Ricardian

Bulletin Magazine of the Richard III Society

ISSN 0308 4337 September 2013

Ricardian Bulletin September 2013

Contents 2 From the Chairman 59 Privateers, pirates and the king’s peace 3 Updates from the Chairman in the West Country Elaine Henderson 6 Society news and notices 61 A series of remarkable ladies. 13 Future Society events 5. Juana la Beltraneja of Castile 16 Society reviews Rita Diefenhart-Schmitt 22 Other news, reviews and events 62 Painting King Richard Graham Turner 32 Research news 64 Correspondence 35–49 Looking for Richard – the follow-up: 68 Book reviews and notices 34 News from City Council 71 Ricardian crossword 5 by Sanglier Sarah Levitt 72 The Barton Library 34 Did Richard III intended to be buried 74 Branches and Groups in Minster? David Johnson 81 New members 38 Richard III and the Magazine Gate: 83 Recently deceased members exploring a tradition 83 Obituaries Wendy E. A. Moorhen 84 Calendar 42 Medieval treatments for scoliosis 84 Stop Press – latest on the Judicial Tig Lang Review 45 The Greyfriars dig part II 47 Richard III: further debate and Colour section between pp 42 and 43 discord in his ongoing press and i The Australasian Convention media coverage Bruce Watson and Good King Richard on the rails Geoffrey Wheeler ii The Middleham weekend 50 The Man Himself: The face of Richard iii York’s Golden Boar III Caroline Wilkinson Pirates and privateers 55 Coming in your new-look December iv Leicester’s Magazine Gate Bulletin v The face of Richard III 56 Some notes on composing Sadoc vi A new painting of the King Sacerdos: a motet to celebrate the vii– discovery of Richard III’s remains viii Advertisements Michael Mullen

The Ricardian Bulletin is produced by the Bulletin Editorial Committee. © Richard III Society 2013. Individual contributions and illustrations © the contributors except where otherwise stated. Printed by Micropress Printers Ltd. For details on submitting future contributions, please see p. 49 Bulletin and Ricardian back numbers: Back issues of The Ricardian and the Bulletin are available from Judith Ridley. If you are interested in obtaining any back numbers, please contact Mrs Ridley to establish whether she holds the issue(s) in which you are interested. For contact details see inside back cover of the Bulletin 1 From the Chairman

This momentous year continues apace with many events, publications and programmes inspired by the success of the Looking for Richard III project and the Greyfriars dig. The Society aside, I keep waiting for the wheels to fall off the bandwagon! Through the Bulletin, the website, RIII mailings and our Facebook page, we are doing our best to keep everyone informed and up to date. However we are always pleased to hear from members if they have knowledge of anything we have missed. Plans are progressing for the reinterment of King Richard in next year, and in the updates that follow I have endeavoured to let you all know the current position. The most positive development is the confirmation that the king will have a raised monument and not a slab, which will be a great relief to many of you, I’m sure. As I write, in early August, there remains the possibility of a judicial review of the decision to reinter in Leicester if the ’s application is successful. We hope the judiciary will see fit to settle this matter quickly. This is another excellent issue full of news, reviews and interesting and stimulating articles. Caroline Wilkinson provides us with a fascinating account of the skills and science behind King Richard’s facial reconstruction. With its many illustrations, this article will certainly be a highlight of the issue for many readers. David Johnson looks in more depth at King Richard’s possible intentions for ; Tig Lang examines medieval treatments for scoliosis, some of which King Richard may have experienced; Elaine Henderson provides a perceptive interim review of The White Queen and an interesting piece on Cornish piracy; while Graham Turner gives the artist’s story behind his splendid new painting of King Richard at Bosworth. It’s good to have a review and photos of the successful Australasian Convention held in Sydney. Yet again they amaze and inspire us with the weekend’s range of talks and activities, and also the fact that so many participants flew such long distances to be there. Our congratulation to our Australian and New Zealand members on its success, and especially to the New South Branch for their expert organisation of the event. Our new website continues to grow and I would like to take this opportunity to thank Wendy Moorhen for her lead role in the redesign project. I also need to thank her for the part she played in the organisation of the highly successful Leicester conference in March. We had much coverage of the event in the June Bulletin but failed to give her the credit for not only coming up with the idea in the first place, but also for organising the venue, programme and the speakers. Quite simply without her it wouldn’t have happened. So, an apology and belated thanks to Wendy for all she did to make the day such a success. The increased public profile of King Richard since the Greyfriars excavation has created a great deal of extra work for Society officers at all levels. The volume of communications and all the associated work has increased considerably and we need to remember that these officers are volunteers. Whilst the vast majority of those making contact do so in a polite manner, there is a very small minority who have been extremely unpleasant and impatient. Everyone is entitled to their point of view, but when that view is expressed in an abusive way, it is no longer acceptable. I have been very impressed by the Bulletin Committee’s plans for the redesign of the Bulletin, and look forward to its launch with December’s issue. The Bulletin in its various formats has served the Society exceptionally well for nearly 40 years, and the new design will ensure that this continues. This year’s AGM and Members’ Day will be a particularly interesting and possibly emotional one; the first since King Richard’s remains were identified and likely to be the last before those remains are honourably reinterred. Chris Skidmore will be our speaker, his book Bosworth: the birth of the Tudors having recently been published. He is currently researching and writing a full-scale biography of King Richard and so it will be very interesting to hear what he has to say. I look forward to 5 October and the opportunity to meet members and discuss our work and plans for the future. Phil Stone

2 Updates from the Chairman

Boars – ‘size does matter’! In the March Bulletin, I wrote that we had been advised that Leicester Cathedral had problems with the use of King Richard’s boar on the tomb design ‘in “multicultural” Leicester’. Whilst this seemed very strange, the three of us at that meeting agreed afterwards that that was what we had heard. However, it would seem that the cultural mix of the city of Leicester has nothing to do with it after all. We now learn that there is actually no problem with it being a pig – after all, they have already accepted the boar on Richard’s banner, which they will also be getting – it lies with the size of his ‘endowment’. Their concerns are about how well blessed he is and we have been advised that, as long as the boar on the tomb is only moderately endowed, there is no problem. Believe it or not, acceptability all depends on the length of the penis! It would seem that size does matter after all. Our boar must display his strength, courage and virility with his tusks and bristles while being modest down below. My thanks go to Sally Henshaw of the Leicestershire Branch for this. It is she who represents the Society on the relevant task group discussing such matters and who struggled to keep a straight face during the discussion! Thank you, Sally, and well done.

‘It’s a tomb!’ – Leicester/shire update Further to my item about the boars, here are a few other odds and ends to keep you up-to-date. The most important thing to say is that Leicester Cathedral have agreed that King Richard will get a proper tomb after all and, although the design we submitted will not be used, it has clearly influenced their proposal. As I write, nothing is fixed – there are still hoops to be jumped through. Even the dean and chapter of the cathedral do not have the final say. The design must be approved by the Cathedrals Fabric Commission for (CFCE) and we may not hear from them until October/November. The proposal is for the remains to lie in their coffin in a brick-lined vault, over which Richard will get a solid block of stone between 2–3 ft thick. The block, which we still hope will be of York stone, will rest upon a layer of white marble, shaped to represent the white rose of the House of York. Around this will be a circle of black slate, into which will be inlaid in white stone Richard’s name and dates and his motto. We hope it will also include his boar, with or without an impressive endowment! The architect’s drawings that I have seen (one is reproduced on the next page) show a very handsome monument and King Richard will be ‘right royally’ served by his tomb. (Incidentally, although the cross is shown in black, it will actually be self-coloured with the stone above which it is raised.) The date for the reinterment has not yet been fully settled – there are very many factors to be considered – but the cathedral authorities are working towards a five-day event, possibly at the end of May 2014. It is being suggested that the coffin be ceremonially carried on a bier through the city to the cathedral, where King Richard will be received into the church, possibly by a member of the royal family, and where he will lie in state for two days. The fourth day will see the remains installed within their tomb and on the fifth day there will be a great service of thanksgiving. As I say, these are only proposals. We hope that, for the December Bulletin, we will have full details of the arrangements for the reinterment. I repeat, NOTHING has been confirmed as yet so do NOT book your air flights, hotels or whatever yet. Although it can be argued that a crown would not have been carried on the coffin of a dead king, since it was being worn by his successor and, also, since Richard III was a defeated king it was medieval practice to show him having lost his crown, John Ashdown-Hill has been given permission to commission a medieval-style circlet which will be placed on the coffin while it lies in state and then be displayed in the cathedral after the reinterment. As part of the overall project, the cathedral has commissioned an embroidered pall for the coffin and two new stained-glass windows to further honour the king. The pall, which will remain on display after the interment, will be made by Jacquie Binns, whose work can be seen in several 3 Architects’ drawing of the new proposal for the King’s tomb Courtesy of Van Heyningen and Hayward cathedrals, including St Paul’s and St Albans, while the glass will be made by Thomas Denny. His work can be seen in Hereford Cathedral and Malvern Priory. A while back, John Saunders and I discovered a couple of pictures that show our founder, Saxon Barton. One is of him at work, unrecognisable behind his surgical mask, but the other is a portrait by Mavis Blackburn. Sadly, it is in need of conservation and is not on display in the gallery in the Wirral where it is held. However, the Society has offered to pay for its restoration and, if the gallery cannot find room for it, we hope that it might be loaned to the new Richard III Visitor Centre. On the subject of restoration/conservation, members who have visited Bosworth recently will have noticed that the achievement of Richard III that hung on the outer end of the Tithe Barn is no longer there (see photo opposite). Sadly, we learn that it has been badly affected by the weather and had to be taken down. Having been made originally as a gift for Crosby Hall in 1983, it was never meant to be displayed outside, though we were assured when it went to Bosworth that it would be all right. It is now being kept dry and under cover and, since it still belongs to the Society, we are looking to having it restored. That done, we anticipate it will be transferred to the new visitor centre, where it should look fantastic. Since it looked truly magnificent on the Tithe Barn, perhaps the Battlefield Centre could commission a copy in a more weather-resistant material, such as fibre-glass! More in December when we hope to be able to tell you everything.

Advance notice re the reinterment This is further to the passing reference in my item on events in Leicester. In December, we intend to detail the Society’s plans for allocating tickets for the service(s) relating to the reinterment of King Richard’s remains. We are very aware that many more members will wish to attend than the number of places that are likely to be offered to the Society by the Cathedral. Therefore, we will be allocating tickets via a ballot. Meanwhile, so that members have some idea of what to expect, some of the ‘bullet points’ are given below. There is no point in writing to any officers of the Society now as 4 The achievement of arms of Richard III in its original position at the Bosworth Battlefield Heritage Centre applications will only be accepted on a form to be published in a mailing that will be sent out to all members at the beginning of December. • Tickets will be for members only – no non-members can be considered. • Forms must be sent in by mail. Electronic returns will not be accepted. Please do not e-mail seeking a reservation pending a postal form, as this will not be actioned. • There will be a closing date, probably at the end of January 2014, after which no more applications will be accepted. This will allow sufficient time for overseas members to apply. • The ballot for places will be drawn by an independent party, not a member. • Successful applicants will be informed as soon as possible, by e-mail if an address is supplied, so that bookings for hotels and travel arrangements can be made in plenty of time. I repeat, do not make any arrangements now. As this Bulletin is going to print, we have no idea how many places in the cathedral the Society will be given. Indeed, we do not even have confirmation of the dates. The cathedral isn’t very big – it will seat 600 perhaps – and there will be a lot of others outside the Society who will expect to be given places: the great and the good of Leicester, the university, the clergy, etc. Please be aware that the actual reinterment, i.e. the placing of the coffin in the vault and the closing of the tomb, will not be a public event. It is anticipated that the main service will be one of thanksgiving on the day after the entombment. Phil Stone 5 Society news and notices

Richard III Society Members’ Day and Annual General Meeting Saturday 5 October 2013 Senate House, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU As is the established practice, Saturday 5 October is both the AGM and a day for members to meet each other and get involved. The event will follow a similar pattern to previous years. This year our venue is Senate House at the University of London, off Russell Square. We will have two rooms in the main ground floor corridor which will be clearly signed. At the time of writing this article, mid-July, no motions have been received by the Chairman or the Joint Secretaries. As notified in the June Bulletin, motions and resolutions for the AGM agenda, proposed and seconded by Society members and signed, should have been sent to the Joint Secretaries, in hard copy, no later than Friday 6 September 2013. Similarly, nominations by Society members for membership of the Executive Committee, proposed, seconded and accepted by the nominee and duly signed by all, should also have been sent to the Joint Secretaries by the same date. The Annual Report is published with this Bulletin. It contains much of the material formerly reported by officers at the AGM. This means that officers’ reports on the day will provide attendees with any relevant updates which will enable the focus of the meeting to be on the future and members’ issues. You may wish to bring your copy of the Annual Report to the AGM. Additional copies will not be provided. As with other years, there will be an Open Forum/Question Time to enable members to raise questions and issues. These can be submitted by e-mail or in writing to the Joint Secretaries (contact details on the inside cover of the Bulletin). If you wish to submit a question in advance, it would be helpful if it is received by Wednesday 2 October. You will also be able to post questions on the day and ‘post-it’ notes will be available for you to place on a board in the hall. Queries and questions may be submitted anonymously, but, if they cannot be answered on the day, questioners will be invited to give their contact details to a Society officer to enable an answer to be provided at a later date. Please remember that this is your day. Please try to attend and take the opportunity to raise any question that you have, to meet old friends and to make new ones. This year our speaker will be Chris Skidmore – a British politician and historian as well as being a member of the Society. He serves as the Conservative Member of Parliament for Kingswood. He is a member of the Commons Select Committee on Health, specialising in health care reform and social care. Chris’ latest book, Bosworth: the birth of the Tudors, was published earlier this year and copies will be available on the Society’s bookstall. His talk is entitled ‘Desertions, defections, rewards and recriminations: what was really going on at Bosworth?’ If you intend to come to the event, please register your place by e-mail to the Secretaries at their e-mail address, [email protected], or by completing and returning the booking form which was published in the June Bulletin. Please accept our apologies for the incorrect e-mail address published with the booking form in June – this was entirely our fault for not noticing the error. Further to the official notification in the June Bulletin, set out below is the proposed programme for the day:

10.30 Doors open; members arrive, time to visit stalls, etc. 12.00 Lecture – Chris Skidmore (details above). 13.15 Lunch – own arrangements. 14.30 Annual General Meeting and Open Forum/Question Time, followed by raffle. 16.30 (estimated) Conclusion of Members’ Day and dispersal. Details of the venue and how to get there are given below: Venue: Senate House, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU

6 Public transport: Nearest Underground stations are Russell Square (Piccadilly Line) and Holborn (Central Line). The following stations are also within easy reach of the venue: Goodge Street (Northern Line), Tottenham Court Road (Central and Northern Lines), Euston (Victoria and Northern Lines and mainline trains), Euston Square (Circle, Hammersmith and City and Metropolitan Lines), King’s Cross St Pancras (Circle, Hammersmith and City, Metropolitan, Piccadilly and Victoria Lines, and mainline, Thameslink and Eurostar trains) and Warren Street (Victoria and Northern Lines).

Membership matters Subscriptions will become due on 2 October this year and there is a renewal reminder form in the centre pages of this Bulletin for those of you who prefer to pay by cheque. The current sub- scription rates are: Full member £26 Senior member/student/junior £20 Family £32 Senior family £26 The overseas postage supplement applicable to all non-UK residents is £6. Members can pay by various means: By cheque or postal order: Payable to the Richard III Society, and sent with the renewal form. By standing order: If you would like to pay by standing order and do not have the arrangement already in place with your bank please write to or e-mail me asking for a form to complete. This should be returned direct to your bank for implementation. By direct transfer: Those members who use internet banking can transfer their subscriptions direct to the Society’s banking account. Our bankers are HSBC, sort code 40-22-26, account number 71077503. For those overseas members who wish to use this method they will need the IBAN (International Bank Account Number), which is GB50MIDL40222671077503. Please remember to quote your membership number so that I can reference payments with members. By PayPal: Our PayPal e-mail address is [email protected] and all payments should be in pounds sterling. The message to recipient box should include my name and your member- ship number. Please note there is a 5% surcharge on the amount payable, which needs to be paid by members. By credit or debit card: The Society can once again accept credit card payments. Please com- plete the renewal reminder and send to me by post. Please note you should not send any credit or debit card details by e-mail, as this could compromise the security of your card. By non-sterling cheque: The Society can process such cheques but due to the heavy fees levied by our bank the equivalent of £15 should be added to cover this cost. At the AGM: As always, there will be a subscription payment table at the AGM and credit and debit cards can be accepted. Unfortunately it is not possible for the Society to offer members payment by direct debit nor is the Society able to accept payments by Western Union or Moneygram. Please let me know if your circumstances have changed in a way which necessitates a change of membership category, for example full member to senior citizen (we do not hold birth dates for all members) or student to full membership. This can be done by ticking your new category on the subscription renewal form and the relevant box at the bottom of the page or by email/letter. This helps considerably with our administration. Finally, if you are not renewing your membership, I would be grateful if you could let me know. To facilitate this there is a space on the reminder form. This will save the Society the expense of sending out reminder letters and helps us to determine the correct print runs for our journals. Of course, I do hope you consider the Society good value for money and will continue to enjoy your membership for many years to come. Wendy Moorhen, Membership Officer

7 The following buses serve the local area: numbers 7, 59, 68, X68, 91, 168 and 188 stop on or near Russell Square; 29, 134 and 390 stop on Bloomsbury Street. Parking: There is no general parking at the Russell Square campus but there are NCP car parks at: Brunswick Square, Marchmont Street, WC1N 1AF Russell Court, Woburn Place, WC1H 0ND Judd Street WC1H 9QR. There are also pay-and-display bays on Russell Square and on other surrounding streets but these are generally limited to a maximum stay of 2 hours. There are some Blue Badge parking bays near Russell Square. Reception: The venue will be open from 10.30 a.m. Members will be asked to register their arrival at the reception table, which will be staffed by members of the Croydon Group. We would like to record our appreciation of their assistance in providing this service. Refreshments: Light refreshments (tea, coffee, water, biscuits) will be provided by Senate House during the informal part of the day. The Society will be charged for this but refreshment sales to attendees are not permitted. Therefore, delegates will be invited to make a contribution towards the cost. Lunch: Lunch will be by own arrangements and various local facilities are available within a very short walk of the venue. Please note that Senate House does not permit the consumption of food on the premises.

