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The Condottiere Raimondino De'lupi, His Tomb in Padua and Its Influence on the Memorials of Other Condottieri in the Veneto*

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The Condottiere Raimondino De'lupi, His Tomb in Padua and Its Influence on the Memorials of Other Condottieri in the Veneto* The Condottiere Raimondino De'Lupi, His Tomb in Padua and Its Influence on the Memorials of Other Condottieri in the Veneto* The Veronese 1omb of Cangrande della Scala. who died con<louiere for the Carrarn family. But even 1hough he in 1329. i, one of sever:11 1ombs of 1yra.n1s carved in 1he fough1 under 1heir wagon-emblazoned standard. he was founecnlh ccn111ry in Nonhcrn 11aly which culmina1es wi1h pem1i11cd 10 use his own personal insignia. prc.,umably 1he ponrai1 of the deceased in full annor as1ride a horse. all because of his valor. For ins1ancc. in 1338 when the bur ready for baule. O1hcrs include the tomb of Maslino II Scaligcri lay siege to a castle in 1he Vicen1inc region. della Scala. comple1cd in ¼:rona by 1351: 1he 1omb of Raimondi no. along with 1wo Olhers. came 10 the defense of Bernabo Viscon1i. complc1ed in Milan by 1363: and the the ca.tic and succeeded in repelling the ossailants.' 1omb of Cansignorio dclla Scala, begun in ¼:rona before In 1346. when Luchino Visconti took power in Parn1a. 1375. ' TI1c aim of this essay is 10 demonstrate that begin­ thereby weakening the , trcngth of 1he nobles and usurping ning in the fourth quancr of the founccnth century les., their castles and villages. all of the Lupi despaired of ever powerful men who occupied the role of condoniere induced returning to Soragna . But knowing 1hnt Panna and its 1he crca1ion of sculptural memorials equally grand in .c:,lc territoric, belonged to the Empire. 1hcy turned for assis- and with a similar stress on military imagery. 1ancc 10 Charles IV, now King of 1hc Roman, and of The first condouicre 10 do so seems 10 have Ix-en Bohemia. On September 2 1. 1347. Charles. who was Raimondino de'Lupi. Marchese of Soragna. Clearly his friendly with the Pope. , igncd a diploma in Prague inves1ing successful li fe as a military ,nan who amassed great ,vcallh the Lupi with 1he Marche.,a10 of Soragna and other lands. during his career led him and his anists to rival in size and which he took from Parma. in imagery the funerary models produced by the anists of Soon after lhi,. Raimondino went into 1hc services of the: tyranb. In tum. Raimondino ·s monumcm. which once Charles. from whom he rccci"ed 1hc investiture of other s1ood in 1hc Oratory of St. George in Padua. cs1ablished an propenies in 1350. Charles named Raimondino hb coun­ imponan1 prcceden1 for 1hc monuments of 01her eondouieri sellor. familiar and secretary (cmuiglierl'. famigliare ,, in 1hc \'cnc10. bo1h funerary and conune111ora1ive. precisely Ui/ret/lrio). and in 1353 he gave him power 10 deal with his because of its immensity and i1s allusion~ to war. It is. in affai" concerning the Venetians. Paduans. Veronese. Fer• fac1. probably only because Raimondino ·s 10111b was almos1 rarcsc. Florentines. Pcrugians. Siencse. Aretincs. Tuscans complc1ely desiroyed after 1he Napoleonic invasion of 1797 and Lombards.6 In that same year Raimondino. acting as 1ha1 ii has become largely forgoucn and 1hat i1s role in 1he ambassador for Charles. helped forn, a league bc1wccn the developme111 of la1er monuments has not been properly king and the Venetian Republ ic.' and in Florence he served recognized. as a medimor between Charles and the Florentines.• While Raimondino's family is firsr documented with ccnainty in Tuscany he was captain of the Florentine army. in which in Soragna. a small village about 20 kilometers northwest of role he successfully rCCO\'Cred Barga ror the Republic.• Parma. in the 1hineen1h century. ' Though we do not km)w In 1355. after Charles had become Emperor. he began when Raimondino was born. we can begin to trnce his to give Raimondino an annual income of 700 gold Rorins. ascendent political and military career in 1325. In that year. Six years later he gave this same allowance to Raimondino ·s 1ogcthcr wi1h his bro1hers and cousins. Raimondino sided brother. Guido. and his five sons. Then. in 1366. Charles with the fac tion of Pope John XXll. 3 In 1332. shonly after issued a diploma declaring as citizens of Mantua. Parma. 1he entry into Italy of King John of Bohemia. who was Cremona and Reggio nor only Raimondino. but 1hrce of his favored by the Pope. Raimondino panicipa1cd in warfare. nephew, and one of his cousins. as well as his counsellors. Riding along with other Pannesans behind King John ·s son, household servants and 1able companions. In addition. he Charles IV, against armies from Ferrara. Mantua. Verona freed :,II of these people of every tax which could be and ~lilan. Raimondino helped rout and disperse 1he enemy. imposed on whate,•er propenies they might have in 1hose By way of celebration. Charles had himself knighted. and 1erri1orics- his i,urpose being to compensate the Lupi for all he made Raimondi no and others knights as well. they had suffered while in exile from Parma.