longer possible without utilizing the 3D type high‐ resolution modern radars and integrated systems for command, control, computers, communications and information which operate in real‐time with guaranteed trustworthiness, accuracy and safety of delivered information to the local and international beneficiaries. Utilizing information technology in collecting, processing and transmitting the radiolocation data has been approached in this thesis, wishing to bring a few modest contributions to a field of large interest for the academic and civil communities with important preoccupations and achievements. The problematic of utilizing information technology in the sense of the approached theme is not exhausted at all, but on the contrary, there are foreseen new perspectives due to the technological offensive without precedent which currently take place. The scientific research activity has been centered upon the following main ideas: clarifying radiolocation basic theoretic notions; numerical processing of radiolocation signals; utilizing and developing IT solutions; implementing modern information systems for air‐space management.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 148

Thursday Session T3B Room UI3 14:00‐15:30

Postwar Medical Use of Infrared Technology in the USSR

Professor Vasily Borisov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Dr. Igor Y. Kudryavtsev, All‐Russian Electrotechnical Institute named after V.I. Lenin, Moscow, Russia Dr. Igor V. Ovcharov, All‐Russian Electrotechnical Institute named after V.I. Lenin, Moscow, Russia Dr. Anatoly N. Panibratets, All‐Russian Electrotechnical Institute named after V.I. Lenin, Moscow, Russia

As in many other countries, before and during the Second World War, the Soviet Union conducted intensive defense research . In peacetime, the results of these studies have been used successfully for the benefit of people. Let us follow the example of this infrared technology. The first samples of the Soviet infrared (IR) night vision goggles (NVG) were created in the late 30s . Twentieth century, the All‐Union Electrotechnical Institute (VEI , Moscow) and the State Optical Institute (GOI, Leningrad) . They perceived radiation near‐infrared (0.7 ‐ 1.5 microns) and worked in active mode. Since the beginning of 1941 was organized by the serial production of navigation devices IR "Gamma ‐ VEI" and supply them to the Black Sea Fleet. These devices provide covert wiring ships at night. During the defense of Sevastopol it helped save a lot of ships that evacuated civilians and wounded. In the late 50’s VEI in GOI created the first Soviet thermal imagers. They recorded their own picture of the thermal radiation of objects and work in passive mode in the range of 3 ‐ 5 microns. They were initially designed for military purposes, but after a few years the leaders of development Peter V. Timofeev and Mikhail М. Miroschnikov convinced Soviet leaders to release medical thermal imagers, which played a major role in the diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. During these years, the American inventor of Russian origin Vladimir Kozmich Zworykin also worked in the field of medical electronics. Information was taken from publicly available literature, as well as from the archives VEI and personal archives PV Timofeev. Currently, the Russian manufacturer of medical imagers is the firm " IRTIS." Scientific school of the USSR andRussia photonics and infrared technology over the years has achieved a lot. Their work as successors in VEI and GOI and many other institutions and enterprises, supporting and developing the national scientific and technical potential, increased not only the defense, but the quality of people's lives.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 149

Thursday Session T3B Room UI3 14:00‐15:30

How Sweden Learned to Worry about the Bomb and Stopped Loving It

Ph.D. candidate Petter Wulff, Independent Scholar, Sweden

Cold War Sweden made a complete turn regarding the atom bomb. In the 1950s it was seen as a new and powerful weapon that would strengthen the national defence capability. Around 1960 doubts arose, and from then on Sweden became steadily more disenchanted with the new weapon. It was a remarkable transition from a near‐nuclear to an anti‐nuclear stance. Leading both the pro‐nuclear and the skeptic movement was the Air Force. The point to be made here is that technology itself was in transition and changed the prospects for the service. This made the Air Force go in a few years from pro to skeptic. The Air Force in turn influenced the view of the dominant political party, the Social Democrats, which became skeptic to the value of acquiring atom bombs. If the impact on the military and political arenas was rather swift, the military research arena was slower to respond. The research organization for nuclear weapons was built up while the military and political support was already on the wane. This, however, meant that an impressive research competence could be harnessed to a new goal – nuclear disarmament! If Sweden had not come close to developing its own nuclear bombs, it might not have had the expertise necessary to challenge the arguments of the nuclear powers and force them to accept concessions in their weapons development plans.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 150

“The Dark Side of Technology”: Technology and Thursday Session T3C Illness since the Nineteenth Century: 2. Impact of Room UI6 Mentality on Well‐being 14:00‐15:30 Organiser & Chair: Amelia Bonea, University of Oxford, United Kingdom

Technological Delusions as a Reflection of the Atmosphere of War: Narratives of Gas, Radio and Magnetism in German and Israeli Psychiatry during the 20th Century

Ph.D. candidate Maria Christina Müller, Universität Augsburg, Germany Dr. Dana Tzur Bitan, Shalvata Mental Health Hospital, Tikva, Israel Dr. Lars Hornuf, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München, Munich, Germany

The fear of invisible forces is present in the everyday life of ordinary people. Recent examples include the perceived risk of terrorist attacks, the omnipresent video surveillance and the impact of electromagnetic fields. The paper examines such hidden forces from a historical and cross‐cultural perspective. Medical records from psychiatric hospitals document narratives and associations of ‘hidden powers’. These phantasms are the internal pictures of external concepts and artifacts, which the patients perceive as real. The public discourse—i.e. social and cultural practices of society—shapes the themes of delusional scenarios. Thus, phantasms of ‘hidden powers’ are subject to historical, social and technical change. They are formed by rituals of popular belief: the veneration of the saints, the existence of heaven and hell, political and religious rulers, and technological invention. For instance, World War I significantly reinforced the delusional perception of gas. The threatening feeling of being monitored and influenced by others became relevant with the beginning of the 20th century. Instead of God’s Eternal Eye—which is located behind the heart—patients increasingly feared telephones, hypnosis and electricity. By examining the narratives of delusional content in two different cultures, the paper analyses how delusional scenarios of references to technological devices in Germany and Israel reflect the general atmosphere of war. A random sample of 500 medical files from the psychiatry of Kaufbeuren (Germany) and Shalvata Hospital (Israel) are examined and narratives described by psychiatric patients will be analyzed.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 151

Thursday Session T3C Room UI6 14:00‐15:30

Oh God Make Me Slim, Make Me Beautiful: The Side‐Effects of Slimming Capsules in India – A Case Study

Dr. Tinni Goswami Bhattacharya, Calcutta University, India

The essential theme of this paper is to highlight the side effects of slimming capsules which have a wide market in India. As a result of globalization, Indian women have become more health conscious and their lust for a toned and trim figure is a well‐known fact. Nowadays almost every woman wants a makeover from fat to fabulous. Even men have also joined in this race for having a hot bod. There are certain scientific procedures like a balanced diet, physical exercises and the usage of the gym instruments recommended for reducing weight under medical supervision. But the majority have no time and intention to try these methods. Rather they are highly influenced by the gimmicks of the giant drug manufacturing companies who always want to make a huge profit by establishing a wholesale market of slimming capsules. Sometimes they hire popular actors or models to promote their products. We all know that slimming pills, an example of advanced medical technology, can cause insomnia, constipation, euphoria, increased blood pressure and heart rate and many more. The long‐term use of this drug can lead to mental disorders like nervousness and restlessness. In India the level of awareness regarding this issue is barely present. The role of the Government in this matter is also insignificant as in any health reports the above‐ mentioned topic has never been highlighted. The silence of the Indian media is a matter of concern and apart from a few articles in medical journals the evidence of prior research is non‐existent. The present researcher aims to expose the Indian scenario and add a new chapter to the history of health studies in post‐colonial India.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 152

Thursday Session T3C Room UI6 14:00‐15:30

Transitioning to Targets: Demography and Population Policy in India, 1951‐1975

Ph.D. candidate Cathryn Johnston, King’s College London, United Kingdom

In the 1960s India began to chart a new course in population policy, a course that laid the foundations for the highly coercive measures deployed in the name of population control a decade later during the Emergency. Marked by a shift in birth control technologies – from the encouragement of “natural” fertility control methods towards an increased reliance on technological and surgical methods (particularly, the IUD and vasectomy) – it was in the 1960s that India began to create the medical and technological frameworks on which it would later rely during the mass sterilization campaigns of the Emergency. The chief factor influencing this transition during the 1960s was the introduction of Demographic Target Setting. In the 1950s and early 1960s a new analytical framework – Demographic Transition Theory – emerged at forefront of demography. DTT was primarily developed in the West but was not chiefly implemented there. The policies that were most strongly influenced by DTT were formed on, and implemented in, the underdeveloped countries of the “Third World”. Accordingly, DTT not only shaped how the West saw India's population, but how India came to understand its own population, a significant outcome of which was Demographic Target Setting. Looking to the work of Sripati Chandrasekhar, demographer and Union Minister for Health and Family Planning, I will assess the role of demographic thinking and practice in informing Indian population policy, and demonstrate how Demographic Target Setting set the stage for coercion in the context of the domestic and international politics informing population policy and demography. In doing so, I will re‐frame India's experiences with coercive population policies, drawing attention to the understudied 1960s, and placing the events of the Emergency into the context of the transnational policy making and the international population control movement.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 153

Modern Versus Traditional? Core and Peripheries in Thursday Session T3D the Transport and Communication Infrastructural Room UI7 Process: 2. Colonial peripheries 14:00‐15:30 Organiser: Simone Fari, Universidad de Granada, Spain Chair: Alexia‐Sofia Papazafeiropoulou, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Colonial Roads in Angola and Mozambique. Experts between Peripheries and Centres

Dr. Luìsa Sousa, CIUHCT, New University of Lisbon, Portugal

Scholars within the Science and Technology in the European Periphery network have proposed that, regarding technological and scientific peripheries, there should be a greater emphasis on the history of appropriation, which means considering the receptor environment active and acknowledging the point of view of the receivers, and studying this history through its conflicts, namely those caused by different agendas of the actors (political, technical, and others). [1] How does this concept might have worked in a European periphery, such as Portugal, in its relation, as a centre, to its former colonies of Angola and Mozambique? We answer this question by following road engineers from the metropolis in their technical missions to these African peripheries, and how they adapted their discourse on traffic engineering and economic development to a discourse on the “economic roads” to be built in the colonies in the 1950s. By taking this approach we aim to challenge the concept of appropriation and apply it to the mobility realm, bringing also an interpretation of the dynamic relation between centres and peripheries.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 154

Thursday Session T3D Room UI7 14:00‐15:30

Travelling or Communicating? The False Dilemma of Mobility. Questions about a Marginalized Issue

Professor Gabriele Balbi, University of Lugano, Switzerland Dr. Massimo Moraglio, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany

Telecommunications are often claimed to be a way to strongly reduce travel and its negative effects, in terms of time consumption, energy costs and infrastructural investments. This happened during the 1970s in various European countries, when special emphasis was given to the possibility of developing forms of tele‐working; that is, work carried out at a place other than the traditional workplace (office, etc.) and, in particular, at home, permanently or part‐time. In‐depth reflection brought to light the potential advantages in terms of time saved by reducing or eliminating travel time to and from work. Other areas of reflection regarded the possibility of reducing energy consumption and atmospheric pollution through tele‐work. Looking more closely, there are ‐ nonetheless ‐ controversial indications. While not a complete failure, the results of the experiments in tele‐working were certainly less encouraging than expected for both the companies and the workers involved. More in general, we are facing an impressive increase of remote connections, but (physical) connections as a whole are also increasing, so that the growth of virtual information does not necessarily mean a reduction of transport needs. It is NOT, in other words, a zero‐sum game. Everyday indication supports the idea that remoteness both replaces and catalyzes mobility. Low cost airline companies would not exist without an internet‐based selling system. Lessons from history are even more convincing. The massive use of remote devices, such as the telegraph, telephone, teletypewriter and fax ‐ not to mention television and radio ‐ increased the fluxes of virtual information, while the world was contemporaneously experiencing a boost in physical traveling. Finally, statistical data shows how the per capita distance travelled each day has increased in practically all the countries in the world in the past decades, despite (or as an effect of) large use of remote connections.The paper here proposed will explore this theme, trying to consider communications and transportations not as mutually exclusive, but much often integrated. A special focus will be given to the concept of “periphery”, both conceptually and geographically.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 155

Thursday Session T3D Room UI7 14:00‐15:30

Railway at the Core and Telegraph at the Periphery

Dr. Simone Fari, Universidad de Granada, Spain

In Europe, at the origins, telegraphy lived in symbiosis with railway. It is well known, this symbiosis was either technical or economic. There was an economic symbiosis because telegraph, as a fast communication, provides a good allocation of goods, while railways, as fast medium, provide the transport of same goods. There was technical symbiosis because, above all in UK, telegraphy was the security system of the railways and because, everywhere, telegraph lines were installed along the railroad in order to improve the maintenance of both railways and telegraph service. The aim of the paper is to analyze a neglected aspect of this symbiosis: the constitution of a new core/periphery dichotomy. For this reason, I consider two opposite study cases: the origins of telegraph service in UK during the 40s of XIX century and the building of telegraph network in Italy during the ’60 and ’70 of the same century. In the first case, the boom of railway business obscured and limited the introduction of the telegraph service at national level. The use of telegraphy as a railway security system supported its technological development but delayed the introduction of the telegraph service. To resume, at the beginnings, railway is the core of the national communication system used by all social classes, inside and outside the cities, while telegraphy was the “periphery” of this system, with few specific users (railway, business men and the press). On the contrary, in the Post‐Unity Italy (after 1861) there was not any kind of national communication infrastructure. Railways were too expensive and the building of a national network was impossible during the ’60. For this reason, the telegraph was used as a virtual arm of the state. In the absence of a good national communication system the government pushed for the expansion of a low cost infrastructure: the telegraph network. Consequently, during the ’70 few railroads connected the commercial centres of the North, the core, while the telegraph reached the poor and political instable regions of the South, the periphery.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 156

Thursday Session T3D Room UI7 14:00‐15:30

Psycho‐Historical Review on Korean Visual Representation of New Transportations in 1890‐1920: From Tradition toward a Modern Culture under Foreign Colonial Occupation

Professor Jung Sook Bae, Technical University Belfort Montbéliard, France

Korean society started to change from traditional Confucian to new modern values in the 1890. After the Gabo reform movement between 1894 ‐1896, the modernization process begun to take place. But the Chosun Dynasty was closed by the Japan‐Korean Annexation Treaty in 1910. However, the modern movement in Korea continued under Japanese Colonial rule. The first railroad opened on September 18, 1899 from Jaemulpo to Yeongdeungpo (33 km). Different new modern means of transport were introduced: train, bus, car, truck and bicycle. They were presented to the public mostly through advertisements in daily newspapers. In analyzing the communication press, this research studies the characteristics of visual representation of new modern products under the control of a foreign power. Two main daily newspapers, Dongailbo and Chosunilbo were explored. They were written mainly in Korean using the Hangeul script, mixed with some Chinese and Japanese characters, reflecting the multicultural historical context. The contents of communications were analyzed in terms of images, pictures and texts. The contextual analysis was performed using the psychological semiology scale, a development of the Osgood scale. We found that communication for new transportation means in Korean newspapers was implemented mainly through visual representations. They were aimed to transmit practical information using westernized images and to get the commercial benefits. In contrast the advertisements of other products such as kitchen appliances, food, beauty and medical products were more intensively imbedded in the cultural assimilation policy using modern attractive Japanese images in modern contexts. They were sometimes mixed with images reflecting identity and traditional values of the Korean society. Based on these results, a theory of culture is reviewed to conceptualize and understand the dynamics of a culture in transition to new meaningful ways of life.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 157

Poster Session Thursday Session T3E Chair: Slawomir Lotysz, University of Zielona Gora, Poland Exhibition, Aula 14:00‐15:30

Making a Functional Replica of a 1924 Dr. TITUS Radio Set

Dr. Ionita Daescu, Proradioantic, Bucharest, Romania Researcher Francisc Visky, Pro Radio Antic, Arad, Romania

The leading manufacturer of the superregenerative radios was the Romanian Titus Konteschweller. Radios manufactured by Dr. TITUS dominated the profile market in the period1923‐1930. The factory was located in Paris Rue of Wattignies, no. 69 XII arrondissement. They were very popular, winning numerous specialized international competitions. The most important contest was won the contest organized by Radio News magazine in 1927. Radio News Magazine occurs in New York in a monthly circulation of 350,000 copies. The first prize was won by Titus Konteschweller. The second and third prizes were not awarded. The poster will be illustrated with numerous documents of the time (advertisements articles, presentations, magazines), most original. In the poster will be illustrated with a rich graphic material, the rich work carried out by members of the Association PRORADIOANTIC to achieve a replica of the Dr. TITUS radio from 1924. It shows the stages of achievement, namely: Documentation from '20s papers. Romanian magazine Radiofonia, released in 1926 was used. In this magazine, Michael Konteschweller brother Titus Konteschweller manufacturer, shows how to make the radio; Procurement of materials and pieces; Development of a 3D model; Carrying on a breadboard; Realization of mechanical parts; General installation and commissioning; This poster shall be accompanied by a functional replica of the Dr. TITUS radio brand, manufactured in 1924.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 158

Thursday Session T3E Exhibition, Aula 14:00‐15:30

Technological Trends in Estonian Industry during and after World War I and II

Ph.D. candidate Vahur Mägi, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia

Most important mineral resources in Estonia are oil shale and phosphate rock. Though scientific research into these minerals started earlier, production began just at the end of WW I. Although knowledge on oil shale as a fuel was poor, it had to be adopted as a source of energy. In 1921, the first device for extracting oil was tested. It took four years to create the technology and in 1925 the first big oil factory was launched. Close attention was devoted to mechanisation of underground work. Oil shale chemistry became the most rapidly developing trade due to large investments and intense international competition. Quickly it was learned how to produce fuel oil, preservative solutions, varnish, bitumen, asphalt, kerosene. The principal part of equipment used in oil shale industry was produced in Estonia. Electric power stations all over the country used grate furnaces designed by Estonian engineers. With the entry of the Red Army in autumn 1944, the oil shale industry was seized by the Soviet occupation forces. The Sillamäe oil plant was reconstructed into a top secret mining enterprise for producing uranium from dictyonema argillite found in Northern Estonia alongside oil shale. Despite great efforts, only an insignificant amount of uranium was extracted. Eventually, the industrial extraction of uranium from dictyonema argillite was termed economically infeasible and the processing of argillite was terminated. Oil shale output increased. By 1980, more oil shale was being mined than the consumers required. Phosphate rock mining commenced and in 1923 a phosphate industry was founded. Studies indicated the feasibility of Estonian phosphate raw material for the production of superphosphate. Preparations were started for building a modern superphosphate factory. The technology was to be imported from Germany. WW II postponed the completion of the factory; only in 1956 did the superphosphate plant begin production. In 1987, the search for new phosphate deposits initiated a mass “phosphate war” against the Soviet occupation that eventually led to the demise of the phosphate industry.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 159

Thursday Session T3E Exhibition, Aula 14:00‐15:30

Organizing Scientific and Technical Information During Communism: a Public Library Perspective

Ph.D. candidate Claudia Serbanuta, University of Illinois, U.S.A. Ms. Raluca Nutiu, Librarian at the Mures County Library, Romania

Socialist ideology imposed science and technology as leading fields in communist societies. Educating people into understanding and engaging with these fields became a primary interest after the Second World War. Various types of libraries were created to serve this purpose but, by the early 70s, their punctual efforts proved insufficient. In a heavily industrialized county, a public library took upon itself the role of managing the information about the scientific and technical collections in the region. This poster will analyze the methods and instruments employed by a technical branch of a public library in communist Romania in order to encourage access to scientific information. Paying attention to the industrial profile of the region and the reader’s interest in scientific works, the public library created a dedicated branch for the science and technology collection. Aiming at serving the informational needs of the community, librarians employed classical methods but also created in house instruments to help them navigate the thematic information: Librarians developed a keyword catalog (among the first of its kind in the country) to help them answer reference questions and retrieve relevant materials from their science and technology collection; Public librarians shared their expertise with other libraries in the region: they created a shared catalog of technical books and published a newsletter announcing new books; Thematic bibliographies were produced at the request of individual readers or institutions; An international science and technology collective catalog for all types of libraries from the region was developed and kept up to date by public librarians; To learn about the public’s needs but also to target them when organizing public programs the librarians created a user’s profession catalog; This poster will capture a glimpse of the communist information culture through the analysis of the methods and tools used by professional librarians. Sources that will be consulted include: the archive of the technical branch library (where traces of these instruments are kept), oral histories shared by librarians that worked there, articles in the periodicals of the time (local, national and professional), analysis of the catalogs used by librarians.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 160

Thursday Session T3E Exhibition, Aula 14:00‐15:30

Source of Light and Color, Natural and Artificial, in the Perception of a Work of Art

Ph.D. candidate Andrei Hrib, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania

The importance of source of illumination of a work of art is on the nature of materials used in the installation, the constituent materials. Metamerism ‐ a phenomenon that occurs with changing spectral distribution of light, due to the change of the light source, the two objects initially identical in terms of colour ‐ is a problem often encountered in the practice of restoration, chromatic reintegration imitative, most exactly. If in restoration phenomenon have negative connotations, in fine art can be a starting point in the development of new works of art through a careful study of pigments and exposure conditions. Study of diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) is an important step in understanding metamerism and applicability in the field of visual arts, and together with other concepts: manner, technique, school and style can bring news in fine arts and painting can translate into what the stories say: „in day with a face, in night with another”. The presentation will take a practical part of achieving a painting by this method in an attempt to capture the phenomenon. Article source is the practical problem of metamerism colour restoration restorative treated in the books of optical spectroscopy and restoration science. A perfect reintegration should not be observed using other sources of lighting conditions. In practice, old pigments should be replaced by mixtures of pigments or synthetic dyes with diffuse reflectance spectra as similar to those of the old paint layer, either because there are no known techniques for the preparation or composition of ancient pigments, whether there is sufficient information on painting techniques used. For a proper reintegration must take into account a number of factors relating to the texture, spreading, transparency and colour of the paint layer. Similarity of colour in a restored work should be ensured by the three basic characteristics of colour: hue, brightness and saturation.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 161

Thursday Session T3E Exhibition, Aula 14:00‐15:30

Back to the Workers’ Wonderland: Documenting the Industrial Culture in Eastern Europe, 1945‐1989

Dr. Slawomir Lotysz, University of Zielona Gora, Poland

We all like to see historical photographs in scholarly books and articles. Usually they illustrate the story quite aptly, right? Well… But how often are the photographs in focus? How often do images of the past inspire us enough to go deeper into the story they tell us? This presentation draws on the author’s own collection of historical photographs, documenting industrial culture in Eastern European countries during the time of communism. The photographs – roughly 7,000 items – come from a former communist‐era press agency, long since dissolved and its materials sold to private collectors. Geographically, the images cover Poland, Hungary, the former East Germany and Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Albania, and the Soviet Union. Some of the images are of infrastructure and manufacturing in the Eastern Block, while some of the photographs depict the dehumanised landscapes of industrial plants of grandiose scale, and still others show men and women at work. Additionally, the workers are also shown as consumers in shops and restaurants, as holidaymakers in hotels and resorts, as patients of factory first aid stations, and so on. The themes of housing economics, vocational training, and environmental issues are also vividly portrayed. In the digital age, accessing archives of visual materials is easier than ever before. Photo collections are being put online by archives and libraries at different institutions around the globe, and press agencies are opening their vast resources to the public, too. But how can historians gain access to private collections of photographs? These are not necessarily just family photos, but sometimes quite extensive collections of historic photographs, documenting work, leisure, and everyday life in past decades. And if one possesses such a collection and wants to make it available online, how does that happen? What are the legal and copyright concerns? How about the technical side of things? And most of all, what are the financial issues that need to be considered?

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 162

Thursday Session T3E Exhibition, Aula 14:00‐15:30

The End of Assassination?

Researcher Lisa Traynor, Royal Armouries Museum, Leeds, United Kingdom

‘The End of Assassination’, explores the theory that silk bullet‐proof body armour could have preserved the life of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in Sarajevo on 28th June 1914. Based on on‐ going ballistic experiments conducted at Royal Armouries, Leeds, the outcome of these tests will eventually be able to confidently state if the Archduke’s life could have been preserved if he had worn the protective silk body armour he was rumoured to own. The poster itself is built up of an image from the 19th /early 20th century, used for marketing these armours and images from the 21st century tests at the Royal Armouries. The accompanying text to the poster quotes the original inventor Casimir Zeglen’s reasons for devising such an invention. This innovative new research is continuing at Royal Armouries, Leeds. It forms the focal point of our new exhibition on the arms and armour of the First World War, which aims to engage a wide audience with the history of technology.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 163

Round Table. Trends in Technological Education in Thursday Session T3F Eastern Europe Countries Exhibition, Aula Chair: Alin M. Olarescu, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania 14:00‐15:30

Ştefan Bălan ‐ Remarkable Pathfinder of History of Science and Technics in Romania, a Century since his Birth Professor Mihai Alexandrescu, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Bucharest, Romania Dr. Stefan Florin Bălan, Researcher, National Institute for Earth Physics, Magurele, Romania, Adelin Bălan, Romania

The paper represents an homage to acad. prof. Stefan Balan with the occasion of 100 years commemoration from his birth. His life is chronological presented on domains of activity using a documenter material as well as vivid memories kept in minds of contemporary people and rendered in a way to mix the authenticity of official documents with the emotional testimony power of those who knew him closely. Along the paper are presented accurate biographical data (origins, family, schools), but also professional activity with its achievements and evolutions reflected in : academic and honorific titles, didactic career, papers, books, design works, those accomplished like a civil engineer, as well as those referring to the development of Romanian education and scientific research. All these are emphasized by a large number of original photographs: with family, friends, construction works etc. There are presented also a large number of publications (books) from all stages of activity and some of them are accompanied by short comments. This paper is a homage to acad.prof. Stefan Balan, at 100 years since his birth, from the Romanian school of constructions and civil engineers for his contribution to the professional accomplishment of some thousands civil engineers, more than 30 doctorate degrees and for his example of sobriety, modesty and elegance in his relations with all who knew him like professor and scientist.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 164

Thursday Session T3F Exhibition, Aula 14:00‐15:30

V. Utkin as a Scientist and Designer in the Field of Space Rocket Engineering (1971‐1990) Dr. Alla S. Lytvynko, G.M.Dobrov Center for Scientific and Technological Potential and Science History Studies NAS of Ukraine, Kiev

This paper deals with the scientific biography of Vladimir Utkin, an Ukrainian engineer and designer of rockets and space systems who was the General Director of Yuzhnoye Design Office in the Dnepropetrovsk city, and thanks to whose results parity in the field of nuclear missiles was reached in the world after the global geopolitical, military, economic and ideological confrontation in the period of the Cold War. Moreover, his pedagogical activity in the field of technological education in Ukraine has been shown in the paper. After graduation from Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute in 1952 V. Utkin worked at Dniepropetrovsk Special Design Office of Plant № 586 on creation of the first soviet ballistic missiles. In 1971 he became General Designer of Yuzhnoye Design Office. Under his leadership, the strategic missile systems, having no analogs in the world and being the basis of defense potential of the Soviet Union, were put into service. His team created effective liquid‐propellant intercontinental ballistic missile SS‐18 («Satan») and sold‐propellant intercontinental ballistic missile SS‐24 («Scalpel») of silo and railroad basing mode. Space rocket systems Cyclone, Zenit, and a wide range of spacecrafts for military, scientific, and national economy purposes were developed, the leak‐tightness of propellant systems and long‐term missile staying on alert in fuelled condition, mortar launch of heavy missiles from container, enemy's anti‐missile defense penetration were ensured. Space launcher Zenit subsequently became the basis of successful international projects Sea Launch and Land Launch. V. Utkin was an active participant of international scientific cooperation, including Interkosmos project. He was elected as an academician of Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1976), an academician of Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1984) and a full member of International Academy of Astronautics. In memory of the scientist, V. Utkin Gold and Silver Medal for outstanding achievements in the field of space rocketry development were set. It was found that V. Utkin always contacted properly with Physical and Technical Faculty of Dnipropetrovsk University, and at Yuzhnoye Design Office the branches of main chairs of this faculty were set up to improve the quality of technological training.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 165

Thursday Session T3F Exhibition, Aula 14:00‐15:30

Paradigm changes in technical education construction in Romania. History, needs and building utopia Professor Victoria Cotorobai, Professor Liviu ‐ Alexandru Sofonea, Lecturer Cristina Vladoiu, Professor Theodor Mateescu, Romania, Technical University Gheorghe Asachi Iasi, Romania

Education has determined and was driven largely by major paradigm shifts in the Triad Society & Civilization & Culture. Technical education in Romania had a particular history and in construction was driven by the local peculiarities and needs but also by the many influences West‐East. History of education in the present territory of Romania is extremely interesting. This indicates, on the one hand, an ongoing interest in interculturalism, to harmonize with the civilized world and constant updating but huge potential determined by novator anchor deep in tradition and knowledge that DNA‐ized (from ancestry to the time of day) to complex inter‐tradition & development, education & society & culture & economy & ecology & .... This paper summarizes the history of the main technical Romanian educational paradigms and announces a possible paradigm shift in education that specialists in urban development and construction plan by bringing in the integrative science social‐ecological‐ economic "Geonomic" science that reveals the need for major changes in urban approaches in general and construction in particular.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 166

Thursday Session T3F Exhibition, Aula 14:00‐15:30

Intelligence‐interchange in the area of Science and Technology between Poland and the Soviet Union, 1986‐1990 Dr. Mirosław Sikora, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (The Institute of National Remembrance), Katowice, Poland

Technological gap in the development between both sides of iron curtain became obvious already during the 1950s. Along with the détente‐era communists countries managed to import some vital technological solutions by purchasing production‐lines or signing license‐ agreements with France, West Germany or Great Britain. However, real high‐tech, especially in such branches as automatic control or power engineering, was either protected by private companies interested in maintaining its monopoly and export, or embargoed by western governments inspired by the USA. My paper claims that, in order to evade various legal restrictions in international trade, the Soviet Union encouraged satellites‐states to launch massive clandestine undertakings. Furthermore, Moscow’s intelligence service instructed and trained their colleagues from Warsaw, Prague or East Berlin in the area of scientific and technical espionage. KGB also organized this multilateral intelligence‐relationships, by designing a complex system of information‐exchange. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, in most former communistic countries, documents of the intelligence service had been declassified and made available for historians. In Poland these files are stored and accessible in the Institute of National Remembrance (Instytut Pamięci Narodowej ‐ IPN). Files of the scientific‐technical intelligence covering years 1986‐ 1990 are exceptionally well preserved and they allow detailed reconstruction of the Polish‐ Russian cooperation in the area of industrial espionage during the last five‐years plan carried out by the countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (so called Comecon). Analysis involved tasks‐descriptions passed from KGB to Polish intelligence as well as Polish reports on debriefings with the representatives of the Russian partner. Insight in those files enables to estimate the profile and the quantity of smuggled and exchanged material as construction‐documentation, chemical samples, components, entire devices etc. Moreover, we can point out targeted countries, state’s corporations or private companies. Both sides exchanged experience in recruiting, handling and paying agents, which will be also discussed in the paper. The emphasis is put on the Russian partner, because the activity of the scientific‐technical arm within KGB in the late 1980s – comparing to the previous period – is still not enough examined by historians. Basic conclusions are as follows: the amount of the information being shared was growing systematically during the second half of the eighties. The spectrum of Soviet interest in the area of science and technology was rather evenly distributed between the civil and military applications. Electronic and IT as well as biotechnology and chemistry dominated information‐stream, making heavy industry and energetic a secondary field of activity.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 167

Thursday Session T3F Exhibition, Aula 14:00‐15:30

Contemporary trends in the development of technological education in Brasov Dr. ing. Melania Filip, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Prof. Monica Cotfas, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Ing. Csaba Molnar, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

The analysis made in this paper aim to underline the contemporary tendencies in the development of the technical education in the area of Brasov, Romania, taking into consideration the approved school network approved by authorities along the years. The evolution of the school network is presented starting with the years 1977/1978, the diversifying of the technological educational offer from the years 1982/1989 which alongside the mechanic and electric domain are augmented with the domains of industrial chemistry, light industry, constructions, forestry‐ forestry exploitation, wood processing, marking the development if the Romanian industry in the communist era. In the second part of the paper the transition stages and the contemporary trends of the technical education in Brasov are presented in correlation with the requirements of the labour market and European policies for workforce occupation.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 168

Turning Points in Technological Development in Thursday Session T4A Romania from the mid‐19th century to nowadays: Room UI2 6. Car & Medical Instruments Industries 16:00‐17:30 Organiser & Chair: Alexandre Herlea, Technical University Belfort Montbéliard, France

Birth and Evolution of the Medical Instruments Factories in Romania since the Independence War (1877) to Nowadays (in French)

Professor Pompiliu Manea, Université d’Évry Val d’Essonne, France

La communication passe d’abord en revue les guerres auxquelles la Roumanie a participé et les grands bouleversements politiques qu’elle a connus: Guerre d’Indépendance (1977–78) Guerres Balkaniques (1913), deux guerres mondiales (1916 – 1918 et 1941 – 1945), l’occupation soviétique et la dictature communiste (1944‐1989), la sortie du communisme et la transition (1990 à aujourd’hui). Le rôle joué par des Roumains dans des grandes avancées scientifiques et techniques, notamment les rayons X (Hurmuzescu et Marinescu), sont également évoquées. Ensuite sont présentées les quatres grandes étapes connus dans la création et le développement de l’industrie roumaine d’appareils et instruments médicaux. 1) Le début est lié à la Guerre d’Indépendance et aux efforts de modernisation du pays, faits par le roi Carol I. En 1880 il demande au Parlement de prendre des mesures pour le développement de l’artisanat, notamment par l’importation de technologie et la facilitation d’installation dans le pays d’industriels étrangers. Dans ce contexte et vu le grand nombre d’invalides de guerre s’installe dans le pays Carol Bünger qui crée les premiers ateliers de prothèses et appareils médicaux de Roumanie. Ils vont se développer ensuite. 2) La Première Guerre Mondiale et la constitution de l’Etat unitaire national roumain donnera une autre grande impulsion au développement de cette industrie. A la tête des Ateliers du Ministère de la Santé est nommé en 1923 l’ingénieur Petre N. Georgescu, formé à Paris, qui va développer cette entreprise la plus grande, dans le domaine, entre les deux guerres. 3) Après la Deuxième Guerre, l’industrie de construction d’appareils médicaux a connu une forte régression qui a duré jusqu’à vers 1960. Ensuite, la production a redémarréles et des nouvelles entreprises sont nées: IOR, Electrotehnica, Automatica, Electronica, IEIA ‐ Cluj. On fabrique en Roumanie des appareils et instruments médicaux dans toutes les spécialités qui couvrent 75% le besoin du pays. 4) Après 1989 l’industrie d’appareils et instruments médicaux s’effondre, comme les autres industries du pays; l’importation prend le dessus, dans un contexte de grande corruption. Pourtant quelques spécialistes dans le domaine ont su prendre des initiatives et arriver à des réalisations remarquables. Un example est l’entreprise TEMCO, que j’ai créée.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 169