Other atttactions Major Craft Sale: The thirty-fourth Major Craft Sale will be held around the AGM/Members’ Day. The sale will start at 10.30 am and run until noon, and then continue in the lunch interval. On sale there will be books, Ricardian embroidery, cakes and sweets (for home consumption only), paperweights, RCRF Christmas cards, knitted items and baby clothes, soft toys, collages, etc., and Ricardian and other bric-à-brac. The proceeds of the craft sale will be devoted to the Ricardian Churches Restoration Fund. We would warmly welcome items for sale. We do appeal to members to try to provide some items for sale, so please try to look out some items of jumble or bric-à-brac. We would of course also warmly welcome all items of any sort of craft work. If you wish to give or send items in advance, please contact Elizabeth Nokes, 26 West Way, Petts Wood, Kent BR5 1LW (e-mail: [email protected], tel. 01689 823569) to check that the items are suitable. If you wish to bring items along on the day, it would be most helpful if you could mark them with an indication of the price(s) at which you think they should be sold Annual Grand Raffle: As usual we shall be having a raffle in aid of the Ricardian Churches Restoration Fund (RCRF). The tickets will be 25p each or five tickets for £1, and will be on sale at the meeting. There will be a range of interesting and good-quality prizes for winners to choose from. They are not ranked in any order; the first ticket will have first choice, and so on. We thank contributors and suppliers of the prizes. Ricardian Sales Stall: There will be a range of Society and Trust publications and Society artefacts. Treasurer’s Table: Paul Foss will be available to receive payment of subscriptions on the day. Barton Library: The librarians will be selling off duplicate library stock at bargain prices and a selection of the Society’s books. They will also be showcasing the diverse services that the library can offer to members. Battlefields Trust: This organisation will again be represented and have a display. Bookseller: As last year, Starkmann Limited will be in attendance with a range of publications and associated sales items. Branches and Groups: This is an opportunity for branches and groups to showcase their publications and activities. London Branch: The branch treasurer will be in attendance to collect subscriptions. Visits Committee: This will be hosted by members of the Visits Committee and will display 8 information on past visits and details of future visits: suggestions for the latter would be very welcome.

Reminder to Branches and Groups If your branch/group wishes to make a report at the AGM, please let the Joint Secretaries know by Friday 20 September so that it can be included on the AGM agenda. Reports can be made in person by a Branch/Group representative or, for overseas branches/groups, if no local representative is able to attend the AGM in person, a printed report can be supplied to be read at the AGM. Reports should not exceed three minutes and should consist of new material not previously reported verbally or in print.

And finally . . . If you have any queries about any matters relating to the Members’ Day or AGM, please get in touch with the Joint Secretaries – contact details as set out on the back page of the Bulletin.

The Society’s website – latest development news The second phase of the new website was launched during August, a little later than planned, but all officers and volunteers have had a very busy year. The highlights of phase two include: • The section, which can be found under Richard’s World, a critical section which provides context for the life and times of King Richard. • Further articles about Richard himself, including a new contribution on his burial written specially for the site by John Ashdown-Hill. This will be complemented by an examination of his death from a member of the Looking for Richard III project when the research from the Greyfriars is completed. • Revised bibliographies covering both King Richard and the Wars of the Roses and with links to book reviews that have been published in The Ricardian. • A revised and extensive list of links to other sites that are complementary to our own. • In response to requests for more online articles we are publishing all the articles, and a selection of the book reviews, from The Ricardian, covering the years 2004 through to 2008. We hope to publish online earlier articles but the scanning and proofing is a slow process and we need more resources to complete this task. • Similarly we are publishing back copies of the Ricardian Bulletin from 2003 to 2011, although for technical reasons we do not yet have all issues ready for uploading. • The Barton Library team have been updating their catalogues and revised editions are now becoming available. • An online gallery, a section which will be developed but which initially showcases music, pictures, sculptures and videos. The development of a website on this scale is inevitably a team effort and I would like to thank my colleagues on the website committee, Phil and Beth Stone, Sue and Dave Wells and Peter Hammond as well as Lynda Pidgeon and her research team, Carolyn Hammond and her library team, Richard Van Allen, Graham Turner for his generosity in sharing his wonderful paintings with us and Geoff Wheeler, who has been indefatigable in supplying so many of the images. The final phase of the website is to develop the online shop and at the time of going to press we are still looking for a sales officer to manage this crucial service, so at the moment we do not have a timescale for its implementation. The website is our shop-front to the world; it tells the story of King Richard and his times through a series of articles and it also tells the story of the Society, what we do and who we are. It is a resource centre for bibliographies, online articles and publications and an up-to-date source for all that’s new in matters Ricardian. Websites do not stand still and the team will be constantly reviewing the site keeping it updated, fresh and interesting. Wendy Moorhen 9 All change – a new look for the Bulletin It is now almost 40 years since the Ricardian Bulletin first made its appearance in 1974. Before that date The Ricardian had acted as both the Society’s journal and its in-house magazine. For the bulk of the time since 1974 the Bulletin has been the responsibility of three people – Elizabeth Nokes for the first 30 years, with Wendy Moorhen and the late Lesley Boatwright for the past decade. We owe all three much gratitude for the work they have put into making the magazine such a success. Over time both The Ricardian and the Bulletin have undergone changes in size and style, responding to changing needs and circumstances. It is now time for a further change and to say goodbye to the Bulletin in its current style and format, which has served us well for ten years. So from the December issue your Bulletin will have a new size and style. We want to take advantage of the publishing technology which is now available and to have a Bulletin that is a match for any professionally produced magazine. In particular we want the facility to have colour illustrations throughout the magazine rather than restricted to the centre. To achieve this we will need to move to an A4 format, which is the publishing industry norm, and we can do so without any substantial increase to the per unit cost of producing the Bulletin. All this is in keeping with our determination to maintain and enhance the Society’s professional image and to build on the heightened worldwide interest in Richard III since the Greyfriars discoveries. I can reassure readers that there will be no change to the range and quality of the Bulletin’s content; we will continue to produce a magazine that includes Society news and reviews and anything else of relevance to King Richard and his times. Most importantly, we will continue to provide historical articles that reflect our status as a serious historical society. I should also mention that we are already sourcing new A4 binders to store the magazine. The Bulletin is, of course, your magazine and we will welcome feedback from readers about the new style. In the meantime we hope that the new Bulletin will be welcomed and enjoyed by you all. It’s an exciting change at an exciting time for all Ricardians. John Saunders, Chair, Bulletin Editorial Committee

In changing to the larger A4 format (297 x 210 mm) and reducing the number of pages to 48 (including cover), we aim to achieve the same amount of coverage as the standard 64 pages of the present format, but with the facility to print in colour throughout the magazine (sadly, many good colour photos from members have to be reduced to black and white in the current production method). The larger page size will also give us more flexibility in layout. Two features which readers will notice immediately are the glossy colour cover featuring a new topical photograph or illustration on each issue, and the use of a colour scheme to highlight each main section of the Bulletin and, we hope, make it easier to find one’s way around the text. We shall still have the opportunity to add extra pages when momentous news calls for increased coverage, as we have experienced in the last 12 months. The Bulletin welcomes good-quality, high-resolution colour images (and of course news and stories) from contributors for the new-look magazine. Stephen York, Bulletin technical editor

Commemorative postage stamp sheet As announced in the June Bulletin, BFDC Ltd, working with the Society, have produced a limited edition commemorative stamp sheet highlighting the Richard III Society. This comprises ten postage stamps accompanied by carefully selected Ricardian and fifteenth-century images, the work of Adrian Bradbury, a renowned designer and supplier of specialist design stamp sheets. The stamps are accepted by Royal Mail and can be used for postal purposes. More information and an order form can be found in the leaflet inserted in the centre of this issue of this Bulletin.

Richard III’s royal progress 2013–14 The facial reconstruction of King Richard III commissioned by the Society is currently on tour, following its recent showing at the exhibition Richard III: Leicester’s Search for a King in the Leicester Guildhall. Confirmed dates are: 10 Museum: 19 July–13 October 2013 Northampton Museum and Art Gallery: 19 October 2013–5 January 2014 British Museum, London: 11 January–16 March 2014 Gloucester Museum and Art Gallery: 20–30 March 2014 It will then return to Leicester in the spring of 2014 where it is expected to become a central feature of the new visitor centre close to the Greyfriars site. For further information about dates and venues for the tour visit: www.visitleicester.info/richardIII or contact Leicester City Council on 0844 888 5181 or 0116 299 4444.

Are you a new member of the Society? (or even if you are not!) Have you given a thought to becoming a member of your local branch or group? Joining one has many benefits; not only does it give you the chance to play an active part at grass-roots level within the Society, it also provides for members from all walks of life to meet and form friendships, bound together by the common interest in the life and times of Richard. Joining a branch or group gives you the opportunity, if you wish, to engage with your locality by offering talks, maybe to your local U3A, doing local research, discussing all things Ricardian with friends and, importantly, raising the profile of ‘Good King Richard’. Of course, joining a branch or group, as all members will tell you, provides many occasions to listen to interesting talks, to visit places of interest and indulge in celebratory meals. If there is a local branch or a group near to where you live you should have received an introductory letter in your membership pack. However, due to the high volume of new recruits and the Membership Officer’s fallible knowledge of geography, this may have been overlooked. On pp 74–5 of this Bulletin is a full list of all the branches and groups, together with contact details.

Would you like to receive e-mail alerts from the Society? If you would like to receive e-mails from the Society please send a message to [email protected] (capital letter ‘I’ for RIII) giving your name, membership number (if known), e-mail address and postcode. The purpose of the e-mail service is to provide time- sensitive information, when there are fast-moving events about which we want to notify members. Points to note: • the list of e-mail addresses will not be made available to anyone outside the Society; • we take suitable security precautions to avoid disclosure by using the BCC option in e-mails; • the e-mails that we send are carefully considered and researched – we do not want to inundate you with messages and intend that every e-mail we send informs you of something relevant; • there is an ‘unsubscribe’ link on all our e-mails, so you can change your mind at any time; and • we always send an acknowledgement when you request to join the mailing list. If you have events that you want to publicise to a wider audience, or ideas for future messages, please send an e-mail to [email protected] and we will consider your request. Finally, we do not wish to disenfranchise those members who do not have e-mail addresses and where it is necessary to communicate directly with all members a letter will be sent through the postal system. Regrettably Helen Challinor has had to stand down from her role as the editor of RIII.mailings and we would like to record our grateful thanks for the all the work she carried out in developing and managing the service since its inception. Helen has asked us to pass on her thanks to fellow members for their support, ideas and contributions during her time as editor. W are now seeking a new volunteer to take on Helen’s role; in the meantime the service will continue but on a very limited basis until the new editor is in place. Wendy Moorhen

11 Alternatively, you can take a look at our website, www.richardiii.net, to learn a little more about their activities. If you do not have internet access please write to the Membership Officer (address on the inside back cover of the Bulletin) for a document introducing all the branches and groups in the UK. If you find that you have too far to travel to your nearest branch or group, why not consider starting one yourself? It’s simple. In the first instance all you need do is to place an ‘advert’ in the Bulletin to see if you have like-minded members in your area and invite them to get in touch with you. Secondly get in touch with the Branch & Group Liaison Officer for further information and help. You can start small, perhaps just meeting up with one or two other members, but who knows where it will lead? We cannot finish without mentioning the overseas branches and groups. Rita Diefenhart-Schmitt has been working hard to re-establish the Continental Branch, despite the problems of geography, which of course faces all the overseas branches (see p. 75). It is encouraging that a new member is hoping to establish a group in the Irish Republic. Canada, America, Australia and New Zealand all have thriving branches. Whilst they may not all be able to meet up as frequently as we do in the UK, they keep in touch through newsletters, magazines and conventions. Jacqui Emerson, Branch & Group Liaison Officer Wendy Moorhen, Membership Officer

Bags – information needed We have been asked by several members if we could provide PVC shopping/shoulder bags with a Ricardian motif. We have spent a good deal of time investigating but have been unable to find a company who can do this for us. If anyone is able to let us have any information about where we could make further enquiries, please get in touch – contact details on inside back cover. Susan and David Wells FROM THE SOCIETY’S SHOP Jute Messenger/Laptop Bag Biscuit-coloured jute. Measurements are: 38 cm wide x 31 cm high, with a gusset width of 8 cm. Strap is 75 cm. There are three internal compartments, with a small pocket fastened with Velcro and two press-stud fastenings to a flap. The flap carries the Society’s name above, and website address below, the Ricardian boar, all printed in black. Members’ price £7.50 each. P&P: UK £3.70, Europe £6.30, RoW £9.50.

NEW: Arms of Richard III’s Knights of the Garter An A5 size card, showing the coats of arms of the Knights of the Garter appointed by and during the reign of Richard III on one side with a brief explanation of who they are on the revers; produced by The Friends of St George’s Chapel. Price (members and non-members) £1.50 each. P&P: UK £1.00 , Europe £3.00, RoW £3.50.

Postcard – facial reconstruction of Richard III Front as in this illustration. Reverse is set out as a standard postcard. Members’ price 50p each. P&P: UK 50p, Europe 75p, RoW 85p. Orders for al items to the Sales Officer – for details see inside back cover.

12 Future Society events

Whitechapel Bell Foundry Saturday 23 November 2013 The Whitechapel Bell Foundry is located at 34 Whitechapel Road, near Aldgate East Tube Station. It is Britain’s oldest manufacturing company, having been established in 1570 (during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I) and in continuous business since that date. The Foundry’s business has always been, and still concentrates solely on, the manufacture of bells and their associated fittings. The manufacture of large bells and their accessories accounts for four-fifths of the company’s output. The other fifth of the company’s business lies in the manufacture of handbells. The Foundry can provide ground floor access for the disabled with assistance and using portable ramps. There are two short flights of narrow stairs to ascend and descend during the tour and the Foundry staff are unable to offer assistance in providing access to the upper floors due to the age of the building and physical restrictions of the site. They do however provide photographic books describing these two floors for anyone unable to access these workshop areas. There are no refreshments available on site. Liverpool Street (mainline) Station has many food outlets. Whitechapel Art Gallery (modern art) is near Aldgate East Tube Station. It has a café/bar and also a fine-dining room and is open 11a.m–5 p.m. on Saturdays. We meet outside the Foundry at 1 p.m. and the tour commences at 1.30 p.m. Please wear sensible footwear. There are 19 places available for this visit and the cost £14.50 per person. (Young people under 14 are not allowed to attend, because of insurance restrictions placed on the Foundry.) Please complete the booking form in the centre pages and send it, together with your cheque, by 31 October 2013 to Rosemary Waxman, 37 Chewton Road Walthamstow London E17 7DW; tel 0208 521 4261; e-mail: [email protected]. If you miss the closing date, please contact me, in case there are any places left. Any enquiries about the visit can be made to Mrs Ros Conaty, tel. 01553 827367, who is the visit leader. Historical notes, a receipt, two location maps and travel information, as well as Foundry admission notes, will be issued to you. Please note that tickets will be handed out on the day, not posted.

Disclaimer Please note that paths, floors, steps and fittings in and around historic buildings may often be uneven and participants are expected to take reasonable care. None of the officers, Executive Committee or Visits Committee or members of The Richard III Society and no leader or organiser of any event, visit, walk or programme promoted by The Richard III Society shall be liable in respect of the death of, or injury damage or loss to, any person or the property of any person, which may occur or arise out of participation in any such event, visit, walk, or programme. Rosemary Waxman and Ros Conaty for the Visits Team

Christmas at Fotheringhay Saturday 14 December 2013 The September Bulletin means it is time to book your places for Christmas at Fotheringhay – to meet with old friends, have a good lunch, and enjoy the uplifting experience of the carol service – as always, the Christmas season starts here. At 12.30 p.m. there will be a buffet lunch in the Village Hall, which will include a vegetarian option for those who have notified me beforehand. Desserts will include Christmas pudding and fruit salad, followed by coffee and mince pies. There will be wine or soft drinks as desired and the first is included in the price. Kitty Bristow cannot be with us this year but she has made sure there will still be a raffle! The carol service begins at 3 p.m. in the church of St Mary and All Saints. It is similar in style to the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols and the music will again be led by the St Peter’s Singers. 13 The coach from London will leave Charing Cross Embankment at 9.15 a.m., getting back, traffic permitting, between 7 and 7.30 p.m. If you wish to take part (and who could not?), either by coach or using your own transport, please let me know as soon as possible, but by 1 December latest, which you require: (a)lunch and a place on the coach (b)lunch after making your own way to Fotheringhay (c)just a place in the church (so that we can estimate the seating required). Everyone is aware of the relentless rise in the cost of living, I’m sure, so I hope it won’t surprise anyone to learn that the costs have had to go up again this year, though we’ve done our best to keep the increase low. The costs will be as follows: (a)£ 44 to cover cost of coach, lunch, choir, admin., etc. (b)£ 25 for lunch, choir, admin., etc. I know some may think these seem a lot but they really are remarkably good value. As I’ve written before, if we were to pay what we really should for the Village Hall, the meal and the choir, we would be adding another £15–20 a head for this really wonderful day out. If one thinks of it as lunch followed by a very fine concert, it really doesn’t seem half so bad! Complete the booking form in the centre of the Bulletin and return it to me with a cheque, endorsed ‘Fotheringhay’, as well as an SAE, as soon as possible. Remember: no SAE, no reply – no reply, no place! My contact details are on the inside back cover. Phil Stone

Death, (re)burial and commemoration – the 2014 Study Weekend The Park Inn, York, 4–6 April 2014 We have been holding our study weekends at the Elmbank Hotel for a number of years, and whilst it has proved a popular venue, numbers have always been restricted and we have regularly had a waiting list. The hotel is planning to add a single room supplement in future which will increase costs, and following a variety of comments from this year’s attendees about its distance from the station and the city centre, the Research Committee decided that the time had come to look for an alternative and more conveniently located venue that would allow us to increase the number of places available. Thanks go to Doreen Leach, who volunteered to check out the options in York and narrowed them down to two choices based on size, location and price: the Hilton, which is near Clifford’s Tower, and the Park Inn, which is just off Lendal Bridge with a view over the river towards the Guildhall. We visited both hotels and the Park Inn proved to be slightly better value for money. The conference room has a lot of natural light as well as a magnificent view of the river and there is a bar and seating area located next door, where coffee can be taken in the breaks. It will also be used for our conference dinner on Saturday evening. Whilst it is more expensive than the Elmbank has been in the past, it is in an excellent location with far better facilities, including free internet access. The 2014 study weekend will focus on preparing for death, how people wished to be buried and commemorated, and reburials, the rite of reburial and who initiated such services. We have a variety of speakers, including familiar members of the Research Committee and new historians who have specialised in burials and commemorative practices. We will conclude on Sunday with a talk from Tim Tatton-Brown on Edward IV’s tomb and chantry. It is hoped to arrange a visit to All Saints North Street, which lies immediately opposite the hotel. If this proves difficult then Ann Rycraft will give her talk on the Blackburns and their connection to the church, which members can then visit at leisure over the weekend – it is one of the few churches in York that is kept constantly open. Costs have not yet been finalised but they should not be more than £95 non-resident, £320 single and £460 twin/double. A £50 deposit per person will be required with the initial booking (booking form in the centre pages of this issue) and final payment will be required by 1 January 2014. Final costs will be confirmed in December’s Bulletin. We have provisionally booked for 50 places; 14 depending on the combination of resident and non-resident applicants we may be able to expand this number, according to interest. Important note: Deposits are non-refundable unless there is a replacement applicant. It will not be possible to make any refunds for cancellations made after 7 February 2014 unless there is a waiting list and the place can be filled. It is therefore recommended that you consider taking out holiday cancellation insurance. As advised by the Treasurer in the March 2013 Bulletin (p. 8), since the Society’s bank makes a charge for every cheque issued, there will be a small charge made to cover this cost where any refund is made by cheque Lynda Pidgeon

