The Internet Is Broken. Let's Fix
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THE MAGAZINE OF TECHNOLOGY INSIDERS 07.09 THE INTERNET IS BROKEN. LET’S FIX IT. ROUTERS ARE PRICEY POWER HOGS, SAYS INTERNET PIONEER LARRY ROBERTS. HIS RADICAL REDESIGN CURES WHAT AILS THEM BUILDING A MONSTER LASER GERMANY’S GREEN-ENERGY GAP volume 46 number 7 north american 07.09 UPDATE 13 INTERPLANETARY INTERNET Weaving a different kind of web— in space. By Elise Ackerman 14 OF COWS AND POWER LINES 15 WHAt’S THE POINT OF INTEL’S MOBILE INTERNET DEVICE? 16 KING COAL EATS ITS VEGGIES 17 IS THIS THE MOMENT FOR BROADBAND OVER POWER LINES? 18 JORDan’S HIGH-TECH WATER PLAN 20 THE BIG PICTURE Three robots in search of an author. OPINION 28 10 SPECTRAL LINES Our new Web site allows users to explore the content-rich world of IEEE Spectrum and IEEE. 12 FORUM Spectrum’s May article on world- shaking microchips rakes in responses. 27 REFLECTIONS Some engineering problems are wicked hard. By Robert W. Lucky DEPARTMENTS 4 BACK STORY Lasers aim for ICBMs but hit mosquitoes. 40 34 6 CONTRIBUTORS LASER COVER STORY GEEK LIFE FOCUSED: 22 A dream phone turns out to be Northrop only a dream. By Susan Karlin Grumman 34 A RADICAL 24 Put 470 000 words in your pocket. research creates By Steven Cherry a weapons- NEW ROUTER grade laser; 23 CAREERS Lawrence Today’s network routers are choking on streaming video and peer-to- Art curators get help from signal- Roberts is peer file sharing. A new router design that keeps track of individual processing researchers. By Susan Karlin wired up; it’s data flows promises a fix.By Lawrence G. Roberts all too quiet 24 HANDS ON on Germany’s Add a virtual wristwatch to your other green-energy 28 RAY GUNS GET REAL DIY projects. By James Turner front. For 50 years, the U.S. military has wanted a solid-state laser weapon 25 BOOKS 179 mathematical teasers for that can destroy targets at the speed of light without collateral damage. readers 11 to 88. By Clive Feather The latest batch of contenders brings some new ideas to the hunt for 26 TOOLS & TOYS COVER: the ultimate weapon. By Jeff Hecht Wiring your entire house for sound has JONATHAN never been easier. By Tekla S. Perry SPRAGUE/ REDUX 40 GERMANY’S GREEN-ENERGY GAP 56 THE DATA PHOTOS, CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT: Telcos are laying as many underwater NORTHROP GRUMMAN; The offshore wind farms that were to replace nuclear- and coal-fired cables as they did in the dot-com JONATHAN SPRAGUE/ REDUX; PETER FAIRLEY power plants aren’t coming online quickly enough. By Peter Fairley heyday. By Steven Cherry WWW.SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG JULY 2009 • IEEE SPECTRUM • NA 1 volume 46 number 7 north american 07.09 TECH INSIDER WEBINARS Check out all webinars, including these below, at www.spectrum.ieee. org/webinar: Windows Embedded: The Platform for Connected, Efficient Industrial Devices Creating Powerful Data-Capture Solutions Episode II: Sense, Think, Act for Unmanned Robotic Systems Multiphysics Simulation WWW.IEEE.ORG/ THEINSTITUTE AVAILABLE 7 JULY ON THE INSTITUTE ONLINE TECHNOLOGY FOR RURAL CLASSROOMS Bringing educational materials to SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG students in impoverished and remote areas is the goal of IEEE Fellow Krishna Palem. Learn about the LED THE WEB SITE: NEW! IMPROVED! solar-powered tablet PC, called IEEE Spectrum has a new look online. But the changes are more than the I-slate, that he and his team developed to replace a blackboard. skin deep. So now that you’re looking at the new home page [above], what should you do next? GETTING YOUR n Browse the latest, most popular n Interact: Leave a comment, NAME OUT IN stories: Use the arrow buttons to anywhere—on articles, videos, or flip through the top stories with blog entries. Then subscribe to the CYBERSPACE big photographs. Or scroll down comment RSS feed to keep track of The more your name appears on the and click the tabs to view the most what other visitors are saying. Internet in connection with your field, popular stories of the week. the better your chances of landing n Gorge on feeds: Click the RSS a job, getting a plum assignment, or n Check out a topic of interest: In button in your address bar and get just making a new and useful contact, the black navigation bar, click to exactly what you want. You can career experts say. IEEE members have browse one of 11 categories or more subscribe to a single blog, a specific an advantage over others because than 60 subcategories, each filled category of content, or just get one they can create an online presence in with a mix of blogs, articles, and feed with everything. It’s up to you! a number of ways. Find out how. multimedia content. n Watch and listen: Click the n Find exactly what you’re looking “Multimedia” link at the top of the TECH IN for: Use the improved search page to check out videos, podcasts, THE MOVIES: function, which lets