Thursday Session T4A Room UI2 16:00‐17:30

Renault, from Romania to the Logan (in French)

Professor Jean Louis Loubet, Université d’Évry Val d’Essonne, France

Dans son histoire, Renault est venu deux fois en Roumanie. D’abord à la fin des années 1960, poussé par les autorités soviétiques et celles du Comecon. L’aboutissement sera la naissance de l’usine de Pitesti et le lancement en Roumanie de la Renault 12. La seconde venue, celle qui nous intéresse ici, correspond à la renaissance du pays après l’ère communiste. Le Président de Renault, Louis Schweitzer, mesure lors de la chute du bloc de l’Est la potentialité d’une voiture à 5 000 $. Un long chemin à parcourir. L’une des conditions de ce qui deviendra la voiture low‐cost est la maîtrise – et probablement la possession – d’un outil industriel capable de produire à coût très bas, mais en même temps garant d’une qualité parfaite, soit des éléments inexistants – voire incompatibles – en Europe occidentale. C’est en Roumanie, sur l’ancien site de Pitesti, que Renault va construire l’usine à Logan, un outil industriel remis pas à pas à niveau, mais aussi faire renaître une marque, Dacia. Le système Dacia devient le socle d’une adaptation de l’automobile européenne à la crise de ses marchés occidentaux, mais aussi une réponse évolutive aux besoins des marchés des pays émergents. Renault a parié sur la Roumanie à la fin du XXe siècle. Ce pari est devenu l’un des éléments structurants de sa résistance à la crise actuelle.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 170

Thursday Session T4A Room UI2 16:00‐17:30

Engines for Vehicules in Romania – a European Evolution through Research and Innovation

Dr. Ruxandra Cristina Stanescu, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Professor Cornel Stan, West Saxon University of Zwickau, Germany Professor Anghel Chiru, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

The history of Romanian engines for vehicles, designed and mass produced based on licenses and own concepts, begins 70 years ago. Equipment, techniques and mathematical methods used for design, prototype execution, research, approval and launch into production were at first modest, then they have evolved in order to satisfy the requirements European and American regulations, as well as those of the clients. The energetic, ecologic, technological and consumption related performances of the engines, designed and produced in educational and research centers, companies and universities form Brasov, Bucharest, Iasi, Timisoara, Pitesti, Campulung Muscel imposed Romanian vehicles on the markets of Europe, Asia, Africa and America. Developments that have occurred in Romania are remarkable. Their analysis is interesting and relevant in the European context. After 1990, the investments in education were important as well as the upgrading of universities research centers and laboratories. The results – the existence of engine study centers and research laboratories within the universities of Brasov, Cluj‐Napoca, Bucharest, Pitesti, Iasi and Timisoara, competitive in terms of technical endowment, dedicated software, human resources and results with those in the European Union and the United States. Thus, this paper present a review of Romanian achievements in design, research and production of internal combustion engines compared with the European trends between 1944 and 2014. References are made to the products of academic institutions, research institutes, study centers and automotive companies from Germany, France, Italy, UK, Belgium etc.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 171

IXth Annual Symposium on the Social History of Thursday Session T4B Military Technology: 6 Room UI3 Organiser: Barton Hacker, National Museum of American History, 16:00‐17:30 Washington, USA Chair: Ciro Paoletti, Italian Commission of Military History (CISM), Rome, Italy

Polish Torpedo Boats’ Constructions between 1965 – 1986

Professor Antoni Komorowski, Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, Poland Dr. Tomasz Neubauer, Polish Naval Museum,Gdynia, Poland

The paper presents some problems appearing during the design and exploitation of torpedo boats equipped with metal hulls (alloy of aluminium ‐ hydronalium), which were created by Polish engineers. After many years of exploiting wooden‐hulls torpedo boats, of Soviet construction type 183, the time came to start using the more advanced ships from Polish shipyards, which, unfortunately, turned out to be of a rather poor quality. The production of the ships started from an experimental boat (type 633 D), which was being exploited between 1965 – 1980. Since 1972, there were newer, improved versions type 664. The main advantage of those ships was their impressive speed and weaponry – four torpedo launchers – but the crew’s life conditions were far from perfect. Despite many design and building attempts of yet another improved versions of the ships type ( 653, 655, 657, 660 oraz 662) the duty of boats type 664 ended in 1986. This means that years between 1972 and 1986 were a difficult time for the boats’ crews as they had to deal with many technical problems. Some of those technical and personal problems are described in this paper.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 172

Thursday Session T4B Room UI3 16:00‐17:30

Chasing Wonder Weapons

Dr. Hermione Giffard, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

The Third Reich’s pursuit of new weapons at the end of the Second World War is often described as a search for ‘wonder weapons’. Yet although historians claim that the term first came to prominence through propaganda of the Third Reich, there is no mention of Wunderwaffen in any of Goebbels’ speeches. In fact, the term seems to have come into wide use only after the end of the Third Reich, around the same time that the atomic bomb was identified as the first true wonder weapon. This suggests that the term was used to rhetorically link the USSR’s weapons to those of the Third Reich. Early analysis of the technology of the Third Reich thus deeply reflected the geopolitical reality of when it was first written; yet these same assumptions continue to inform histories of the Third Reich’s weapons. That the term was used to link the weapons of the Cold War to a negative historical example raises the question of how weapons have been represented in popular culture, in myths, novels and film. How has the atomic bomb molded public thought about weapons? To what extent are wonder weapons a threat peculiar to the twentieth century, just as weapons of mass destruction are of the twenty‐first? Have there been dramatic turning points in the public representation of weapons, such as the First World War?

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 173

Thursday Session T4B Room UI3 16:00‐17:30

Military Technologies and Scientific Development from Galileo until Nanotechnoscience

Professor Vitaly Gorokhov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Case studies from the different times: Galileo as military engineer and his education program for military engineers (artillery, military machinery and fortification). Tartaglia engineering science of ballistic and Galileo technoscience. Scientific engineering education for military engineers in 19th century (A. Betancourt high school for military engineers in Sankt Petersburg from 1810). Radar Systems Engineering and military‐industrial complex of the Soviet Union after Second World War: engineering‐science‐industry and scientific education of engineers. Nanotechnology and nanotechnoscience for civil and military goals: nano systems engineering. Conclusion: engineering science and technoscience were first form new science in the new time and had his sources in military engineering. Scientific engineering education originated and developed as high school education for military engineers. Systems engineering is a new form of the general education of the engineers for the military‐industrial complex after Second World War. Nano systems engineering is the continuation of this traditions in last time. (This report is prepared for the project „From Galileo's technoscience to the nanotechnoscience (philosopical and methodological analysis)“ Nr. 13‐03‐00190 of the Russian Foundation for Humanities).

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 174

Environmental Utopias and Engineering Reality Thursday Session T4C Chair: Timo Myllyntaus, University of Turku, Finland Room UI6 16:00‐17:30

Is the Debate Over: James Hansen's Contributions to the Changing Atmosphere‐Changing Climate Theory

Dr. Anthony N. Stranges, Texas A&M University, USA

James Hansen (b. 1941), a physicist at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York City since 1981 and a professor at Columbia University, is the latest spokesman for climate scientists who support achanging atmosphere ‐ changing climate theory. He continues in the tradition of other climate change scientists among them Roger Revelle and Charles Keeling. Following his earlier planetary studies, Hansen developed his first climate change model in 1974. A 1981 one‐dimensional model calculated temperatures as a function of height. It enabled Hansen to conclude that the measured atmospheric CO2 concentrations would produce an earlier‐than‐predicted warming. Beginning in 1983 Hansen introduced three‐dimensional general circulation models that with the aid of high speed computers allowed him to include variables such as air convection schemes and snow depths and to estimate the change in mean global surface temperatures resulting from future greenhouse gas emissions. In 1987 Hansen undertook an analysis of surface air temperature records from 1,700 continental and island meteorological stations for the years 1880 to 1985. A three‐ dimensional general circulation model that he developed created an artificial global temperature history. It showed that the four warmest recorded years were in the 1980s with 1981 and 1987 the highest, and that 1998 was the warmest year since 1880. The rate of temperature change in the 1980s‐90s exceeded all rates of change recorded since 1880. Much of the criticism of global warming came in the 1980s when the scientific evidence established a definite rise in the global annual mean temperature curve. Hansen’s testimony before the US Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources in June 1988 triggered the renewed criticism. This paper examines Hansen’s research on global warming and the scientific evidence that he and other scientists have compiled to establish the reality of global warming and to silence their critics.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 175

Thursday Session T4C Room UI6 16:00‐17:30

Utilizing the Environment in Sweden‐Finland in the 18th Century – Technology, Realism and Utopias.

Dr. Sami Louekari, University of Turku, Finland

This presentation deals with the politics and thinking of the Crown and the elite in Sweden and Finland during the 18th century that was marked by a strong belief in the future. It was believed that the country would have almost limitless possibilities of development, if the progress made in the fields of technology and the natural sciences was put efficiently into use in the utilization of natural resources. My presentation is based on my PhD‐thesis Politics of Utility. Environmental History from Kokemäenjoki River Valley between 1720 ‐1850. (2013). Sweden lost its European superpower‐status in the beginning of the 18th century, after which a replacement for this lost greatness was sought in the internal development of the state. It was believed that, as long as the country’s natural resources were studied and technological means were acquired to mould and utilize the environment, the state would flourish again. Many optimistic and rather utopian views of the future can be found in the colourful writings of national historians about the powerful Swedish state, which often depicted it as being more bountiful and having a milder climate than it in fact had Various and extensive waterway projects, dewatering and clearing works became important. Both the Crown and the educated elite held this view, following in the footsteps of Europe, and they were well aware of the waterway, dewatering and channelling projects in England, the Netherlands, Russia and Prussia at the time. My research shows that many of the 18th‐century prognoses and grand projects were accompanied by excessive optimism. They were not based on a realistic conception of the prevailing conditions and possibilities. The goals were too challenging compared to the available resources and technology. In part, the hopeful and even utopian views of the future were a kind of political and ideological optimism professed by the Crown and the elite, by which they strived to lift national self‐esteem after the loss of the great power status.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 176

Thursday Session T4C Room UI6 16:00‐17:30

Unintended yet Unignorable Change, Technological Interventions into the river Eider (1886‐1973)

Dr. Eike‐Christian Heine, Universität Stuttgart, Germany

The theme of this proposal is not technological change but the opposite, a story of a relationship of technological intervention and ecological consequences shaped by continuity. Starting point is the construction of the Kiel Canal (1886‐1895). In order to complete this waterway, the riverbed of the Eider (Schleswig‐Holstein’s biggest river) was heavily altered; more precisely the river was chopped into three independent parts. Soon the severe consequences became apparent, especially for the 120 kilometres between Rendsburg and the mouth to the North Sea. Here a vicious circle started that was mainly driven by the disconnection with the upper river: The lower Eider lost a major area where water was distributed during high tides and it also lost more than half of its tributary water. The results were the rise of the tides far up in the river and growing sedimentation. The technological answer was higher dykes that gave better protection immediately, but fuelled the vicious circle in the long run. Since the beginning of the twentieth century the hydrological experts in Schleswig‐Holstein had a clear understanding of these phenomena and formulated technological answers. Parallel, devastating floods became ever more frequent and put pressure on policy makers. As a result, dykes were permanently expanded. The engineers envisaged grander solutions that were realised successively. Since 1937 a barrage roughly in the middle of the lower Eider protected the land behind this installation from the North Sea. Yet, the “victory over the forces of nature” was declared prematurely. For the remaining stretch the vicious circle was still intact. By 1973 a four kilometre long barrage completely protected the land from any impacts of the North Sea. The paper explores the interdependence between technological interventions into a landscape and its ecologic impacts. Part of this nexus of environmental history and the history of technology are broader political and cultural significances. Accordingly, this proposal does not report of technological change but of continuities between technology and nature. This yet untold story mainly draws from archival sources as well as printed sources. It is a follow‐up project from my dissertation that explores the history of the Kiel Canal.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 177

Computers and the ‘Second Industrial Revolution’ Thursday Session T4D 1945‐1970 Room UI7 Organiser & Chair: Dick van Lente, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The 16:00‐17:30 Netherlands

The panel explores an aspect of the conference’s general theme, ‘Technology in times of transition’: the way computers and automation were thought to transform society so thoroughly that one could speak of a second industrial revolution, more dramatic in its effects than the first one had been. Famous scientists in the nineteen fifties, such as C.P. Snow, Norbert Wiener, and Werner Heisenberg published such views, and their intellectual authority gave these ideas a wide circulation. Thus we find the idea of a computer‐and‐ automation driven social transition in political debate, the business press, and popular culture. From the late nineteen fifties however, the idea of the computer revolution faded, only to return in a very different form with the coming of the personal computer, and especially the internet. This rise‐and‐decline pattern is very similar to earlier imagined ‘technological revolutions’, connected with e.g. electricity, flight, chemistry, and nuclear power. This recurring pattern of technology‐based expectations, that arose rather quickly and then faded again, raises questions about the arguments put forward for, in this case, the computer as a transforming power, the debates about it, and the purposes and interests that might have been served by such rhetoric. Especially rewarding is an international comparative approach, because it may show how the new technology was received, argued and phantasized about in different cultural, economic, and political contexts, and how, why and by whom certain images and views were developed and disseminated. This session presents explorations on this broad topic from the United States, Sweden and the Netherlands. It explores views on the computer‐driven transformation of society by scientists, the business press, and popular culture.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 178

Thursday Session T4D Room UI7 16:00‐17:30

Exploring Comics as a Source for Computer History

Ph.D. candidate Rik Sanders, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Dr. Gerard Alberts, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

No sooner were computers constructed than they were the subject of social imagination. In fact the variety of technologies for automatic computing was adorned with an equally wide spread of images in literature, movies, in text and pictures. Our present research explores comics on two levels: the images and the stories. For the first level, an inventory is compiled of representations information technology, paving the way for an iconography of computing. Cartoons typically portrayed the computer as an abacus, or as a contraption containing an homunculus; as a threathening dehumanizing machine, or as a dumb monster. Whereas long after the advent of desktop computers, the unspecified roomfilling command and control center was a favorite picture, in other cases drawings may be traced back to specific machines. On the second level, interpreting the narratives sheds light on the cultural debate of this particular technology. Comparing the human brain to the computer tells one story, a time machine or a joke about the escape key tell quite another. As an excercise on the second level, a reading is presented of the Dutch comics of Ollie B. Bommel, designed by Marten Toonder. Following the analysis offered by Dick van Lente of Toonder’s view of technology in general, a similar interpretation is offered of Toonder’s vision of the societal influence of information technology. In one story information technology is the main character: Heer Bommel en de transmieter (1973). The machine, called transmieter, fullfills the wishes of its user by actually bringing forward the object of desire. Typical of Toonder’s pessimist view of modern society, technology disturbs the balance of society, in this story literally because the “transmieter” transmits things. Van Lente’s tools for analysis do work in this case. Yet, the case of computers offers new insights and paradoxes on a narrative level – not unlike ambivalences in the contemporary debate on computers in society – and rewarding details in terms of iconography.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 179

Thursday Session T4D Room UI7 16:00‐17:30

Evolution of Computers

Lecturer Carmen Lungoci, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Professor Livia Sangeorzan, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

Transition from a person who performed arithmetic calculations before 1935 to a computer meant a great evolution in the history of informatics. After 1945 years, during the second industrial revolution, the concept of computing has been successfully associated to a modern machine, according to Neumann’s concepts who assumed a device with inputs, processing and storing data and outputs produced. The machine evolution presented through the timeline of events in computer history will discover the incredible world of bits that allow us today to exchange: text, pictures, sounds, movies, all of that in a digital environment. We cannot move on without link the developments in this area to pioneer computer scientists, such as the British codebreaker Alan Turing, J. von Neumann who was the first that explained how programs could be stored as data, or H. Edward Roberts – considered by some to be the father of the first personal computer. Effects on human society of their discoveries have been impressive; they changed the way of thinking and action of all peoples. We want to speak also about 1969 – the year of Internet birth, a network that links now thousands of computers and reaches people all over the world in cyberspace. Finally, the question putted by most of Scientifics is: after the WWW networking and nano computers, what other technology will come?