Advance notice: Triennial Conference 17–19 April 2015 Plans are already underway for the next Triennial Conference in 2015, when we will be returning to the Burleigh Court Hotel in Loughborough. Following the positive feedback on the venue after the 2012 Triennial, we thought we would use it again and given our ideas for 2015 it is also an ideal location. Following all the excitement over the discovery of Richard III’s remains in Leicester it seemed appropriate to have a conference based upon the finds and work which will have been carried out since 2012. With Loughborough being close to Leicester, it is planned to have a visit to the city on the Saturday afternoon to view the Richard III Visitor Centre, and then to have free time for people to visit the cathedral, Guildhall, St Mary de Castro church, other sites and the shops. Provisional ideas for talks include a focus on the last hours of Richard III, including the battle of Bosworth and how he died, and who might have killed him. There will also be coverage of the results of the ongoing detailed examination of his bones: by 2015 we will be able to say more about his diet, where he grew up, where he might have travelled, and also the extent and effects of his scoliosis. Further details will be published in 2014 but this is advance warning so that you can note the date in your diaries. Lynda Pidgeon

Norfolk Branch Study Day Saturday 9 November 2013 There are still places available on the Norfolk Branch Study Day, which will take place on Saturday 9 November 2013 at The Assembly House, Theatre Street, Norwich on the theme ‘The Sun in Splendour: Edward IV in peace and war’. The full programme is as follows: 09.55–10.00 Welcome by the chairman of the Norfolk Branch. 10.00–10.30 The battle of Mortimer’s Cross: Julian Humphrys, Development Officer for The Battlefields Trust 10.30–11.00 Coffee 11.00–12.00 The crisis of 1469–71 and its causes: Dr John Watts, Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford 12.00–12.30 The battle of Barnet: Julian Humphrys 12.30–14.00 Lunch 14.00–15.00 ‘Take heed what love can do . . .’ – Edward IV and the ladies: Frances Sparrow 15.00–15.30 Tea 15.30–16.30 Blades, bills and bows: the battle of Tewkesbury and the nature of combat in the Wars of the Roses: Sam Wilson Questions and answers will follow each session. 16.30–16.45approx. Vote of thanks and close. The cost of the study day is £24 per person. A booking form can be found in the centre pages of the June Bulletin or contact Annmarie Hayek, 20 Rowington Road, Norwich, NR1 3RR; tel. 01603 664021; e-mail [email protected]. 15 Society reviews

An Exchange in Leicester 6 June 2013 Every year, the holds debates on a subject of topical and general interest. Last year, one subject was the future of museums and the venue was the Science Museum in London. Unsurprisingly, this year they had one related to Richard III but the venue was the same lecture theatre in the university in which the Society had held its fantastic conference in March. Unlike then, though, there were only about 200 in this audience. These meetings are known as the ‘Leicester Exchanges’, and they are less a debate than a question-and-answer session along the lines of television’s Question Time. On this occasion, Richard Taylor from the university was chairman, while the three panelists were Dr Mary Ann Lund from the university, an expert on Shakespeare and his contemporaries; Paul Lay, editor of History Today, who had made his anti-Richard views known in various articles, and myself, flying the pennant for King Richard. The question asked was ‘Richard III: a benign king or a murderous tyrant?’ Paul Lay insisted that Richard aimed for the throne from the moment he learned of the death of Edward IV; that he was ‘paranoid’ and ‘obsessed about the Woodvilles’, etc. Nothing made him accept that Richard had any good points. Even when I commented on Richard’s enlightened treatment of the poor, we were told that was his ministers’ doing, not the king’s. When I pointed out that Shakespeare wasn’t history, Dr Lund, who had spoken at our conference, insisted that, as Shakespeare was writing a historical play, whether the facts were correct or not didn’t matter. Well, I’ve never denied that it’s a fine play but ‘history it ain’t’! There was a lot of tweeting going on, with tweets being displayed above our heads for the audience to read. They were coming in from all over the world and, every so often, we were told what was happening and asked questions derived from them. One even came from the High Commissioner in South Africa. Some of the comments from the audience were very helpful, especially the one from a member that allowed me to point out that Richard was devoted to his family and being responsible for the murder of his nephews just didn’t seem likely. Needless to say, this was rejected by the others. For me, as a committed Ricardian, the opposition was difficult. I was up against one who said that Richard could do no right and one for whom Shakespeare could do no wrong! This is a bit of an exaggeration, perhaps, but that’s how it felt. However, when it was over, we met up for a reception and various people came up to me to say ‘Well done’, so I presume that I didn’t do too badly. Eventually, Mary Ann, Paul and I caught the same train out of Leicester, Mary Ann getting out at the first stop, while Paul and I continued to St Pancras, chatting amicably most of the way. I think it’s safe to say that we agreed to disagree! My thanks to those members who were able to attend and add their support. It wasn’t as bad as I had anticipated but nonetheless I was glad when it was over. Phil Stone

The 2013 Richard III Convention, Australasian Branches The biennial convention of the Australasian branches was held on 12–14 July 2013 at the Novotel, Darling Harbour, Sydney. Hosted this year by the New South Wales branch, the convention attracted over 40 attendees from all the widespread parts of Australasia. Representatives came from New Zealand across to Western Australia and all parts in between. Registration was on Friday night, followed by an informal meal at Pancakes on the Rocks (Darling Harbour branch), which was within easy walking distance of the venue. Several tables of keen Ricardians made a good start to the weekend, setting the scene with good talk and fellowship. Saturday started with a warm and humorous greeting from weekend Master of Ceremonies, Ann Chandler (NSW), who introduced the theme for the convention. As a start to exploring ‘Richard III: 16 the man behind the myth’, Ann declaimed a pair of clerihews specially written for Richard and I include a sample, Clerihew 2: In Bosworth Field, did Richard fall Without a horse, he was nought at all But forget the nag, and Percy the cheater My kingdom is for the parking meter. She also invoked the modern poet Bob Dylan with a final piece of advice ‘don’t trust leaders and watch the parking meters’. Despite recovering from surgery to an arm injury, Ann gently guided the convention with her special brand of persuasion and humour, keeping all on track and informed. Ann Chandler inaugurates the Convention The richly textured programme of speakers (all photos in this section by Dorothea Preis) began with long-term Ricardian Peter Stride, presenting for the first time at an Australasian convention. As a consulting physician for 35 years, Peter was very qualified to discuss the various kinds of deformities that Richard has been accused of having and then look at the actual new evidence from the recent discovery at Leicester. Graphically illustrated with eye-catching medical slides and clearly delivered interesting information, Peter’s talk was a fresh and interesting approach. Though this was Peter’s first appearance at a convention we hope it will not be his last. Karen Clark (NSW), author and linguist, presented on the Fitzhughs of Ravensworth, with a focus on Henry Fitzhugh, a prominent northern lord of a prominent northern family. This detailed and interesting examination was enlivened with shots of humour. Karen was an illuminating and knowledgeable guide to the turbulent events of the Wars of the Roses, following Henry whenever she could see him. Bringing historic names to life as a good novelist can, Karen brought strong research and human details together to bring the historical figures to life. Beautifully illustrated with photos from her research in Norfolk, Carol Carson’s (WA) presentation on iconography in medieval churches was informed and revealing. As well as the beautiful carved images made for the main public sections of the churches, she also showed many of the small details tucked away in architectural nooks and crannies. These ranged from amusing small animals, such as singing pigs, to fierce demons. This research is part of her doctoral thesis on the relationship between medieval devotional literature and iconography in medieval parish churches. Chris Puplick (NSW) made an arresting comparison of what he identified as the four ‘invasions’ of England and their profound effect on the development of a distinctive English democracy, parliamentary and governance conventions and the role of the monarch. These were: (1) Roman; (2) Norman, at Hastings; (3) Tudor, at Bosworth; and (4) William and Mary – the last, of course, not a military invasion but one with comparable effects on community and economy. He drew compelling parallels between these various invasions, all of which, he contended, marked a paradigm shift for English history and culture. The contribution of Richard III was explored with the range of enduring laws and statutes enacted in his short reign. As a student of political institutions Chris has an enduring interest in how they develop and function. NSW Branch webmaster and journal editor Dorothea Preis looked at one of the lesser-known characters of the period, Thomas Barowe, loyal servant to Richard III. Tracing mentions of Thomas in primary documents, she followed his career under Richard and later under Henry VII. Following some of the lesser-known characters gives a richer texture to the more mainstream stories, adding to our sense of the period and what it was like to live and survive and thrive in times so different to our own. A raft of book reviews of some classic and not so classic offerings and some new additions to Ricardian fiction followed. Gillian Laughton (Vic) offered a clear and warm analysis of Rosemary 17 Hawley Jarman’s We Speak No Treason (1971), which she described as a beautifully written book and, though detailed, the meshing of the fictional and historical characters was masterly and believable: a classic, which stood the test of time. Not so impressed with the new offering of Philippa Gregory, The Kingmaker’s Daughter (2012), Gillian found this novel careless and historically inaccurate, with wooden, unengaging characters. Despite quite enjoying some past novels from this author she could not recommend this one at all. Hazel Hajdu (Vic) also picked a classic Ricardian text with The Betrayal of Richard III (1959) by V. B. Lamb. Hazel enjoyed the clear presentation of the case for a reassessment of Richard’s reputation, liking Mrs Lamb’s often dry humour and witty style, one which Hazel herself used to make this entertaining talk a reminder of this excellent classic, which can be revisited with pleasure. Margaret Manning (NZ) looked at some contemporary local writers of Ricardian and historical fiction. The New Zealand branch journal, The Ricardian Times, which Margaret has edited since 1985, has a history of supporting fiction writing with the publication of various kinds of original work, from an historical Agony Aunt column to stories and poetry. Members Lorraine McArthur and Jane Orwin-Higgs have now had full-length works published. A booklet of short stories from these writers was generously handed out to participants and eagerly taken up. Moving to a slightly lighter pace, Helen Portus and Denise Rawling (NSW) challenged attendees to identify unnamed quotes from a variety of sources on Richard III that they handed out on scrolls. This experimental game, ‘Outrageous Fortune’, looks at the changing face of opinion, conjecture and rumour on Richard peddled as history over the centuries. From well known through malicious to balanced and laudatory, the quotes had the audience on their feet reading out quotes and guessing or naming the authors. After a well-earned afternoon tea for all, Helen and Denise moved on to examine the reputation of Richard in light of the Greyfriars find, looking at tweets, humour, worldwide headlines and controversy as the momentous events unfolded in a very different world of communications. The hope was expressed that the exciting contemporary story of the finding of the king’s lost bones will take root in popular consciousness, providing a counterbalance to the age-old image of the deformed Wicked Uncle. The formal dinner on Saturday night, celebrating the 530th anniversary of the coronation of Richard III, was well attended, with many in historic costume. A candlelit ceremony opened proceedings, accompanied by delightful evocative choral music composed by Graham Keitch, who had given special permission for its use on this special night. The crowd was entertained with original songs and theatre presented by NSW members (thanks to Julia Redlich, David Chandler, Kevin Herbert and Philip Preis) in between enjoying more delicious catering. As the loyal toasts drew to a close, diners were stunned by a magnificent fireworks display that burst over the nearby harbour. Even discovering that this was a regular event and not another example of the immaculate timing and organization of the NSW branch committee did not lessen the enjoyment of catching a breath of fresh air on the terrace and watching the spectacle (see photo in colour section). Sunday morning provided more contrasts in topics, with Chris Andrew McKinnon Puplick briefly introducing a new release of a very early film version of Richard III. This silent film from 1913 is the earliest surviving feature film made in America and features Shakespearean actor Frederick Ward and his company. Louise Carson (WA) then took attendees on a journey through the wild and turbulent world of fifteenth-century Scotland. She proved a deft guide to the sometimes complex and often bloody politics and events of this most unsettled times, when nobles clashed with monarchs and power shifted frequently. Invasions, armed encounters, skirmishes and full-scale battles followed thick and fast, interlaced with treaties and negotiations, at a time when becoming the Scottish king was a risky career move. It was a fascinating era, with many colourful and vivid characters. A real-life vivid character next strode into the room, clothed in full 18 ‘An interview with Richard III’ fifteenth-century battle armour. Following a quick medieval striptease, the next speaker was revealed, slightly sweaty but ready to talk. Andrew McKinnon (NSW) is an active historical jouster at an international level. Involvement with historical martial combat has given him a good working knowledge of the design, construction and function of medieval armour and for the next hour he spoke and answered a stream of questions from his audience. During this time he covered the history, function, making and different styles of armour as well as discussing war horses, knights’ training and knights on horse and foot and then bringing it all together into what happens in actual battle. As well as giving an overview of the knight in his world it was also an introduction into the world of trade and innovation that was generated by the making and selling of this tool of war. The fifteenth century is considered the peak of technical development of armour and weapons. Andrew’s suit was in the English style, so plainer than some continental makes, but with wonderfully engineered articulated joints and protection, so that it provided a great deal of movement and flexibility. Following a business session with Rob Smith (Australasian Vice President, NZ), which will be reported separately, the convention closed with an original piece written by Michael Iliffe (Vic). Michael has invented the English Broadcasting Guild and written three radio-style plays that have been ‘broadcast’ by the Guild at different Ricardian events. In this one, An Interview with Richard III, reporter Reginald Peacock (played by the author) is supported by Hazel Hajdu delivering a delightful rich BBC accent, Kevin Herbert as Francis Lovell speaking about his life with Richard and Rob Smith as Richard himself, moving and very human, with a well sustained and very real Yorkshire accent. This provided a very suitable ending to a weekend rich with new ideas and information, offering insights and a different angle on the facts and mysteries of Richard’s life and reign. The closing formalities paid tribute to the NSW branch committee who organised the convention, with Rob Smith proposing a vote of thanks and applause on behalf of the attendees. Thanks also went to Lynne Foley for her invaluable work on the merchandise stall and to the many others who helped with the raffles and books sales and donated goods and time and energy to this most successful event. In closing, the Master of Ceremonies, Ann, commented on the varied and detailed presentations that informed, instructed and entertained in turn and thanked all the speakers for their contributions. All look forward to the next meeting in 2015 in New Zealand. 19 Monks, motors and marina – the visit to Beaulieu and Buckler’s Hard, 18 May Our journey took us through the delightful countryside of Hampshire, first to Beaulieu Abbey. King John founded this monastic settlement in 1204, transferred from Faringdon in Berkshire and so effectively colonised via the mother house at Cîteaux in France. This fine gothic church, cruciform with transept apses and various chapels, was the largest of the Cistercians in England, its overall length 336 ft by 136 ft in width, and its plan (probably) conformed to that at Clairvaux, founded by St Bernard in 1115. This building, together with the other conventual structures – chapter house, infirmary, dorter – centred around the cloister. Situated in the heart of the New Forest, secluded and by the River Beaulieu, this place was conducive to the contemplative life. The abbey building progressed slowly until completion, when the bishop of Winchester, in the presence of Henry III and Queen Eleanor, their children and some bishops and nobles, dedicated it in 1246. Despite inter- abbatial disputes, plague, pestilence and money problems, it emerged from near-ruin, so that the brethren’s religious life continued. The abbey became a royal burial place and gave sanctuary: Isabella (wife of Richard, Henry III’s brother) was interred here; in 1495 the too-trusting Perkin Warbeck left its protection and finished up in the Tower of London. Abbey life, after more than 300 years’ occupation by this order of White Monks, came to an end: at the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538, the abbot and monks surrendered it to the king; they were granted pensions and dispersed elsewhere. Thomas Wriothesley, 1st earl of Southampton, bought this site (also the manor) and changed it to his needs. What we see now is but a shadow of this once-splendid monastic colony: the church was eventually demolished although its dimensions are still impressed on the lawn, along with the cloister and other claustral buildings, of which some arches and part-walls remain. Thankfully, some parts were spared destruction: the frater (refectory) is intact, as is also the domus: the former with its pulpitum and fine gothic architecture became the parish church; the latter, formerly the lay brothers’ quarters, holds on its ground floor exhibits of abbey life, with a corresponding film; the comparatively spacious upper floor displays Lady Belinda Montagu’s modern tapestry of this monastery’s history. The great gatehouse was the main entrance for guests of the abbey: the outer gatehouse received other visitors and goods. The former developed into ‘Palace House’, in effect a generic stately home. The original entrance, probably for carriages, forms a bay window and the

Palace House, Beaulieu

20 The Hard upper ante-room and dining room were originally chapels, each still with aumbry and piscina. Although a repository for familial heraldic display, paintings and fine furniture, the house, as it is lived in, does not have too ‘museumy’ an atmosphere, which is helped by the costumed ‘servants’ on duty. After the death of the 4th Baron Wriothesley, the Montagu, Buccleuch and Scott families, through marriage, became its owners. The present Lord Edward (3rd baron) Montagu opened the site to the public in 1952 and the famous National Motor Museum, in 1959, with other attractions. A ride on the monorail gives a lovely bird’s-eye view and, among the motor collection you can spot cars looking like something from Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. For the second of the day’s visits, we once again passed through the New Forest countryside, where the famous ponies enjoy their freedom (drivers beware!), to Buckler’s Hard. This is on a stretch of the River Beaulieu, in the ownership of Lord Montagu. The name possibly derives from a local family (c.1668) and the gravelly riverbed. From a grant to the abbey, this hamlet grew into an active shipyard in the eighteenth century. John, 2nd duke of Montagu, planned and encouraged its development, named ‘Montagu Town’, for the import and export of sugar: this trade declined and the port lost mercantile significance. Because of the local plentiful supply of suitable wood, it flourished when the navy needed more fighting ships during the Napoleonic Wars: Lord Nelson served from 1793 to 1796 on HMS Agamemnon, which was built here and took part in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The Adams family business ran the shipyard from 1744 to 1847, when a slump in business followed and Edward Adams ended the tenancy. The museum here reflects the lives of the local people, from the ‘elite’ to the humble labourers. Sights include Adams’ drawing office, the inn, dockworkers’ cottages, marine equipment and an uninvited ‘guest’ on the meal table. There are reminders, too, of the dangers at sea, among them the sinking of the SS Persia by enemy action in 1915, which Lord John (2nd baron) Montagu survived. After the shipbuilding industry lapsed, it settled down into a farming community; with the advent of the steam vessel and the motor car later in the nineteenth century, it revived as a tourist attraction. Requisitioned in the Second World War, it saw the production of ‘Mulberry Harbour’ segments, used for the Normandy landings of 1944. The post-war site developed into a marina; the museum opened in 1963; it was a film set in A Man for All Seasons; and Sir Francis Chichester’s trials of Gypsy Moth IV took place here. This yachting club base, serenely opening on to the river, and the boats with their sails displayed, brought a fitting conclusion for our visit to this beautiful place. Thank you Visits Team, organiser Rosemary Waxman and our driver Peter for a day of interest, leisure and fun. Tom Wallis 21 Other news, reviews and events

