Summer/Fall 2017, Volume 63, Number 3 & 4
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The Journal of The Journal of SanSan DiegoDiego HistoryHistory The Journal of San Diego History Founded in 1928 as the San Diego Historical Society, today’s San Diego History Center is one of the largest and oldest historical organizations on the West Coast. It houses vast regionally significant collections of objects, photographs, documents, films, oral histories, historic clothing, paintings, and other works of art. The San Diego History Center operates two major facilities in national historic landmark districts: The Research Library and History Museum in Balboa Park and the Serra Museum in Presidio Park. The San Diego History Center presents dynamic changing exhibitions that tell the diverse stories of San Diego’s past, present, and future, and it provides educational programs for K-12 schoolchildren as well as adults and families. www.sandiegohistory.org Front Cover: Popular World War I poster featuring recruitment for the American Red Star Animal Relief. Public domain. Back Cover: Photo by James Blank from the Cabrillo National Mounument showing the Zuniga Shoals Jetty at low tide. Design and Layout: Allen Wynar Printing: Crest Offset Printing Editorial Assistants: Cynthia van Stralen Travis Degheri Joey Seymour Articles appearing in The Journal of San Diego History are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts and America: History and Life. The paper in the publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Science-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. The Journal of San Diego History IRIS H. W. ENGSTRAND MOLLY McCLAIN Editors THEODORE STRATHMAN DAVID MILLER Review Editors Published since 1955 by the SAN DIEGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY 1649 El Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego, California 92101 ISSN 0022-4383 The Journal of San Diego History VOLUME 63 SUMMER/FALL 2017 NUMBERS 3 & 4 Editorial Consultants Published quarterly by the San Diego History Center at 1649 El Prado, Balboa MATTHEW BOKOVOY Park, San Diego, California 92101. University of Nebraska Press A $60.00 annual membership in the WILLIAM DEVERELL San Diego History Center includes University of Southern California; subscription to The Journal of San Director, Huntington-USC Institute Diego History and the SDHC Times. of California and the West All back issues are accessible at www. VICTOR GERACI sandiegohistory.org. University of California, Berkeley Articles and book reviews for publication consideration, as well as DONALD H. HARRISON editorial correspondence, should be Publisher, San Diego Jewish World addressed to Editors, The Journal of San J. MICHAEL KELLY Diego History, Department of History, Committee of 100 Balboa Park University of San Diego, 5998 Alcalá Park, San Diego, CA 92110 ROGER W. LOTCHIN University of North Carolina Chapel Hill All article submissons should be computer generated, double-spaced JOHN PUTMAN with endnotes, and follow the Chicago San Diego State University Manual of Style. Authors should ANDREW ROLLE submit an electronic copy in Microsoft The Huntington Library Word. Photographs must be submitted separately at 300ppi. ROGER SHOWLEY The San Diego Union-Tribune The San Diego History Center assumes no responsibility for the statements or ABE SHRAGGE opinions of the authors or reviewers. Independent Historian ©2017 by the San Diego History Center RAYMOND STARR ISSN 0022-4383 San Diego State University, emeritus Periodicals postage paid at San Diego, CA Publication No. 331-870 PHOEBE S. K. YOUNG (619) 232-6203 University of Colorado at Boulder www.sandiegohistory.org Note: For a change of address, please call (619) 232-6203 ext. 102 or email [email protected] ii CONTENTS VOLUME 63 SUMMER/FALL 2017 NUMBERS 3 & 4 ARTICLES “Help the Horse to Save the Soldier” The American Red Star Animal Relief Program at Camp Kearny, 1917-1919 Alexander D. Bevil 189 San Diego’s Zuniga Shoals Jetty: Icon and Enigma John Martin 217 A Moreton Bay Fig Tree and San Diego Memory Nancy Carol Carter 245 Overlooked by Historians: Salvador Linares and the Perils of Frontier California Robert A. Kittle 263 BOOK REVIEWS 281 iii “Help the Horse to Save the Soldier” The American Red Star Animal Relief Program at Camp Kearny, 1917-1919 Alexander D. Bevil On the ten-year anniversary of Armistice Day, November 11, 1928, on a cold, wind-swept mesa a mile southeast of the Linda Vista Junction railroad station, Anita May Baldwin (1876-1939) laid a wreath of remembrance at the foot of a recently installed 12-foot-tall granite monument. Standing next to her at attention was retired Army Major General Frederick S. Strong. On the stone, a plaque commemorated the men of the United States Army’s 40th Infantry Division known as the “Sunshine Division.” It