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 180

Romanians Pathbreakers of Technology Friday Session F1A Chair: Octavian Baltag Room UI2 9:00‐10:30

Automatic Focusing – a Romanian Invention

Professor Octavian Baltag, Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie "Gr.T. Popa", Iași, Romania

The work aims to present both the evolution of the technical solutions, and a Romanian priority concerning the automatic focusing reached by the technologies of the optical and electronic industries of image taking only 15 years after having been patented in Romania the most utilized principles, namely the dynamic analysis of image contrast, a principle used in commercialized cameras after the years ’80. The paper presents a synthesis of the main technical solutions and automatic focusing systems with applications in photography, television and cine‐cameras, also specifying the year of patent granting. The synthesis refers to the period 1932‐1973, a period which also includes the year 1965, when at OSIM Romania was filed the patent application for the invention “Video‐captor apparatus with automatic focusing”. The technological level on those years only permitted an analogue processing of the signal supplied by the optical sensors that integrally analyzed the image projected on sensors. The only patent referring to the analysis of an image segment is dated 1965‐ Romania, which used the dynamic analysis of a part of the image, projected in a shooting camera, namely part of the exploration of a TV line. As for the analysis of the image contrast, a first mention of this method appears in the patent application “Videocaptor devices with automatic focusing” filed at OSIM Bucharest on the 7th of June 1965, 8h 15m; the patent was granted on the 9th of July 1966, with the number 44,277. The analysis of the image contrast does not appear in the consulted patent literature, this solution being present only after 80’s.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 181

Friday Session F1A Room UI2 9:00‐10:30

Magnetic Measures and Countermeasures in Romania of the Cold War

Professor Octavian Baltag, Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie "Gr.T. Popa", Iași, Romania Ph.D. candidate Georgiana Marin, Naval Academy, Constanta, Romania

This paper presents the evolution and the techniques employed by magnetometer measure and countermeasure systems used in naval and land defense during the "cold war" (years 1970‐1989) and the beginning of transition, the 90’s. Following a brief history of magnetic field measurements in Romania, since the nineteenth century until the 70’s, there is described the evolution of magnetometry research and applications in the military field. There are listed some applications of the magnetometer means for ship demagnetization, control of the ship’s own magnetic field or induced field, demagnetization ranges, magnetic characterization and detection of the ship magnetic signature. Regarding the magnetic measures, there is described the magnetism detection used in naval mines with multiparametric sensors There are analyzed some applications related to magnetic range characterization of land combat equipment. An application of magnetic sensors for multiparametric antitank mines is also presented. From the transition period, there are several applications related to electromagnetic shielding using composite textiles with ferromagnetic amorphous micro wires. Another area is represented by magnetic detection, i.e. the detection of mines, shipwrecks or hidden bodies, or the detection of ‘mail bombs’. During the "Cold War" Romania has managed to reach a technological level high enough in order to fit a Soviet satellite with an original design magnetometer. Although the lack of scientific and technical information, research in the field has supported the achievement of magnetometer equipment intended for naval applications. The originality of the research results from PhD theses, among which some are classified, and the number of patents granted by the OSIM Romania. Most equipment is protected by trademarks and patents.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 182

Friday Session F1A Room UI2 9:00‐10:30

Brasov, Romania, Academic Contributions to Systematization, Diversification, and Optimization of Robotic Mechanisms

Professor Ionel Staretu, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

This paper presents in a synthetic manner, the research activities at Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, in the period 1986‐2008, for the systematization, diversification, and optimization of industrial robots mechanisms. In Romania, research in the robots’ area began in the late 70s and it began to be presented systematically at the National Symposium on Industrial Robots. It had its first edition in Bucharest in 1981, initiated and coordinated by the late Professor Cristian PELECUDI, with annual editions until 1989, then biannual editions until 2002 when it became the “International Conference on Robotics,” with the edition in 2008 in Brasov. The activity in Brasov, coordinated by Professor Engineer Florea Dudiţă, PhD, was based on a rigorous strategy on medium and long term, from a systematization of achievements before the research start, seeking research development especially diversification and optimization of robot mechanisms. Therefore, we set up three classes of mechanisms – robot‐mechanisms, which make up the mechanical structure of the robot, namely positioning mechanisms, orientation mechanisms and gripping mechanisms, we set lines of research by doctorates and contracts, organizing the three working groups. Great contributions were made on all three types of mechanisms that form the mechanical structure of an industrial robot. Research conducted resulted in several PhD theses, scientific papers, articles, monographs, patents, providing the academic school in Brasov a privileged position nationally and internationally on contributions to systematization, diversification, and optimization of robotic mechanisms. In addition, the research conducted allowed the identification of new research directions. Out of them, we can mention optimization of structural and kinematic synthesis and of constructive design of anthropomorphic modular gripping mechanisms for robots. Next, it is solving the problem of virtual gripping with force return for virtual objects with physical properties; mathematical modeling of objects micro handling with anthropomorphic grippers with multiple‐joint fingers; diversifying virtual gripping of objects with virtual gripping mechanisms with fingers etc.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 183

Friday Session F1A Room UI2 9:00‐10:30

The Romanian Titus Konteschweller – Global Pioneer of the Radiophony

Dr. Ionita Daescu, Proradioantic, Bucharest, Romania Researcher Francisc Visky, Pro Radio Antic, Arad, Romania

This article shall be accompanied by a replica of the Dr. TITUS radio brand, manufactured in 1924. Through this paper we would like to highlight the work and achievements of a great (maybe the greatest) super‐regenerative radios manufacturer even around the globe. In the years following World War I, the world plunged into what is known as the era ”when radio was king”. All started in Pittsburgh in 1920, when he took place the first public radio broadcast. Everyone was concerned about this new machine that allowed you to, sitting comfortably in the armchair at home, to watch what is happening to hundreds or even thousands of miles away. People with the differant professions have become avid radio. Thus, not surprising when one radio specialists, we find officers, lawyers, doctors and of course engineers. At the beginning of the third decade of the the twentieth century in Paris, two Romanian brothers, big radio enthusiasts, business launches as manufacturers of radios sets. It Konteschweller brothers, Titus and Michael, who came from Romania to study at universities in Paris. Titus Konteschweller graduated from the Faculty of Medicine in Paris and is known as the author of the method of treatment called pyretotherapy. Michael Konteschweller specializes in electricity in universities in Bristol and Paris. At the end of 1923 appears the first radio set manufactured by Dr. TITUS factory. The factory was located in Paris Rue of Wattignies, no. 69 XII arrondissement. The device was cheap and highly sensitive. Success in the era of these radio sets was very high. These devices have dominated the specialized market until the early 1930s. Dr. TITUS devices have won numerous awards at international specialized exhibitions and competitions. The most important contest was won a competition organized by the great magazine Radio News in 1927. Radio News magazine had a circulation of 350,000 pieces and appear monthly at New York. The first prize was won by Titus Konteschweller. The second and third prizes were not awarded.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 184

New Uses of Old Technologies in Times of Transition: Friday Session F1B 1. Theory and Practice of Industrial and Cultural Room UI3 Heritage Management 9:00‐10:30 Organiser & Chair: Daqing Yang, George Washington University, USA

Economic restructuring and globalization have often led to abandonment of old plants and other industrial and engineering sites around the world. In recent years, local initiatives and/or national government encouragement, with academic and citizen participation, have created new incarnations of old technologies as industrial museums, “creativity parks” and cultural and tourist attractions. “Heritaging,” defined as “enjoying the heritage sites of modernization and industrialization,” has even become a new word in Japanese. What factors‐‐ political and economic‐‐drive the creation of industrial heritage sites? What explains the relative “success” of some endeavors while others have produced little progress? Who construct their meanings and interpretations? How are we, as historians of technology and society, to evaluate these projects from a comparative perspective? A total of six papers form two successive sessions. Geographically they cover Europe, North America, and East Asia. Focusing on Scottish marine engine works of 1871‐3, Mark Watson considers the challenges posed by relocation for the purpose of preservation. Marta Vera Prieto focuses on the first factory of zinc and brass established in Spain (1773), which suffered a traumatic closure in 1996. Using the concept “musealization,” she illustrates the importance of citizen participation in management, promotion and dissemination of industrial heritage. An experienced expert in public works in Idaho and beyond, Todd Shallat shows how “hard places” such as mining and weapon testing sites in North America’s Mountain West have managed to reinvent themselves as tourist attractions. Anna Sivula analyzes three well documented cases of the different industrial heritage projects in the Finland and asks questions about finance, community and meaning. Nadezhda Soloninia examines the past and present of some 300 metallurgical factories in Russia’s industrial heartland. By introducing the brightest examples of Ural’s industrial heritage and other industrial sites, she hopes to restore lost relationship between a human and cultural and historical environment. Daqing Yang shows how central government, local government, and business circles in Japan and China are working together behind the creation of “creativity parks,” industrial museums, and even bids for enlistment in the UNESCO World Heritage sites.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 185

Friday Session F1B Room UI3 9:00‐10:30

Relocating Marine Engine Shops in Scotland

Mr. Mark Watson, Historic Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Moving a building is a drastic measure normally only considered as a last resort. The feasibility of doing this depends on the construction of the building, the method of relocation, and the extent to which the significance of the building and its setting (existing and proposed) will be affected. This turns on authenticity. Where buildings have cultural importance they have been moved either: Because they are wanted in some new location, such as to form part of a collection in an open air museum (e.g. Skansen or Astra) or as mitigation arising from a major and unavoidable infrastructure project (e.g. Abu Simbel, or churches in Bucharest). But should we remove buildings that can be retained by planning legislation and more economically used as they are? Creation of “zoos” of relocated buildings began at Skansen in Stockholm more than 100 years ago, brought from all parts of Sweden in order to keep folk traditions alive. There are many imitators in Northern and Central Europe. Astra, in Sibiu, Romania, is the largest. In North America the best example is probably Upper Canada Village. These developed on the whole before in situ conservation legislation came to be applied to vernacular architecture and craft technology. British examples at Avoncroft, Beamish, Blists Hill, the Black Country, Welsh and Ulster Folk Museums show popular ways of presenting social and industrial history. I will focus on Scottish marine engine works of 1871‐3, relocated for different reasons. One is now a shop in Dundee, another is now the Scottish Maritime Museum in Irvine. Both outcomes are valid in terms of conservation principles. In their new locations both still indicate the great height and organisation of labour required to erect inverted vertical triple expansion marine engines, in which Scottish engineers excelled.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 186

Friday Session F1B Room UI3 9:00‐10:30

Citizen Participation in Management, Promotion and Dissemination of Industrial Heritage: Ancient Brass Factory in Spain

Dr. Marta Vera Prieto, Fundación Juanelo Turriano, Madrid, Spain

The process called musealization, that is, a display of politics focused on conserving, restoring, investigate and communicate a concrete item under the name of museum, is one of the possibilities for an industrial space when machines are not working anymore. Friends of the Royal Factories of Riópar association has collects an experience of citizen participation in management, promotion and dissemination of industrial heritage. It approaches the first factory of zinc and brass established in Spain (1773), which suffered a traumatic closure in 1996. More than 230 years of industrial history. People`s genealogy. By creating this space open to all, we multiply the information associated with each document found in research, by contrast with oral testimonies. Gadamer said that culture is “the field of everything that grows by sharing”. This is a pro‐active and community oriented research methodology, as it shares information, findings and questions to enhance different areas of knowledge, bringing us to places where it is not possible to arrive through the archive... a space to tell or listen, to ask and to propose, as a enabler; what we end up to is the drawing of an overview, one of the potential landscapes of the historic industrial complex, that opens a door for citizen participation in the construction of multiple museum discourses. As a result of our work, conferences took place in the old factory, today Industrial Museum; for some workers it was their first step in, back since the closure. 21 authors (metallurgical workers, teachers, historians, architects, engineers, cooks ...) vividly reflect how past sneaks into our present: different people who look at the world from the context of their own experiences, united around a precious (and fragile) common heritage. This is the beginning of a larger dialogue, which will allow a rational and humane use of our industrial heritage, heart and soul of Riópar, and its further development, building together a better appreciation of the rich legacy of which we are responsible.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 187

Friday Session F1B Room UI3 9:00‐10:30

Hard Places as Tourist Landscapes in North America's Mountain West

Professor Todd Shallat, Boise State University, USA

Exhaustion of underground mineral resources or decommissioning of military facilities create new environmental and other challenge in industrial landscape. On the western steppe of the Northern Rockies, where mining and weapons testing have savaged the sagebrush prairie, blight has emerged as gold for tourism and urban renewal. Historians frequently work with planners and city official to market these toxic places. In Boise, Idaho, for example, a vacant rail yard is prime real estate for upscale townhouses, complete with an inner‐city whitewater park in the former site of a gravel mine. In Wallace, Idaho, a gondola skilift carries tourist over the scars of one on the nation’s most hazard mines. In Nevada, meanwhile, bombing craters are ground zero for a proposed national park. Often these places are thickly layered with mythical imagination about the American West as a frontier for industrial conquest. Often the perception of pollution is more powerful deterrent than the actual pollution. And perceptions change over time. Each generation makes its own culturally coded assessment of the highest and best use of land. Drawing from my thirty years of experience with industrial landscapes, I shall demonstrate how yesterday’s blight have emerged as goldfields for tourism and urban renewal on the western steppe of the North Rockies.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 188

Electric Power and Societal Development: 1. Hydro Friday Session F1C and Nuclear Power Room UI6 Chair: Edmund Todd, University of New Haven, USA 9:00‐10:30

Some Notes on the History of the German Nuclear Science Community, 1986‐2011

Dr. Tudor Ionescu, University of Vienna, Austria

Shortly after the Fukushima nuclear accident from March 2011, the German federal government decided that the country was going to phase out nuclear energy by 2022. What seems to be the simple misfortune of an unlucky career choice possibly bears a deeper meaning as nuclear energy was once one of the most promising technologies in history. How could it then have such a terrible fate in one of the most technically advanced countries in the world? To answer that question, a close look at the history of the German nuclear science community and the emergence of one particular reactor technology will be of some help. According to their initial proponents, the so‐called inherently safe reactors would allegedly render active reactor safety systems useless and secure in an irrefutable way the safety of nuclear power plants. This techno‐utopian idea reached the top of the agenda of nuclear scientists shortly after the Three Mile Island accident and regarded by many as the necessary and unique solution to the crisis of public trust that the nuclear community was struggling with. The idea was also picked up by key actors from the German nuclear community, yet not all of its members agreed that inherently safe reactors were the only way to go ahead. The current paper is based on the author's personal experience as a researcher amidst the German nuclear community between 2007 and 2012. Methodologically it is grounded in “Analytic autoethnography” (Leon Anderson, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 35:4 (2006): 373‐395), while also drawing from technical documents on inherently safe reactors and literature from the field of science and technology studies. The results of the proposed analysis suggest that the German nuclear community is not likely to recover from the social disgrace into which their métier has slipped due to the repeated severe failures of a technology that once promised “energy too cheap to meter.” Instead, its history exposes features of a Sisyphean myth, warning about the dangers of pursuing the full understanding and control of nature’s law in modern Western society, where technoscience is believed to have replaced the role of the sacred.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 189

Friday Session F1C Room UI6 9:00‐10:30

Quebec's Aborted Transition towards Nuclear Power, 1963‐1983

Ph.D. candidate Mahdi Khelfaoui, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada

This paper traces, over a period spanning between 1963 and 1983, the evolution of the nuclear strategy of the government of Quebec (Canada). The first period, between 1963 and 1971, covers the beginning of Quebec's nuclear program, under the auspices of the public electric utility Hydro‐Québec. The efforts of the corporation resulted in the construction of the Gentilly‐1 nuclear plant in 1971. The second period, extending from 1972 to1977 deals with a moment of political opposition about the definition of the nuclear program’s objectives. The Liberal Party, in power, was in favor of the development of the hydroelectric project of the Bay James. Meanwhile, the opposition party, the Parti Québécois, defended a massive investment in nuclear power. The third period runs from 1977 to 1983. The Parti Québécois came to power and changed its previous stands in favor of nuclear power. The party published a White Paper on Energy in 1977 and imposed a moratorium on nuclear energy in the same year until 1985. From the analysis of these three periods, we will highlight the reasons that pushed the government of Quebec to develop a local nuclear industry through the construction of two nuclear reactors and a heavy water plant. We will also discuss various factors, technical, economical and political that drove such a development. Finally, we will determine the reasons that pushed the new government to radically change its previous positions in 1977: a global oil crisis context, a local conflict with its public electric utility and a clash with the federal government of Canada.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 190

Friday Session F1C Room UI6 9:00‐10:30

Monitoring and Control Chart of a Complex Hydropower Development “Lotru” Dr. Mihai Sporiș, Hydroelectrica, Romania Mr. Ștefan Ioan Neacșu Mr. Alexandru Duțu Mr. Mihai Marian Sporiș

The work briefly presents the studied hydropower development Lotru, the flowing within the hydrographic sub basin processes identification, the personalization of intakes of these sub basins, their encoding within the overall result, implementation of a data base and rules for a real‐time operating. Lotru Ciunget HPP has an installed capacity of 510 MW (three groups equipped with Pelton turbines of 170 MW), installed flow of 81 cm/s, a drop of 809 m gross and was commissioned in 1972. At the time of edification (years 70‐80), hydropower potential planning principles, laws on environment and water management, operation of the economic system, the existence of a socialist planned economy, etc. were different from current requirements. This work presents modern concepts regarding the complex capitalization of the water resources: the power supply estimated value of the water, related to the adduction routes to turbines, the technological process of a hydropower development. The monitoring and/or control chart of a hydropower development can be a co‐ordination instrument of the water resource within the hydrographic basin by the operational settlement of the optimum ratio between the captured and servitude flows; a safety system in case of extreme torrential phenomena, in order to avoid the secondary adductions warping. The IT application is materialized in a MS Access 2000 database transposing the theoretical model to optimize the exploitation of water resources within the complex intakes development and hydropower plants of Lotru basin. In the IT application framework, there are program menus and video formats for the values’ defining and recording typical to the intakes development, for the flow daily reports and other information, also constituted as historical data and results that help to define the optimization model, as well as for the calculation, interpretation and display of the values resulting from the information processing according to the defined theoretical model. The daily results of this data updates and of the IT processing are pointed for each grouping level, including information about: inflow discharge, captured flow, hydraulic intakes, installed flow overcome, as well as the final results within a video format type results matrix of the intakes branches. The application is designed in open system, allowing improvements, adjustments, simplifications.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 191

