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The Spectacle of the Real Hollywood to Reality TV and Beyond From Spectacle.Qrk 16/12/04 11:30 am Page 1 Hollywood special effects offer spectacular Geoff King Edited by Geoff King creations or re-creations that make claims to our attention on the grounds of their ‘incredible- seeming reality’. They can appear both ‘incredible’ and ‘real’, their appeal based on their ability to ‘convince’ – to appear real in terms such as detail and texture – and on their status as fabricated The Spectacle spectacle, to be admired as such. At a seemingly very different end of the audio-visual media spectrum, ‘reality’ television offers the spectacle of, supposedly, the ‘real’ itself, a ‘reality’ that of the Real ranges from the banality of the quotidian to intense interpersonal engagements (two extremes The SpectacleoftheReal From Hollywood to Reality TV and Beyond experienced in Big Brother, for example). The two also overlap, however, nowhere more clearly and Geoff King is a lecturer in Film and TV Studies at jarringly than in the ultimate ‘spectacle of the real’, Brunel University. the destruction of the World Trade Center in New York, live television coverage of which evoked constant comparison with big-screen fictional images. This collection explores a number of issues emerging from these conjunctures between 'spectacle' and the 'real'. The first part includes examination of the representation of 9/11 itself. In Part II, the focus turns to forms of reality TV ranging from the 'caught on tape' and 'real-love TV' formats to the broadcast of medical operations and the negotiations of real and authentic found in professional wrestling. Part III address similar issues in film, including production design in films set in the past, the bullet-time effect of The Matrix, horror/reality dynamics from The Blair Witch Project to Cannibal Holocaust and 'real-sex' Front cover quote by Dr. Therese Davis, The University sequences in contemporary art cinema. of Newcastle, Australia. intellect ISBN 1-84150-120-4 intellect 'A genuinely trans-disciplinary text that PO Box 862 provides a rich framework within Bristol BS99 1DE United Kingdom which to think about spectacle in the 21st www.intellectbooks.com intellect century.' 9 781841 501208 Spectacleofthereallayout.qrk 16/12/04 11:25 am Page 1 The Spectacle of the Real: From Hollywood to ‘Reality’ TV and Beyond Edited by Geoff King Spectacleofthereallayout.qrk 16/12/04 11:25 am Page 2 First Published in the UK in 2005 by Intellect Books, PO Box 862, Bristol BS99 1DE, UK First Published in the USA in 2005 by Intellect Books, ISBS, 920 NE 58th Ave. Suite 300, Portland, Oregon 97213-3786, USA Copyright ©2005 Intellect Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 1-84150-120-4 Cover Design: Gabriel Solomons Copy Editor: Holly Spradling Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd. Spectacleofthereallayout.qrk 16/12/04 11:25 am Page 3 Contents Notes on Contributors 5 Preface 9 Jay David Bolter Introduction: The Spectacle of the Real 13 Geoff King Part I: Spectacle, Ideology, Catastrophe 1. Media Culture and the Triumph of the Spectacle 23 Douglas Kellner 2. Real Time, Catastrophe, Spectacle: Reality as 37 Fantasy in Live Media Lee Rodney 3. ‘Just Like a Movie’?: 9/11 and Hollywood Spectacle 47 Geoff King 4. Reframing Fantasy: September 11 and the Global 59 Audience Kathy Smith 5. Teratology of the Spectacle 71 Dean Lockwood Part II: Reality/TV 6. Caught on Tape: A Legacy of Low-tech Reality 83 Amy West 7. Love ‘n the Real; or, How I Learned to Love Reality TV 93 Misha Kavka 8. Looking Inside: Showing Medical Operations on 105 Ordinary Television Frances Bonner Contents 9. Hell in a Cell and Other Stories: Violence, 117 Endangerment and Authenticity in Professional Wrestling 3 Spectacleofthereallayout.qrk 16/12/04 11:25 am Page 4 Leon Hunt 10. Docobricolage in the Age of Simulation 129 Bernadette Flynn Part III: Film 11. A Production Designer’s Cinema: Historical 139 Authenticity in Popular Films Set in the Past Michele Pierson 12. The New Spatial Dynamics of the Bullet-Time Effect 151 Lisa Purse 13. ‘I was dreaming I was awake and then I woke up and 161 found myself asleep’: Dreaming, Spectacle and Reality in Waking Life Paul Ward 14. Cannibal Holocaust and the Pornography of Death 173 Julian Petley 15. Beyond the Blair Witch: A New Horror Aesthetic? 