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Metodologi Studi Hukum Islam Dari Nabi Muhammad Saw Hingga Majelis Ulama Indeonesia (Ushul Fikih Versi Kontemporer)

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Metodologi Studi Hukum Islam Dari Nabi Muhammad Saw Hingga Majelis Ulama Indeonesia (Ushul Fikih Versi Kontemporer) DR. M. NASRI HAMANG NAJED, SH, M.Ag. METODOLOGI STUDI HUKUM ISLAM DARI NABI MUHAMMAD SAW HINGGA MAJELIS ULAMA INDEONESIA (USHUL FIKIH VERSI KONTEMPORER) Editor Andi Bahri, STh.I, M.Fil.I, ME i KATALOG DALAM TERBITAN (KTD) METODOLOGI STUDI HUKUM ISLAM Dari NABI MUHAMMAD SAW Hingga MAJELIS ULAMA INDONESIA (Ushul Fikih Versi Kontemporer) v + 255 hal.; 16 x 21 cm Penulis : Dr. M. Nasri Hamang Najed, SH, M.Ag. Editor : Andi Bahri, STh, M.Fil.I Desain Cover : Nur Syamsu Lay Out : Faisal Nur Edisi Revisi : Maret 2016 ISBN : 978-602-71761-0-2 Penerbit : Umpar Press Jl. Jend. Ahmad Yani Km 6 Parepare - Sulawesi Selatan Percetakan : Galaxy Cluster Jalan Jend. Sudirman Kota Parepare ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Undang-Undang No. 19 Tahun 2002 tentang Hak Cipta Sanksi Pelanggaran Pasal 72 1. Barang siapa dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak melakukan perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 2 ayat (1) atau Pasal 9 ayat (1) dan ayat (2), dipidana dengan penjara paling singkat masing-masing 1 (satu) bulan dan/atau denda paling sedikit 1.000.000,00 (satu juta rupiah) atau pidana penjara paling lama 7 (tujuh) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp. 5.000.000.000,00 (lima miliar rupiah). 2. Barang siapa dengan sengaja menyiarkan, mengedarkan atau menjual kepada umum suatu ciptaan atau barang hasil pelanggaran Hak Cita atau Hak Terkait sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp. 500.000.000,00 (lima ratus juta rupiah). 3. Dilarang memperbanyak atau memindahkan sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini dalam bentuk apa pun, baik secara elektrik maupun mekanik, termasuk memfotocopy, merekam atau dengan sistem penyimpanan lainnya, tanpa izin tertulis dari Penulis dan Penerbit. ii Kupersembahkan Buat: Kedua Orang Tuaku: Hamang (alm) Inaje (almh) Isteriku: Hj. Rasma, S.Sos. (20 Juli 1966) Putera-Puteriku: Abdil Dzil Arsy (15-11-1994) Muhammad Dzil Ghifar (01-03-1997) Nur Illiyyien (26-04-1998) Nur Ayatillah (27-09-2001) Dzilzatillah (18-12-2004) iii Kata Pengantar بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم ألحمد هلل رب العلمين والصﻻة والسﻻم على خاتم النبيين وعلى أله وصحبه أجمعين Puji dan syukur yang tak terhingga saya panjatkan ke hadirat Allah r. a. atas hidayah dan inayah-Nya; serta shalawat dan salam saya kirimkan ke haribaan Nabi Muhammad saw. atas jihad dan uswahnya, sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan buku ini sesuai dengan draft yang saya susun. Buku ini saya susun untuk menjadi salah satu referensi dalam matakuliah Ushul Fikih yang saya ampu di STAIN (Sekolah Tinggi Agana Islam Negeri) Parepare dan matakuliah AI-Islam dan Kemuhammadiyahan (AIK-2) yang bermaterikan sebagian besar Ushul Fikih yang juga saya ampu pada Program Magister (S2) Program Studi Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) Program Pascasarjana Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare (PPs-Umpar). Buku Metodologi Studi Hukum Islam Dari Nabi Muhammad SAW Hingga Majelis