Good King Richard on the rails On the evening of 19 April, beneath the Victorian glass and cast iron canopy of Loughborough’s Great Central station, something stirred. Smartly attired guests were gathering to meet their king. The wine and dine train was being readied for its evening excursion, the chefs busy in the kitchen car, while waiters scurried through the dining carriages putting the finishing touches to the white linen-covered tables and arranging the serviettes in the shape of a monarch’s crown. After a short while, there was the toot of a steam whistle and those who glanced up caught a tantalising glimpse of blue paint, copper and brass as the large ‘King’ class locomotive, making its stately progress from engine shed to train, slid by and, in the blink of an eye, disappeared from sight under the sta- tion bridge. As waiters plied guests with mead and wine, railway points were switched and signals changed to allow our locomotive for the evening, a handsome and large Great Western Railway engine, to join us. Its driver moved the gear from reverse to forward and, with a warning blast from its whistle, eased slowly back under the bridge to buffer up to its train and provide us with our first view of our charge and its gleaming brass nameplate King Richard III. The locomotive, one of 30 built at Swindon by the Great Western between 1927 and 1930, had been especially renamed for the occasion. These were the final and most powerful development of express passenger engines for the company and pulled the fastest and heaviest expresses from London Paddington to the Midlands, South Wales and the West Country, their great weight preventing their being used on secondary routes. The Cornish Riviera Express was synonymous with the King class. With such majestic proportions, the first engine, number 6000, was named King George V and the theme continued to commemorate famous British monarchs, good and bad. ‘Our’ king was the sixteenth built, and carried the number 6015; at 135 tons and main driving wheels at 6 ft 6 in. diameter, it could haul a full load at up to 100 miles per hour. When the diesels took over in the early 1960s, the reign of the King class of engine was over and the scrapyard beckoned. Kings do not give up that easily, though, and number 6000 went into the national collection at York, where it can be seen today beside other record breakers such as Mallard and Flying Scotsman. 6023 King Edward II and 6024 King Edward I both went for scrap but were rescued by enthusiasts. Our charge for the evening in Loughborough was actually King Edward II, recently completely restored by the Great Western Society at Didcot in Berkshire to as near as possible its original condition, but painted in the British Railways blue livery, as it would have been seen working during the 1950s. In view of the resurgence of interest in Richard III in nearby Leicester, the opportunity was taken to temporarily rename the locomotive whilst it was on loan to the Great Central Railway in the early part of the year. In the absence of a lute player, an accordionist started to play a merry tune and two lovely wenches, A ‘medieval’ send-off for King Richard III. dressed in period costumes, embarked on a series of (Photos by Alan Walters) medieval dances, whirling and skipping along the platform, much to the delight of the growing company. Their white dresses looked stunning against the red-brick backdrop of the station buildings as they progressed to the head of the train and performed in front of the King himself, his blue paint lined in black and white, highly polished copper chimney cap and brass safety valve cover gleaming. Those guests who were not averse to a little dirt were invited to climb onto the locomotive’s 22 Anne Walters gets up close and personal to the King. footplate. Engines are not the cleanest of places and the fireman was swinging shovels of coal into the glowing firebox to build up plenty of steam for our journey to Leicester, nearly ten miles away. No horse for this king – just water, coal and elbow grease. The station master, resplendent in his uniform, kept an eagle eye on activities. Clearly not a Yorkist himself, his buttonhole proudly displayed a red rose. However, the visitors were friendly and he came to no harm! At 7.30 p.m. we were ushered onto the train and took our seats in sumptuous armchairs, and before long the whistle shrilled and we were on our way at a leisurely pace through the growing dusk. The light lasted long enough for us medieval diners to enjoy Swithland reservoir – a haven of peace and tranquillity. The first course was a delicious broth and we then continued to Leicester, passing glowing oil lamp signals and signal boxes, by which time it was dark. In magical, traditional station lighting, the engine was detached and by courtesy of the loop line, made its way to the other end of the train, whilst RIII supporters got to grips with the main course – the roast rib of beef being especially mouthwatering. The wine flowed and, some time later, the return journey was commenced, stopping at the wayside stations to savour the period atmosphere of each one, whilst pacing the dessert, cheese and coffee, for an arrival back at Loughborough. There was no rush to get off, so the ambience of this preserved station – once the scene of much activity and express trains – could be enjoyed. All too soon the evening was over and we disembarked to enjoy for the last time Good King Richard simmering in the station lights and to bid farewell, not only to the king of England but also to the king of locomotives. The rail-borne King Richard III is now no more. Like his namesake, he has been laid to rest for a while, but no cathedral memorial for him. He has assumed his rightful identity of King Edward II and returned to his home at Didcot, where he can be seen in steam from time to time. It is hoped that this locomotive will operate on the main line, hauling express excursion trains at 75 m.p.h. The Richard nameplate will be kept in store and may appear again on the locomotive at some future date. Richard III Society member Anne Walters from the Croydon group made her way to 23 Loughborough for this special evening. Arriving in mid-afternoon she went to the engine shed for a private audience with the king and was invited to climb aboard – a right, royal treat! Not only is she a proud member of the Society, but has also joined another prestigious club – the Black Hand Gang. Her hands were certainly this colour by the time she climbed down and she was proud that she had got dirty in the capable presence of the king. Who else could claim such fame? Alan and Anne Walters Rail enthusiasts can see ‘King Richard III’ in full steam and in full colour in the centre colour section.

The Sun in Splendour: the Middleham Festival Richard III weekend It was just like old times. Heraldic banners hung from the buildings, colourful bunting criss-crossed the market square, and King Richard’s boar banner flew majestically from the castle. It was as if Richard was back, and Middleham was once again the jewel in his crown. We hadn’t seen the like of this for almost a decade. But last year’s discovery in Leicester has rejuvenated all things Ricardian, and now it was Middleham’s turn to share in the glory. The Richard III Weekend is proof positive of the success of Philippa Langley’s Looking for Richard III project, breathing new life into the town, and encouraging English Heritage to promote the castle to its full potential. Billed as ‘A celebration of the king’s life in his childhood home’, this was a festival that certainly lived up to expectations. The overwhelming sense of goodwill and camaraderie was summed up by a huge banner overlooking the market square: ‘This Entertainment Is Provided to the Honour of King Richard III by his most loyal servants The Towns Folk of Middleham’. After all the controversies and battles surrounding Richard’s exhumation and forthcoming interment, it was truly wonderful to be greeted with unconditional affection for our Middleham welcomes King Richard ‘Yorkshire King’. (all photos: Wendy Johnson) It seemed in keeping that the Richard III Festival Weekend should begin at the church on which Richard chose to bestow the honour of collegiate status. On Friday 5 July, St Mary and St Alkelda’s commemorated Richard’s coronation with a service for schoolchildren at which the minister spoke to them about the king. In the prayers she made particular reference to Richard’s care for the poor. She also praised his devotion to the church, and his care for his people. Both readings were aptly chosen. The Old Testament reading was from Psalm 72: ‘Give the king thy judgements, O God . . . he shall judge thy people with righteousness, and thy poor with judgement . . . he shall judge the poor of the people, he shall save the children of the needy.’ It was very refreshing to hear a member of the clergy praise Richard unreservedly, and acknowledge what Richard had attempted to achieve. There was a palpable sense that the ordinary people of Middleham are very proud to be associated with Richard. They consider him to be one of their own, and we found this very moving. As the children, teachers, and parents (in a variety of medieval costumes) processed to the castle to be presented to King Richard and Queen Anne, the church bells rang out in celebration, and it was almost as if we were back in 1483. King Richard and Queen Anne were portrayed by professional actors, Simon Kirk and Kathy Hipperson, who are ‘performance historians’ currently operating under the working title ‘Time Will Tell’. For the past seven years they have been in the employ of English Heritage, playing a range of historical characters at various locations across the country. Both Simon and Kathy have portrayed the royal couple on previous occasions, and take their roles very seriously, reading and researching their subjects extensively. Simon said the role of Richard is ideal because he has a recognisable 24 image, unlike Anne, of whom a great deal less is known. He agreed that Shakespeare has coloured everyone’s view of Richard. If, as an actor, Simon encounters an audience who ask whether Richard had a hump or murdered the , he tells them to first consider who recorded those ‘facts’, and why. Simon prefers people think for themselves and not simply accept what they are told. Simon and Kathy place enormous emphasis on educating as well as entertaining their audiences. King Richard brought the day’s proceedings to a climax with a rousing speech Fiona Kay from the reinstated wooden platform in what was once the castle’s great hall. He declared that he prized loyalty above all things. He had been loyal to the memory of his father and his brother Edward, and now, as king, he was loyal to his people. He described how he ordered the translation of the law into English, so that we would know where we stood if we were ever in court. And he said that although he now spent most of his time in the south, he would leave his northern subjects a jewel. Not a precious stone or a piece of ornamental gold, but his son, Prince Edward. With fatherly pride he described how the young Prince of Wales showed every indication of becoming a great king. ‘God save you’ Richard cried from the platform. ‘God save the King’ rose heavenward from those gathered below. Over the course of the weekend, we made time to interview some of the Gloucester Household who brought the castle to life in their murrey and blue liveries. Tony Long has been with the group for the past 10 or 11 years; when he first came across the ‘Gloucesters’ at Warwick Castle, he immediately decided to join. As a native of Gloucester himself, Tony explained that Richard is well loved there, as his charter is considered to mark the foundation of the modern city. Tony is an extremely approachable and knowledgeable weapons re-enactor. It was a real pleasure to discuss the military side of the Wars of the Roses with him and his equally knowledgeable colleagues, who had replica weapons for visitors to handle and examine. Tony said this was his first visit to Middleham, but it felt like coming home. Fiona Kay comes from Cramlington, and although she has been a member of the Gloucester Household for only two years, she has an impressive 20 years of experience as a re-enactor. Fiona, whose costume is hand-sewn and self-made, helps out in the kitchen, dabbles in crafts, and provides general assistance. Although she has no strong views about Richard either way, Fiona thinks he has been misunderstood. She is always pleased when something happens to trigger interest in history, particularly if it attracts children. Fiona feels that Middleham Castle is a good venue because its walls provide plenty of shade in sunny weather. This was something for which we were all grateful! The Grinnigogs, a troupe of medieval minstrels, performed at St Alkelda’s on Friday evening. Although we didn’t have tickets, our hosts Derek and Ann Bailes from Domus Guest House said the church provided an atmospheric setting for the medieval music, all of which is played on replica instruments such as the hurdy gurdy, shawms and dulcimers. As we entered the White Swan for our evening meal, we were greeted by the NPG portrait attached to one of the hand pumps in the bar. The Wensleydale Brewery had created a very special tipple for the weekend, Wensleydale Ale, which was available in all the pubs in Middleham. It was yet another example of how the community was pulling together to celebrate Richard. Although Dave prefers lager, he tried half a pint and managed to consume it without becoming too inebriated! On Saturday, the town hosted a country market, complete with a hog roast, medieval music and local fruits and vegetables. Representatives from the Plantagenet Alliance were acquiring signatures for their petition to reinter Richard in York Minster, and for a small donation people could have their 25 names entered into a book of Richard III’s Loyal Supporters. It was heart-warming to see the interest generated by the prospect of bringing Richard home to the land he loved. ‘Yorkshire’s King’, Saturday night’s lecture at the Middleham Key Centre, was organised by English Heritage. It featured historian Steven Brindle, our own Philippa Langley, and Professor Sarah Hainsworth of the University of Leicester, and sold out before we had chance to apply for tickets. However, Derek and Anne said it was a fantastic evening: the Key Centre packed to the brim with those curious to know more about King Richard. Derek and Anne greatly enjoyed listening to Philippa, whose passion for her subject shone through. They felt that, in future, English Heritage should stage regular Ricardian events at Middleham. Over Saturday and Sunday visitors to the castle came in droves, and it was encouraging to see how many listened intently as Simon and Kathy regaled the audience with aspects of Richard’s true story. The assistant in the shop told us she’d never been so busy, and hoped it would show English Heritage what can be achieved when the castle hosts popular, and exciting, events. This was a magnificent weekend by any standards and we thoroughly enjoyed ourselves. Those who went to so much trouble to make it such a resounding success deserve our thanks and admiration. It was invigorating to mix with so many like-minded people and enjoy the unique atmosphere of Richard’s favourite castle. Middleham was alive once again, and we sincerely hope this festival renaissance is repeated next year. Whatever happens elsewhere in the country over the forthcoming year, it is clear that Richard’s memory will always be cherished in the heart of his beloved Wensleydale. Wendy Johnson More photos from Middleham can be found in the centre colour section.

The Richard III Flying Experience Richard III might well have benefited from some aerial reconnaissance on 22 August 1485; however, he didn’t, of course, have the technology to hand. Today it is possible for members of the public to fly over the site of the battle of Bosworth. The Richard III Flying Experience are offering flights in a Cessna 172 4-seater aircraft following ‘King Richard’s final battle route from The Blue Boar Inn in Leicester via Bow Bridge and out to Bosworth along the Old Roman Road’. For full details of the package on offer visit: www.richardiii-flyingexperience.com. Interestingly, the founder of the Richard III Society, Dr Saxon Barton, flew over the battlefield in the 1930s, but in what type of aircraft it is not recorded. The photo below, unconnected with the Flying Experience, was sent in by Ken Broomfield and shows the Bosworth sundial from the air, taken during a flight he made in March this year.

Photo: Ken Broomfield

26 Richard III remembered in Portsmouth Madeleine Salvetti contacted us to advise that there is a seat dedicated to King Richard III near the saluting platform, east of the Square Tower in old Portsmouth, Hampshire. It overlooks the entrance to Portsmouth Harbour and is in recognition of his position as Lord High Admiral of England. The seat was originally paid for by the then Portsmouth group and had a boar motif; however when all the seats were replaced each memorial sign was standardised and the boar was removed.

The Richard III bench, looking westward towards the saluting battery, and the original bench plate ‘Richard III: rumour and reality’ Exhibitions and events that sift the fact from the fiction about the life and reign of Richard III are taking place in York over the course of 12 months. ‘Richard III: rumour and reality’ started in June 2013 and is a collaborative project inspired by the identification of the remains of England’s last Yorkist king during archaeological excavations in 2012, which prompted enthusiastic public interest across the region. Richard III played an important role in the history of Yorkshire and its capital city. He was courted by the Lord Mayor and council of the day and his visits to the city were celebrated with great pomp – although his appeal was not universal. Following his death in 1485, his legacy has been hotly disputed. A programme of events across the city and county will investigate the fiction and the truth of this legacy and bring to life this fascinating period of cultural change. The series of events led by archaeologists, historians and curators will probe York’s wealth of documentary evidence, artefacts and buildings which Richard himself visited, to celebrate the Plantagenet monarch’s connections and relationship with the city and the county. Alongside a series of events, the first six months of the programme will be dominated by academic research into the myth and legend surrounding Richard, while activities in 2014 will reveal and share the truths of his reign and relationship with the city. Residents and visitors will be invited to take part in these events, which will be led by organisations including City of York Council, the University of York, York Minster, York Museums Trust, York Archaeological Trust, the Richard III Museum, English Heritage, the Richard III Society and York St John University. Councillor Sonja Crisp, City of York Council’s Cabinet Member for Leisure, Culture and Tourism, said: ‘This programme of events to celebrate and commemorate the man and monarch is a great opportunity for people to come together and learn more about the life and times of the medieval city and the last Yorkist King of England. Following on from the highly successful York 800 festival which brought the communities in York together to celebrate 800 years of self-government, we hope ‘Richard III: rumour and reality’ will help bring the people of York greater insight and shared understanding of the man and monarch, his life and times.’ Exhibitions include the reconstructed head of Richard III on show at the Yorkshire Museum while events include a county-wide Richard III trail, walking tours of York and a production of Richard III at York Theatre Royal. Four interns are researching four pieces of work with the University of York, York Archaeological 27 Trust, the Yorkshire Museum and the Minster. One is looking at the biography of Richard, his connections the north and the property he owned here – all in the context of the Middleham Jewel. Another area of research will focus on the Percy and Neville family feuds and the Wars of the Roses, while the third will look at the documentary evidence of Richard’s life and times: the pageants, spectacle and warfare of the time. The fourth will look at Richard and his relationship with the city and its people and the role of the sacred and secular in his times is being researched in conjunction with York Minster. The graduate students are funded by and are working with the Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past at the University of York. For more information about all the above, visit www.richard111rumourandreality.co.uk. Lee Clark Lee Clark is the communications manager for the York Museums Trust

York’s golden boar: auction to raise funds for the Yorkshire Museum A unique 18-carat gold replica of a Richard III boar badge has been commissioned by the Yorkshire Museum. The replica will be the only gold replica of the badge in existence, accurately based on the rare fifteenth-century silver badge on show in the museum. It has been created by jeweller Charmian Ottaway as part of York’s year-long programme of events entitled ‘Richard III: rumour and reality’. The replica will be auctioned by the Yorkshire Museum; with the money raised being put towards the museum’s acquisition fund – the piece has a reserve price of £2,000. The auction for the badge will officially start on Thursday July 18, with the winner being announced in October Natalie McCaul, curator of archaeology, said: ‘Since we acquired the badge we have been inundated with requests by people wanting to buy replicas of it to wear as a symbol of their interest in Richard III. We asked Charmian to make a mould which we have used to create silver versions of the badge to sell in our shop. However we thought we would make a unique 18-carat gold badge so that one lucky person can be the proud owner of the only one in existence.’ Pewter and silver badges are on sale in the Yorkshire Museum shop. The original silver-gilt livery badge in the form of a boar, a symbol of Richard III, was found by a metal detectorist in 2010 near Stillingfleet, North Yorkshire. It is one of only a relatively small number ever found and because it is silver-gilt it would have once belonged to someone of high status. Gold ones were also in existence at the time of Richard III but were extremely rare. Such badges were originally worn by supporters of Richard III, with precious metal versions given to his most loyal supporters. See the centre colour pages for an illustration of the golden boar.

How to bid The museum has supplied the following guidance: those interested in acquiring the gold replica badge should submit sealed bids to the reception at the Yorkshire Museum or to [email protected]. Bidders should supply their name, address, telephone number, e-mail, whether they wish to remain anonymous and the amount they wish to bid. Bidders are advised to submit unconventional amounts (for example £2,001.23) so the chances of having two bids the same are reduced. The highest bidder will be informed in October, with regular updates of the highest bid released on Twitter (bidder to remain anonymous unless requested).

A stunning new painting of Richard III is unveiled On Saturday 29 June, in the Heritage Room at the Bosworth Battlefield Centre, as part of an exhibition of his work and in front of a group of invited friends, Graham Turner, the acclaimed historical artist – and member of the Society – unveiled his latest painting of Richard III. For once, Graham had not been showing progress reports on his website, so we had only a vague idea as to what to expect. We were not to be disappointed. This depiction of King Richard is stunning. The king is fully armoured, mounted on his horse just before the battle of Bosworth. Alongside him is his friend, Sir Robert Percy, while other knights of the household can be seen in the background. Richard’s armour is gilded and he wears the jewelled circlet crown, with fleur-de-lys, etc, upon his helm. He is every bit the king about to do battle for his throne. 28 Although the painting had been started before the finding in Leicester of the remains of the king, Graham was able to use the findings by taking King Richard’s face from the reconstruction commissioned by the Society. Having painted Richard several times before but with the face based on copies of the lost original, Graham believes this painting will be among the first that shows the king as he really was. I do hope you can get to see this painting of King Richard III at Bosworth. Among Graham’s excellent paintings of Graham Turner with the new painting, at the unveiling the medieval period, this is one of his best. Phil Stone An article by Graham Turner describing the genesis of his latest painting can be found on p. 62.

