Proceedings of the 38th Siouan and Caddoan Languages Conference Held at Northeastern Illinois Univeristy Chicago, Illinois June 7-9, 2018 Editor Ryan M. Kasak Kasak, Ryan M. (ed.). 2019. Proceedings of the 38th Siouan and Caddoan Languages Conference. Chicago, IL: Northeastern Illinois Univeristy Linguistics Department. This title can be downloaded at: http://www.siouan.org/proceedings/sclc38/ © 2019, the authors Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISSN: 2641-9904 (digital) Typesetting: Ryan Kasak Proofreading: Jill Greer, Ryan Kasak, Sarah Lundquist, Justin McBride, & Jonnia Torres Carolan Font: Libertinus Serif Typesetting software:Ǝ X LATEX&BibTEX First printing, 7/12/2019 Contents Acknowledgments ...................................... iii Forward ............................................ v Adverbial clauses in Hoocąk: A case of weakly grammaticalized subordination Johannes Helmbrecht .................................... 1 A comparison of four descriptions of the Osage sound system Dylan Herrick ........................................ 25 Glottalized consonants in Mississippi Valley Siouan Rory M. Larson ....................................... 37 Hook-swinging giants and other fantastic themes in Jiwere-Baxoje folktales Jill Greer ........................................... 45 Incorporation in Crow? Lewis Gebhardt ....................................... 69 Nakoda “intensifier” -ȟ Vincent Collette ....................................... 79 Nasal harmony in Hoocąk and Mandan Ryan M. Kasak and Sarah Lundquist ............................ 99 A phonetic analysis of obstruent series in Hidatsa Jonnia Torres Carolan and Ryan M. Kasak ......................... 123 Prefix order and interpretation in Crow Lewis Gebhardt ....................................... 145 The Ralph Pepper tapes: Overview of a lesser-known Kansa language audio resource Justin T. McBride ...................................... 155 i Acknowledgments The SCLC 38 organizers would like to thank all the presenters, scholars, and community members who attended to give talks or to listen to presentations at this year’s conference. We all appreciate Ben Krause-Decorah for delivering such wonderful opening remarks on behalf of the Ho-Chunk Nation, who have a historic presence in the Chicagoland area. We would also like to thank all the student volunteers at Northeastern Illinois University who gave their time to help make the conference run smoothly. We extend our thanks to the following sources of support from NEIU and the Chicagoland area who helped make SCLC 38 possible: The Northeastern Illinois University Department of Linguistics The Ho-Chunk Nation Chicago Branch Office The Northeastern Illinois University Library and Digital Commons The Siouan Listserv iii Forward For nearly four decades, Siouanists and Caddoanists have been meeting on a yearly basis to present and discuss topics relating to the language, cultural practices of the autochthonous peo- ples who inhabited large portions of the interior of the North American continent before the arrival of Europeans. The Siouan and Caddoan Languages Conference prides itself on its recep- tiveness to new scholars and on its dedicated attendees, many of whom have been central fixtures of the conference. The SCLC is welcoming of indigenous scholars and community members, and tries to balance theoretical presentations with applied linguistics and subjects of anthropological interest. I have been coming to the SCLC every year since 2012 (with an unfortunate exception of the 2017 in Joplin, MO), and it is undoubtedly the conference I spend the most time planning for and talking about. It was also there that I first met Bob Rankin, who later was extremely kind and patient to answer my many emails about Siouan diachrony and issues about writing about indigenous languages while trying to balance what linguists want to read versus what native scholars can find useful. We all lost an important fixture of the Siouanist community withhis passing. My introduction to Siouan languages came through John Boyle, who shared the wonder of Siouan languages with his students during his time at Northeastern Illinois University. I can remember taking his Advanced Grammatical Analysis: Mandan class in 2010, where I was intro- duced to Mandan for the first time. I had no idea at the time that my focus would shift fromtopics relating to teaching students who speak English as a second language to theoretical linguistics until that class. I was so taken with Mandan that it has served as a constant topic of research for the better part of a decade. Mandan also served as a jumping-off point into other Siouan languages, leading towork with Hidatsa and Crow, and dabbling in Caddo and Arikara. Getting a foot in the door can often be very difficult for learners and researchers who have no prior experience with languages and communities such as the ones we work with at the SCLC, but the community has been extremely welcoming and encouraging. Some of my favorite people are ones who I have met in pursuing the documentation