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ABB Med Stort Socialt Ansvar Den Politiskt Aktiva Organisten Johan August Gripenstedt

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ABB Med Stort Socialt Ansvar Den Politiskt Aktiva Organisten Johan August Gripenstedt EDWARDS HÖRNA MOTSTÅNDET mot LYXEN Bullens pilsnerkorv, arkiverad whisky Lanthandeln riskerade att släppa lös en flod och Edwards egen vapensköld. av onödig konsumtion av socker och sprit. no 5 2012 MAGASINET OM NÄRINGSLIVETS HISTORIA pris 59 kr näringsfrihet 1860-talet blev årtiondet som utvecklar förändrade allt ABB med stort socialt ansvar Den politiskt aktiva organisten Johan August Gripenstedt Näringsfrihetens + motpol Japan Optionshandelns fader Ledare | per dahl Även förlorarna var övertygade när denna tidskrift trycktes sam- Avreglering av apoteksmarknaden? lade Centrum för Näringslivshistoria Nej, verkligen inte! Vi måste säkra att till seminarium om de reformer som allmänheten inte möter outbildad per- kom till stånd 1864 på initiativ av poli- sonal. Vi måste se till att läkemedels- tikern Johan August Gripenstedt. Två försörjningen faktiskt fungerar även på år senare skulle han åter utmärka sig i småorter. Vi kan inte låta storkoncerner politiken, denna gång som reformtalare slå ut lokala företag. under den kända riksdagsdebatten 1865 Ska vem som helst kunna äga och om representations- driva skolor? Tja, reformen. ”Hur kunde det ta vad händer när Men nu, ett år räntesnurror och tidigare, gällde det hela hundra år för snillrik bokföring avskaffandet av för pengar som Lilla skeppsdockan i Stockholm år 1873, den ekonomiska träsnitt. Finnboda varvs historiska arkiv hos lagreglerna kring tidigare har varit Centrum för Näringslivshistoria. de sista resterna gemensamma skat- av medeltidens upplysningen att temedel ut ur vårt skråbestämmelser. bryta igenom?” nationalhushåll, Ansvarig utgivare: Alexander Husebye, Hindren hade stått bort till avlägsna [email protected], under debatt sedan hundra år; präs- skatteparadis? Ska man verkligen 08-634 99 14 ten Anders Chydenius hade satt in kunna göra okontrollerad vinst på Redaktör: Per Dahl, per.t.h.dahl@ den första stöten mot dem genom sin barns behov av lärande? Hur går det naringslivshistoria.se, 08-634 99 52 kampanj mot det bottniska stapel- då med utbildningskvaliteten? Bildredaktör: Margarita Feldman tvånget under 1765–1766 års riksdag. Samma resonemang möter vi i dis- Projektledare: Anna Linderoth Det är lätt för oss i dag att se vil- kussionen om andra välfärdstjänster, ken sida som hade framtiden för sig, från äldreomsorg till sjukvård. Redaktionsråd: Per-Ola Karlsson vem som stod för förnuft och vem Jag tror att många av näringsfri- och Eva Ersson Åbom som företrädde bakåtsträveriet. Hur hetens motståndare för 148 år sedan Grafisk form och produktion: Matts Hildén kunde det ta hela hundra år för den skulle ha känt igen sig. Vi måste ta och Elin Thomson, www.silviamedia.se ekonomiska upplysningen att bryta ansvar. Nationens resurser bör förbli Repro & tryck: åtta.45, tel: 08-55 33 48 00 igenom vallarna? Varför greps inte nationens. Vi måste kunna garantera Kontakt: Centrum för Näringslivs historia motståndarna av sådan skam inför att människor inte möter skojare i sina Grindstuvägen 48—50, 167 33 Bromma, sin egen ologiska hållning att ekonomiska transaktioner. Vi måste tel: 08-634 99 00, www.naringslivshistoria.se de tystnade tidigare? skydda småföretagarna. Företagsminnen på Facebook: Det är lätt att i efter- Vi bör också betänka att det i www.facebook.com/foretagsminnen hand se de stora linjerna. Sverige år 1860 bara levde omkring ISSN: 1101-7473 Men näringsfriheten 3,9 miljoner människor. Den grad av är ju faktiskt inte genom- anonymitet i ekonomiska relationer förd än, fullt ut. Lyssnar som vi tar för given i dag måste då ha vi till aktuella debat- varit långt mindre. Skor köptes inte i ter i dag är den billigaste butiken, utan av skoma- det lättare kar Andersson, som man alltid hade CENTRUM FÖR NÄRINGSLIVSHISTORIA att förstå köpt av. Vad hade abstrakta tankar CENTRE FOR BUSINESS HISTORY IN STOCKHOLM Företagsminnen ges ut av Centrum för klimatet om konkurrens och arbetsfördelning Näringslivshistoria, världens största då, för med honom att göra? näringslivsarkiv. Bli företagsmedlem på 148 år Vi bör inse att argumenten och de- www.naringslivshistoria.se! sedan. batten då inte var så olik diskussionen i dag. Och att människor på båda sidor i avgörande historiska förlopp ofta är lika prenumerera! genuint övertygade om att deras syn- Företagsminnen utkommer med fem num- punkter är de ansvarsfulla och goda. mer per år. Prenumerations avgiften är 280 kr inklusive moms. Beställ ditt eget exemplar på Per Dahl, redaktör www.naringslivshistoria.se 2 företagsminnen 2012:5 26 Japan blev närings­ frihetens motpol Johan August Gripenstedt — närings- 8 frihetens huvudperson ABB tar ett sid 14: stort socialt Organisten ansvar i Indien och telegrafis­ 30 ten som agerade politiskt UR INNEHÅLLET alltid i företagsminnen 12 Vad ansåg reformens motståndare? 