Designing a Product or Making a Customer? Policy Friday Session F1D and Perception Room UI7 Chair: Artemis Yagou, Macromedia University for Media and 9:00‐10:30 Communication, Munich, Germany

Deindustrialization, Multinationals and “Polish Electronics.” Public Debate Towards the Role of Consumer Electronics Industry After the System Transition of 1989

Dr. Patryk Wasiak, University of Wroclaw, Poland

With this paper I discuss how the interdependence between the deindustrialization process and consumer electronics industries was framed in the public debate in Poland after the fall of communism in 1989. My main argument here is that the development of national consumer electronics industry was considered as a crucial element of the imaginary “national technology.” This imagery was influenced by political and economic context of the system transition. “Polish electronics” was supposed to enable Poland to cope with the ongoing global process of deindustrialization, catch up with highly developed Western countries, and secure economic prosperity. During the time of state socialism heavy industry was intrinsically included in the communist technological utopia. However, from the 1970s, after the discussion on the limits of growth microelectronics was included in the imagery of technological development. In the mid‐ 1980s Polish government subsidized R&D of Polish VCR and home computer under the auspices of “electronization of national economy” program. After the fall of communism economic and technological experts started a public debate towards the assets and liabilities in Polish economy. Heavy industry was unequivocally recognized as a liability while consumer electronics industry was a primary asset. It was considered as the only economy sector that could provide Poland with the access to the imagined “high tech Europe”. At that time the aggressive enter of foreign multinationals was considered as a factor which would thwart Polish attempts to deindustrialize local economy. Imaginary “Polish electronics” market was supposed to be co‐constructed by domestic electronics manufacturers that would make modern and affordable products, and consumer‐ citizens who were supposed to buy Polish rather than “made in Japan” goods to support the common good. This study is based on the content analysis of relevant influential economic and technical magazines, documents of state agencies, and market research reports. My paper shows how we can bring the studies of technological change related to the system transition of 1989 into the ongoing discussions in the STS field. Analysis of discursive practices in public debate provides an interesting empirical material for the discussion on the attribution of agency in social shaping of technology.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 192

Friday Session F1D Room UI7 9:00‐10:30

The Perception of Commodities Reflecting Scientific Technology

Dr. Eva Waginger, University of Economy, Vienna, Austria

Historically one major task of economy is to organize the availability and distribution of material goods in order to allow people to survive and even to attain some luxury life, depending on their social class. In this connection the knowledge of the origin and quality of goods as well as to take care and to preserve them were important for craftsmen and merchants. Eearly books give evidence that the description of the quality of goods was a major topic for production, trade and for “consumers”. When economic universities were established in the 1920ies and 1930ies in central, eastern and southern Europe they hosted institutes of technology and commodity science. These institutions reflected the engagement of merchants in real goods, which, in form of a modern science has started in the 17th century (technology and commodity science). The paper will show, how ‐ due to many influences and paradigm shifts ‐ the economic science almost completely lost its interest in the real nature of goods . This will be demonstrated by reviewing the development of commodity literature from the early beginning until present, showing an encyclopedic, an empirical and information based approach and by outlining the institutional history of technology and commodity science. Commodities were investigated and popularized by description, by instruments like the microscope, by chemical analyses and physical testing, and in our days by information technology. Each wave of technology created methods to describe and perceive the quality of goods from functional artifacts to virtual lifestyle objects and representatives of ethic and ecological values in a globalized world. ICT created totally new quality perspectives of products which are dealt with in scientific research, in policy, in marketing and trade and in consumption. To conclude with technology does not only change the construction and functions of products but also the stories which we are creating around them and influences strongly the way we perceive and use them. This finding should be reflected seriously when discussing sustainable consumption as it part of the explanation that resource depletion is advancing rapidly.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 193

ICOHTEC Book And Article Prizes Round Table Friday Session F2 Organisers: Dick van Lente, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Aula The Netherlands 11:00‐12:30 Hermione Giffard, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

As in previous years, ICOHTEC will award two prizes for outstanding recent publications: the ICOHTEC prize for young scholars, which is awarded for book, and which is sponsored by the Juanelo Turriano Foundation, and the Maurice Daumas Article Prize, sponsored by the Université de Technologique Belfort‐Montbéliard. A panel session will be devoted to each of these two publications.

The book prize was won by Dr. Dora Vargha for her dissertation Iron Curtain, Iron Lungs: governing polio in Cold War Hungary, 1952‐1963, defended at Rutgers University, 2013. Discussants will be Professor Liliana Rogozea, Transilvania University of Brasov, and Dr. James Stark, University of Leeds. Both are historians of medicine. The session will be chaired by Dr. Dick van Lente of Erasmus University.

The article prize was won by Dr. Donna J. Drucker for her article, “Keying Desire: Alfred Kinsey’s Use of Punched Card Machines for Sex Research” that appeared in Journal of the History of Sexuality 22/1 (January 2013). The article will be discussed by Dr. Gerard Alberts, computer historian of the University of Amsterdam, and Professor Amy Dix, historian of gender and technology of Iowa State University under the chairmanship of Hermione Giffard of the University of Utrecht.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 194

Turning Points in Technological Development in Friday Session F2A Romania from the mid‐19th century to nowadays: Room UI2 7. Information Technologies – IT 11:00‐12:30 Organiser & Chair: Alexandre Herlea, Technical University Belfort Montbéliard, France

Development of the Information Revolution in Romania

Professor Stefan Iancu, Military Technical Academy of Bucharest, Romania

In the present paper academician Mihai Drãgãnescu is presented as a pioneer and promoter of the information revolution inRomania. The first part of this paper is dedicated to the Mihai Drăgănescu’s activity as a professor and scientist, pointing out how this Professor has developed the school of electronic and microelectronic devices in the Polytechnic Institute of Bucharest and are indicated the main electronics fields in which the professor has developed and published the original scientific ideas. In the second part of this paper, the author shows haw, Mihai Drăgănescu, since 1967, participated at the establishment of a new Government Commission for endowment of national economy with modern computing equipment and automatic data processing, and promoted several principles and guidelines which allowed ideas to create a system‐wide unit of society. Professor has developed during 1966‐1971 and 1976‐1985 the first national program for the introduction and use of electronic computers in the Romanian economy and society, one of the largest programs in the country's technological fields. In the last part of the paper, the author pointed out the role of Mihai Drăgănescu for the present ant the future as an example of the one high scientific personality who, through a creative, competent and responsible activity, conceived scientific and managerial works which are examples for us and for our followers. The sources of this paper are 6 papers written by Mihai Drăgănescu between 1986‐2007, 2 papers written by academician Florin Filip in 1996 and 2002, 2 papers written by myself in 1995 and 2003, as well as information from two volumes published by myself in 2004 and 2009.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 195

Friday Session F2A Room UI2 11:00‐12:30

A Discourse Analysis of European Technobuzz and its Perception in Romania

Dr. Tudor Ionescu, University of Vienna, Austria

In contemporary Western societies, projections of techno‐scientific futures are increasingly constructed around catch phrases that seem to have the capacity of spreading by themselves. Terms like “green technology”, “bio foods”, “sustainable energy”, or “the knowledge society” are not unfamiliar to most citizens, who follow expert discourse in European political contexts. At the same time, the European technology sector is increasingly dependent on research and development (R&D) subventions for consolidation in times of economic normality and survival in times of crisis. This economic reality meets the futuristic techno‐scientific discourse within the official documents and presentations of the European R&D framework programs, which make heavy use of buzzwords, catch phrases, and clichés such as “the innovation union”, “excellent science”, “competitive industries”, “better society”, “blue sky research”, “reliable, clean, efficient energy”, “smart, green transport”, and many more. A close look at the linguistic construction of this futuristic techno‐scientific discourse, which is usually referred to as “technobuzz”, reveals the true nature of an emerging wooden language: it appears to be the result of a modern glass bead game, which has as little to do with the present economic reality as did Herman Hesse’s Castalia with the reality of the surrounding world. Yet by being repeated and reinforced at the highest level of European science and technology policy, the promises encompassed by the discourse of technobuzz are practically made to become reality. In this context, it is important to inquire into the perception of this type of discourse on the part of economic stakeholders and ordinary people in Romania—a country that is undergoing a transition from a totalitarian political system dominated by communist propaganda, which used an old wooden language, to a new political and economic system dominated by what appears to be another type of economic propaganda, which uses the technobuzz as its new official wooden language.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 196

Friday Session F2A Room UI2 11:00‐12:30

Romanian IT Seen by an Insider (in French)

Dr. Vlad Tepelea, Romanian Association of Software and Services Industry, Bucharest, Romania

Le secteur informatique, depuis son apparition, a joué et joue un rôle de plus en plus actif en Roumanie. Après la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale peuvent être mises en évidence trois périodes: La période « théorique » marquée par les études et travaux de mathématiciens et ingénieurs comme Grigore Moisil, Victor Toma et autres, la construction de machines à tubes et plus tard à transistors à l’Institut de Physique Atomique et dans les trois centres universitaires pionniers : Bucarest, Timişoara et Cluj ; La période « industrielle » ou une industrie de fabrication d’ordinateurs voit le jour ainsi que des instituts de recherches et des centres de calculs départementaux. Cette période débute en 1968 avec le rachat de France par la Roumanie de la licence de fabrication des ordinateurs IRIS 50; La période « services » d’après 1990, qui a vu naître une industrie locale importante de développements de logiciels et de services et qui se caractérise par une utilisation en croissance galopante de l’informatique et de l’Internet dans la vie courante et l’administration publique. Chacune de ces périodes a ses traits spécifiques qu’il convient de discerner et que je présenterai dans mon intervention. Celle‐ci sera celle d’un témoin direct et acteur de la vie associative du secteur. L’accent sera mis sur trois projets auxquels j’ai pris part directement en tant que chercheur et chef de laboratoire à l’ITC : 1) le projet “U” ; 2) le projet PNUD Valea Jiului ; 3) l’informatisation des élections de 1990.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 197

New Uses of Old Technologies in Times of Transition: Friday Session F2B 2. Theory and Practice of Industrial and Cultural Room UI3 Heritage Management 11:00‐12:30 Organiser: Daqing Yang, George Washington University, USA Chair: Mark Watson, Historic Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Identity, History and Profit? Comparison of Three Industrial Heritage Cases in Pori, Finland

Lecturer Anna Sivula, University of Turku, Finland

If we want to understand industrial heritage, we must begin with well‐documented case studies. It is in case studies the diversity, different scales, and different durations of heritage process become visible and intelligible. My paper is about understanding the diversity of industrial heritages in the light of three different local cases. I analyze three well documented cases of the different industrial heritage projects in the Finnish town of Pori. My case studies are of Pori Cotton Factory, the Ahlström industrial landscape of Noormarkku in Pori, and the tangible and intangible industrial heritage of the Pori Volunteer Fire Brigade. The cotton factory is a symbol of Pori’s industrial history. The Ahström industrial landscape is a legacy of a remarkable Finnish family of industrialists, the founding family behind the Ahlstrom Corporation. The site is currently both in public and private use. In my third case study, the listed buildings, restored fire engines and annual celebrations of a 150 years old volunteer fire brigade of Pori make an interesting combination of tangible and intangible industrial heritage. If we, as historians of technology and society, want to evaluate these projects from a comparative perspective, we must ask similar questions to well documented case studies. For to understand the political and economic factors behind the cultural heritage, I’m asking these simple questions to each case: How did these particular remains of industrial activities become cultural heritage? Who finances the maintenance of the industrial heritage? Who constructed the meaning and interpretation of the heritage? What kind of “heritage community” is attached to the site? Who uses the industrial heritage, and for what purpose?

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 198

Friday Session F2B Room UI3 11:00‐12:30

Heritage Plants of The Ural Region (Russia) in Post‐industrial Period

Ph.D. candidate Nadezhda Solonina, Ural States Academy of Architecture and Arts, Yekaterinburg, Russia

The Ural industrial heritage is a large network of metallurgical factories and it counts more then 300 sites of different degrees of conservation. Physical state of such objects varies from completely lost to well‐saved and opened for public. During 3 centuries the factories have overcome several economy crises. Consequently only some of large number of plants were able to survive and keep on production. The theoretical foundation of the research consists of the following sources: 1) references helping to track the industrial history of the Urals and local identity of industrial sites; 2) works revealing the issues, research methods and importance of preserving and reconstructing cultural, historical and industrial legacy; 3) sources containing information of effective presentation of world industrial heritage sites. During the Soviet Union period the viability of a lot of plants had been supported by government funding. It was necessary to provide an employment of each industrial district. After the collapse of Soviet Union the former state‐owned enterprises transformed into private property. They have to look for a place in the market in the conditions of new economy policy. During perestroika Ural’s industrial heritage has lost a significant part of unique relics. In the process of adaptation to new conditions the factories have to clear territories and demolish old constructions. Using or conservation of such industrial relics required large expenses for supporting of heritage specialists and reconstruction acts. Only large and efficient factories could save their unique industrial constructions. The trend of preservation and rethinking of industrial heritage is progressing in Russia for several years. Thereby we can to attract attention of government, public and entrepreneurs to industrial heritage of Urals and to form a conception of preservation and presentation unique relics of local industry. It will help to restore lost relationship between a human and cultural and historical environment. Within the framework of the paper will be introduced the brightest examples of Ural’s industrial heritage and other industrial sites, which are in the process of renovation

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 199

Friday Session F2B Room UI3 11:00‐12:30

Late Industrialization and the Invention of Heritaging in Japan and Beyond

Professor Daqing Yang, George Washington University, USA

The Japanese neologism “heritaging” is defined as “enjoying the heritage of modernization.” An Institute for the Study of Heritaging was established in 2004 by Asomura Takao, who retired from Japan’s leading PR firm. Local governments and academics welcomed the idea and together have produced a national trend of turning various sites associated with Japan’s modernization into museums and other tourist attractions. Industrial heritage sites feature prominently among them. The central government has also come on board by setting up research councils in a hope to help jumpstart the Japanese economy after decades of recession. Currently, a number of prefectures in western Japan are working together to register a cluster of modern industrial sites as UNESCO world heritage sites. In neighboring China, though its industrialization lagged even behind Japan's in the modern era, a similar phenomenon is happening. Decades of market reform and urbanization have produced decommissioned industrial plants in many sprawling cities, from Shenyang and Beijing in the north to Nanjing and Shanghai in the east. While some have become designated “art districts” to fill the vacuum of cultural industry in a rapidly developing country, others have used their industrial roots as basis of “creativity parks,” incubators of new industry such as software development. The 1865 site in Nanjing was China’s first modern arsenal, later a state‐owned machinery plant under Mao, is currently reinventing itself to meet the needs of new China. My paper analyzes the multiple forces behind “enjoying the heritage of modernization” and also explores how this trend helps redefine the popular Japanese and Chinese conception of their trajectories to modernity as well as their self‐identity.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 200

Electric Power and Societal Development: 2. Era of Friday Session F2C Electrification Room UI6 Chair: Jochen F. Mayer, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom 11:00‐12:30

German Electrification in War and Revolution, 1913‐1921

Dr. Edmund N. Todd, University of New Haven, USA

Before World War I, German electrical manufacturing firms constructed electric power and light systems to gain market share. The war and revolution provided opportunities to scale up facilities and, perhaps, to rationalize and simplify the Byzantine pattern of local systems, which replicated fragmented local, regional, and state governance. Historians and contemporaries have castigated both sorts of fragmentation as impediments to proper change. However, successful expansion required careful attention to technical, social, economic, and political variations. Problems abounded. Unable to attend to local differences, electrical manufacturers failed to simplify systems. Instead, Reich and state governments became more active, as did a mixed, public‐private corporation growing out of the Ruhr region, the Rhenish‐Westphalian Electrical Company (RWE). The different attempts to resolve local problems met varying successes in their different locales. This paper evaluates those different paths and stresses the benefits of the Byzantine systems of governance that guaranteed empirical approaches to relevant social, political, economic, and technical variations. This paper draws on local municipal archives and the Stinnes papers, as well as on various studies of electrification such as Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power (1983); Vincent Lagendijk, Electrifying Europe (2008); and Bernhard Stier, Staat und Strom (1999). James C. Scott, Seeing Like A State, notes the opportunities during revolutionary periods to promote state or corporate simplifications and that practical, local knowledge has made those simplifications work to the extent that they have. In the German context, Byzantine systems of local governance guaranteed careful attention to local variations. The resulting “technopolitical regimes” had lasting significance.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 201

Friday Session F2C Room UI6 11:00‐12:30

The impact of Electrification in the Spanish Most Progressive Decade, 1958‐1975

Dr. Maria Teresa Sanchis, Universitat de València, Spain

Following the growth accounting approach introduced by Oliner and Sichel (2000) for measuring the impact of the ICT’s on GDP growth as a General Purpose Technology, this paper analyzes the impact of electricity in Spanish economic growth in 1958‐1970. Spain represent the case of a follower country that could display the benefits of electricity only some decades later (1950’s and 1960’s) than it was introduced in the country (1900’s‐ 1910’s) and four decades later than it had its biggest impact in the leader country, the U.S in 1920’s and 1930’s. The Oliner and Sichel (2000) analytical framework has been modified to identify different kinds of spillover effects in order to account for a more comprehensive impact of electricity. The results obtained confirm that electricity played a significant role in Spain through the three channels identified in the literature for quantifying the contribution of a GPT: multifactor productivity growth, capital deepening and spillover effects. The impact is higher than those estimated for other follower countries in 1920’s, but lower than the estimated impact for the U.S in its most progressive decades, 1920’s‐1930’s. An interesting point of the paper is also to explore the role played by institutional and political factors hampering or promoting the development of the new technologies. Spain’s in those decades represents an interesting case of study because it was settled in the long lasted Franco’s dictatorship.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 202