The White Queen – a television series based on the novels by Philippa Gregory At the time of writing, episodes 1–5 of this £10 million television drama have now been broadcast and, it is safe to say, the series has been roundly ridiculed by most of the critics in the national press, though many agree that it isn’t as bad as the dreadful The Tudors. I have read and enjoyed all Gregory’s The Cousins’ War novels, and particularly like the way she presents the events of the time through the eyes of her central, always female, character. In this way we can begin to understand the human response to the battles, the losses, the deceits, betrayals, ambitions and successes of those who were involved in this most complex period of history. Very little of this survives in the television drama: several books have been conflated into a ten-hour series and there is no time to develop real, complicated characters; indeed, some of them come close to stereotypes. Thus Margaret Beaufort (Amanda Hale) is presented as a neurotic, obsessed, religious fanatic; Warwick (James Frain) a comic-book ‘baddie’, prowling around plotting against everyone, looking increasingly dishevelled as his plans turn to dust; witchy Jacquetta Woodville (Janet McTeer) conveniently summons up a tempest or a mist when required – or spookily extinguishes a distant candle just to keep everyone on their toes. But these are the ‘supporting players’ in the drama which, of course, centres on Elizabeth Woodville (Rebecca Ferguson) and Edward (Max Irons). Rebecca Ferguson is pretty enough, though her Swedish accent is distracting and there is little of the strong, devious and opportunistic Elizabeth that Gregory created. Inexperienced Max Irons tries hard, but he lacks the masculinity, the sheer willpower and ruthlessness of Gregory’s representation. There is little chemistry between the two – gauzy, whiter-than-white curtains, perfect teeth and hair, not to mention nail varnish, don’t really make up for a lack of realistically portrayed passion and desire. Several people have commented on the anachronisms (brick buildings, drainpipes, handrails, zips in dresses, lack of medieval filth and squalor), and it is a pity it was filmed in Belgium. But, for me, this isn’t the problem: what is more disappointing is that the opportunity to present the period, which is unknown to many, many people, as an internecine struggle between two great families, played out by real people – ruthless, powerful and ambitious men together with the women who bore them, loved and hated them, dominated and were dominated by them, has been shunned in favour of a pallid romance set against an incomprehensible background of battles, invasions and power struggles, and peopled by largely two-dimensional characters (though Richard seems to be shaping up nicely!). Elaine Henderson

29 Apologies – wrong image used We rather carelessly used the wrong image to accompany Dorothea Preis’s piece about a letter Richard wrote as duke of Gloucester which had recently sold at auction for £35,000 (June 2013 Bulletin, p. 23). Apologies to Dorothea and thanks to eagle- eyed Geoffrey Wheeler for spotting the mistake. As Geoff points out, ‘the photo clearly shows one bearing the king’s ‘sign manual’ RR (Ricardus Rex); in fact, the letter to which she refers was given maximum publicity, as might be expected, with a full colour reproduction in the The actual letter that was sold for £35,000 Leicester Mercury on 29 March earlier this year, headlined “Document could fetch up to £82,500 at LA sale. Richard letter up for sale’”. Geoff also provided some interesting background information about the image that we did use: ‘Fortunately the one in the Bulletin photograph featured in the report of its sale of “Royal and historic documents” at Christies in the Antique Trade Gazette 15 September 2012, captioned “the only document signed by Richard III to have come to auction in over 40 years” (not strictly true, since, if they had consulted their own archives, the same auction house had sold the Indenture between Gloucester and Lady Scrope, bearing his signature, first in April 1981, the subject of Lorraine Atreed’s article, with full transcription, in Speculum 58 (4) (1983), and then sold it again some years later).’ He adds ‘This latest letter went for £90,000 at their June sale. An idea of its provenance can be found from the added inscription details – top left – “The Gift of Lord Willoughby de Broke to William Hamper Nov 11 1822” and by 1960 it was sold by a Boston bookshop. I first encountered it in 1985, when, with the then USA Branch Chairman, William Hogarth, we conducted a survey of Ricardian and associated documents in American archives. Its owner at the time, Herbert Klingerhofer of Bethesda, Maryland, supplied a transcription of the text, but no photograph, coincidentally on the 500th anniversary of the battle of Bosworth.’

This year’s Wistow maze – see article at top of next page

30 Is it amazing, mazing, maizing or just corny? We obviously have still to learn just how far people will go to link such a major item of news as the discovery of Richard’s grave with their own event or product. Some of these have already featured in the pages of the Bulletin but one, recently reported in the paper of local Market Harborough, the Harborough Mail, 18 July, is rather more tasteful than some of these. Wistow is only a few miles south of Leicester, and the Wistow giant maze has been a popular attraction for ten years. Each year an eight-acre field of maize is cut to form a maze in a pattern that is in someway topical, and it attracts 15,000 people each year. As will be seen from the aerial photograph on the preceding page, this year’s maze, open from 20 July to 22 September, features the boar device of Richard III formed from three miles of paths cut through the standing corn. At the end of the opening season the corn is cut for cattle fodder, and then next year a new design cut, using GPS technology. The owner, Diana Brooks, described it as the ‘winning combination of fun and learning, as well as being a celebration of one of the biggest archaeological finds for Above: Jumping on the bandwagon – ‘shades of Richard III’ decades’. Part of the learning aspect of the maze is 12 quiz Bill Featherstone spotted the above boards spread throughout the maze, each with questions horror in the May 2013 edition of the about a British monarch. Market Harborough Living magazine; he Bill Featherstone thinks in this instance it had been better they had missed the wagon!

For sale: maquette of James Butler’s sculpture of Richard III Official bronze statuette maquette number 002 produced by James Butler RA in 1985 of his sculpture of King Richard III, placed in Leicester to commemorate the quincentenary of the death of Richard. Limited edition of 500 only. Reserve price. Sealed bids in UK sterling to be received by Mrs Madeleine Salvetti, 1 Royal Gate, Southsea, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO4 9XH, UK, by 16.00 on 2 October 2013. The successful bidder will be required to pay the additional cost of shipping, or post and packing, and will be notified by e-mail/telephone prior to shipment and payment. It has been well treasured and needs a similarly appreciative owner.

First academic paper about the Greyfriars excavation now available online The first peer-reviewed academic paper on the discovery of Richard III’s remains, written by academics involved in the project, has been published in the journal Antiquity. The paper, entitled “The king in the car park”: new light on the death and burial of Richard III in the Grey Friars church, Leicester, in 1485’ has contributions by Richard Buckley, Mathew Morris, Jo Appleby, Turi King, Deirdre O’Sullivan and Lin Foxhall. Due to the worldwide interest in this subject the University of Leicester has arranged for an ‘open access’ PDF of the paper to be made available online. See: http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/index.html.

31 Research news

From the Research Officer July has been a busy time. At the start of the month we had a presence at the International Medieval Congress with our stall in the Historical and Archaeological Societies Fair. It was an opportunity to sell Society publications and to promote our research activities. A while ago we were contacted by a PhD student from the York Centre for Medieval Studies asking if the Society would be interested in sponsoring a session at a conference that she was organising for MA and PhD students, to be held in York over the two days 19–20 July. We were pleased to take up the offer, particularly as we have a bursary available for students studying for an MA or PhD in a relevant subject at York. We did not have a suitable candidate this year, so the conference was a good opportunity to promote our bursary. The first speaker during the Society’s session was Elizabeth Dent, a past MA student at the Centre and past holder of a Society bursary. She is now based home in the USA and works as a museum assistant in Washington. Her talk, ‘A History of the Royal Window, Canterbury Cathedral: Yorkist Imagery, Propaganda and Devotion’, was based on her MA thesis. It was a fascinating account of the window, for which there is little contemporary documentation, a situation not helped by the severe damage it suffered during the seventeenth century. The window is thought to date from 1482/3 and depicts the royal family, Edward IV, his wife, their two sons and five daughters. It is thought to have been placed in the north-west transept during a period of renovation in the area where Thomas Becket was assassinated. Some information on how the window originally looked can be found in the records of Richard Culmer, which date from 1644 and provide an account of the damage then inflicted on the window. Originally there were shields representing Edward IV, archbishop Bourchier, the ten prophets and twelve apostles. Also amongst the shields were those of St George, St Edmund, St Antony, St Thomas Becket and St Edward the Confessor; all were saints who had a significance for Edward IV and his brothers and which also reflected the glass at Fotheringhay. The central lights, all now destroyed, depicted the Coronation of the Virgin and the Nativity. In 1789 Jacob Schnebbelie painted the window and his work is now in the care of the Society of Antiquaries; it provides further evidence of the window’s original appearance. The surviving heads of the royal family are quite possibly some of the earliest surviving portraits of the family. When compared to the royal windows in Little Malvern Priory they are much more realistic and were possibly based on panel portraits. When compared to portraits in the Royal Collection there are similarities. The window is one of the earliest examples of foreign work in England; it is by Flemish craftsmen, reflecting Edward IV’s strong links with Burgundy. There was a tradition in the early seventeenth century that the window was a gift to the cathedral from Edward IV, who was certainly a frequent visitor. The House of York appears to have had a special relationship with the cathedral, with members regularly visiting Becket’s tomb; indeed, Elizabeth Wydevile was a member of Canterbury’s Christ Church Priory cofraternity. The purpose of a cofraternity was to confer the benefits of prayers for the dead upon its members; they offered prayers for the living as well. Alternatively, it is possible that the window was a tribute to the royal family made by their supporters. Donations by monarchs are rare, but not unknown. Archbishop Bourchier has also been suggested as the donor, as his shield appears in the window. It is possible there were multiple donors, linked to the fraternity, which also included Richard, duke of Gloucester. The location of the window in relation to Becket’s tomb, places it on the pilgrim’s path around the cathedral, so that the royal family would be seen and remembered, and also placing them as participants in the pilgrimage to Becket. The tomb of the Black Prince is also located in the cathedral and the Yorkist interest in Canterbury could also be linked to this, stressing their true lineage as the successors of Richard II. The second speaker was Jane Maxwell from King’s College London. Her talk was on ‘Lydgate’s 32 Oedipus Complex: Reinterpreting the Theban Myth’. There are various versions of the Oedipus story which Jane went through and she suggested that Lydgate had deliberately chosen to emphasise those parts of the story which related to conflict and civil war. Civil war was a battle of brother against brother; therefore Lydgate’s emphasis could be seen as a comment on contemporary events, which his literate audience would have understood. Written in 1421/1422, it was a comment on Henry V’s brothers jostling for power around the infant Henry VI, Lydgate was thus warning against division and its consequences. The reconstructed head of Richard III is in York from 19 July to 13 October 2013; the head forms the centrepiece of a new exhibition at York Museum called ‘Richard III, King and County’. Fortuitously being in York for the conference at the Centre for Medieval Studies meant I was also able to attend the launch of the exhibition. Professor Mark Ormrod, a historian based at the University of York, gave a very interesting opening talk, which not only launched the exhibition but also ‘Richard III Rumour and Reality’, York’s year-long programme of events (see p. 27). Mark began his talk by stressing that all truth is conditional, that there is always diversity of opinion on a subject and that everybody has something to say on Richard III. He noted that ‘the discovery in a Leicester car park is one of the most exciting things to have happened in medieval history in a long time’, and challenged his audience to focus on what has really changed as a result of the discovery. A timely reminder that there is still much further thought to be given to the impact of the Greyfriars excavation and its outcome. Lynda Pidgeon

Ricardian Chronicle continuations The Ricardian Chronicle Project is in need of an IT specialist. Helen Challinor, our IT specialist, is no longer with the project. We thank her for all her hard work in getting the project off the ground and setting up the database – we would have got nowhere without her knowledge of computers. The team will sorely miss her enthusiasm and expertise. So please help us to find someone who knows how to handle metadata, etc. In the meantime, apologies to any researcher who has submitted an entry and not been acknowledged. We have received the entries, thank you, but we no longer have the automated notification system. We do have instructions from Helen on how to carry on; if you are computer-savvy, could you be the expert we need? Help us, please, or the Chronicle Project may falter, in which case wonderful entries like this one from Dublin 1487, submitted by Randolph Jones, may be lost to us: To the great discredit of foolish men, then held for wise, it is remembered, and the posteritie is to take notice of the foolery, that one Lambert, a boy, an organ-maker’s sonne, was crowned at Dublin Kinge of England and Lord of Ireland, in the third yere of Henry the 7. The circumstances may not be forgotten. The Erle of Kildare, then governor of the realme, with the asistance of all the lordes spirituall and temporall, and commons, of the north part of Ireland, assembled in the Castell of Dublin, crowned the same boy, and proclaymed him as aforesaid. The crowne they took off the head of the image of our Lady of Damascus, and clapt it on the boye’s head. The maior of Dublin tooke the boye in his armes, caried him about the citie in procession with great triumph, the clergie goinge before; the Erle of Kildare, then governor; Walter, archbishop of Dublin, lord chaunceler, the nobilitie, counsell, and citizens of the said citie, followinge him as their kinge: unto whome, also, all the partes of Ireland yelded obedience. If you can offer your IT skills or want to join the project, please contact Toni Mount, project co- ordinator, at [email protected], or ring 01474 355676. Toni Mount 33 Events for 2014 at the University of Southampton

Richard III study day: 10 a.m.–4 p.m., 8 March 2014 Southampton University will be holding a one-day cultural event on Saturday 8 March with a series of short talks led by experts from within their history department. The conference will provide opportunities to learn and engage in discussion about Richard III with academics of international distinction. For further information visit: www.southampton.ac.uk/lifelonglearning/news/events/2014/03/08_richard_iii.page?

The White Queen: fact or fiction? The life and times of Elizabeth Woodville – an evening course A number of novels have appeared recently on the subject of Elizabeth Woodville and her relationship with Edward IV and his family; most recently The Cousins’ War trilogy, which has also been serialised on TV. This course will examine the reality behind these stories and place them in the context of the fifteenth century. This 12-week course will take place on Thursday evenings at the University of Southampton. For further information visit: http://www.southampton.ac.uk/lifelonglearning/history/courses/white_queen.page?

The Ricardian reaches far and wide Anne Sutton, editor of The Ricardian, has brought to our attention an article in The Pewterer, the e- magazine endorsed by the Worshipful Company of Pewterers, which is devoted to pewter and the pewter trade. The article, ‘Pewter, St Dionis and tin trade through Southampton’ makes extensive use of Anne’s article, ‘Agnes Don-Bretton. Merchant Stapler, Widow and Matriarch of Southampton and London, circa 1451–1561’, which was published in the 2012 edition of The Ricardian. The relevant issue of The Pewterer can be accessed on line at http://www.thepewterer.org.uk/home/the-pewterer- volume-3-4-1.

Interesting and useful websites Some useful websites for those interested in family and local history.

Wills The National Archives (TNA) is an extremely useful resource; it is gradually adding more documents online which you can download for a small fee. One of the most useful sources is wills. Wills for the period 1384–1858 are available; these are taken from the Prerogative Court Canterbury (PCC) register. The wills can range from a few lines to several pages and are written in Latin, English or French. An example of wills from each century has been provided, which can be downloaded free of charge to demonstrate how writing changed over the years: www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/wills.htm?WT.mc_id=discoemail.

Church courts A new website has York cause papers – these are records from church courts. As well as these papers there are useful articles explaining how church courts operated and what we mean by cause papers. See www.hrionline.ac.uk/causepapers.

Local and parish history This website is dedicated to local and parish history and has useful links to research guides, parish histories, e.g. Scottish medieval churches, bibliography. See www.my-parish.org. The British Association for Local History is another good place to look for more general background information on all aspects of local history: www.balh.co.uk. Another website, about medieval English towns, tells you all you might wish to know about towns, including their history, office holdings and medieval boroughs; it also has a growing selection of primary documents: http://users.trytel.com/~tristan/towns/towns.html. 34 Looking for Richard – the follow-up

News from Leicester City Council the notion that archaeological protocol requires Plans for the King Richard III Visitor Centre the burial of exhumed remains in the nearest are progressing well and we expect it to open in consecrated ground. But as Peter pointed out, spring 2014. This will be in an empty Victorian these are ‘the bones of an anointed king of school building opposite the cathedral that England, so perhaps other criteria should actually stands over the apse of the Grey Friars apply’. This, of course, brings us to the church where King Richard was buried. The question of York, and the overwhelming public external plans have been published, with a new view that Richard should be laid to rest in the reception and link building to enable visitors to Minster. Peter stated quite correctly ‘that there visit the grave site. The interior designs are is no direct evidence whatsoever’ that Richard well under way. They will be unveiled when planned to be buried in York, despite the fact the visitor centre opens. that he established a college of 100 priests in Before building work starts, the University the Minster before his death. Therefore, in an of Leicester have taken the opportunity to attempt to shed a little more light on Richard’s excavate more of the friary church, in the old possible intentions at York, I propose to discuss school playground. As well as excavating a the college of 100 priests in greater detail, and large stone tomb, some of the 1485 floor draw some comparisons with Edward IV’s surface near the grave has been found, which is reconstruction of St George’s Chapel Windsor. very exciting. This summer we are also Historians have long recognised that launching a walking tour, a set of ten new Richard’s ambitious plans for York Minster heritage interpretation panels, and a suggested the creation of a magnificent royal programme of events. The temporary mausoleum. Barrie Dobson stated that the exhibition has now attracted over 100,000 political and religious purposes of the royal visits. chapels of St George at Windsor and of Henry We were most grateful for the opportunity VII at Westminster constitute an instructive to work with the Richard III Society to guide to Richard’s ‘religious aims and organise a national tour of King Richard’s objectives at York’.2 Tony Pollard endorsed reconstructed head. After a brief appearance in Dobson’s comparison with Windsor and Leicester and Bosworth it spent the summer in Westminster, arguing that Richard’s ‘grandiose York and will progress to Northampton and the scheme’ for a chantry of 100 priests, ‘probably British Museum before returning to Leicester his intended mausoleum’, demonstrated ‘the via Gloucester in time for the new visitor extent to which he identified himself with his centre opening. adopted region’.3 Colin Richmond took up the Sarah Levitt theme of Richard’s attachment to the north, Sarah Levitt is head of Leicester City Council’s proclaiming that the king ‘did too much for Arts and Museums Service, she will update us men and communities there to believe again in December with further details about otherwise’, and as Richard ‘had chosen York the development of the visitor centre. For Minster as his burial place, Yorkshire was further information visit: clearly where he was most at home’.4 Anne www.leicester.gov.uk/museumsandgalleries. Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs argued that just as Edward IV chose St George’s Chapel, Did Richard III intended to be buried Windsor, as his final resting place ‘because he in York Minster? loved it’, so Richard probably chose York as In the December 2012 Ricardian Bulletin Peter his burial place because he loved the Minster.5 Hammond made a series of extremely pertinent This admittedly brief historiographical survey observations concerning the thorny issue of has nevertheless thrown up two important where Richard III should be reinterred.1 themes. Richard III’s very strong personal Leicester Cathedral’s claim appears to rest on association with, and love for, the north of