Ulama Indonesia (Ushul Fikih Versi Kontemporer) yang terhidang ini adalah cetakan ulang/Edisi Revisi. Pada cetakan ulang ini terdapat penambahan materi pada Bagian Kedua, yaitu Metode Modernitas Muhammad Iqbal. Selain itu dilakukan pengubahan lay out dan editing mendasar iv disana sini. , di samping seperti materi-materi buku-buku Ilmu Ushul Fikih pada umumnya, juga beberapa materi yang bersifat kontemporer. Materinya yang bersifat kontemporer, antara lain rumusan pengertian ijma, contoh-contoh penerapan ijtihad, metode-metode Istinbath. Bukui ini tentu diliputi banyak kekurangan, baik yang bersifat teknis maupun prinsip. Saya mengharapkan cendekiawan untuk memberikan koreksi terhadapnya, demi penyajiannya yang lebih baik pada penerbitan berikut. Semoga Allah swt. menganugerahi nilai ibadah dan ridha atasnya; Ᾱmī ya Rabbal‘Alamīn. Pinrang - Parepare, Jumadil Awal 1437 H Maret 2016 M ttd. Penulis v Daftar Isi Kata Pengantar ......................................................... iii Pendahuluan ................................................................. 1 Bagian Pertama: Pengetahuan Landasan Metodologi Studi Hukum Islam ........................................................ 4 I. Syariat, Fikih dan Hukum A. Perspektif Budaya ------------------------------------ 5 B. Perspektif Agama Islam ----------------------------- 8 II. Tujuan Hukum Islam A. Tujuan Khusus ---------------------------------------- 12 B. Tujuan Umum ---------------------------------------- 16 III. Hukum yang Lima (al-Ahkam al-Khamsah) A. Wajib Khusus, Wajib Umum dan Wajib Kifayah dan Jumlahnya Masing-Masing --------- 23 B. Jumlah Haram yang Sedikit ------------------------ 24 C. Sunah yang Menjadi Lawan Makruh ------------- 24 D. Jumlah Mubah yang Amat Banyak --------------- 26 E. Sunnah Shaurah (Sunah Idola) Sebagai F. Pendapat Jama’ah Tabligh ------------------------ 27 G. Syarat Suatu Perbuatan Dinilai Berpahala ----- 29 H. Hikmah al-Ahkam al-Khamsah ------------------- 31 IV. Aliran Besar dalam Metodologi Studi Hukum Islam A. Aliran Ahlul Hadis (Tradisionalisme) ------------- 33 B. Aliran Ahlur Ra`yi (Rasionalisme) ----------------- 35 C. Sebab-Sebab Timbul Aliran Ahlul Hadis dan Ahlur Ra`yi -------------------------------------------- 38 D. Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Aliran Ahlul Hadis vi dan Ahlur Ra`yi ------------------------------------- 40 V. Istinbath (Analisis Maksud Nas) A. Pengertian Istinbath -------------------------------- 43 B. Metode-Metode Istinbath ------------------------- 44 VI. Al-Ta’abbud wa al-Ta’aqqul (Doktrinal dan Rasional) A. Pengertian al-Ta’abbud ---------------------------- 55 B. Pengertian al-Ta’aqqul ----------------------------- 58 C. Objek al-Ta’abbud dan al-Ta’aqqul --------------- 59 VII. Ijma (Aklamasi) pada Masa Kini A. Definisi Ijma untuk Masa Kini --------------------- 67 B. Bentuk-Bentuk Ijma pada Masa Kini ------------- 69 VIII. Ijtihad (Maksimalisasi Intelektualitas) A. Pengertian Ijtihad ------------------------------------ 73 B. Penerapan Ijtihad Bayani, Ijtihad Qiyasi dan Ijtihad Istishlahi --------------------------------------- 74 IX. Hasan wa Qabih (Baik dan Buruk) A. Hasan Lidzatih dan Hasan Ligairih ---------------- 81 B. Qabih Lidzatih dan Qabih Lighairih --------------- 82 X. Tathbiqi (Penerapan) Syariat Islam A. Penerapan Secara Mutlak -------------------------- 85 