Friday Session F2C Room UI6 11:00‐12:30

Electric Machines between Industrial Revolution and Information Era

Professor Ion Voncila, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Romania

The paper begins with an overview of the existing types of electric machines mass produced worldwide after the Word War II as consequences of new materials and technologies setting up and new concepts generated by many limits in new fields applications (spacecraft, shipbuilding etc.). In the first stage are presented the new materials and technologies that allowed changes in design and production of a new class of electric machines in '50 – '70 of 20th Century. Then, there are also presented new concepts that came out in '80 ‐ '90 of the 20th Century. These concepts led both to structure alterations and changes in the principles of operation. The paper deals with the way of implementation of two major concepts for a new class of electric machines in the begining of the 21st Century: the electric machine as an integrator of electromagnetic, mechanic and information subsystems and the electric machine as a system in permanent interaction with the environment. Certain conclusions emerged as a consequence of the analysis: promotion of electric machines new structures, which, through the materials and technologies, including specific geometries, would have the lowest possible environmental impact, on its entire lifecycle; new operation characteristics of the existing and future classes of electric machines both through design process rethinking and through widening and refining the integration concept.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 203

Rocketry and Spaceflight in the Cold War and After Friday Session F2D Chair: Michael J. Neufeld, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, USA Room UI7 11:00‐12:30

Cold War, Space Research in Greenland, and the Politics of Rockets

Dr. Henrik Knudsen, The Danish State Archives, Aarhus, Denmark

Issued on the front page of Danish newspaper Politiken on July 4, 1968 the lead article announced the commencement of a joint Danish‐American “grand rocket program” to investigate the “splendid natural phenomena” of sunspots and polar cap absorption from Thule Air Base in northern Greenland. Enthusiasm and national pride ran high and understandably so even if the scramble for space enjoyed far less public and political support in Europe compared to its high profile in the two arm wrestling super powers. From the early 1960s Danish scientist took gradual steps into the field of rocket borne space research e.g. through participation in rocket launches from Andøya (Norway). Now activities were about to reach a new level with a joint Danish‐American program comprising of no less than 34 rocket launches. The ink was hardly dry when the same paper the next day reported that the Danish government in a sweeping move had decided to call of the American part of the joint effort. Only rarely had the Danish government said no to American research projects in Greenland and never before had rejections reached the public. In the following weeks newspapers reported on what most participants took to be a major political mishap by the government. Archival research in Denmark and the USA points to some conclusions 1) the project was funded and directed by the US Department of Defense and the US Air Force; 2) the agenda was to assess the effects of high altitude nuclear explosions on DoD communications systems; 3) in effect, Pentagon was proposing to use Greenland as a natural nuclear laboratory; 4) that the Danish government had substantial knowledge about this background; 5) that the role of Danish scientist in the project was diminutive. The paper will situate the American rocket project in its Cold War military‐technological context and outline the complex political appropriation process that lead the Danish government to the rejection.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 204

Friday Session F2D Room UI7 11:00‐12:30

U.S. Planetary Exploration in the Post‐Cold‐War World

Dr. Michael J. Neufeld, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, USA

The end of the Cold War in 1989/91, and the related restructuring of the government and military budget in the U.S., inevitably had significant effects on the American enterprise of exploring the Solar System with robotic spacecraft. As was true of human spaceflight, NASA tried to coordinate or integrate U.S. and Soviet/Russian missions. At the same time, some NASA and Defense Department actors pushed for the transfer of technology developed in the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI, but nicknamed "Star Wars") into civilian spaceflight, notably space science missions. Post‐Cold‐War attempts to restructure the U.S. government and reduce the budget also impacted NASA’s budget and increased the pressure for reform. This paper will examine the impact of the Cold War’s end on U.S. planetary programs and technology in the 1990s through three brief case studies: 1) the creation of the Discovery Program for smaller planetary spacecraft and the "faster, better, cheaper" initiative of NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin (1992‐2001); 2) the attempt to create U.S.‐Russian cooperative Mars, Pluto and solar missions; and 3) the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization’s Clementine mission to the Moon and an asteroid, launched in 1994. In marked contrast to human spaceflight, cooperation with Russia in planetary exploration failed, and Goldin’s "faster, better, cheaper" technological revolution petered out after two Mars missions failures in 1999. Moreover, the Defense Department never launched another solar system mission. But NASA’s planetary exploration program was permanently altered, in part through miniaturization technologies inherited from SDI.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 205

Economic and Social Consequences of Saturday Session S1A Automatisation Room UI2 Chair: Gerard Alberts, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands 9:00‐10:30

Office Spaces in Existing Structures for More Innovation and Space Efficiency

Dr. Erzsébet Szeréna Zoltán, University of Pécs, Hungary

The importance of alternative office spaces for more productivity and space efficiency is in focus: analyzing the way of use as it was common in the past decades and how new technologies and decreasing productivity in the tertiary and quaternary sector urge intervention in the traditional structures and hierarchies to attain top competitiveness. The history and functionality of the work environment and its widening scope is exploited to consider how the reuse of existing office buildings could be made more sustainable and healthier. In Hungary the trend was – and partly still is just the contrary: demolishing instead of refurbishing. Demolition is the loss of substance on the one hand but then again it implies the possibility to create something new. This can be considered as a normal process – as even for several hundreds of years buildings had been in constant change. Analyzed from the sustainability perspective of the process, it results merely in waste and recycling problem. The life cycle of buildings in the post war era with the introduction of mass construction preferably produced out of concrete was estimated about 50 years. As they still are constructional well preserved, demolishing them is more like erasing the collective memory related to the communist era. The smoother way for replacing them though could begin with some refurbishment work until there are no almost remains of the original. This kind of partial demolition would strain both urban and natural environment less. Thinking green and sustainable should also mean making efforts to preserve what is present and trying to make the best of it. It is argued that the preservation of post‐war concrete skeleton structures can be sustainable. Sustainability is usually considered only in terms of construction but it should be complemented also in the work environment by satisfaction and wellbeing of the users. In case of reduced productivity it is suggested that activity based design practices will result in optimized space quality of office buildings and improved health for their occupants. The building performance, human factors should be incorporated as a strategy for productivity enhancement.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 206

Saturday Session S1A Room UI2 9:00‐10:30

Wealth for Whoever Owns the Robots: Technological Unemployment Concerns in Twentieth and Twenty‐First‐Century Economic Crises

Dr. Amy Bix, Iowa State University, Kirksville, USA

The twentieth century brought waves of concern, among both professionals and the public, about technological unemployment, fears of mechanization displacing workers. Twenty‐first‐ century economic transitions have renewed such debate, within new contexts of big data, ubiquitous computing, and increasingly‐sophisticated robotics. Observers link workplace technological change to middle‐class precariousness and income polarization. Simultaneously, increasing integration of technologies has tied innovation ever closer to twenty‐first‐century assumptions of “progress.” 1930s Depression‐era unemployment fostered widespread discussions about the changing nature of “Machine Age” economic opportunity. Critics blamed mechanization for displacing switchboard operators, movie‐ theater musicians, farmworkers, and factory operatives. America must start “finding jobs faster than invention can take them away,” President Roosevelt warned. Engineers, scientists, and businessmen fought back, insisting that technological change both created new jobs and consumer abundance. Yet debates over “how far and how perilously the machine has run ahead of the man” never vanished, reappearing alongside 1950s discussions of automation and 1990s “jobless recovery” analysis. Modern perspectives examine the job‐killing potential of “the autonomous economy,” automated warehouses, Japan’s driverless trains, California’s robot citrus‐harvesters. Observers blame robotics and networking for displacing secretaries, travel‐agents, ticket‐agents, banktellers, human‐ resource consultants, pharmacists, stock‐traders, paralegals, factory managers. In 2011, President Obama said, “There are some structural issues with our economy where a lot of businesses have learned to become much more efficient with a lot fewer workers....” Nobel‐ winning economist Paul Krugman commented, “Smart machines may make higher GDP possible, but also reduce the demand for people… a society that grows ever richer, but… all the gains… accrue to whoever owns the robots.” This paper examines a wide range of sources among high‐profile media and economists’ discussions of technological unemployment, in order to compare attitudes across decades of economic crisis. Like Depression‐era predecessors, twenty‐first‐century critics warn that workplace mechanization fundamentally undermines social well‐being, linking it to “winner‐ take‐all” income inequality. As before, optimists insist that automation will make work more enjoyable, opening opportunities that robots can never handle. Modern technological‐ unemployment talk reflects increasingly‐complex globalized economic tensions, plus recognition of the accelerating inescapability of technological change across all aspects of life.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 207

Saturday Session S1A Room UI2 9:00‐10:30

From File Card to Magnetic Tape: The Networks of Technologies and Institutions behind West German Labour Statistics, c.1945‐1973

Dr. Jochen F. Mayer, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom

This paper describes the transformation of information networks in place to create facts and figures on the West German labour market c.1945‐1973. Drawing on a wide range of archival material and specialist literature, I argue for a co‐production of these information networks (hardware), the organisation of state administration, as well as the administrative practices involved. In the first part of the paper, I will show how data on labour (that is the occupational structure and (un‐)employment situation) until the mid‐1960s was essentially based on early twentieth‐century techniques, namely paper forms and handwriting. I will then go on to show that attempts, during and after the Second World War, to improve the speed and accuracy of the data flow through punch‐card machinery failed mainly due to the decentralised character of both filing system and labour administration. The final part explains how a new generation of labour administrators, mathematicians and economists went about rationalising the slow and unreliable ‘paper network’. Their extraordinary efforts essentially bypassed punched‐card machinery to merge with technologies of the social security systems in the early 1970s. This shift is interpreted not as a function of the hardware (electronic data processing) alone, but of the co‐evolution of hardware (especially magnetic storage devices), the ‘planning’ state now resuming unprecedented responsibilities in responding to labour market imbalances, and administrative practices. The amalgamation of pension insurance and labour administration for the purpose of statistical registration is shown to be more evolutionary than revolutionary.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 208

Reinventing Industrial Culture Saturday Session S1B Chair: Slawomir Lotysz, University of Zielona Gora, Poland Room UI3 9:00‐10:30

Industrial Heritage as a Resource – the Case of Romania

Lecturer Ioana Irina Iamandescu, Universitatea de Arhitectură și Urbanism Ion Mincu, Bucharest, Romania

The paper gives a general image of the industrial heritage inRomaniain time of de‐ industrialization and under the pressure of new economic developments, with an accent on its technological value and its importance for the national identity, underlining conservation problems as well as the development potential To support the presentation several case studies, concentrated on two main issues, are analyzed. One is the mining heritage and its urgent need for protection in a context that favours the immediate closing of all surviving underground mines in Romania as well as the opening of new large scale open pit exploitations in heritage contexts. The Romanian examples are the XVIII ‐XX century coal mines in Banat ( Anina), the Jiu Valley XIX‐XX century coal mines complex (Petrila, Aninoasa) and the gold exploitation known from Roman times in Rosia Montana. The second is the industrial heritage sites in our cities, where industry (that no longer is the engine of their economy) left behind sites that are very often seen only as brownfields, ready to be completely demolished regardless to their technological and historical value. The Romanian example is the capital city ofBucharestand its rich XIX century industrial ring. The paper is stressing the necessity for documentation, conservation and re‐use of such industrial heritage sites and is presenting the latest Romanian initiatives that should make a difference in seeing these sites as important resources rather than as unsolvable problems.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 209

Saturday Session S1B Room UI3 9:00‐10:30

New Industrial Culture

Dr. Lars Scharnholz, Institut für neue Industriekultur, Cottbus, Germany Researcher Heidi Pinkepank, Institut für neue Industriekultur, Cottbus, Germany

The presentation of Heidi Pinkepank and Lars Scharnholz will focus on the German idiom of “Industriekultur” (“industrial culture”). After its first use in the early 20th century the term “Industriekultur” has been transformed, adjusted and newly invented within the following decades. A closer look illustrates that the different interpretations of “Industriekultur” over the course of time were following different mainstreams and trends in society. As a result of this today there is a wide range of interpretations that somewhat barricade a thoughtful and distinguished examination of “Industriekultur”. The multifaceted discussion on the concept of industrial culture in Germany however is linked to the encouraging promise of a postindustrial future. The many preservation efforts to conserve and save the built past of the industrialization reflected by various industrial heritage alliances all over Germany is commonly combined with the understanding of “Industriekultur” as a phenomena referring to the past. Thus the current retrospective focus of industrial culture is the protection of an earlier period that seems to be completed and the conservation of its technology based artefacts. The global reality however shows a different view: While one part of the world seems to say goodbye the “times of the machine” and industrial technology the rest of the globe undoubtedly notices an incredibly dynamic and high‐speed process of progressing industrialization. Therefore Heidi Pinkepank and Lars Scharnholz argue while studying the disproportion between postindustrial anticipations in Germany and global reality of industrialization and technology that it is essential to identify industrial actuality as a cultural phenomenon of the present and to stand up for it. This is not only true for the newly industrial nation but also for the traditional industrial nations such as Germany. To underline the necessity of the actualization of the cultural concept of industrialization the term “New Industrial Culture” is introduced. Thus “New Industrial Culture” emphasizes the cultural value of industrialization in present and future times.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 210

Artisans, Savants, and Engineers Saturday Session S1C Chair: Antoni Roca‐Rosell, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Room UI6 Barcelona, Spain 9:00‐10:30

Progressive Dies. History and Evolution (In Spanish)

Dr. Fernando Fadon, Universidad de Cantabria, Spain Dr. Enrique Ceron, Universidad de Cantabria, Spain

Progressive dies are tools widely used in mass production in sheet metal manufacture. They are commonly applied in several industrial sectors such as electronics, automotive, aerospace, home appliance. Although its design and construction is a complex task their use is largely widespread due to they produce large quantities of high quality and cheap parts compared to other manufacturing processes. They are especially recommended for large mass production. As part of one of the fields of manufacturing technology most applied along history as metal‐ forming is, in this case cold forming, its invention is no clearly well‐defined. The origin of progressive dies does not have a precise period or date in technology history, since it is a tool that has been developed and improved when the designers experience was increasing, going from simple tools, minor modifications of tools commonly used in sheet‐metal working, to later become in highly complex tools with the accuracy required for mass production of a lot everyday items. This paper presents a study of its evolution, how the transition was made from the simple tools or machines that were used until the seventeenth century to the great development that took place in its design and mainly throughout the nineteenth century until to reach the present design that has had little changes over the last 100 years. It has changed its accuracy, the tools and processes to design and build them, but the main part of its design and function retains the same essence as the designs of the late nineteenth century. For this study it has been analyzed mainly specific manufacturing books from the XIX and early XX century, as well as encyclopedias and other generic sources from the XIX century where its development was more significant and also from earlier centuries.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 211

Saturday Session S1C Room UI6 9:00‐10:30

The Birth of the Science of Machines and the Roles of the Fathers‐Founders

Dr. Irina Gouzevitch, École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris, France Dr. Dmitri Gouzevitch, École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris, France

It is well known that the science of machines has as its founders four savants: Gaspard Monge, Pierre‐Nicolas Hachette, José Maria de Lanz and Augustin Betancourt. However, a specific role of each one remains unclear. To explore this question will be the purpose of this paper. We will present a chronicle of the events which preceeded the elaboration of the course of machines at the Ecole polytechnique, under Monge’s pressure (1794‐1808). Further on, we will explore the way in which the Essai sur la composition des machines by Lanz and Betancourt has been created (1808) given that the relations among two co‐authors were then very complicate. The publications of this work by the Ecole polytechnique in 1808 will be questioned, as well as the integration of a third co‐author, Hachette, who, first, plagiarized their idea before following his independent research path.The subsequent editions of Lanz and Betancourt’s work (1819, 1840; translations: 1820; 1822; 1824; 1829) and of Hachette’s developments (1811, 1814; 1819; and 1828) will be analised. An explanation will be done of a new notion of ‘elementary machines’ proposed by Lanz and Betancourt to designate a plenty of indexed assemblies which included not only rigid, but also flexible, liquid and gaz links. In spite of its syncretic character, this approach allowed a more coherent classification of the elements of machines according the the forms of movement (kinematic principle). A particular role of the Essai in the development of the theoretical knowledge about machines places its authors among the main promotors of the emerging science: Leupold‐Euler‐Carnot–Monge‐Lanz/Betancourt‐Hachette. In this filiation, the Essai marks a point in which the science of machines was born. Main conclusions: Monge pointed out a possibility of creating a classification of machines based on the kinematic principle; Betancourt participated in its elaboration and completed it with practical and technical content; Lanz and Hachette, having published, each, 3‐4 monographic issues, managed to lay foundations of a new science; at the early stage (1806‐ 1808), the Essai of Lanz and Betancourt turned out primary with regard to Hachette’s work, this latter hawing borrowed from them the initial and fundamental idea of classification.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 212

Technology of Research: Digitalization, Saturday Session S1D Dissemination, and Popularization of Technical Room UI7 Knowledge 9:00‐10:30 Chair: Francesco Gerali, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico

The Technical Public Library: Popularizing Science vs. Offering Specialized Services

Ph.D. candidate Claudia Serbanuta, University of Illinois, U.S.A. Ms. Raluca Nutiu, Librarian at the Mures County Library, Romania

