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Assessment of the Risk of Negative Impact on Biodiversity from Import VKM Report 2021: 04 Assessment of the risk of negative impact on biodiversity from import and release of eggs or live fish from landlocked Atlantic salmon from Klarälven in Sweden to Trysilelva in Norway Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment VKM Report 2021:04 Assessment of the risk of negative impact on biodiversity from import and release of eggs or live fish from landlocked Atlantic salmon from Klarälven in Sweden to Trysilelva in Norway. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. 13.03.2021 ISBN: 978-82-8259-358-8 ISSN: 2535-4019 Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) Postboks 222 Skøyen 0213 Oslo Norway Phone: +47 21 62 28 00 Email: [email protected] vkm.no vkm.no/english Cover photo: Upper part of Klarälven at Brattmon, downstream of Höljes in Sweden. Photo: Eva B. Thorstad. Suggested citation: VKM, Eva B. Thorstad, Åse Helen Garseth, Tor Gjøen, Snorre Gulla, Håvard Lo, Martin Malmstrøm, Tor Atle Mo, Gaute Velle, Hugo de Boer, Katrine Eldegard, Kjetil Hindar, Lars Robert Hole, Johanna Järnegren, Kyrre Kausrud, Lawrence Kirkendall, Inger Måren, Erlend B. Nilsen, Rolf Erik Olsen, Espen Rimstad, Eli Rueness, Øyvind Øverli and Anders Nielsen (2021). Assessment of the risk of negative impact on biodiversity from import and release of eggs or live fish from landlocked salmon from Klarälven in Sweden to Trysilelva in Norway. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM report 2021:04, ISBN: 978-82-8259-358-8 ISSN: 2535-4019. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM), Oslo, Norway. VKM Report 2021: 04 Assessment of the risk of negative impact on biodiversity from import and release of eggs or live fish from landlocked Atlantic salmon from Klarälven in Sweden to Trysilelva in Norway Preparation of the opinion The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø, VKM) appointed a project group to draft the opinion. The project group consisted of three VKM members, four external experts and a project leader from the VKM secretariat. Two external referees commented on and reviewed the draft opinion. The VKM Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) evaluated and approved the final opinion. For this assignment, the Panel on Alien Organisms and CITES is supplemented by three members of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. Authors of the opinion The authors have contributed to the opinion in a way that fulfils the authorship principles of VKM (VKM, 2019). The principles reflect the collaborative nature of the work, and the authors have contributed as members of the project group or an interdisciplinary VKM approval group, appointed specifically for the assignment. Members of the project group Eva B. Thorstad – Chair of the project group. Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim. Åse Helen Garseth – External expert. Affiliation: The Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI), Trondheim. Tor Gjøen – Member of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo Snorre Gulla – External expert. Affiliation: The Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI), Oslo. Håvard Lo – External expert. Affiliation: The Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI), Trondheim. Martin Malmstrøm – Project leader, VKM staff. Affiliation: VKM. Tor Atle Mo – External expert. Affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Oslo. Gaute Velle – Member of the project group and Chair of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) NORCE Norwegian Research Centre; 3) Department of Biological sciences, University of Bergen VKM Report 2021: 04 Members of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and Panel on Animal Health and Welfare that contributed to the assessment and approval of the opinion In addition to Eva B. Thorstad and Gaute Velle these were: Hugo de Boer – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Natural History Museum, Oslo. Katrine Eldegard – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås. Kjetil Hindar – Chair of the project group and member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim. Lars Robert Hole – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Bergen. Kyrre Kausrud – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) The Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI), Oslo. Johanna Järnegren – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim. Lawrence Kirkendall – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen. Inger Måren – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen. Erlend B. Nilsen – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim. Rolf Erik Olsen – Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Rolf Erik Olsen – Member of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). Espen Rimstad – Member of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). Eli Rueness – Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo. VKM Report 2021: 04 Øyvind Øverli – Member of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). Anders Nielsen – Vice chair of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO); 3) Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo. Acknowledgement VKM would like to thank the referees Doctor Charlotte Axén (National Veterinary Institute of Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden) and Professor Edmund Peeler (Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Waymouth, UK) for reviewing and commenting on the manuscript. VKM emphasises that the referees are not responsible for the content of the final opinion. In accordance with VKM’s routines for approval of a risk assessment (VKM, 2018), VKM received comments from the external referees before evaluation and approval by the interdisciplinary VKM approval group, and before the opinion was finalised for publication. Competence of VKM experts Persons working for VKM, either as appointed members of the Committee or as external experts, do this by virtue of their scientific expertise, not as representatives for their employers or third-party interests. The Civil Services Act instructions on legal competence apply for all work prepared by VKM. VKM Report 2021: 04 Contents Summary .................................................................................................................. 9 Sammendrag på norsk ........................................................................................... 15 Abbreviations and glossary .................................................................................... 22 Background as provided by the Norwegian Environment Agency ......................... 25 Terms of reference as provided by the Norwegian Environment Agency .............. 26 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 27 1.1 Atlantic salmon ...................................................................................................... 28 1.2 History, biology and description of Vänern and Trysilelva/Klarälven ........................... 29 Väneren and Trysilelva/Klaraälven ................................................................ 29 Trollhätte and Göta Canals connecting Kattegat, Vänern, Vättern, and the Baltic Sea 32 Timber flumes connecting Klarälven and Glomma watersheds ........................ 32 Fish communities ........................................................................................ 33 Origin, biology, and status of the Atlantic salmon .......................................... 35 Red-listed species ....................................................................................... 39 Alien and invasive species ............................................................................ 41 Aquaculture in Väneren ..............................................................................
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