you search the and slide shows. entire site or narrow your search JAMES BOND down to a particular content type n Get related content: When James Bond movies are famous or blog. you’re reading an article, look to the for their futuristic technologies and right—the site automatically provides gadgets. Frederik Nebeker of the links to related Spectrum articles and IEEE History Center discusses the relevant papers in the IEEE Xplore® technologies behind some of the digital library. top Bond gadgets over the years. IEEE SPECTRUM (ISSN 0018-925) is published monthly by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2009 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, U.S.A. The editorial content of IEEE Spectrum magazine does not represent official positions of the IEEE or its organizational units. Canadian Post International Publications Mail (Canadian Distribution) Sales Agreement No. 4001087. Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: Circulation Department, IEEE Spectrum, Box 1051, Fort Erie, ON L2A 6C7. Cable address: ITRIPLEE. Fax: +1 212 419 7570. INTERNET: [email protected]. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS: IEEE Members: $21.40 included in dues. Libraries/institutions: $99. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to IEEE Spectrum, c/o Coding Department, IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Box 11, Piscataway, NJ 08855. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY, and additional mailing offices. Canadian GST #12564188. Printed at W224-N22 Duplainville Rd., Pewaukee, WI 5072-4195, U.S.A. IEEE Spectrum circulation is audited by BPA Worldwide. IEEE Spectrum is a member of American Business Media, the Magazine Publishers of America, and the Society of National Association Publications. WWW.SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG JULY 2009 • IEEE SPECTRUM • NA back story EDITORIAL EDITOR IN CHIEF Susan Hassler, [email protected] EXECUTIVE EDITOR Glenn Zorpette, [email protected] Wood, a protégé of Edward MANAGING EDITOR Elizabeth A. Bretz, [email protected] Teller’s, had managed to build SENIOR EDITORS Harry Goldstein (Online), [email protected]; Jean Kumagai, [email protected]; Samuel K. Moore (News), a laser accurate enough to fry [email protected]; Tekla S. Perry, [email protected]; Philip E. Ross, mosquitoes in midflight. [email protected]; David Schneider, [email protected]; William Sweet, [email protected] Hecht was delighted. The SENIOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR Steven Cherry (Resources), veteran technology correspondent [email protected] has been writing about lasers, ASSOCIATE EDITORS Sally Adee, [email protected]; Erico Guizzo, [email protected]; Joshua J. Romero (Online), optoelectronics, and solid-state [email protected]; Sandra Upson, [email protected] physics since 1974 for such ASSISTANT EDITOR Willie D. Jones, [email protected] publications as Laser Focus World, SENIOR COPY EDITOR Joseph N. Levine, [email protected] New Scientist, and the Bulletin COPY EDITOR Michele Kogon, [email protected] of the Atomic Scientists. In fact, EDITORIAL RESEARCHER Alan Gardner, [email protected] he had come up with this same EXECUTIVE PRODUCER, SPECTRUM RADIO Sharon Basco ASSISTANT PRODUCER, SPECTRUM RADIO Francesco Ferorelli, mosquito-killing scheme himself [email protected] and submitted the idea in the ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANTS Ramona Gordon, [email protected]; form of a short science-fiction Nancy T. Hantman, [email protected] story to the journal Nature. The INTERN Rosaleen Ortiz, [email protected] CONTRIBUTING EDITORS John Blau, Robert N. Charette, story, called “Directed Energy: Peter Fairley, David Kushner, Robert W. Lucky, More Than a Flash in the Pan,” Paul McFedries, Kieron B. Murphy, Prachi Patel, Carl Selinger, Seema Singh, John Voelcker was published in 2006—a full Lasers, Great year before Wood suggested his ART & PRODUCTION mosquito zapper. SENIOR ART DIRECTOR Mark Montgomery ASSOCIATE ART DIRECTOR Michael Solita The idea is destined to become and Small ASSISTANT ART DIRECTOR Brandon Palacio more than a sci-fi figment. Bill PHOTO EDITOR Randi Silberman Gates recently announced he DIRECTOR, PERIODICALS PRODUCTION SERVICES Peter Tuohy s children, we fantasize would put the considerable weight EDITORIAL & WEB PRODUCTION MANAGER Roy Carubia about lasers that could of his charitable foundation SENIOR ELECTRONIC LAYOUT SPECIALIST Bonnie Nani blast a spaceship into behind the project, with the goal WEB PRODUCTION COORDINATOR Jacqueline L. Parker A MULTIMEDIA PRODUCTION SPECIALIST Michael Spector smithereens. As adults, drinking of eradicating malaria. gin and tonic outdoors on a “Is it really possible that I came EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD summer evening, we’d settle up with such a wild and crazy idea Susan Hassler, Chair; Marc T. Apter, Francine D. Berman, Jan Brown, Raffaello D’Andrea, Stephen L.