187 Peg Aloi 16. Spectres and Capitalism / Spectacle and the Horror 201 Film Mike Wayne 17. Looking On: Troubling Spectacles and 213 the Complicitous Spectator Michele Aaron 18. The Enigma of the Real: The Qualifications for Real 223 Sex in Contemporary Art Cinema Tanya Krzywinska The Spectacle of the Real 4 Spectacleofthereallayout.qrk 16/12/04 11:25 am Page 5 Notes on Contributors Michele Aaron lectures on film int he department of American and Canadian Studies at the University of Birmingham. She is editor of The Body’s Perilous Pleasures (1999) and New Queer Cinema: A Critical Reader (2003) and has published a number of articles, most recently on Jewishness and gender, and queer film and cinematic fiction. She is currently completing a book entitled Spectatorship: the Power of Looking On. Email: [email protected] Peg Aloi teaches creative writing and film studies at Emerson College in Boston, Massachusetts. She is also a freelance film critic for the Boston Phoenix. Recent publications include essays in the anthologies Seven Seasons of Buffy from BenBella Books, and The Last Pentacle of the Sun: Writings to Benefit the West Memphis Three from Arsenal Pulp Press. She is also co-editing(with Hannah Sanders) a collection of academic essays on contemporary paganism in the US and UK. Email: [email protected] Jay David Bolter is Director of the Wesley New Media Center and Wesley Chair of New Media at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He is the author of Turing’s Man: Western Culture in the Computer Age (1984); Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing, (1991; second edition 2001); and Remediation (1999), written in collaboration with Richard Grusin. In addition to writing about new media, Bolter collaborates to construct new digital media forms. With Michael Joyce, he created Storyspace, a hypertext authoring system. With Blair Macintyre, he is building an Augmented Reality (AR) system to create dramatic and narrative experiences for entertainment and informal educational settings. Email: [email protected] Frances Bonner lectures in film and television in the School of English, Media Studies and Art History at the University of Queensland, Australia. She is the author of Ordinary Television (2003) and one of the authors of Fame Games: The Production of Celebrity in Australia (2000). Her principal research areas are non- fiction television and magazine coverage of health issues. Email: [email protected] Bernadette Flynn is a lecturer in screen production and digital media in The Notes on Contibutors School of Film, Media and Cultural Studies at Griffith University, Australia. Her research focuses on the areas of computer games, digital aesthetics, documentary and spatiality. With a background in video art and production, she has been engaged in new media research practice since 1993. Her current project is an exploration of dynamic spatialization in the Neolithic temples of Malta. Her writing 5 Spectacleofthereallayout.qrk 16/12/04 11:25 am Page 6 can be found online and in journals including Media Information Australia, M/C and Information, Communication and Society. Email: B.Flynn@mail box .gu.edu.au Leon Hunt is a senior lecturer in Film and TV Studies at Brunel University. He is the author of British Low Culture: From Safari Suits to Sexploitation (1998) and Kung Fu Cult Masters: From Bruce Lee to Crouching Tiger (2003).Email: [email protected] Misha Kavka is a lecturer in Film, Television and Media Studies at the University of Auckland. She has published articles on feminism, camp, gothic cinema, and New Zealand television, as well as co-editing a book on feminist theory, Feminist Consequences: Theory for the New Century. She is currently writing a book about the global manifestations and media impact of reality television. Email: [email protected] Douglas Kellner is George Kneller Chair in the Philosophy of Education at UCLA and is author of many books on social theory, politics, history, and culture, including Camera Politica: The Politics and Ideology of Contemporary Hollywood Film, co-authored with Michael Ryan; Critical Theory, Marxism, and Modernity; Jean Baudrillard: From Marxism to Postmodernism and Beyond; Postmodern Theory: Critical Interrogations (with Steven Best); Television and the Crisis of Democracy; The Persian Gulf TV War; Media Culture; and The Postmodern Turn (with Steven Best). Recent publications include: Media Spectacle; Grand Theft 2000: Media Spectacle and the Theft of an Election; The Postmodern Adventure: Science, Technology, and Cultural Studies at the Third Millennium (co-authored with Steve Best); and September 11, Terror War, and the Bush Presidency. Email: [email protected] Geoff King is a senior lecturer in Film and TV Studies at Brunel University and author of books including New Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction (2002), Spectacular Narratives: Hollywood in the Age of the Blockbuster (2000), American Independent Cinema (2005), Film Comedy (2002) and Mapping Reality: An Exploration of Cultural Cartographies (1996). He is currently completing a study of videogames co-authored with Tanya Krzywinska. Email: [email protected] Tanya Krzywinska is a reader in Film and TV Studies at Brunel University. She is the author of A Skin For Dancing In: Possession, Witchcraft and Voodoo in Film (2000), co-author with Geoff King of Science Fiction Cinema: From Outerspace to Cyberspace (2000) and co-editor with Geoff King of ScreenPlay: Cinema/ Videogames/ Interfaces (2002).
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