35 England; and the examples of Edward IV’s prayers for Richard, his family, and nominated chapel at Windsor, and Henry VII’s chapel at saints during his lifetime. Of course these Westminster, as pointers to Richard’s possible arrangements, and the financial endowments intentions at York. that supported them, would be expected to So what, precisely, is the evidence continue after the king’s death. But this could underpinning the claim that Richard III take place whether Richard was laid to rest in planned to be buried in the Minster? As Peter the Minster or not. Therefore, what other Hammond explained, it consists of evidence is there that the ultimate purpose of fragmentary scraps of information contained this magnificent foundation was the for the most part in the Privy Seal Register establishment of a royal mausoleum? For this (Harleian Manuscript 433),6 and a document we must look to the work of Edward IV at relating to the physical evolution of the Windsor and the creation of St George’s building known as The Fabric Rolls of York Chapel. Minster.7 The Privy Seal Register contains five Expert opinion suggests that from the early separate but related entries: that Richard III 1470s Edward IV planned to ‘rebuild St ordained 100 priests to sing in the Minster; that George’s Chapel and house his burial place and the Minster was to be provided with a grant to monument within it’. It was a decision support the priests; that the dean and other probably prompted by Edward’s exile in officials were authorised to levy all manner of 1470–1, ‘as the experience may have rents and duties appertaining to the priests; that heightened a sense of the unreliability of the dean and other officials were empowered to fortune and the passing of the years’.12 In much levy, gather, and receive all such Duchy of the same vein Barrie Dobson and James Raine Lancaster rents designated by the king; and that suggested that it was following his coronation all letters, documents and records concerning on 6 July 1483 that Richard III unveiled his the priests were to be delivered to Master John plans for York Minster during an extended visit Harrington.8 In addition, the Fabric Rolls to the city in September of that year.13 Both reveal that six altars, intended for the king’s men had recently emerged from a series of priests, had been erected in the Minster, and highly dangerous events; Edward fought two that work had begun on a college in which 100 battles in the spring of 1471 to regain the priests were to be housed.9 We can therefore throne, and Richard escaped two attempts on say with certainty that by the time of his death his life in the weeks preceding his accession. in August 1485 Richard III was building a Edward was 29 and Richard was 30, and each college for 100 chantry priests and that six had been vividly reminded of their own altars had been set up for their use in the mortality. These profound similarities provide Minster. And we also know, as Archbishop an important and largely ignored context for Rotherham confirmed, that Richard had made subsequent developments. extensive financial provision for the enterprise It has been argued that the ‘attention and ‘primarily at his own cost and expenses’.10 In money’ Edward IV ‘lavished on Windsor is the light of this evidence, it is hardly surprising ample proof that he loved the castle as a place that Barrie Dobson concluded that the battle of to live and receive his guests’, and that he Bosworth deprived York Minster ‘of the chose St George’s as his burial place ‘because entrancing prospect of becoming the site of the he loved it’.14 Richard III’s love of the north is most ambitious chantry foundation ever well attested, as is the high regard in which the contemplated by an English king?’11 people of that region held him. ‘Rarely, if ever, Nowhere in the surviving evidence, has there been a prince in the north so however, is there any reference to the universally beloved as Richard III’, and ‘even construction of a tomb or a chantry chapel in after his fall, when their help was of no avail, which a tomb would be located. What we have his memory lay at the bottom of their hearts, is an unprecedented scheme within the existing ever springing up again to be cherished and Minster, designed to service a vast number of lamented’.15 This is a striking parallel. It would priests with a large number of altars, and appear undeniable that Edward’s deep personal intended to provide an unbroken cycle of attachment to Windsor led to the reconstruction 36 of St George’s as his burial place, while him at Bosworth, as did any plans shared with Richard’s equally manifest affection for the the archbishop, the dean, and the chapter when north and York Minster prompted the creation they passed away. However, we do know that of an unprecedented college of 100 chantry Richard ordered all documents relating to the priests. Such a telling convergence of emotion 100 priests at York to be delivered into the and feeling is highly suggestive, and when one custody of a Master John Harrington. This adds the sheer scale of the respective projects, administrative reorganisation suggests the need it is hardly surprising that several historians to centralise an increasing number of letters, have deduced that Richard III’s intentions at patents, and other paperwork created by a York were exactly the same as Edward IV’s at substantial and growing construction project.19 Windsor. This is reminiscent of the stage Edward IV had It has been asserted that there ‘was nothing reached at Windsor in 1475 when ‘many imitative or derivative about what Edward drawings were in existence’, although he ‘did created at Windsor’ and that ‘St George’s not know precisely what the building was Chapel stands as a monument to Edward’s own going to be like when finished’.20 Had Master choices and taste’.16 Similarly, Richard’s plans Harrington’s archive survived we would today for ‘the most ambitious chantry foundation know a great deal more about Richard’s plans ever contemplated by an English king’ testify than the meagre, though vital, entries in to the singularity of his vision for York Harleian 433 and other sources reveal. Minster.17 In each case something new and But perhaps there is one final and more spectacular was contemplated. The fact that the compelling factor linking Edward IV’s former came to fruition largely as Edward magnificent work at Windsor with Richard III’s intended should not obscure the fact that the equally magnificent proposals for York. ‘The latter was prevented by unforeseen primary purpose of the Chapel of St George circumstances beyond Richard’s control. In was to praise God; within this praise was addition, the length of time taken to plan and inserted the recitation of a constant round of complete Edward IV’s rebuilding at Windsor prayers for the soul of King Edward IV.’21 As sheds light on the progress of Richard’s work at Barrie Dobson has pointed out, the one duty York Minster. Edward appointed a surveyor in known for certain of the projected 100 priests February 1473, and in February 1475 a master at York Minster was to ‘celebrate masses for carpenter and a master carver were authorised Richard III and his immediate kindred as well to employ carpenters and carvers. Shortly as to pray to “God, our lady, seint George and afterwards, in June 1475, demolition of old seint Nynyan”‘.22 This emphasis on prayer, buildings commenced, and in March 1477 both to God and on behalf of the respective work began on the foundations and walls of a benefactors, is of course the primary function new chapel. Between 1480 and 1483 stone for of a chantry and its allocated priests. But the vaulting was supplied along with touchstone or truly extraordinary number of chantry priests black marble for parts of the tomb. Thus by the endowed by Richard III speaks of something time of Edward IV’s death in April 1483 St well beyond the norm. As York Minster was George’s Chapel was nearing completion after completed at about the time Richard took up more than a decade of detailed planning, his new role as Edward IV’s lieutenant of the demolition, and construction.18 north in 1472, he may have felt a great sense of This almost certainly explains why connection with a building that represented the surviving references to Richard’s foundation at north in much the same way that he attempted York are devoid of any mention of a tomb or a to represent the north during the 1470s. Thus in specific chapel building. The time required to the late summer of 1483, as the newly crowned draw up detailed plans and appoint suitably Richard III entered York on the most northerly qualified surveyors and craftsmen would take leg of his royal progress, it must have appeared longer than the two years or less Richard was an opportune moment to initiate plans for his able to devote to the project before his death. In tomb and final resting place. The college of all probability Richard’s detailed wishes for a 100 priests would clearly begin its devotional new chapel building and tomb perished with work while Richard was alive, providing a 37 continuous cycle of prayers to God and for the 7. Raine, J. (ed.) (1859) The Fabric Rolls of king himself. These unprecedented and York Minster, Surtees Society, vol. 35. extensive arrangements can only have been 8. Horrox and Hammond (1979), vol. 1, pp. intended to continue after the king’s death, and 201, 221, 242, 247–8, 267. it would appear almost inconceivable, given 9. Raine (1859), p. 87. the enormous scale of Richard’s foundation at 10. Dobson (1986) p. 144. York, that he planned to be buried anywhere 11. Dobson (1986) pp. 131–2. else. It is difficult to view the college of 100 12. Sutton and Visser-Fuchs (2005) p. 93. priests as anything other than a substantial first 13. Dobson (1986) p. 131; Raine (1859), p. step in a long-term project to establish at York 87. Minster precisely what Edward IV had 14. Sutton and Visser-Fuchs (2005) p. 2. established at St George’s Chapel Windsor: a 15. Raine (1859) p. 87. new royal mausoleum. 16. Sutton and Visser-Fuchs (2005) p. 2. Of course, the one assertion we can make 17. Dobson (1986) p. 132. with absolute certainty is that Richard III never 18. Sutton and Visser-Fuchs (2005) pp. 96, chose to be buried in Leicester, and the fact that 102, 103. he was hastily and inappropriately interred in 19. Horrox and Hammond (1979) vol. 1, pp. the church of the Grey Friars is no more than a 247–8. very unfortunate accident of history. Had it not 20. Sutton and Visser-Fuchs (2005) p. 96. been for the battle of Bosworth, he would 21. Sutton and Visser-Fuchs (2005) p. 109. almost certainly have been laid to rest in a 22. Dobson (1986) pp. 145–6. beautiful and specially designed chapel in York Minster, serviced by the continuous prayers Richard III and the Magazine Gate: and masses of no less than 100 chantry priests. exploring a tradition The sheer scale of this ultimately aborted I visited Leicester for the first time in around project, and its resonance with the royal chapel 20 years on my way home from the Society’s of Edward IV at Windsor, provides compelling AGM in York last year. With the discovery of evidence that England’s ‘northern’ king had set the Greyfriars skeleton I was keen to become his sights on York. reacquainted with a city1 which had family David Johnson connections for me and which was now in the news following the potential discovery of References King Richard’s remains, subsequently con- 1. Hammond, P. W. (2012) ‘Richard III and firmed in February 2013. York’, Ricardian Bulletin, December, pp. Society business had kept me at my desk 50–1. during the car park open days and so this was 2. Dobson, R. B. (1986) ‘Richard III and the the first opportunity I had to visit the site in the Church of York’, in R. A. Griffiths and J. hope of seeing the grave, or at least getting Sherborne (eds.), Kings and Nobles in the reasonably close. My curiosity was not just to Later Middle Ages, Gloucester, p. 146. see the grave itself but the car park and poten- 3. Pollard, A. J. (1991) Richard III and the tial Grey Friars site which I had first read Princes in the Tower, Stroud, pp. 76 and about in Audrey Strange’s 1975 Ricardian arti- 195. cle on the friary. Entering from Greyfriars I 4. Richmond, C. (1993) ‘1483: The Year of immediately saw the openwork fencing, but Decision (or Taking the Throne)’, in J. was turned away by a not unfriendly attendant. Gillingham (ed.), Richard III: a medieval Not daunted, however, I walked around the kingship, London, p. 45. corner and turned left into New Street and left 5. Sutton, A. F. and Visser-Fuchs, L. with again into the car park’s other entrance and Griffiths, R. A. (2005) The Royal Funerals found I was directly opposite the grave, albeit of the House of York at Windsor, p. 2. a few yards away. By viewing it from this 6. Horrox, R. and Hammond, P. W. (eds) direction the proximity to the cathedral was (1979) British Library Harleian brought home to me. Manuscript 433, Gloucester, 4 vols. I retraced my steps and walked down 38 The main entrance to the Newarke is through the Magazine Gate, so named in the seventeenth century but formerly known as the ‘Newarke Gate’, built close to the old South Gate of the town (photo in centre colour sec- tion). After admiring this structure, built in 1410, I saw the Newarke House Museum and although I didn’t feel there would be too much of Ricardian interest I went in and started chat- ting with the curator. Conversation very natu- rally centred on King Richard and the curator reminded me of the tradition that Richard had left Leicester for Bosworth through the The arches of St Mary’s (Wendy Moorhen) Magazine Gate. I left the Newarke and walked through the Peacock Lane and then towards what I remem- castle gardens, taking in the Society’s statue bered as being a delightful area of the city – by James Butler, and made my way to the river the church of St Mary de Castro, the castle gar- Soar and Bow Bridge, so changed since King dens and the Newarke. I was not disappointed Richard’s time with the canalisation of the and it was hard to believe I was in a modern river and the new bridges. I had abruptly and bustling city as I walked under the Castle returned to the twenty-first century, with the or ‘Turret’ Gate towards the Newarke, with heavy traffic over the waterways and the view peaceful gardens either side. The Newarke or of the multi-storey Holiday Inn, an edifice ‘New Work’ was a walled liberty, adjacent to Leicester Mayor, Sir Peter Soulsby, would like the south-west of the town, founded by Henry, to see demolished. I risked life and limb cross- earl of Lancaster, grandson of Henry III, in ing to see both sides of the Soar before head- 1330. The Newarke, covering around 17 acres, ing towards the next place on my agenda, the housed a collegiate church dedicated to St site of the Blue Boar Inn, where King Richard Mary of the Annunciation, chantry and priests’ allegedly spent the night of 21 August.2 I nego- houses, a vicarage and the Trinity Hospital. I tiated yet another hazard, St Nicholas Circle, knew the church had, like the Grey Friars, long and made my way north up Highcross Street, since vanished and that the De Montfort formerly the High Street, which ran roughly University’s Hawthorn Building was built north–south through the old medieval town.3 over the site. I had also read that some fabric The inn had been built on the corner of this of the church was extant and I was very keen thoroughfare and Guildhall Lane, the Guild or to see it. On entering the building I walked down some stairs hoping to find a receptionist ‘The March from Leicester’ by Graham Turner. or porter and whilst walking around the Reproduced by kind permission of Osprey labyrinth of corridors a lecturer, cleverly spot- Publishing www.ospreypublishing.com ting I was not a student, enquired if she could help. ‘Ah’, she said as I made my business known, ‘follow me’ and she led me to a central part of the building, a largish recreational area for the students, with vending machines and computer desks and incongruously two arches of the church. I felt as if I had discovered Tutankhamen’s tomb! Sadly the bubble was somewhat burst when I later examined the photographs I had taken. A notice recorded that the masonry had been taken from the site during the erection of the present building and only replaced in 1937!

39 Mayor’s Hall having been situated a little fur- However, I would suggest that he chose St ther along the road. This lane and building are Mary of the Annunciation in the Newarke to not to be confused with the present Guildhall hear Mass, a church which had connections Lane and building next to the Cathedral. The with the king. Richard had appointed two of inn was demolished in 1836 and a Travelodge the church’s prebends, Lawrence Squier and now occupies the site, but in the present-day Robert Moine. In a letter dated February 1484 Highcross Street. Almost opposite the historic to the officers of his lordships of ‘Carmarden Free Grammar School is the Richard III public Kedwelly and Carnwalthane in Wales’ he house, where a welcome lunchtime drink was described St Mary’s as his ‘new collegiat consumed. churche’ and exhorted them to ensure dues to I was now becoming comfortable with the the church were collected and paid.4 Richard, geography of the city and headed back down of course, had a great interest in such estab- Highcross Street towards my final destinations lishments and was already in the process of – the Guildhall and the cathedral. However, as endowing York Minster and the churches of I walked south an attractive medieval building Barnard Castle and Middleham. There was caught my eye, the Wygston House. Standing also another, tenuous, connection. William there I then took stock of my bearings. To the Dudley, Richard’s friend and ally in the north, south I could see the Magazine Gate, behind had been the dean of St Mary’s until his resig- me was the site of the Blue Boar Inn and over nation in 1476 when he was translated to the to the right, beyond St Nicholas Circle, Bow bishopric of Durham. The comparative open Bridge. Suddenly an alarm bell rang as I space of the Newarke, as opposed to the nar- recalled the curator’s words ‘Richard left row and crowded streets surrounding the Leicester on 21 August through the Magazine churches in the town proper, could also Gate’. It didn’t make sense. Why ride all the accommodate Richard’s immediate host whilst way down the old High Street, go through the he attended Mass. gate and the Newarke and then presumably The tradition is that King Richard departed swing around past the castle towards the river? Leicester through the Magazine Gate, so per- Why not just turn right at the High Cross haps it can be presumed that he continued his towards the West Gate and Bridge? journey to Bosworth by leaving the Newarke There could be two or three explanations. through the recently constructed Turret Gate, Perhaps King Richard merely wanted to marched towards St Mary de Castro and then parade through the main artery of Leicester on to the West Gate and Bridge, then taking and allow as many of its citizens as possible to the right-hand fork towards the Augustinian see him, his entourage and whatever part of his Friary and across Bow Bridge, rather than army had spent the night within the city. returning through the Magazine and South Indeed it would have been a fine spectacle – Gates and taking either St Mary’s Church Lane the king on his way to battle, no doubt cheered or the High Street and then travelling along by the populace. A more mundane reason may Red Cross Street to the West Gate. have been that the old High Street was the If my hypothesis is correct, was it a coinci- widest thoroughfare for the horses and soldiers dence that on his return to Leicester late on the and therefore the sensible route to take. following day, as a naked and abused corpse, However, I would like to speculate on a King Richard was displayed at St Mary of the third scenario, that in view of the impending Annunciation in the Newarke before his igno- battle, King Richard wanted to celebrate minious and hasty burial in the Grey Friars? Sunday Mass publicly in a church rather than Did Henry Tudor have intelligence that King participate in a private service with his own Richard had worshipped at St Mary’s, praying chaplains. There were several parish churches for victory in the forthcoming battle, and then within the town walls and one which King deemed this church, with its earlier Richard may have known, St Mary de Castro, Lancastrian connections, a fitting place to due to its proximity to the castle and great hall complete his vanquished enemy’s humilia- where he probably stayed on earlier visits. tion?