4 Ögonblicket 18 1860-talets mest hyllade författare 5 Krönikan 6 Noterat 21 Konkurrens gav glansperiod i Florens 40 Aktuell forskning 33 Mannen som introducerade 42 Recensioner optionshandeln 44 Edwards Hörna 46 Fråga Företagsminnen 35 Debatt: Sveriges historia utan företagare 48 Medlemmar 37 Så var det på Eli Heckschers tid 50 Korsord företagsminnen 2012:5 3 ÖGON BLICKET Samlade ögonblick! I november 1970 lanserades Nummerlotteriet Lagom till jul utkommer boken Ögonblicket, av Svenska Spels föregångare Penning­ där vi kan följa de företagshistoriska nedslagen lotteriet. Vinstnumren drogs i TV1, först i ett från 1997 och framåt. Ögonblicket är nämligen eget program men senare i Sveriges Magasin. Företagsminnens äldsta vinjett. Här möter vi vardagen så som vi en gång såg den — från brick­ Till en början använde man sig av tärningar, vil­ serveringens knapp för matbeställning till miss ket orsakade stora protester eftersom tärning­ Universum med arna var för små för att tittarna skulle kunna en kobratelefon i se vilka nummer som föll ut. Det ryktades om handen. De många fusk och manipulerade dragningar. Allmänna ögonblicksbilder­ Ingenjörsbyrån konstruerade då ett lycko­ na blir därför inte bara en tidsresa i hjul likt det som användes i Hylands Hörna, Företagsminnen som senare ersattes av maskinen som vi ser utan lika mycket på bilden. i vår vardags På bilden syns även programledaren och historia. Beställ producenten Karin Falck, som bland annat boken på vår ledde Eurovision Song Contest i Stockholm webbplats www.naringslivs­ 1975. Svenska Spels arkiv hos Centrum för historia.se! Näringslivshistoria. 4 företagsminnen 2012:5 Krönika | carl-johan westholm foto: timbro foto: Handeln är som kärleken fri ”ni är kända för er fria kärlek i Sverige”, sa en ameri- saknade maskiner och kylskåp. I Chicago hade vart femte kansk journalist till den unga prinsessan Christina när hushåll hembiträde, en profession som fram till 1920 var hon på 1960-talet kom till Harvard. ”Är inte all kärlek det vanligaste yrket för amerikanska kvinnor. fri”, blev hennes motfråga. Vilka slags varor och tjänster som inte finns i dag kom- Handeln är också alltid fri, men frihandeln finns inte mer att finnas i morgon? Och vad kommer de att kosta alltid och överallt. Tullar och skatter, regleringar och för- att producera, och att köpa? Tekniska uppfinningar banar bud kan hindra. vägen, skatter och lagar som motverkar arbetsdelning hin- I Sverige motiverades det gamla förbudet för bönder att drar. Tullar är skatter på varor som säljs över nationsgrän- fiska och sälja med att det fanns risk att de skulle överge ser. Skatter på varor och tjänster som säljs inom ett land jordbruket och därmed orsaka brist på mat. Länge fanns kallas inte tullar, men har samma effekter. Då frihandels- det stadstullar i många länder. Bibelns tulluppsyningsman idéerna var nya och vann anhängare, var tullarna höga och Sackeus tog in pengar vid stadsgränsen, inte statsgränsen. inkomstskatterna låga. Richard Cobden ivrade för frihandeln i Storbritannien Sverige hade länge västvärldens högsta skatter. Det bi- omkring 1830. Han var övertygad om att handel skapade drog troligen till att Sverige på senare år har blivit världs- fred. Frihandel blev handel över nationsgränser, inte inom. ledande i att minska deras skadliga biverkningar. Två stora Adam Smiths epokgörande The Wealth of Nations utkom frihandelsreformer inom landet har genomförts, med stort 1776. Den betonade arbetsdelningens betydelse; specia- motstånd i början men sedan alltmer populära. lisering lyfter ekonomin. Boken översattes samma år till Den första var vårdpengen, som också finns på flera tyska, till franska 1778, spanska 1792, ryska 1802, japanska håll i Europa, och skolpengen – en idé som Milton på 1870-talet och kinesiska 1902 – men till arabiska först Friedman lanserade som ”school vouchers”. Den andra är 1959. I Sverige kom delar som artiklar omkring 1800. rot- och rutavdragen. Även välinformerade i andra länder Idéer har konsekvenser. De är mycket praktiska. kan häpna över att höra att just Sverige har gått i spetsen Nu går vi troligen igenom ett teknologiskt skifte på ar- för dessa frihetsreformer. Utan dem hade skatterna hin- betsmarknaden vars omfattning vi inte har sett sedan den drat denna tjänstehandel, och levnadsstandarden varit industriella revolutionen – en ny slags arbetsdelning. De lägre. flesta i till exempel USA arbetade i jordbruk 1850. Femtio Handel skapar arbete, välstånd, fred på jorden – och år senare var den största gruppen där tjänstefolk i hushål- frid i hemmet. len. Jordbruket producerade mer med färre anställda, de arbetslösa flyttade till städerna, där de och många outbil- carl-johan westholm Fil.dr., vice president i Mont dade invandrare fick arbete i hushållen som på den
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