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Benthic Invertebrate Communities of Barnegat Bay New Jersey : Effects Montclair State University Montclair State University Digital Commons Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects 8-2018 Benthic Invertebrate Communities of Barnegat Bay New Jersey : Effects of Hard-Clam (Mercenaria Mercenaria L.) Aquaculture Grow-Outs on Benthic Communities Rebecca Shell Montclair State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/etd Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Shell, Rebecca, "Benthic Invertebrate Communities of Barnegat Bay New Jersey : Effects of Hard-Clam (Mercenaria Mercenaria L.) Aquaculture Grow-Outs on Benthic Communities" (2018). Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects. 204. https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/etd/204 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Montclair State University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects by an authorized administrator of Montclair State University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES OF BARNEGAT BAY NEW JERSEY: EFFECTS OF HARD-CLAM (Mercenaria mercenaria L.) AQUACULTURE GROW-OUTS ON BENTHIC COMMUNITIES A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of Montclair State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by REBECCA SHELL Montclair State University Upper Montclair, NJ August 2018 Dissertation Chair: Robert S. Prezant, PhD Copyright © 2018 by Rebecca Shell. All rights reserved. ABSTRACT BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES OF BARNEGAT BAY NEW JERSEY: EFFECTS OF HARD-CLAM (Mercenaria mercenaria L.) AQUACULTURE GROW-OUTS ON BENTHIC COMMUNITIES by Rebecca Shell Plots of three treatment types (industry-standard screens with clams, screens without clams, and control) were installed at Sedge Island, Barnegat Bay, in 2012. 177 species from eight phyla were collected. Hard-clam plots had lower Shannon-Weiner Index values and higher sedimentary sorting coefficients as compared to both control treatments. ANOSIM identified benthic communities inside hard clam plots as statistically distinct from the two control treatments. There was no significant effect of treatment on functional groups assigned by burrowing depth. Seasonal peaks in May are clear for Polydora cornuta and Tritia obsoleta, as well as for suspension feeders and omnivores. All burrowing-depth guilds except deep-burrowing taxa also peak in May. Grazer density, and Microdeutopus gryllotalpa in particular, peak in October. Shannon-Weiner and species richness do not differ significantly by season, though evenness is higher in August than May, reflecting the peaks of certain species evening out during the summer. The trends seen suggest bottom-up controls of the benthic invertebrate community structure in the Sedge Island area, which therefore has the potential to be disrupted either by the overconsumption of available seston from increased aquaculture or increased phytoplankton from increased eutrophication. These data can serve as a baseline for environmental monitors given either of these scenarios. These results do not provide any immediate reason to limit hard clam aquaculture acreage in the region. However, the observed increase in maldanid polychaetes and decrease in mobile suspension feeders could prove problematic if leasing acreage is iv increased. Full-scale within-industry research is recommended before increasing hard-clam aquaculture acreage, either as part of an environmental management strategy for eutrophication mitigation or for economic purposes. Keywords: Mercenaria mercenaria, aquaculture, benthos, biodiversity, ecological effects v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to first thank my advisor, Dr. Robert Prezant, and Dr. Scott Kight, who both routinely made themselves available beyond what their schedules would seem to permit. If NASA invents the 25th diel hour, it will be for the purposes of relieving these two devoted educators. Huge thanks are also due to the rest of my committee, Dr. Paul Bologna, Dr. Judith Weis, and Dr. Michael Weinstein, whose expertise and attention to detail vastly improved the scope and quality of this work. Many thanks to the New Jersey Water Resources Research Institute who provided funding and to ReClam the Bay who provided material support to this project. Gef Flimlin and Jeffrey Silady were instrumental in the execution of this research, and the project could not and would not have gone forward without their expertise and assistance. Thanks to Brett Bragin for his generously loaned illuminators that saved hours of time consuming work. Thanks also to Karen Leskie at NJDEP and Jim Merritt for their assistance, both with offshoot student projects and with occasional access to the Sedge Island facility. An extra-special thanks goes to the many students and volunteers who provided research assistance on this project: Matthew Khan, Carter Smith, Paola Dolcemascolo, Karyle Jowers, Stephanie Parelli, Isamar Cortes, Yarita Acota Caraballo, Lydia Santogade, Sean Gilson, Nick Dawson, Michelle Plotzker, Alex Sorrano, Natalia Aristizabal, Charles Jenner and Eleni Evgeniou put in hours of work in the field and in the laboratory. Most have gone on to many exciting new opportunities, and while I am both proud and excited for all of them, I am most of all so appreciative of their dedication and attention to detail. Thank you, all. Thank you also to Dr. Haiyan Su, Dr. Kevin Olsen, Dennis Stachura, Rose Lipala, and other CSAM faculty and staff whose personal and professional collaboration and assistance has vi made working and studying at MSU a joy and a privilege. Thank you also to Montclair State University and to the Graduate School for giving me the opportunity to pursue my studies, and for funding via the Albert Wang Dissertation Award. It has been my privilege to be mentored by many great scientists and wonderful educators during my academic and professional careers. Dr. Bill Kirby-Smith, Dr. Joe Bonaventura, and Dr. Dan Rittschof at the Duke University Marine Lab, and Dr. Stefanie Pfirman and Dr. Peter Bower at Barnard College helped me to visualize how my passions for environmental sustainability and coastal invertebrate ecology could merge into a viable career. Many thanks also to Dr. Cherry Sprague, Dr. Craig Syms, and Dr. Roger Beeden for their mentoring, guidance and friendship. Barnard College, and particularly the Department of Environmental Sciences, is in great part responsible for giving me not only the organizational and academic skills to embark upon an academic career, but also the belief in my own capability to be a working mother-of-three while concurrently pursuing a PhD in the natural sciences, a not-insignificant organizational feat. It has been my privilege to give that back, particularly to girls in STEM, and I would like to extend a particular thanks to Bob Prezant and to the College of Science and Mathematics for letting me participate and guide the K-12 Visiting Science Scholars program during my tenure here, and to the NEXT Scholars program for allowing me to participate during 2017-2018. Thank you, finally, to my friends and family for their support and confidence, and for your willingness to read drafts! Thank you to Kristin Duszak, Paola Dolcemascolo, Alyssa Shell, Neal Wepking, Padmini Das, Beth Pulawski, Lindsay Frigo, Jessica Brater, Rachel Leventhal-Weiner, Lisa Goldfine, Carter Smith, Erin Clark, Britt Dean, Matthew Khan, Alison Kowalski-Mingione, Laura Lakusta Jeanettes, Michael Migliori, and many, many others. Your strength and support vii have been more help than you can imagine, and I only hope I have been able to be as present for you as you have been for me. Thank you to Charlie, Will and Elliott for always lightening the mood and for filling our home with love 24 hours a day. Thank you to my mother, Lynn Pebole Shell, for reminding me that yes, all of this is normal. And a special thank you to my partner, Derek Kanarek, for knowing that I was capable when I was less than certain. viii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my mother, Lynn Pebole Shell, who raised three strong-minded and gentle-hearted children, and to my own three strong-minded and gentle-hearted children, Charlie, Will and Elliott. I hope you will grow up to pursue your own answers to your own questions. Lastly, I dedicate this dissertation to the next generation of scientist activists. May we all get that balance right, because the world is counting on us. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Content Page ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... vi DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................. ix LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER 1 ...................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION MERCENARIA MERCENARIA AS A MANAGEABLE RESOURCE ..........................................................1 INTRODUCTION TO MERCENARIA MERCENARIA ............................................................................2
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