•• In Dceember of 1336. the Scaligeri ordered the Lupi Al one point Raimondino seems 10 have fallen prisoner Castle at Sorngna destroyed .' By 1his rime. Raimondino to the Milanese. but just when he may have been cap111 rcd is apparently had become ensconced in Padua at the coun of a mauer of dispute. 11 In any event. one source suggests 1ha1 1he Carrarcsi. where he lived as a Guelph exile from Parma. he was released once 1he peace with Milan was signed on In Padua he was entrusted with ,.,,rious responsibilities. and November 10. 1370." so his exile was less harsh. In fact. by 1337 he was a On May 11 , 1372 Raimondino drew up his will in Mantua. This document reveals that Raimondino was by 1hen a very wcahhy man with a number of propenies in •An earlier version of this paper wa:. prcscmcd at the S1x t1."t"nth Annual Man1ua . 11 Other sources show that he had propeny in Conference of th< CcntC'r for Mcd1cvJJ and Early Rcnaiss-1~ Studic-~ in 14 B,nghanuoa. Ne\lo ) 'or$: on Oc1obcr 16. 198"2. In 1b present fonn. 11 i, Reggio and Cremona a, well as in Panna. In addition. the ckdicatcd to Jame~ Bed.. will states Raimondi no ·s in1ention 10 endow a ho,pi1al 9 dedicated 10 St. Lucy and St. Catherine. ,vhich he had enabled them 10 blockade Venice. At 1ha1 point. foam erected in Mantua . forced the Genovese Oecc to surrender by blocking the ·fo\, ard the end of hi~ life. Raimondino w:1, found channel at Oiioggia and starving it 001. This broke the back among the imperial leader:, in the retinue or Charles IV in of the Geno,·cse auack and. 1houth the war did not end until Udinc. '' But soon thereafter. still unable to return to Pamia. the following year. from 1h:11 tim.;- forward \ '<, nice controlled he mo,ed 10 Padua where he had relati ves.•• Documents the l..cvantinc trade. 11 ~ho,, thal he was li\ling in 1hat dty near Ponte Molino in Pisani died in August. 1380." On the twenty-secondo~ 1376. Moreover. in April of that year he began to acquire that month his body arrived in Venice. An extraordinary ne:irby lands from none mher than Francesco da Carrara crowd 1unicd om. and with great popular panicipation he himself." Shonly after 1ha1. he prepared 10 erect and endow was buried under the noor of the now demolished \'<,.nctian a mortuary chapel dedicated 10 St. George near Padua ·s church of San Antonio. Since his will of April II. 1380 Ba,ilica of San Antonio. ,,hich was built 10 contain his mentioned no tomb. his funerary monument apparently \\:IS ex1~oordinary tomb.'" He died on November 30. 1379. commissioned by someone other than himself af!er his All that remain, of Raimondi no ·s tomb today are the death. \\~ lters suggests that Pisani ·s family selected an sarcoph:igu<. measuring 85 cm. wide by 218 cm. long. and ani,1 and paid for the execu tion of the tomb. As )~t. 1wo fragments of the baldat'chino. The sarcophagu$ is however. there is no documentary evidence as to who the supponed by four columns with foliate capitals which are sculptor might have been or exactly when the monument mounwd on the backs of four couchan1 wolves. the wolf may have been carved. being the family emblem of the Lupi (Figure I). 11,e body of Vcttore Pisani ·s tomb originally was a wall monumenl. the sarcophagus con<bts of large squares of marble set in l)c.s1royed with the demolition or San Antonio in 1810. we ,im1>ie. molded frames. three on each long side. one at each know it~ cornp0sirion 1oday primarily from n drawing end. ·n,e peaked lid of the ,:orcophagus is dccornted with published in 1754 by Grevembroch (Figure 3a). According c:orvcd panels also set within simple. molded frames. Most 10 the drawing. the monument consisted of a sarcophagus of the panels or the lid eo111ain vegetal motifs. but the and superstructure. The sarcophagus. which rested on the central panel on each long ,ide also holds a shield on which backs of c(>uthant lions supponed in turn by wall brackets, is carved a rampant wolf. was dccornted with fi gures in niches. These included the 111c comJX>si1ion of Raimondino ·s funerary complex is Virgin and Child in the central niche and probably St . Victor kno,\n lo us from cwo C)\:•'' itncss ac:-coums and three (the patron of the deceased) and St. Anthony Abboll (the funhcr 1cx1~. 19 Ac-cording to the tcxb. the tomb !)lood in the patron of the church) in the lateral niches.
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