was composed of National Guard units from California and other Western states that had trained under General Strong’s command at Camp Stephen W. Kearny before shipping off to fight in France during World War I. The plaque also honored one of the Division’s heroic companies that sustained heavy losses as part of the famous “Lost Battalion.”1 While history has recognized the service and dedication to duty of General Strong and the men under his command, particularly those of the Lost Battalion, Anita Baldwin’s contributions have been largely unrecorded. The daughter of multi-millionaire Los Angeles County land baron Elias “Lucky” Baldwin, Anita raised $51,859 dollars for the 40th Division while it trained at Camp Kearny. An avowed horse-lover and special representative of the American Red Star Animal Relief Program, Baldwin funneled most of that money into veterinary equipment, supplies, and training for the officers and men assigned to the camp’s remount station. Without it, they would have had great difficulty in overseeing the health Alexander Bevil, a recently retired California State Parks historian, has based this article on his involvement in the San Diego History Center’s recent exhibit: From Presidio to Pacific Powerhouse and as Chair of the Congress of History’s 2017 Conference: San Diego & the Great War: 1914-1919. 189 The Journal of San Diego History Portrait of Anita M. Baldwin, December 24, 1929. The millionaire rancher, animal breeder, philanthropist, and patriot was personally responsible for helping the Red Star’s Los Angeles and San Diego chapters to raise over $51,859 to establish emergency veterinary stations at San Diego’s Camp Kearny, North Island’s Rockwell Field, and the Army Balloon Training center on her Arcadia ranch. Although this picture was taken a decade after the war, she is still wearing a Red Star Animal Relief button under the service ribbon on her left chest. Reproduction #LC-DiG-ggbain-26036. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 190 “Help the Horse to Save the Soldier” and welfare of thousands of the horses and mules that played a critical role in the Division’s training and eventual success during the war. World War I was the first large-scale mechanized war. Both the Allied and Central Powers utilized railroads, trucks, and automobiles to transport men, weapons, ammunition, and supplies to the front. These, in turn, carried thousands of wounded soldiers back to aid stations and hospitals, particularly along the Western Front which extended along a meandering 440-mile long series of fortified trenches extending from the English Channel through Belgium, Luxembourg, and northwestern France, to Switzerland.2 By 1916, however, the opposing armies were faced with a logistical dilemma. How could they transport the equivalent of two 50-wagon supply trains carrying the 1,000 tons of supplies needed to sustain an average army division of about 12,000 men for one day between the forward supply depots and the front trenches? Anita Baldwin with two “horse marines,” c. 1916-17. She wears a standard pre-March 1918 American Red Star Relief uniform. Its light color, tightly cinctured waistline, long skirt, and high-heel shoes would prove impractical under combat conditions. This led her to design a more practical uniform that the Army approved late in the war. Reproduction #LC-DIG-ggbain-26205. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 191 The Journal of San Diego History Likewise, how could they transport wounded men back to first aid stations and field hospitals? The armies had been using existing and new standard-gauge railroad lines, highways and dirt roads to transport and maintain large stockpiles of ammunition, food, and supplies. Heavily laden trucks, however, had gouged deep ruts into poorly maintained dirt roads due to their narrow, solid-rubber tires. After a heavy rainfall, the roads became nearly impassible mud quagmires where many trucks, sunk down to their axles, were often obliterated by devastatingly accurate enemy artillery fire.3 The solution: draft animals. Just as armies had done one hundred years earlier during the Napoleonic Wars—and over practically the same ground—the opposing forces appropriated horses, mules, donkeys, and oxen to haul wheeled artillery pieces and ammunition caissons, supply wagons, field kitchens, and ambulances. They even utilized medium-to-large sized dogs to carry ammunition, food, and medical supply paniers, as well as to pull small supply carts and one- man ambulances.4 Although less efficient than motor transport (it took more wagons to carry fodder for the horses than food and ammunition for the men), Remount Station No. 330 showing pack mules lined up behind their pack frames. At the center are supplies. Every regiment training at Camp Kearny utilized pack mules to carry ammunition,