40 A plan of medieval Leicester. Reproduced by kind permission of Leicester City Council. Key to places: 2 West Gate; 4 South Gate; 7 Bow Bridge; 8 West Bridge; 14 St Martin’s Church (now the cathedral); 16 Greyfriars Church; 17 St Mary de Castro; 18 St Nicholas; 23 The castle mound; 26 St Mary of the Annunciation, Newarke; 29 Austin Friars; 35 Old Mayor’s Hall; 36 Blue Boar Inn; 38 High Cross; 53 Magazine Gate (Newarke Main Gateway); 58 Roger Wygston’s House; 59 Free Grammar School. 41 Afterword all linked by accessible high quality This article began life in quite a different form. pedestrian routes’. Although I was interested in looking at the 4 Horrox, R. and Hammond, P. W. (eds), BL Magazine Gate tradition,5 one of several about Harleian Manuscript 433, 4 vols, Richard’s time in Leicester that fateful August, Upminster, 1979–83, vol. 2, p. 93. I also wanted to explore the possibility that he 5. In addition to the traditions referred to in was not immediately interred in the Grey Friars this article there is also the story that but initially laid to rest at St Mary of the Richard brought his own bed to the Blue Annunciation. There seemed to be reasonable Boar and the incident on Bow Bridge, evidence to support such a hypothesis in the when after his foot struck a stone on the contemporary sources: the Ballad of Bosworth way out it was predicted his head would Field, which confirms he was laid at the hit the stone on his return. Newarke for all to see, the Frowyk Chronicle, 6. Hales, J. W. and Furnival, F. J. (eds) which claimed he was buried at the Newarke, Bishop Percy’s Folio Manuscript. Ballads and the document in the Early Chancery and Romances, 3 vols, London, 1868. Proceedings (1496), which related to his tomb ‘Bosworth Field’ vol. 3, pp 233–59. ‘The and where the clerk had written the king was Making of a Minor London Chronicle in buried in the ‘Newarke’ but then crossed it out the Household of Sir Thomas Frowyk and inserted ‘friers’. Then, of course, there was (died 1485)’ by Anne Sutton and Livia John Rous’ rather ambiguous wording in his Visser-Fuchs, The Ricardian, Vol. X, No. history, Richard finalitur (ultimately or finally 126, pp 86–105. PRO (now TNA): or at last) buried in the Grey Friars.6 The C1/206/69 (Rhoda Edwards ‘King announcement on 4 February made nonsense Richard’s Tomb’ and Peter W. Hammond of my theory. The discovery of King Richard in ‘The Burial Place of Richard’, both in an inadequately dug grave, the position of his Crown and People edited by James Petrie, head and the possibility that his hands had been 1985, pp 29–31). John Rous, Historia tied all indicated a hasty interment following Johannis Rossi Warwicensis de Regibus the display of his body. Records and docu- Anglie, http:/books.google.co.uk. ments are wonderful but you can’t argue with the archaeology. Further reading Wendy E. A. Moorhen Matthew Morris, Richard Buckley and Mike Cood, Visions of Ancient Leicester, University Notes of Leicester Archaeological Services, 2011. 1. Leicester was granted city status in 1919 The illustrator has recreated what Leicester and the former parish church of St Martin might have looked like during various periods became the cathedral. During King of its history, including concepts of medieval Richard’s reign Leicester was a borough. Leicester. A visual treat. 2. There is a popular tradition that the inn I am grateful to Dr John Ashdown-Hill for his was called the in King comments on the original draft of this article. Richard’s day but was renamed the Blue Boar (a device of the earl of Oxford, Medieval treatments for scoliosis Tudor’s general at Bosworth) after the It has recently been suggested by Dr Mary Ann battle. Lund1 that Richard III may have been offered 3. I am not alone in finding difficulties painful treatment for his scoliosis, including traversing the city. It’s a problem that the quite extreme forms of traction, as such City Council recognise and they have treatments are recommended in the works of launched the Connecting Leicester project, Avicenna, who was highly respected as a which aims to remove some of the barriers medical authority in the Middle Ages, and who that the post-war development of the city was himself influenced by the works of has imposed. The vision is to improve the Hippocrates. connections between ‘shopping, leisure, The terms kyphosis and scoliosis to describe heritage, housing and transport facilities, different types of spinal deformity were 42 The Australasian Convention (see p. 16)

The Convention adjourns to watch a spectacular fireworks display over Sydney (photo by Helen Portus) Good King Richard on the rails (see p. 22)

The locomotive King Richard III – king for the day (photo by Alan Walters)

i The Middleham weekend (see p. 24)

Above: Dave Johnson is granted an audience with Richard and Anne. Left: Tony Long (on the right) and a fellow re-enactor (photos by Wendy Johnson)

ii York’s golden boar (see p. 28)

Pirates and privateers (see p. 59)

The parish church of St Fimbarrus, Fowey (Photo by Elaine Henderson)

iii Leicester’s Magazine Gate (see p. 38)

Photo by Wendy Moorhen

iv The face of Richard III (see p. 54)

Figure 8 (see p. 54): The craniofacial superimposition of the skull of Richard III with the Society of Antiquaries portrait (left) and the National Portrait Gallery portrait (right) © Wilkinson, University of Dundee

Figure 9 (see p. 54): The face of Richard III © Wilkinson/Aitken, University of Dundee

v A new painting of the King (see p. 62)

The finished painting: Richard III by Graham Turner © Graham Turner

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Two new portraits by Lin M Staunton introduced in the Hippocratic texts the Middle English translation of his Latin (fifth–fourth centuries BC).2 To concentrate on treatise), ‘Cirurgie forsothe is saide of cyros, the use of the term ‘scoliosis’, it appears that that is an hande, and of gyros, that is a werke, this work is applied in these texts to ‘almost as it were a science or a connynge of hande every kind of spinal curvature, including those werke’.6 Thus, operations that involved spinal deformities resulting from injuries of the manipulation or cutting came under the vertebrae. . . . When the term is restricted to its heading of surgery, and so also did treatment contemporary meaning, then little information by external medication of conditions such as can be derived from the Hippocratic texts’.3 In ulcers or fistulas which might result from an terms of treatment, no distinction appears to injury.7 Treatment for scoliosis would therefore have been made between the various types of land clearly within the remit of the surgeon, spinal deformity. The types of traction whether such treatment consisted of recommended include the Hippocratic Ladder manipulation, traction, or the application of (the patient tied to a ladder and the ladder external medication such as plasters or shaken to encourage the spine to straighten ointments. under the weight of the limbs) and the It seemed valuable, therefore, to consult Hippocratic Board and Bench (the patient surgical sources more nearly contemporary placed under traction while lying down, and with Richard III than those consulted by Dr pressure applied in various ways to the spinal Lund, to see what, if anything, they had to say curvature). Hippocrates does, however, warn on the matter. For this purpose, the relevant against charlatans who seek only to impress, passages were studied from the following not to heal – ‘succussion on a ladder has never surgeons, some in modern English translations, straightened anybody, as far as I know, but it is some in Middle English translations, and some principally practised by those physicians who in the original Latin: Theodoric of Cervia (d. seek to astonish the mob. . . . But the 1298): Lanfrank of Milan (whose surgical physicians who follow such practices, as far as treatise was written in 1296): Guy de Chauliac I have known them, are all stupid.’4 Perhaps (treatise written in 1363): and John Bradmore because of this warning, Galen, writing in the (a London surgeon who compiled and wrote second century AD, although recommending his surgical treatise between 1403 and 1412).8 the use of the Hippocratic Board for traumatic The first thing to note about all these deformities (i.e. those resulting from injury) surgical texts is that none of them, whether in and the Hippocratic Ladder for kyphotic Latin or in Middle English, made use of the conditions, expressed doubts as to the terms kyphosis or scoliosis. Given the opinion effectiveness of the techniques.5 To what extent quoted above that even Hippocrates’ use of the the Arabic writer Avicenna shared these doubts term scoliosis covers a much wider range of I am not certain, having no access to the spinal conditions than its modern, more relevant texts. precise, usage, this might not be considered too It has been suggested that the scoliosis much of a problem, but it does leave us with apparent in Richard III’s bones was adolescent the difficulty of deciding exactly when the onset scoliosis. If this were indeed the case, condition the surgeon writing has in mind is the then we can assume that external symptoms condition of scoliosis as we now understand it. first began to show during his brother’s reign, Because of this difficulty in deciding exactly when (except for the brief period of the how a medieval surgeon would define readeption of Henry VI), he would have been scoliosis, chapters on various sorts of back settled enough and wealthy enough to have problem were consulted in the surgical texts access to professional medical care of the listed above. John Bradmore’s book Philomena highest standard, as Dr Lund points out. For a has a chapter (part 4, distinction 6, chapter 1, f. condition such as scoliosis, this care would 270) entitled ‘Of swelling in the backs of most probably have been provided by a children’, which seemed a promising place to surgeon rather than a physician. As the start. However, it defined swelling as ‘an fourteenth-century French surgeon Guy de elevation of the vertebrae to the outside’, Chauliac defined surgery (I am quoting from which sounds more like kyphosis, and on 43 reading through the chapter the only part which some types of dislocations not being curable. mentioned children or adolescents quoted The surgeon is to observe which way the spine Hippocrates as saying that swelling of the back tilts. If inwards to the chest, this is not curable. happens in adolescence ‘through cough and If the displacement is to the sides, it is not asthma’, which sounds more as if Pott’s disease curable (my italics). If the displacement is to (TB spine) is meant. None of the other the back, it is called gibbous, and if this has problems mentioned in this chapter convinced existed from childhood, this is not curable. If as a description of scoliosis, either. Treatments however it results from a fall or blow, the recommended include alterations to the diet, surgeon is advised to use pressure, traction and purging, and comforting the swollen place with splints to reduce the dislocation. This is the embrocations, ointments, or plasters of herbs. first indication in these chapters that not all As one of the causes of swelling in the back dislocations are traumatic, and that some may given in this chapter was an apostume have lasted since childhood. It seems likely (abscess), chapters on apostumes were that scoliosis was considered to be a non- consulted next. In his chapter ‘On apostemes of traumatic variety of dislocation, and would the nekke and of the bakke’ (doctrine 2, chapter have been treated as such. The question then is 3, Ogden pp. 143–50), of which almost the whether the practitioners treating Richard III entire chapter is taken up with abscesses of the would have followed Guy de Chauliac in neck, Guy de Chauliac concludes by saying ignoring Theodoric’s warnings about which that ‘gibbosite’ (that is, swelling), ‘is not type of dislocation was incurable, or followed propurly an aposteme …. but the unioyntynge’ Bradmore in including them. The emphasis, in (that is, a dislocation). Dislocations are dealt the descriptions of traction, on the practitioner with in detail by all four authors. pushing down on the swelling out of the It is clear that the surgeons expect to have to dislocated bone does sound as if it would be deal with traumatic dislocations (i.e. those difficult to apply to scoliosis in any case: caused by a fall, a blow, etc.) and they are ‘Nevertheless those which are caused by a fall advised to deal with these as soon as possible, or a blow or a shock or similar thing are as they may be fatal or cause severe curable thus: the patient should lie down on his complications. Traction is certainly re- belly and have under him something soft so as commended for these traumatic dislocations – not to injure the breast. And let the healer stand when the vertebrae of the neck are dislocated, on him with his feet and press the rising of the Lanfrank instructs the practitioner to ‘take the bones to the inside until it returns to its place’ patient bi the heeris, and sette thi feet upon his (Bradmore part 4, distinction 2, chapter 9, f. schuldris, and so thou schalt drawe upward 217v). with thin hondis and presse adoun with thi feet, As Dr Lund rightly points out, unless we and bringe the boon into his ioynct agen’ were to find (happy thought!) some form of (Fleischhacker, p. 322). However, it does not record of Richard III’s medical treatment, we seem likely that Richard III’s scoliosis could will never know what treatment was offered to have been considered as dislocation of the him. The medieval surgeons do seem on the neck. For other dislocations, Guy de Chauliac, whole to have followed the teachings of and Bradmore following him, suggest that the Hippocrates, Galen and Avicenna in treating surgeon should stretch the body out and draw it many back problems with manipulation and out with bandages into which levers are traction, but to what extent this would have inserted, or wedges or poles, and push down on been offered in a case that may have been seen the displaced bone with hands, feet or a board as a non-traumatic dislocation depends very laid over it. This treatment would be followed much on which authority a surgeon preferred, with the use of ointments and splints to hold Theodoric or Guy de Chauliac. Dr Lund is of the bones in place for some days following the opinion that the severity of Richard III’s (Guy de Chauliac, doctrine 2, chapter 3, Ogden scoliosis was such that the extreme treatments p. 355: John Bradmore, part 4, distinction 2, such as traction were more likely to have been chapter 9, ff. 217r–218r). However, both offered than the more moderate ones such as Theodoric and Bradmore give warnings about ointments and plasters. However, I do feel that 44 Theodoric, and Bradmore following him, Kaspiris, ‘Historical overview of spinal emphasise strongly that the more extreme deformities in ancient Greece’, Scoliosis, treatments are only of value in trauma cases 2009, 4:6. This was available online in and not in problems of long standing. May 2013 at http://www.scoliosisjournal. Readers with long memories may recall that com/content/4/1/6. in my paper ‘Medical recipes from the Yorkist 3. Vasiliadis et al., p. 8 in my printout from court’ (The Ricardian vol. XX 2010, pp. the above site. 94–102) analysing the recipes recorded in 4. Vasiliadis et al., p. 12 in my printout, and association with various individuals from the their note 9. reigns of Edward IV and Richard III in BL MS 5. Vasiliadis et al., p. 11 in my printout, and Harley 1628, Richard, duke of Gloucester, is their note 18. recorded in connection with a recipe for a 6. The Cyrurgie of Guy de Chauliac, ed. considerable quantity of ointment. I am sorry Margaret S. Ogden, Oxford, 1971, p. 4. to say that it bears no relation in its ingredients 7. See Nancy G. Siraisi, Medieval and Early to any of the ointments or plasters Renaissance Medicine, Chicago, 1990, p. recommended for back problems by any of the 154, and for a good list of the sort of authorities, and it still seems to me for the operations a surgeon might undertake, see reasons I stated at the time that this ointment is Carole Rawcliffe, Medicine and Society in most likely to be a wound treatment, and may Later Medieval England, Stroud, 1995, pp. possibly have been one of the medicines we 125–6. know were supplied for the Scottish campaign 8. The Surgery of Theodoric, translated by of 1482. I may be completely wrong, of course, Eldridge Campbell and James Colton, 2 but I do not feel that this recipe can be claimed vols, New York, 1955 and 1960; as Richard III’s scoliosis treatment, much as I Lanfrank’s Science of Cirurgie, ed. R. von would like to make that discovery! The two Fleischhacker, Oxford, 1894; Cyrurgie of recipes I mentioned in that paper which Peter Guy de Chauliac, ed. M. Ogden , Oxford, Murray Jones drew attention to as possibly for 1971; John Bradmore’s book of surgery Richard III, on f. 24r of the manuscript, are called ‘Philomena’, BL MS Sloane 2272, clearly labelled as a ‘preservative’ (probably consulted in the form of microfilm against infectious disease), and a stomachic, so printouts from the manuscript. these are clearly not related to Richard’s back problem either. The recipes labelled as ‘pro The Greyfriars dig part II Rege’ (for the king), without specifically During July the University of Leicester naming Edward IV, on ff. 35v and 156r of the Archaeological Service (ULAS) revisited the manuscript, are all for fumigations or smelling site where King Richard III was discovered to apples (for use against infection). So I am sorry extend their excavation, in the hope of to have to report that as regards treatments for discovering more about the Church of the Grey Richard III’s scoliosis, BL MS Harley 1628, Friars. The archaeologists maintained a regular our best witness for treatments given to actual on-line blog during the four weeks of the patients in Richard’s lifetime, is a dead loss. excavation and this can be accessed at We must be content to say, as is so often the www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/blog/page1.html. case in our study of Richard III, that unless Mathew Morris, fieldwork director and further evidence turns up, we will never know archaeologist at ULAS, wrote a blog on 28 July the answer. which provides a very good summary of the Tig Lang excavation and its finds, which we reproduce here by Mathew’s kind agreement. Notes 1. School of English, University of Leicester. ‘But what have we achieved? It has been 2. For a full discussion of the work of observed by several visitors that this site Hippocrates and other Greek authorities keeps on giving – first King Richard III; on spinal deformity, see Elias S. Vasiliadis, then an intact medieval stone coffin which, Theodoros B. Grivas and Angelos when opened, contained a largely intact lead 45 Above: The excavation site. Below: Raising the stone coffin. Both photos © University of Leicester