B. Penerapan Secara Kondisional -------------------- 87 C. Pelaksanaan atas Dorongan Ketakwaan Individu -------------------------------------------------- 88 D. Pelaksanaan Sebagai Tanggung Jawab Kepemimpinan Islami ------------------------------ 89 vii Bagian Kedua: Metodologi Studi Hukum Islam dari Nabi Muhammad saw hingga Majelis Ulama Indonesia I. Metode Wahyu Rasulullah saw. ------------------- 93 II. Metode Musyawarah Abu Bakar al-Shiddiq ---- 97 III. Metode Ra`yu Umar bin Khaththab -------------- 99 IV. Metode Istihsan Abu Hanifah ---------------------- 101 V. Metode Mashlahah Mursalah Malik bin Anas - 107 VI. Metode Istidlal al-Syafi’i ----------------------------- 111 VII. Metode Sunnah bil-Wus’a Ahmad bin Hanbal -- 117 VIII. Metode Zhahiriyah Daud al-Zhahiri -------------- 121 IX. Metode Istishhab al-Ghazali ----------------------- 125 X. Metode Salafi Ma’al-‘Aql Ibn Taimiyah --------- 129 XI. Metode Sadd Dzari’ah al-Syaukani --------------- 143 XII. Metode Maqashid Syari’ah al-Syathibi ---------- 153 XIII. Metode Mashlahah al-Thufi ----------------------- 159 XIV. Metode Sosial Reliji Sir Ahmad Khan ------------- 173 XV. Metode Rasio Syaikh Muhammad Abduh ------- 179 XVI. Metode Modernitas Sir Muhammad Iqbal ------ 185 XVII. Metode ‘Urf (Adat-Kebiasaan) T. M. Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy ------------------------------------------ 193 XVIII. Metode al-‘Adl (Keadilan) Yusuf Qardhawi ------ 199 XIX. Metode Tarjih Muhammadiyah ------------------- 211 XX. Metode Mazhab Nahdlatul Ulama --------------- 215 XXI. Metode al-Jam’u (Kompromi) Majelis Ulama Indonesia ------------------------------------------------ 223 XXII. Metode Rahmah (Kasih Sayang) Penulis Buku Ini --------------------------------------------------------- 227 viii GLOSARIUM ---------------------------------------------------- 235 INDEKS ----------------------------------------------------------- 241 DAFTAR PUSTAKA --------------------------------------------- 245 BIODATA PENULIS, EDITOR dan FOTO COVER ---------- 255 ix PENDAHULUAN Agama Islam sebagai sebuah ajaran, disebut dalam al-Qur`an dengan sebutan din (seperti misalnya dalam Q. S. `Ali Imran/3:19), millah (seperti dalam Q. S. al-Nahl/16: 123) dan syari’ah (seperti misalnya dalam Q. S. al- Jatsiyah/45: 18). Sebutan din menekankan Islam sebagai sebuah ajaran kehidupan yang sempurna dan sebutan millah menekankan Islam sebagai jalan hidup warisan Nabi Ibrahim a. s., dan sebutan syari’ah menekankan Islam sebagai agama yang mempunyai ketentuan- ketentuan yang harus dipatuhi. Islam sebagai din, millah dan syari’ah mengamanahkan kepada penganutnya (umat muslim), khususnya kepada individu yang disebut al-Qur`an dengan Ahludz-Dzikri (ulama; Q. S. al-Nahl/16: 43) untuk menunjukkan keberadaan agama Islam sebagai jalan yang lurus dan terang benderang bagi manusia melalui dua sumber utamanya, al-Qur`an dan hadis. Para Ahludz- Dzikri dari generasi ke generasi dituntut selalu bersikap aktif dalam mengayomi sesama manusia untuk mencapai tujuan hidupnya - menurut ungkapan agama yang lazim digunakan -, yaitu kebahagiaan di dunia dan di akhirat. Kehidupan manusia yang bersifat dinamis, menyebabkan banyak masalah yang muncul. Dinamika 1 sosial, ekonomi, politik dan budaya seiring perjalanan dan pekembangan kehidupan manusia, bukan hanya
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