Science and technology have always been a major part of the communist ideology. In the last decades of the regime, the push for popularization of science and industrialization was strongly felt throughout society. Public libraries were key institutions in the process of educating the New Man. This paper will investigate what were the roles played by public libraries in disseminating science and technology in a communist society. While union libraries or libraries serving specific manufacturers have been functioning for some time, the need for both general and professionalized information services was great in the 1970s. The public library, a library serving the general public, decided to create specific services to help out. An analysis of the activities of a technical branch from a Romanian public library will reveal the duality of services offered by the library. On one hand, the library services—supported by the publishing industry and regional cultural committee— were addressing the masses and, on the other hand, they were targeting specialized professionals. Librarians created a special collection by broadly defining science and technology and created in house tools for searching and retrieving materials from that collection. In a culture of isolation with little knowledge sharing practices, through specific instruments, librarians connected their technical collection to other thematic local and national collections and to the scientific publishing from neighbouring countries. By analysing the activities’ archive from the 1970s and the 1980s and corroborating them with oral histories of librarians that planned and implemented these activities, we will get an in‐depth understanding of the roles played by public libraries in the socialist technical revolution. This article will provide new insights into understanding the ways in which this revolution was experienced at the grass roots level.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 213

Saturday Session S1D Room UI7 9:00‐10:30

Digitization of Documentary Cultural Heritage in Romania

Ph.D. candidate Marius Stoianovici, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Ph.D. candidate Ionela Barsan, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Professor Angela Repanovici, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Ph.D. candidate Nadine Roman Professor Liliana Rogozea, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

The paper presents the present framework of the digitization process of the Romanian national cultural heritage. The legislative issues underlying the digitization process are analyzed, the functions of the coordinating institutions in the digitization process are presented (Ministry of Culture and Cultural Heritage, Institute of Cultural Memory ‐ cIMeC, Romanian National Library) and the representative projects of the infodocumentary structures, owners of heritage values. In order to analyze the present situation regarding the digitization and to identify the digitization projects in Romania, we developed a questionnaire, which was distributed online in 134 cultural institutions. By help of Swot analysis, the strong and weak points were emphasized, as well as the opportunities and threats coming from the external environment and hinder the development of digitization projects. The conclusions of the questionnaire the the results of the Swot analysis lead to generating proposals concerning the improvement of digitization activity at national level. Research limitations/implications – The sample size limits the extent of statistical analyses and possible generalizations. The planned qualitative research may help in confirmation of the digitization process. Originality/value – The proposed model may be generalized. The digitization process is of great interest throughout the world. This paper describes a unique approach and could be transferred to other countries and communities.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 214

Saturday Session S1D Room UI7 9:00‐10:30

Archives in Wonderland: The Promise and Perils of Transitions into the Digital Era

Professor Darwin Stapleton, University of Massachusetts, Boston, USA

“How puzzling all these changes are!,” said Alice in Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland. This paper will explore and comment on how rapid technological change is affecting archives and archive‐based scholarship. It will engage especially a range of issues that historians and archivists are experiencing as archival research transitions into a new era of steadily increasing availability and access. Archives are being pressured by the expectations of full and unhindered access that are fostered by internet‐savvy researchers. It will examine several significant programs of digital outreach created by archives that have enormously expanded opportunities for scholarly research in the history of technology, and will identify the most promising directions for future development. The paper also will consider some of the serious problems that accompany scholarly research in the digital environment, focusing in particular on the ephemeral nature of many digital collections, and the difficulty of working with facsimiles rather than original documents. It will engage as well the subject of borne‐digital records, the likelihood that most borne‐digital information will be lost or destroyed, and what is likely to be preserved. The paper will draw on fundamental concepts of the history of technology that should underpin historians’ use of digital resources. It will conclude that historians need to deepen their understanding of the processes and procedures of archives in the digital era if they are to be effective and productive scholars in the future. My remarks will draw on contemporary archival literature; my 40+ years as an historian of technology and editor of scholarly publications; and my experience as a professional archivist, including 22 years as an administrator, and (since 2010) as the Director of a graduate‐level archives‐education program. This paper will be supported by PowerPoint images.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 215

Telecommunication in Transition Saturday Session S2A Chair: Maria Elvira Callapez, CIUHCT, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Room UI2 Portugal 11:00‐12:30

The Period of Transitions: from Landlines to Wireless Telegraphy in Brazil

Dr. Mauro Costa da Silva, Federal Institute of Colégio Pedro II, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

In the beginnig of twentieth century, Brazil had telegraph landlines running aside of the seashore from the North to the South, where the majority of the population lived. There were only few cities in the interior of Brazil with telegraph service, specially in São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso State. In the first decade of twentieth century, some wireless telegraph equipments started to be tested in Rio de Janeiro. Two wireless stations were set: one at Santa Cruz fortress, in the entrance of Guanabara bay, and the other at Ilha Grande, a large island in Angra dos Reis city, around one hundred and fifty kilometers away toward South of Rio de Janero State. In Amazonas, the telegraph connection between Belém, capital of Para state, and Manaus, capital of Amazonas state, was made by submarine cables along Amazonas river. Many circumstances related to the local nature turned the communication intermittent. The Para and Amazonas states government tried to install wireless telegraph stations to provide another way of communication between both capitals. The idea was to hire a private enterprise to set the wireless stations. Nevertheless, the Brazilian Congress forbade any wireless telegraph grant for private companies, leaving this business for government monopoly. In the meanwhile, the Brazilian government decided to install a huge telegraph landline from Mato Grosso to Manaus. The government gave the challenge to the Army, which had already experience exploring wild unknown lands. Why did the government not try to use wireless stations instead of using landlines in length nearly two thousand kilometer? This work will show the advantage and disadvantage of both telegraph systems and in which mesure polictical interests could decide which one was the most appropriate. All arguments and conclusion are grounded by primary sources from Brazilian government and Brazilian Army.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 216

Saturday Session S2A Room UI2 11:00‐12:30

The Emergence of Optical Telegraphy during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: a Case Study of Ireland, 1797‐1805

Ph.D. candidate Adrian James Kirwan, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland

Optical telegraphy emerged in many countries throughout Europe in the period following the French revolution. The technology offered rapid communication to belligerent states in a period of massive change. This revolutionary period and the new dangers that it represented meant that states were much more willing to embrace advance technology. However, the adoption of various forms of optical telegraphy was not uniform. While some states adopted the technology wholeheartedly, developing large optical telegraph networks, others used the technology sparsely. This paper shall address the rationale behind the up‐take of optical telegraphs. It shall briefly examine the use of the technology in France and Britain before surveying its use in Ireland. Here the optical telegraph system of Richard Lovell Edgeworth was adopted in late 1803 as a response to the threat of French invasion. The island, only two years after political union with Britain and five years after the 1798 rebellion, was ill‐ prepared for any potential invasion. It would be reliant upon its land‐based forces to repel any potential French landing, native rebellion or combination of the two. Therefore the advantage of the telegraph in allowing the rapid movement of troops was obvious. The subsequent strengthening of Ireland’s coastal defences and, thus, renewed focus on naval defence destroyed the rationale for an Irish optical telegraph system. Using contemporaneous published sources as well as the Edgeworth Papers, located in the National Library of Ireland, this paper shall, through this case study of Ireland, argue that optical telegraphy was only of significant benefit to nations whose main military force was land‐based.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 217

Saturday Session S2A Room UI2 11:00‐12:30

The Evolution of Telecommunications in Romania

Professor Mariana Jurian, University of Pitesti, Rromania Professor Ioan Lita, University of Pitesti, Rromania Lecturer Daniel Visan, University of Pitesti, Rromania

Communications, as the primary means of transmitting information, represents an important factor in ensuring the progress of a country, thus the interest in promoting and introducing in Romania the latest techniques and technologies in the field. In this paper are presented the steps of telecommunications development inRomania. The first part represents a brief overview of the early nineteenth century communications and early twentieth century, going from wired to radio communications. Most important part of the paper is devoted to the aspects of the development of modern communications: radio, television, data, mobile etc., through terrestrial or satellite links, following the transition from analog to digital technologies. Romania has followed closely the countries that promotes new technologies in telecommunications, introducing and promoting himself these technologies, so today has developed sound and video broadcast networks, mobile communications networks, satellite communications, radio relay, etc.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 218

From Wagons to Luxury Cars and Beyond Saturday Session S2B Chair: Biborka Bartha, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Room UI3 11:00‐12:30

How Dutch Wagonmakers Became Body Makers. Knowledge Transfer by Trade Association and a Government Agency, 1900‐1940

Ph.D. candidate Sue‐Yen Tjong Tjin Tai, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands

This paper investigates how Dutch wagonmakers became body makers as a response to industrialization and motorization. It specifically studies the knowledge transfer roles of the trade associations and a government agency during this process. The paper is based on archival research and historical and innovation literature review. Literature review compares the Dutch wagonmaker sector with their American and German counterparts. The need for knowledge and new skills varied between three different groups of carriage and wagonmakers: carriage makers, city wagonmakers and country wagonmakers. This meant that the degree of local and handmade production varied. For body making they had to be able to adapt foreign chassis and vehicles to local customer needs. Wagonmakers were able to survive as body makers in niches that the automobile industry did not serve. However, these niches changed as automobile production evolved more and more into mass production, and as user preferences changed. Therefore, body makers’ knowledge needs changed as well: they started as artisan woodworkers and ended as metalworkers in small industrial firms. To fulfill the body makers’ needs, the trade association, its journal and the government agency, continuously updated their activities and trainings. Finally, the paper concludes that the activities of the trade association, its journal and the government agency fulfilled an important role in enabling the transition of wagonmakers into body making.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 219

Saturday Session S2B Room UI3 11:00‐12:30

Automobile Coachbuilders on the Early 20th Century in Portugal: Craftsmen Skills and Customs Policy as Factors to Softening Peripheral Status

Dr. José Barros Rodrigues, CIUHCT, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

As it happens throughout Europe, automobile coachbuilders in Portugal developed their new activity from established carriage builders. Naturally, we find very early the same design constraints and the same construction techniques of carriages on the very first bodywork motor car designs. In Portugal, despite the lack of an automotive industry, the coachbuilders had a very healthy and reliable activity, assuring a consistent production of approximately 15% of the overall annual car sales. Craftsmen skills were, obviously, one of the keys for this economic success. Years of training and a huge production experience lead to high quality bodies, similar to French and British work. On top of this, cost production factors (feedstock, labor and energy) and a custom protection policy gave to this industry the necessary boost for its development and consolidation. This was also the case of other peripheral European countries such as Spain, whose experience will be used as reference for Portuguese production. In the present work we will summarize the flourishing coachbuilder’s activity in Portugal, in the early years of the 20th century, studying the production costs and the influence of customs policy on its activities. Whenever is possible we will use available data from Spanish industry to fix some critical variables for further development and comparison with other peripheral European countries.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 220

Saturday Session S2B Room UI3 11:00‐12:30

The Appearance of Techniques Derived from Automobile Coachwork in Jean Prouvés Industrial Architecture

Dr. Andreas Buss, Lutz & Buss Architekten AG, Zürich, Switzerland

The development of the curtain wall in terms of a light, not load‐bearing facade has been influenced by techniques and materials applied by the automotive industry. This can be shown in the oeuvre of Jean Prouvé who achieved an outstanding position among the protagonists of the modern movement as he undertook serious developments in terms of introducing methods of industrial fabrication in architecture. His innovative use of thin sheet‐metal for architectural elements dates from the 1930`s and led to architectural designs which differ from permanent or static architecture in a traditional sense. This architectural countenance joined the demands of society in the phase of reconstruction after 1945. At the same time, it made use of increased capacitys in the production of Aluminium as a result of warplane production. Prouvés approach, to join façades or even whole buildings derived from a kit of parts is comparable to the principles established in automotive industry, where the creation of different variants is based on transposition of a standardised set of compounds. Not only the method, but the techniques of contruction find their analogy: The architectural elements were made predominantly by applying modern bending and welding techniques. In comparison to traditional construction work, this meant a radical break. A case study will analyse the prefabricated petrol stations of the 1950`s derived from Prouvés so‐called “standard” system. This represents a highly inventive kit of elements which whave been fabricated in his own workshop, a factory near Nancy, where Prouvé designed and produced many series of structural elements for buildings, facades and also furniture.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 221

Technical Infrastructure and Technology on Saturday Session S2C Peripheries Room UI6 Chair: Antoni Roca‐Rosell, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 11:00‐12:30 Barcelona, Spain

The Modern Technique of Tapping the Pine in Spain, or The Learning Process of Forest Engineers and Resin Tappers (1865‐1900)

Ph.D. candidate Juan Luis Delgado, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain

The industrialisation of Spanish woods during 19th century is a theme already studied by Spanish forest historiography. Well‐known are the cases of wood and cork, notwithstanding the case of the gum resin obtained from the pine tree has been less studied. Just one author has stressed the relevance of this industry in the central woods of Spanish plateau. Thus, was revealed that one of the more industrialised activities in Spanish woods was, in fact, the gum resin industry. Its expansion began in the second half of the 19th century and reached a mature stage at the beginning of the 20th century. The author previously mentioned was studying the history of this industry, on the contrary, my purpose is to study the technique itself. On one hand, the technique of tapping the pine trees, on the other, the forest technique to develop and sustain a pine wood in order to extract the gum resin as long as possible. For this reason, I am deeply involved with the construction process of this technique, in which I started to distinguish that that technique was completely new for both: forest engineers and resin tappers. With the difference that at least this latest had a notion of the activity derived from its long experience in the activity (conducted in a different way), on the contrary, forest engineers who were educated in forestry especialized in wood had no idea about the conception and development of a pinewood where gum resin was the main product. In this paper my aim is to tell the story of the learning process where both human agents involved had to give up of more or less previous knowledge in order to enter into the new industrialised world.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 222

Saturday Session S2C Room UI6 11:00‐12:30

Solar Desalting Plants in Atacama (1872, 1907)

Ph.D. candidate Nelson Arellano, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain

Since 1914 almost a hundred of papers and books announced the existence of the first solar energy desalting industry (Arellano, 2011). Las Salinas desalting plant was built in Atacama Desert in 1872 following the design of the Swedish engineer Charles Wilson (Arellano, 2013). Throughout our search in physical and virtual archives, public and private documentation from gremial organizations, researchers of solar energy, engineering mass media and general press, it has been possible to know many details about the plant of Las Salinas and we have discovered that there existed a second solar plant that was built some years later, in 1907. The data allows to strength our conceptual approach of the intermittent duration of a sustainable technology that could be analysed in the framework of artifactual discard of George Basalla’s perspective (1991). This could explain one of the ways of the evolution of technology in XIXth century and allow us understand some elements of the energetic transition. We wish to offer new insights on the early industrial use of solar energy.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 223

Saturday Session S2C Room UI6 11:00‐12:30

The Lighting Systems on Lighthouses of the Polish Coast Changes

Professor Antoni Komorowski, Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, Poland Dr. Iwona Pietkiewicz, Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, Poland

In the given paper the development of lighthouses and their lights for the purpose of maritime sailing is presented on the basis of the analyses of Polish and German archive materials. The safety of vessels serving in the area of the Baltic Sea in the 19th and 20th century was very much depended on the navigational precision. One of the most important things concerning it, good quality lighthouses’ lights, was simply invaluable. Lighthouse network built in the given time period on the south of the Baltic Sea, the result of German engineers’ and government, levelled up the safety of the Baltic sailing routes. Along with the technical progress, lighthouses’ light systems were also changing. The evolution of the lighthouses’ light systems shows us the process of changes from the lights based on fire to oil, petroleum and gas lamps closed in glass lanterns, to, finally, electric ones. This process was concerning the majority of lighthouses around the world. Polish problems with technological development and the progress connected with the usage of better quality lights were nothing unusual and were concerning light systems all around the world, and their development increased maritime safety. A lot of modern lighthuses were put on sea routes to Gdańsk, a port with impressive goods overturn. Their job was to inform about danger and show the correct sea route; actions which, undoubtedly, helped to increase the safety of goods transport.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 224

Imagining Technological and Scientific Progress Saturday Session S2D Chair: Gerard Alberts, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Room UI7 11:00‐12:30

April Fool’s Day Hoaxes and the Understanding of Technology

Dr. Olle Hagman, Independent Scholar, Göteborg, Sweden

A funny thing about April Fool’s Day hoaxes is that many of them deal with technology. So many, that technology is the most common theme. On the Internet based Museum of Hoaxes’ list of the world’s ”best” April Fool’s Day hoaxes of all times, almost 50 per cent refer directly to technology. A number of hoaxes on other themes are performed through the use of technology, and indeed, sometimes quite advanced technology. Some are practical jokes, also using technology. In addition, almost all of the hoaxes on the list have been presented in mass media, using modern technology for their distribution. April Fool’s Day hoaxes, thus, seem to be a phenomenon closely connected to modern western technology, in more than one way. The reason that technology for many years has been such a common theme in April Fool’s Day hoaxes must be that it “works”, or can be expected to work, in some way or the other. Some people get fooled, and some think that is funny. But what is it about technology that makes these hoaxes work? What aspects of the relations between technology and society make technology such a useful theme? The different hoaxes on the list illustrate different aspects of modern western technology. Some of them reveal its connections to power, authority, control, exclusion, and/or moral, and some show its relation to wants and desires, as well as disgust. The success of some hoaxes can also illustrate the unpredictability of technological development and the alienated relation to it.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 225

Saturday Session S2D Room UI7 11:00‐12:30

I Killed Einstein, Gentlemen. The Technology of Reality in Czechoslovak Science‐Fiction Films 1945‐1989

Researcher Peter Koval, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Germany

The role of technology in the socialistic/Eastern European/Comecon science‐fiction films seems to be somewhat paradoxical. On the one hand in the predominant interpretation of Marx in the Comecon world “the technology” was regarded as a mean of change, of transformation or “transition” towards a better future (e.g. mechanization of agriculture). On the other hand – in the official narrative of that times – the better future have already arrived in form of socialistic system. That delineates a field of very own even if problematic interpretations of technology – the czechoslovak film “I killed Einstein, Gentlemen” from 1970 would be a good example. For the analysis of the role of “technology” in Eastern European socialistic films I will focus on the czechoslovak science fiction productions from the 1945‐1989 period. Within this well defined corpus of films the focus will be on the distinctive features of fictional artifacts or gadgets and their designs. These seems to be interesting not only because – as instruments of knowledge – they materialize the historical fiction of technology. They are also a product (or a by‐product) of limited resources for special effects (“technology”) in Comecon film industry. One could also assume that the fictionality the artifacts as it was embodied in a whole spectrum of representations – from ironic auxesis of actual possibilities to known unknowns of science – served as a negative technology of reality.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 226

Saturday Session S2D Room UI7 11:00‐12:30

The Image of Bio‐Technology in Contemporary Art and Media

Professor Urszula Jarecka, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

The presentation of chosen bio‐technologies, past and present, in the artistic creations not only visualizes the techno‐euphoria but also reflects the socio‐cultural threats and fears. Concept of moral imagination is the frame of reference to the research. Popularization of new discoveries, new technologies and the discussion on their application in everyday life is a significant part of media culture established at the end of the 19th century. In press discourse, as well as in fine arts and cinema, technology was the “hot topic” due to its role in creating the future of social life. Cultural texts chosen as case studies here become from the international media. A lot of portraits of scientists who abuse technology and bio‐technology one can find in the movies, and e.g. science fiction is the main genre responsible for the visions of future. Mostly dystopian, American science fiction narratives are rather conservative ones in the predictions and hopes connected with the development of society. Techno‐risk, as well as techno‐euphoria, is discussed in a lot of mainstream and niche science fiction movies, thus in this paper only some aspects of the problem will be analyzed (such as the changes in social order or the limits of the future progress). Movies together with documentaries produced by television channels belong to the first category of primary sources. To talk about technology the strategy of shock is used in both, movies and fine arts; however artists use technology to produce special, sometimes living artworks (just like Eduardo Kac’s experiments with DNA of flowers and animals). So, some examples of contemporary fine arts belong to the second category of primary sources. In conclusions the background of social anxiety connected with innovative technologies presented in media discourse will be explained and interpreted using theories of fear and anxiety, “moral panic”, tremendum etc.