and study of Siouan and Caddoan languages, and even if academic positions around the country cause us to not live near each other, I hope that the SCLC encourages us all to stay in contact and to stay engaged in each other’s work. It is in the spirit of that encouragement that I broached the topic of a proceedings for the SCLC during the January 2018 meeting of the Linguistic Society of America/Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas in Salt Lake City. After talking with people includ- ing (but not limited to) Saul Schwartz, Catherine Rudin, John Boyle, and Lewis Gebhart, I made the case that Siouanists and Caddoanists come to the SCLC, but there is often no publication on the topics presented to act as a public record of our work. This lack of publications on these language families is a shame, and the lack of easily-accessible resources may very well be a limit- ing factor in getting new scholars and learners to start working with them. During the business meeting at this year’s SCLC, I offered to edit a proceedings volume if there were any interested parties. I had expected only a handful of people to accept, but I was delighted to receive nearly a v vi dozen submissions, all of which are included here in these proceedings. These proceedings represent the first time since 1992 that the Siouan and Caddoan Lan- guages Conference has produced a written collection of the works presented. For the first time in over a quarter-century, the SCLC will have a published work associated with the research con- ducted over the past year. Furthermore, this work is available through the generosity of NEIU’s Library and their Digital Commons. These Digital Commons will ensure that this work is acces- sible permanently and in such a way that access to these materials are not restricted. It is vital that we remove barriers to accessing knowledge and ideas if we are to remain relevant in this day and age. It is my hope that future conferences bring future proceedings, and that this becomes an annual tradition: moving our collective knowledge from our lips onto our fingertips, where other can take part in the conversations and debates we are having, even if they were unable to come to the conference. Having an annual proceedings also increases the relevance of the SCLC and our work; while I do not think anyone involved in the SCLC over the past few years imagines that the SCLC will be as large or formal as some other conferences such as the Algonquian Conference or FAMLi, I personally want to use these proceedings as a way to elevate overall awareness of Siouan and Caddoan languages. For these reasons and more, I was happy to volunteer to organize these papers. I have organized the papers according to alphabetical order of their titles, since I did not want to seem like I was prioritizing one area of study over another if I were to organize them by topic or language (e.g., all the syntax papers are grouped together, all the Mississippi Valley papers are grouped together, etc.). Ten papers wound up being included in the final count, representing the work presented by the majority of conference participants. I strongly encourage people in the future to contribute to subsequent volumes. While putting these proceedings together did take up not a small amount of time, that time is nothing compared to the amount of time dedicated to the study of these languages by the scholars whose works appear here. I have enjoyed reading all these papers during the editing process, and I want to thank Justin McBride again for generously hosting the conference at Northeastern State University, and I hope to see everyone again next year in Broken Arrow, OK at SCLC 39! Ryan M. Kasak Chicago, IL Adverbial clauses in Hoocąk: A case of weakly grammaticalized subordination* Johannes Helmbrecht University of Regensburg, Germany Abstract: The goal of this paper is to give an overview of the structure and mean- ing of adverbial clauses in Hoocąk. This topic is interesting for two reasons. First, Hoocąk lacks most of the morphosyntactic features that are usually associated with adverbial clauses in European languages (e.g. infinite verb forms, subjunctive mood, alternative word orders, etc.). And secondly, Hoocąk has a number of sentence- final enclitics that indicate adverbial-like relation between the subordinate clause and main clause. However, these enclitics are not always subordinating conjunctions like the European ones. Some may appear with complement clauses as well, and even with main clauses. The question that will be answered is: are there really adverbial clauses (from a morphosyntactic point of view), and how can they be distinguished from complement clauses. It will be shown that there are indeed very small mor- phosyntactic differences between complement clauses and adverbial clauses. This result confirms the idea that subordination is only very weakly grammaticalized in Hoocąk (and probably in other Siouan languages too). Keywords: adverbial clauses, subordinating and non-subordination conjunctions, Hoocąk, clause linkage 1.