DISPLAY Handout

Welcome to UCSC Greenhouses. This sheet explains a few botanical facts about plant that will help you through the display and handout. UCSC Greenhouses is open to the campus every weekday from 9-3 and you can visit us on our website. http://greenhouse.ucsc.edu/

Plant reproduction is very different from reproduction. In animal reproduction the product of is a and in the product is a . This spore will grow into a haploid (1n) plant called a . When this gametophyte is mature, the gametophyte will produce . The gametes (egg and ) will fuse to form a that grows into a mature diploid (2n) called a . The sporophyte will undergo meiosis in some region of the plant and (1n) will be produced. This alternation between gametophyte generation and sporophyte generation is called the alternation of generations and is found in all .

At the evolutionary beginning of multi-cellular plant the gametophyte was the dominant generation. This means the sporophyte generation was very small and usually physically attached to, and dependent on the gametophyte. As plants evolved the gametophyte generation became smaller and less dominant and the sporophyte generation became larger and more dominant. In the most evolutionarily advanced plants, the flowering plants, the sporophyte generation is dominant and meiosis takes place in two locations. At the tip of the anther of a meiosis takes place and spores are produced. These spores grow into grains, which are mature male . The second location is inside the of the flower where meiosis takes place and spores are produced. These spores grow into sacs, which are the mature gametophytes of flowering plants.

Alternation of generations

1. What do make after meiosis is complete? A. gametophytes B. gametes C. spores D. eggs

2. What reproductive cells do gametophtes make? A. eggs and sperm B. spores C. sporophytes D. somatic cells

3. What is formed by the union of male and female gametes? A. spores B. C. D. embryo sacs

NONVASCULAR PLANTS:

MARCHANTIA- LIVERWORT

4. Splashing rain water is important for this plants compared to more ancestral plants which needed to be submerged in water to reproduce sexually? Which statement below is false? A. Being able to reproduce out of water enabled plants to become established on land. B. Being able to reproduce out of water increased their ability to survive changing environmental conditions such as droughts that may have lowered global water levels. C. Being able to reproduce out of water evolved due to natural selection. D. This was not an evolutionary advantage.

FUNARIA-

5. Which sentence is correct? A. The moss gametophyte depend on the sporophyte for water and nutrients. B. The moss sporophyte depend on the gametophyte for water and nutrients.

6. The (plant that produces spores) produces a A. Diploid spores B. Haploid spores

VASCULAR PLANTS:

PSILOTUM

7. What is not a competitive advantage of having vascular ? A. Raises sporangia higher for better dispersal of spores. B. Plant can grow taller and better compete for light. C. Plants with vascular systems can grow in areas where the water is deep in the soil D. Plants with reproduce more offspring.

SELAGINELLA 8. Heterosporous plants produce______(one/two) type of spores ; Homosporous plants produce ______(one/two) type of spores. A. One and One B. One and Two C. Two and One D. Two and Two

9. Which definition of evolution is correct and complete. A. Evolution is the survival of the fittest over generations. B. Evolution is the change in fitness of a . C. Evolution is the change allele frequencies of a population over generations. D. Evolution is natural selection within a species.

10. What evolutionary advantage would be recognized by separating the gametes as heterosporous plants do? A. Greater chance of cross fertilization. B. Higher percentage of reproduction. C. More gametes being produced. D. Less chance of mixing allele frequency within a population.

POLYPODIUM-

11. are homosporous, How does this increase the survival advantage? A. Homosporous species do not have much genetic variation in the population. This can be advantageous in unchanging environments. B. Homosporous species evolve slowly and therefore have no survival advantage. C. Homosporous species can adapt best to radically changing environments. D. If the parent plant thrives in a location its offspring may be at a disadvantage with a very similar genotype.

12. If the environment changes which species has more of an advantage A. homosporous species B. heterosporous species

SEED PLANTS 13. The pollen grain is a male gametophyte. In it travels to the female by A. Wind B. Water C. D.

14. What is not a morphological gymnosperms have undergone to reduce water loss. A. Developed a thick cuticle, B. Reduced size of , C. Stomata are in sunken pits D. They grow closer to water sources.

15. plants (Angiosperms and Gymnosperms) all have non-motile sperm. When looking at ALL ancestral plants, this would be a A. Synapomorphic trait B. Symplesiomorphic trait

16. When looking at just the Angiosperm group this would be a A. Synapomorphic trait B. Symplesiomorphic trait

17. Seed development was an adaptation that increased survival rates for the gymnosperms and angiosperms. What was not a factor? A. Megagametophyte or provides food for the developing embryo, B. Seeds can germinate when conditions are advantageous, C. Seed coats add protection to embryo D. Seed development increased natural selection.

ANGIOSPERMS-FLOWERING PLANTS

18. Why is endosperm important? A. It is the first step in plant reproduction. B. It is how the sperm is produced. C. It is a source of food for the embryo D. It increases genetic diversity.

19. What is not an advantage of flower fragrance, color, or nectaries? A. They attract (or help attract) . B. Colors can guide the insects to land on the in a way that helps attach pollen to the . C. Carnivorous plants use flower fragrance, color or nectaries to trap insects. D. Different fragrances, colors and nectaries between plant species will attract specific insects to that specific species therefore less pollen needs to be made.

20. Presently flowering plants make up the majority of species of plants on the . One reason for their success is that they have coevolved with what group of ? (Hint: These animals disperse the flowering plants male gametophtes to other flowers.) A. Fish B. Reptiles C. Insects D. Amphibians

21. Many species produce a swollen ovary (). How does this benefit the species? A. Attracting animals that feed on the fruit and disperse seed, B. Fruit benefits the species as it reduces the need for the plant to produce . C. Fruit is a major part of the process D. Fruit is always the best way for any plant to spread its seed.