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 227

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 228

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 229

CONFIDENCE AND EXCELLENCE

Transilvania University of Braşov is a public institution of higher education with a tradition of over half a century and declares the mission of providing and developing the resources and instruments for high quality teaching and scientific research, aiming to ensure its competitiveness in the European Higher Education and Research Area. The University was founded in 1948, as a Polytechnic Institute and developed as a comprehensive university starting with 1990. The university evolves within the dynamics of today's knowledge‐based society, relying on its dedicated teaching staff which coordinates numerous multi‐disciplinary national and international projects, both scientific and educational, and organizes high‐class international conferences and forums.

Education Every year the University is the chosen destination of hundreds of students and teachers participating in academic exchange programs, coming from all EU countries; at the same time the university is represented by its students and teachers in educational and research activities at more than 200 universities from Europe and other cultural spaces, partners in various collaboration agreements. Transilvania University of Braşov includes 18 faculties (9 technical faculties, like Mechanics, Materials Engineering, Forestry, etc., as well as other profiles like Languages and Literatures, Medicine, Music, Law, Mountain Sports, etc.) and over 20 000 students. Its educational offer consists of over 100 Bachelor study programs (full time, part time, distance learning), over 60 Master study programs (full time, part time, distance learning) as well as 18 domains for PhD studies. The fundamental development objectives for 2012 ‐ 2016 are the consolidation of Transilvania University of Brasov as a key national and international institution for generating and conveying advanced knowledge, as well as the harmonious integration in the European Higher Education and Research Area. The current study programs are the result of extensive restructuring focused on ensuring educational process quality and competitiveness, as well as compatibility with the demands of the European labor market. The syllabuses underlying the study programs were developed according to the needs of the economic, social and cultural environment and correspond to related study programs offered at well‐established European universities. The continued adjustment of Bachelor, Master and Doctoral studies to the requirements of society has yielded flexible integrated Bachelor‐Master‐PhD (BMP) study routes, accessible to students from the very moment of their admission. This innovative offer of study programs certainly allows secondary education graduates to choose the path which suits best their capacities and aspirations. All faculties have developed modern laboratories endowed with high‐tech equipment, updated IT infrastructure and specific software. The University's direct cooperation with companies from the economic environment has resulted in their investing in well‐equipped TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 230

teaching laboratories. The development of these facilities ensures specialized training and development of highly qualified human resources for the investing companies and the wider labor market. In recent years, the university has significantly invested in infrastructure quality as required by the teaching process (23 auditoriums were modernized and over 300 teaching laboratories built up). The university provides modern teaching – studying ‐ evaluation instruments by its e‐Learning platform launched in 2008. Access to this platform is facilitated by the 6 computer rooms opened for students as well as by free internet made available in all student halls of residence. Modernization of residences, that fully cover student accommodation needs, represents yet another permanent concern of the university. A modern, high standard learning space is the Transilvania University Library, fully automated, with open shelf access and ample reading rooms is a frequent destination for both students and teachers, open for learning, and broadening the knowledge extent.

Research Research in the university has been structured upon interdisciplinary priority fields, capable of ensuring the attaining of a top position at national level and full integration in the European Research Area. Upon an internal evaluation process, the university defined 21 research departments, self‐managed and operating with their own staff and infrastructure, conducting research of excellence targeting the development of innovative high‐tech products. A significant contribution to developing and ensuring the human resources required for research is made by the university's Interdisciplinary Doctoral School and the research – oriented master programs coordinated by the research departments. Efficient and synergetic deployment of the existing resources and of those in progress represents a key feature of university strategy, materialized by the major development project of the R&D Institute for High‐tech products for Sustainable Development, PRO‐ DD/ICDT, opened in 2012. The R&D Institute groups its high‐performance infrastructure in 12 specialized laboratories, available to the 21 research departments as well as to cooperation with national and European research facilities and research divisions of various companies. Located in the new Green Energy Independent University Campus ‐ GENIUS, the institute will be completed with an area dedicated to the training of highly qualified human resources by master and doctoral programs, as well as with an area made available to international companies invited to establish branches directly collaborating with the Institute.

The new R&D Institute TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 231

The Institute will also represent the main component of a research pole of excellence for the 7th – Centre Development Region of Romania in the field of sustainable energy and environment.

The University as a Promoter of Sustainable Development Transilvania University, located in the heart of the city at the foot of Mount Tâmpa, the city that has been a binder of culture and civilization from both sides of the Carpathian Mountains enjoys significant prestige in education and research. It has an active, beneficial and dynamic presence in economic, social and cultural community life. Through its personalities and achievements the University is able to offer a competent and coherent vision of the regional development perspectives (in 7th – Centre Region of Romania) and to significantly contribute to the effort of promoting and strengthening European values. The university promotes sustainable development by partnerships with local and regional bodies, involving: the participation in devising the Strategy of Sustainable Development of Braşov county, city and Metropolitan area, and coordination of the work groups for Economic, Environmental and Cultural Development and Urban Endowment by experts from Transilvania University; a substantial contribution to materializing the Integrated Urban Development Plan that includes the new GENIUS University Campus, a major municipal development project; development of the ABMEE Energy Agency (SAVE Project), the University being a founding member since 2006; the active promotion of sustainable energy systems in the Centre Region (FP7 projects, RenErg EUReg 2008‐2010) and development of research ‐ industrial clusters in this field; development of human resources: training of trainers in cooperation with the Braşov Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the County School Inspectorate; development of university‐industry structures for promoting new/innovative high‐tech products: PRO‐ENERG Technological and Business Incubator within the University (2008); new teaching and research laboratories in cooperation with international companies like INA Schaeffler, Viessmann, Oracle, Motorola, Horiba, LMS, Festo, Kronospan; joint projects with the economic and social environment.

A Welcoming Institution Transilvania University of Brasov has a rich patrimony of buildings in the city area, both old and new. Its truly iconic building, situated in the old city center, is the remarkable Rectorat, a neo‐Renaissance masterpiece, built in 1886, decorated with sgrafitto panels along the upper part of its three imposing facades. Two guardian angels, not yet restored, welcome the academic staff and the visitors at the entrance, beyond the two ionic columns supporting a loggia.

The Rectorate of the University TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 232

The R&D Institute, the most recent building (finished in 2012) displays daring architecture and luminous, spacious laboratories. The University is looking forward to the 41ST ICOHTEC Symposium, happily preparing to welcome all participants and guests in a friendly academic atmosphere at the University Aula, a modern and functional building, situated in the city center. The city of Brasov, the most livable city of Romania, is discreetly showing its major attractions in these beautiful summer days of July 2014.

The Aula of the University

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 233

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 234

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 235

The city of Brasov is also known as Kronstadt – in German,Brassó ‐ in Hungarian, Corona or Brassovia – in Latin. Between 1950 and 1960 it was called Orasul Stalin – the Town of Stalin. Brașov is located in the central area of Romania, in southern Transylvania. It is a mountainous city, being surrounded by a part of the Oriental Carpathians.

History and Population The city was first mentioned in 1235 AD under the name Corona (Medieval Latin, crown), a name given by the German colonists. The first attested mentioning of the name Brașov is Terra Saxonum de Barasu (Saxon Land of Baras) in a 1252 document. The German name Kronstadt (Crown City) is visible in the city's coat of arms, in its founding legends. In the Middle Ages, both Kronstadt and Corona were used simultaneously. German colonists known as Transylvanian Saxons played a decisive role in the new settlement’s development. They were invited and encouraged by King Géza II of Hungary to build and develop towns and mining activities, and to cultivate the rich land of Transylvania, at different stages between 1141 and 1162. The settlers came primarily from the Rhineland, Flanders, and the Moselle region, but also from Thuringia, Bavaria, Wallonia, and even France. In 1211, by order of King Andras II of Hungary, the Teutonic Knights fortified a southern plateau of Transylvania, known as Tara Barsei, in order to defend the borders of the Kingdom of Hungary. On the site of a former village, the Teutonic Knights built Kronstadt – which soon enough was blessed with prosperity, due to royal privileges concerning important tax exemptions. Like all of Transylvania, Brasov belonged to the Austrian‐Hungarian Empire, until 1918 when Transylvania became part of the new Romanian state. In 1850 the town had 21 782 inhabitants, out of which 40.7% Germans, 40% Romanians, 13.4% Hungarians, having also significant Jewish, Greek and other communities. The inter‐war period was a time of intensive economic and cultural life, triggered also by this ethnic diversity of the city, but during the communist era (1948‐1989) most Germans and Jews, but also Hungarians and Romanians immigrated to Western European countries, Israel and the USA. According to the latest census, the city has now 253 200 inhabitants and together with its metropolitan area there are over 360 000 inhabitants.

Education Johannes Honterus (1498‐1549) was a Transylvanian Saxon, a Renaissance humanist and theologian, who achieved the introduction of Lutheranism to Transylvania. He founded the humanist gymnasium (a German primary and highschool still functioning today, known as the Honterus Highschool), set up a printing press in 1539, and helped the building of a paper mill in the city. In 1542, in Braşov, he printed a new version of his Rudimenta Cosmographica, with 13 maps, engraved by Honterus himself. The maps show all known parts of the world. The book was so successful that no less than 39 editions were printed in Braşov, Zürich,

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 236

Antwerp, Basel, Rostock, Prague and Cologne, being considered the first European‐wide manual. Brasov is known also for having had one of the first European girl schools, in the 16th century, at St. Catherine Monastery. The cultural and religious importance of the First Romanian School and church, built in 1495 in the formerly extra‐muros quarter of Șchei, becomes visible when visiting the charming local museum, as well as the harmonious St. Nicolae church nearby. Nowadays the city has more than 30 highschools ‐ among which there are also technical and vocational institutions, a state university – Transilvania University (founded in 1948 as Polytechnic Institute) and the Air Force Academy Henri Coanda, as well as 6 private universities.

Architecture and cultural institutions Germans living in Brașov were mainly involved in trade and crafts. The location of the city at the intersection of trade routes linking the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe, together with the above mentioned tax exemptions, allowed Saxon merchants to obtain considerable wealth and exert a strong political influence. They had a substantial contribution to the architectural configuration of the city. Fortified walls around the city were built, with several towers and bastions that were maintained and guarded by the guilds, according to the medieval custom. Part of the fortification ensemble was recently restored. Two important city gates, Poarta Ecaterinei (or Katharinentor) and Poarta Șchei (or Waisenhausgässertor), are still visible. The city center is marked by the Old City Hall (Altes Rathaus, Casa Sfatului) built in 1502 and rebuilt in 1780, now the County History Museum. It is surrounded by a polygonal square, where there are other prestigious buildings, like the Kaufhaus, built by Apollonia Hirscher in 1539, the oldest Chamber of Commerce of Transylvania, another old international trade center and shop, built in the 13th century and rebuilt in 1566, now Museum of Urban Civilization. Nearby is the Black Church (Schwarze Kirche, Biserica Neagră), claimed to be the largest Gothic style church in South‐East Europe, displaying a stunning collection of precious carpets, dedicated to the church by rich citizens.

The Black Church seen from the Tampa alley Rope Street

The frequent presence of the late Renaissance and baroque architectural styles in the old city center is due to the rather frequent rebuilding activity (because of local wars and fires), in the 17th and 18th century. In the 19th century neoclassicism and eclecticism TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 237

characterized the official city architecture, followed by the Art Nouveau and the neo‐ Romanian style. In the communist era, the social housing quarters, quite numerous at the outskirts of the city, meant mainly cheap, functional architecture displaying a crude modernism. Now contemporary architecture spreads all over the city, one of the most representative building being the new Research Institute of the Transilvania University (finished in 2012). The best view of the architectural contrasts of Brasov can be viewed by taking the cable‐car to the top of Tâmpa Mountain, situated within the city. The city is home to several prestigious cultural institutions, like the Art Museum, having on display a remarkable collection of Romanian painting, the County History Museum, recently remodeled and offering a significant overview of more than 4000 years of culture and civilization development in the area, the Brasov Philharmonic Orchestra, the city Theatre, the Reduta Cultural Centre, the County Library, the French and German Cultural Centers, the Confucius Chinese Cultural Center (within the Transilvania University), etc. Brasov is known to be the birthplace of the national anthem of Romania, Deșteaptă‐te, române, composed by Iacob Muresanu. A small but very attractive and interactive museum is Casa Muresenilor, home of the old Muresanu family.

Industrial Development The industrial development of the city, based initially on the diversity and prestige of the guilds, became more dynamic in the 19th and 20th century. In the inter‐war period the airplane factory IAR Brasov was built. Here the first Romanian fighter planes, which were used in World War II against the Soviets, were designed and manufactured. After 1948, the plant was converted to the manufacturing of agricultural equipment, mainly tractors, being renamed Uzina Tractorul Brașov. Industrialization was accelerated in the Communist era, with special emphasis being placed on heavy industry – trucks, tractors, ball‐bearings, weapons and various machinery. Heavy industry is still present, including the plant Roman S.A., which manufactures MAN AG trucks as well as native‐designed trucks and busses. Although the industrial base has been in decline in recent years, Brașov is still a site for manufacturing agricultural tractors and machinery, hydraulic transmissions, auto parts, ball‐ bearings, helicopters, building materials, tools, furniture, textiles, shoes and cosmetics, chocolate and beer. GlaxoSmithKline established recently a pharmaceutical production site in Brașov and the Swiss giant Kronospan built a huge chip‐and fiberboard manufacturing plant.

Tractorul Plant

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 238

Local Transportation, Tourism, Sports The local transport network is very well developed, with around 50 bus and trolleybus lines, many of these being links between the Railway Station (Gara Brasov) and all parts of the city. There is also a regular bus line serving Poiana Brașov, a long known winter resort. Because of its central location, the Brașov Railway Station is one of the busiest stations in Romania with trains to and from most destinations in the country served by rail. Brașov is a good starting point for trips to the nearby village of Bran where the imposing castle is a main tourist attraction (Dracula’s Castle), to Prejmer (Tartlau) to see the 13th century fortified church and to Sinaia, to visit the royal summer castles Peles and Pelisor. Temperatures from May to September are situated around 23 °C (73 °F). Brașov benefits also from an excellent winter tourism season centered on all winter sports and beyond. Poiana Brașov is the most popular Romanian ski resort and an important tourist center preferred by many tourists from other European states. The city is also an excellent place to taste some of the local and international cuisine, some of the best places to start with being in the city center. The Brasov City Council and County Council recently invested large budgets for building and rebuilding of important sports venues, like the new Ion Tiriac Arena, the Brasov Olympic Ice Rink and the rebuilding of the Ion Popescu‐ Colibasi Sports Hall and Olympic Swimming Pool. Brasov is a city for all seasons, for all personalities – it is a perfect place to live in. All summer umbrellas of the outdoor restaurants and pubs make a statement very dear to all citizens: Brasov – probably the best city in the world!

Poiana Brasov in wintertime

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 239

TECHNOLOGY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION | Brasov, Romania, 29 July‐3 August 2014 240