coffin. What next? Over the last four weeks church’s layout and how Richard III’s grave we have uncovered valuable new inform- fits inside the church choir. We have found ation about the chancel of the Greyfriars a small fragment of in-situ tile floor, the first church, evidence which will further our piece of intact flooring to be found inside understanding of this important medieval the church; and a new building has been building. We now have a better idea of the found to the south of the church. This is a 46 substantial structure with large buttressed starting making sense of it all, fitting all the walls and it could possibly be the remains of evidence together until we have a new story an earlier church or chapel or another about Greyfriars to tell.’ building connected with the friary. Then there is the stone coffin, the first Richard III: further debate and fully intact medieval stone coffin to be discord in his ongoing press and discovered in Leicester during an media coverage archaeological excavation. The outer coffin Since our last round-up the press, particularly is carved from limestone and is 2.12 metres TV guides and reviews, have focused on the long, 0.6 metres wide at the ‘head’ end, 0.3 BBC adaptation of Philippa Gregory’s novel metres wide at the ‘foot’ end and 0.3 metres The White Queen (first episode broadcast 16 deep. On Tuesday (23 July) we carefully June), which, as fiction, largely falls outside removed the lid. It was so heavy it took the scope of our survey, even though it does of eight people to lift it up. Inside we found an course include Richard III, initially as duke of inner lead coffin, intact except for a hole at Gloucester and later as king. However, a one end of the casket through which we profile of the actor playing Richard III in the could tantalisingly see someone’s feet. This series is worthy of inclusion (see 6/7/13 and inner coffin is likely to contain a high-status 19/7/13). The publication of Chris Skidmore’s burial, although we still don’t know who it new book, Bosworth: the birth of the Tudors, contains. No writing was visible on the has been marked by a number of articles and coffin lid but it does bear a crude cross reviews (see below). Also, this summer has soldered into the metal. seen the first publication of an academic Despite the atrocious weather on account of the rediscovery of Richard III’s Tuesday we were able to successfully lift remains (see Antiquity). The ongoing debate the lead coffin out of the stone coffin intact about Richard III’s place and manner of and it will be opened in due course once reburial surfaced again in the Guardian diary. tests have been carried put to find the best way of opening it without damaging the Selective reports from UK journals, remains inside. This was a first for all of us newspapers and magazines concerning on site. None of the team had ever Richard III’s life and death. excavated an intact stone coffin before, let For earlier material see the previous Bulletin. alone a lead coffin as well, and for me it was Only significant letters are included. as exciting as finding Richard III. 15 May It hasn’t all been successful, however. Mail on Sunday ‘Courage of a ‘car park’ king’: One of the goals of this project was to find a five-star review of Chris Skidmore’s some evidence of the church’s nave and Bosworth. Illustration: engraving of Richard III walking place to the west of the choir. In in battle (after Doyle 1864). this we have failed. In the area we could 25 May investigate, these parts of the church appear Spectator ‘A choice of Dick or Harry’: a to have been completely destroyed by later review of Chris Skidmore’s Bosworth, activity. This is the nature of archaeology. described as ‘the last successful invasion of We never see the complete picture but no England’. Illustrations: portraits of Henry VII evidence can still be useful because it adds and Richard III. detail to how the site has changed over time. 30 May What happens next then? Well, all those Times ‘Royal Portrait fit for a king’ a new artefacts we have found, the fantastic floor painting of Kevin Spacey as Shakespeare’s tiles, bits of pottery, metalwork, glass and Richard III has been unveiled at the National human remains have to be cleaned, Portrait Gallery. Illustrations: the new portrait cataloged and analysed. Hand drawn and Kevin Spacey in costume (2011) at the Old records have to be put together and turned Vic. into computerised plans, photographs May sorted, notes checked. Then we have to Antiquity 87 (No 336, pages 519–38) ‘The king 47 in the car park: new light on the death and who claim their human rights have been abused burial of Richard III in Greyfriars church, because they have not been consulted about his Leicester in 1485’ by Richard Buckley et al. reburial. The statistical whizzes of Radio 4’s This is the first academic account of the 2012 More or Less series have done a quick back-of- excavation and analysis of the skeletal remains the-envelope calculation and reckon there’s and therefore it is worthy of comment. now between one and 15 million people However, as this article is only an interim descended from his line’. report, the level of detail is patchy. It contains Independent ‘I’: Albert II, the former king of 13 figures, including detailed interpretative Belgium, is involved in a paternity case: the ‘I’ plans of the Grey Friars and the church choir. took at look at other figures who might have a The description of Richard III’s burial states claim to royal parentage, including ‘Richard of that his body had apparently been hastily Eastwell’. Illustrated with an engraving of interred with ‘minimal reverence’ on 25 August Richard III but labelled Richard of Eastwell. (date cited on page 520) within a grave under June choir floor that was slightly too short. Perhaps BBC History Magazine (Vol 14, No 6) this haste was necessitated by the ‘poor ‘Bosworth: the dawn of the Tudors’: review condition’ of the king’s damaged corpse. ‘The article by Chris Skidmore with a number of odd position of the body can be explained by illustrations including the sixteenth-century the mechanics of lowering a corpse into a Stowe frieze of Bosworth showing Henry VII’s grave’. There was no evidence for a shroud, horse trampling over a recumbent Richard III clothing or a coffin, although the presence of a clutching the crown. The interior view of the shroud deserves more discussion, as it would Tower of London from the poems of Charles, have been highly irreverent of the Friars to duke of Orleans (c1500) is incorrectly claimed have buried the king naked. Richard’s hands to show Henry VII seated at his desk (it were crossed at wrists (most likely right over actually shows the duke). left) and placed over his right pelvis. This 5 July posture is unusual for medieval burials in Church Times ‘Why I censored this pseudo- Leicester, although quite common elsewhere, history: Paul Vallely confesses to removing his hence the suggestion that his hands might have son from a poetic version of the facts’. The been bound (see Bulletin March 2013, p. 39). writer compares Peter Morgan’s play The The radiocarbon dates provide a ‘modelled Audience, which portrays the Queen between dates of death of ca AD 1456–1530 (at 95.4% the ages of 25 and 87, with Shakespeare’s probability)’. It is stated that ten years after Richard III. ‘The friend who had the private Richard’s burial ‘Henry VII had an alabaster chat with the writer said that he offered the tomb erected over the grave’, but sadly no Richard III defence. If loosely-based-on- details or references are provided concerning history was good enough for Shakespeare, it this very important point. This is an would do for the rest of us. The problem with unfortunate omission, as John Ashdown Hill’s the Bard’s vision of the last Plantagenet was research (The Last Days of Richard III, p. 97), Tudor propaganda which the writer’s genius which is not mentioned, discusses Richard’s transmuted into a fearful portrait of the tomb and his funerary inscription in detail. corrupting seductivity of evil. But it has left There was no trace of Richard’s tomb due to most of the nation with a broken-backed later truncation of his grave. Further version of a monarch who comes across archaeological fieldwork at Leicester differently if you read serious history’. Greyfriars is planned for 2013. 6 July 16 June Daily Mail (Weekend) ‘Richard III came back Guardian Diary by Stephen Bates, noting that to haunt me: how the discovery of Richard III’s ‘the Wars of the Roses are breaking out again skeleton spooked Aneurin Barnard, the man on the Facebook page of the Richard III playing him in the White Queen’. Aneurin says Society’ over the intended manner and location ‘it was huge relief to discover that despite his of Richard’s reburial. ‘Incidentally, bad news curved spine he wasn’t a hunchback: at the for the 15 extant descendants of Richard III most he might have had a subtle lean on one 48 shoulder’. Illustrations: the actor in costume stated that as Richard had no ‘direct and Richard III’s skeleton. descendants’ (defined as a succession of 19 July children’s children), the scientists only carried Metro feature on Aneurin Barnard, Richard of out DNA tests on descendants of his relatives, Gloucester in The White Queen, quotes him as the results of which he is ‘unconvinced by’. saying ‘Richard wasn’t the hunchback oddball Military History Monthly (issue 34) Cover he’s usually seen as, the embodiment of evil. story: ‘How did Richard III die?’: grim details He was a loyal man and he would have been a of the king’s ten wounds, illustrations great leader. I wanted to find the truth about including the king’s skeleton and an engraving him.’ of the charge of the Yorkist royal retinue into July the Lancastrian line at Bosworth, plus a list of British Archaeology (No 131) ‘This dig is not English kings (including Richard III) spanning normal’ (illustrated). Philippa Langley on how from Harold II (1066) to James II (1688) ‘who her search for a subject for a screenplay led her lost their thrones’. ‘Bosworth: an imagined to search for Richard III’s remains in the battle’ by Chris Skidmore, a fresh look at the Leicester car park. A puzzling letter from evidence based on his new book. Illustrations J. I. Coates on the subject of Richard III include an engraving of Richard III (based on claiming that the individual found in the car the NGP portrait), another engraving of park could not have possibly been Richard III, fifteenth-century Burgundian infantry and two as he had no spinal deformity and that his fifteenth-century French manuscript illus - remains were thrown in the River Soar during trations of artillery in action. the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Coates also Bruce Watson and Geoffrey Wheeler

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49 The Man Himself: The face of Richard III

CAROLINE WILKINSON

hroughout my career in craniofacial produce of unidentified bodies for forensic Tidentification and forensic art I have investigation, where the prediction of feature depicted the faces of a few famous people from shape is determined by skeletal interpretation. history, including St Nicolas, Rameses II, Craniofacial reconstruction is the interpretation Arsinoe – sister of Cleopatra – Johann of human remains in order to depict the face of Sebastian Bach, Robert Burns and Mary, the individual and is a forensic tool that is used Queen of Scots. However, the analysis of the to enhance identification of the deceased and to face of Richard III was a unique and depict faces from the past in archaeological challenging experience and has been one of the investigations (Gerasimov, 1971; Prag and most enjoyable cases to date. First of all, it Neave, 1997; Taylor, 2001; Wilkinson, 2004). should be noted, that I am a Yorkshire lass I received digital data from the computed brought up in Masham and Ripon in North tomography scans of the skull recorded at Yorkshire, and my primary school history Leicester Royal Infirmary and we translated education was full of tales of the Wars of the the DICOM data into a 3D digital model of the Roses, the House of York and the Princes in the skull in order to carry out the analysis in our Tower. Secondly, from the moment the human computer system. The system we use is remains were discovered in the car park in Geomagic’s Phantom© hardware and Leicester people were asking me if I would be Freeform Modelling Plus© and Amira© making the face. So I was delighted when I was software. This system has haptic feedback and approached by the University of Leicester to allows the practitioner to feel the surface of the carry out craniofacial analysis and produce a model that can be seen on the monitor. I facial depiction. Of course, at that stage the developed the utilisation of these systems for identity of the remains was unconfirmed and craniofacial reconstruction through a 2000–4 the craniofacial analysis was carried out in NESTA Fellowship and created a database of advance of any DNA results. pre-modelled muscles and anatomical There are several well-known portraits of structures for use in forensic depiction. This Richard III and he has also been depicted many system has been tested using the skulls of times in film, TV and theatre. One of the most living subjects numerous times (Wilkinson et famous depictions is the Oscar-nominated Sir al., 2006; Lee et al., 2011) and these studies Laurence Olivier role in the 1955 film of suggest that it is possible to create a face that is Shakespeare’s Richard III and here we see him recognisable, with 67% of the surface of the as a hunchbacked tyrant with a dark brooding face showing less than 2mm of error. I also appearance and withered arm. However, I also received high-quality photographs of the skull knew that Richard had been subjected to a and some details of the archaeology/ campaign of propaganda by the House of anthropology report relating to his spinal Tudor, and any depictions created after his condition and peri-mortem trauma. death would be tainted by this history. So I The skull suggested a gracile male with knew that I could not be influenced by the mild brow ridges, a square jaw line, a wide portraits and previous depictions and I had to palate, angular orbits and an upright profile rely only on the skeletal material to provide (see Figure 1). The skull was consistent with a details of his facial morphology. This would be Caucasoid male, but was not a strongly a similar process to the facial depictions we masculine skull. The determination of facial

50 features is carried out by assessing related bony detail. A number of standards are employed at each feature during this analysis, and many of the standards are related to anatomical principles. The determination of eye morphology is related to the position of the inner and outer canthi and the position of the eyeball in the orbit. Previous research (Whitnall, 1912; Angel, 1978) described the inner canthus as 2mm lateral to the anterior lacrimal crest at its middle and the outer canthus 3–4mm medial to the malar tubercle. The eyeball protrusion is determined with the iris touching a tangent across the mid-supraorbital to mid-infra-orbital bone (Wilkinson and Mautner, 2003) and the eyeball is positioned closer to the roof and the lateral wall of the orbit (Whitnall, 1912). The eyebrow pattern is related to the shape of the brow and nasal root (Fedosyutkin and Nainys, Figure 1: The 3D model of the skull of Richard III 1993) and the average eyeball diameter is © Wilkinson, University of Dundee 24mm, with a 12mm diameteriris and the eyelids hugging the eyeball closely whilst clipping the edge of the iris as they cross the eyeball. With these details determined and sculpture of the correct anatomical structures, the eyes of Richard III were depicted with horizontal eye fissures, normal eyeball protrusion and low straight eyebrows (see Figure 2). Research has shown that the nasal aperture at its widest point will be three-fifths of the overall width of the soft nose (Gerasimov, Figure 2: The eyes of the facial reconstruction of 1955; Rynn, 2006) and the shape of the nasal Richard III © Wilkinson/Aitken, University of Dundee aperture is directly related to the soft tissue nose. Guidelines for nasal shape prediction have shown a high level of reliability (Rynn et al., 2008) using several measurements and angles along with morphological inter - pretation. The presence or absence of nasolabial creases is related to the depth of the bone at the canine fossa and the tilt of the base of the nose is related to the direction of the nasal spine (Gerasimov, 1955; Rynn, 2006). With these details determined and the sculpture of the nasal features (nostrils, alae and columella),the nose of Richard III was depicted as large, with a slightly convex and undulating dorsal ridge, a sharp nasal tip, horizontal columella and slight nasolabial creases (see Figure 3). Figure 3: The nose of the facial reconstruction of The morphology of the mouth is an area of Richard III © Wilkinson, University of Dundee 51 Figure 4: The mouth of the facial reconstruction of Richard III © Wilkinson, University of Dundee the face where there is more reliance on artistic square jaw line (see Figure 4). interpretation. Orthodontic and anatomic The ear shape can also be very difficult to research shows that the occlusion of the teeth determine. The angle of ear is considered (Rudee,1964; Roos, 1977; Koch et al., 1979; parallel to the jaw line and if the mastoid Waldman, 1982; Holdaway,1983; Denis and processes are directed downward, the ear lobe Speidel, 1987; Talass et al., 1987), the dental will be attached (adherent), whereas if the pattern (Subtelny, 1959) and the facial profile mastoid processes point forward, the ear lobe (Gerasimov, 1955) will all be related to mouth will be free (Gerasimov, 1955), but otherwise form. Where the upper teeth are more very little information regarding ear shape can prominent than the lower teeth, the upper lip be determined reliably. Typically standard ear will be more prominent than the lower lip and models will be attached to the reconstruction, vice versa, and different occlusion patterns will which vary in relation to size, prominence and suggest different lip patterns (Gerasimov, lobe pattern only (Wilkinson, 2004). In this 1955). There are some standards for determ- case large, prominent, lobed ears were attached ination of mouth shape, such as placement of (see Figure 5).The neck is determined by the the fissure just above the middle of the Figure 5: The facial reconstruction of Richard III maxillary incisor crowns and the mouth at the muscle stage © Wilkinson, University of corners on radiating lines from the first Dundee premolar-canine junction (Angel, 1978). There is also a positive correlation between the upper lip thickness and maxillary enamel height and lower lip thickness and mandibular enamel height (Wilkinson et al., 2003) and a set of regression formulae can be utilised for a White European population. However, the exact shape of the vermillion line is difficult to predict with any degree of accuracy and successful reconstructions are demonstrated where the practitioner has modelled the lips ‘in sympathy’ with the rest of the face. The lips of Richard III were determined as thin with down- turned corners, a wide philtrum and a slightly more prominent lower lip than upper lip. The skull also suggested a prominent chin and 52 Figure 6: The relationship between the skull and the face of Richard III © Wilkinson, University of Dundee position of the mastoid processes where the In historical cases existing portraits may sternocleidomastoid muscles attach and, due to sometimes be used as reference material for the the scoliosis visible at the spine, the king’s addition of surface detail, such as fatness, age- shoulders were positioned with the right higher related changes, skin colour, eye colour, than the left (see Figure 5). hairstyle and colour and facial hair. For The final stage of the facial reconstruction Richard III the surface detail was added to a process is the addition of a skin layer over the Figure 7: The painted replica head of the facial muscle structure to fill the face out to the level reconstruction of Richard III © Wilkinson/Aitken, of the tissue depth pegs. There is an assumption University of Dundee here that the individual has an average amount of fat over the surface of the face. This skin layer follows the shape of the muscles below, so that the main determinant of facial morphology is anatomical structure (see Figure 6). Where the anatomical structures disagree with the tissue pegs, the tissue pegs will be removed, as the pegs only represent averages and will not be wholly appropriate for all skulls (Prag and Neave, 1997; Wilkinson, 2004). In this case the minimum tissue depth measurements were used to reflect a fifteenth- century diet and lifestyle. The head already bore a remarkable resemblance to the face in the Richard III portraits, and since the remains had not, at this stage, been confirmed as those of the king, I checked and double-checked all the anatomical standards and prediction methods to ensure that I had not been subconsciously influenced by the portraits and could justify all the decisions in relation to his face.

53 stereolithographic replica produced from the the skull model with the portraits to see how digital 3D model of the head. This plastic well the skull proportions and shape matched replica was hollow and prosthetic eyes could up to the face in the portraits. To my surprise be attached behind the eyelids prior to the the skull matched perfectly to the National painting process. Janice Aitken, a portrait artist Portrait Gallery image and quite well to the and animator from Duncan of Jordanstone Society of Antiquaries portrait (see Figure 8, in College of Art and Design carried out the the centre colour section). These are stunning texture and colour addition (see Figure 7). matches when you consider that the portraits Janice used acrylic paints to build up layers of were produced after his death and these colour onto the model and attached hair from superimpositions provide more weight to the the acquired wig to represent eyebrows. Single likeness and the identity of the remains. false eyelashes were attached to the lids and a The final head shows a delicate face with small section of clothing was made to cover his prominent chin and nose. There is no sign of neck and shoulders. For all these additions, the the deformed monster or twisted tyrant portraits were used as reference in relation to depicted by Shakespeare and the face has both skin colour, eye colour, hair colour and style, strength and softness. The scoliosis can be seen clothing and facial wrinkles. in the height differential between the shoulders Whilst Janice was working on the facial and his neutral facial expression allows the textures and colours I thought that I would look observer to interpret his facial appearance a little more closely at the portraits and without emotional bias or political propaganda compare these to the skull. In forensic (see Figure 9, in the centre colour section). investigation we have a technique, known as I hope that our work has added to the craniofacial superimposition, where the skull knowledge relating to this King and provided a and the face can be compared. Skull-to-face more scientific and anatomical depiction of his comparison is utilised for human identification facial appearance. It has been a great pleasure where there is a suspected identity and the to work on this important historical usual methods of identification, such as DNA investigation. or dental comparison, are not possible or practical. Where ante-mortem images are Caroline Wilkinson is Professor of Cranio- present craniofacial superimposition may be facial Identification at the University of effective, as it does not require expensive or Dundee invasive techniques and is cost- and time- efficient. Craniofacial superimposition is the process where ante-mortem images are aligned References and matched to the skull in order to assess the Angel, J. L. (1978) Restoration of head and face for relationship between the hard and soft tissues identification, Proceedings of Meetings of of the face. This analysis may allow positive American Academy of Forensic Science, St. identification, especially where multiple ante- Louis, MO. mortem images are available. The computer Denis, L. K. and Speidel, T. M. (1987) Comparison of three methods of profile change prediction in system allows the user to position a 3D skull the adult orthodontic patient, American Journal model file in virtual space and then position an of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics ante-mortem image (on a virtual plane) anterior (92) 396–402. to the skull model. The opacity of the ante- Fedosyutkin, B. A. and Nainys, J. V. (1993) The mortem image can be altered to allow better relationship of skull morphology to facial visibility of the 3D skull model. The user can feature. Ch. 15 of Iscan, M. Y. and Helmer, R. P. then use the haptic device to orientate the skull (eds) Forensic Analysis of the Skull, Wiley Liss. model to match in scale and position to the face Gerasimov, M. M. (1955) The Reconstruction of the in the ante-mortem image. A screen shot can Face from the Basic Structure of the Skull, trans. then be captured and imported into Adobe W. Tshernezky, Russia, publishers unknown. Gerasimov, M. M. (1971) The Face Finder, New Photoshop CS3 for final analysis and York, Lippincott. demonstration. Holdaway, R. A. (1983) A soft tissue cephalometric I carried out craniofacial superimposition of 54 analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment Talass, M. F., Talass, L. and Baker, R. C. (1987) planning. Part I, American Journal of Soft-tissue profile changes resulting from Orthodontics (84), 1–28. retraction of maxillary incisors, American Koch, R., Gonzales, A. and Witt, E. (1979) Profile Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Ortho- and soft tissue changes during and after pedics, 5, 385–94. orthodontic treatment, European Journal of Taylor, K. (2001) Forensic Art and Illustration, Orthodontics (1), 193–9. CRC Press. Lee, W. J., Wilkinson, C. M. and Hwang, H. S. Waldman, B. H. (1982) Change in lip contour with (2011) An accuracy study of forensic maxillary incisor retraction, Angle Orthodontist computerised facial reconstruction employing (52), 129–34. cone-beam computed tomography from live Whitnall, S. E. (1912) The naso-lacrimal canal: the subjects, Journal of Forensic Science (57) 2, extent to which it is formed by the maxilla, and 318–27. the influence of this upon its calibre, Prag, J. and Neave, R. A .H. (1997) Making Faces, Ophthalmoscope (10), 557–8. London, British Museum Press. Whitnall, S. E. (1921) The Anatomy of the Human Roos, N. (1977) Soft tissue profile changes in Class Orbit and Accessory Organs of Vision, Oxford II treatment, American Journal of Orthodontics Medical Publications, London, Henry Frowde. (72), 165–75. Wilkinson, C. M. (2004) Forensic Facial Rudee, D. A. (1964) Proportional profile changes Reconstruction, Cambridge University Press. concurrent with orthodontic therapy, American Wilkinson, C. M. and Mautner, S. A. (2003) Journal of Orthodontics (50), 421–34. Measurement of eyeball protrusion and its Rynn, C. (2006) Craniofacial approximation and application in facial reconstruction. Journal of reconstruction: tissue depth patterning and the Forensic Science (48) 4. prediction of the nose, PhD dissertation, Wilkinson, C. M., Motwani, M. and Chiang, E. University of Dundee. (2003) The relationship between the soft tissues Rynn, C., Wilkinson, C. M. and Peters, H. (2008) and the skeletal detail of the mouth, Journal of Prediction of nasal morphology from the skull, Forensic Science (48) 4, 1–5. Presentation at the 13th Conference of the Wilkinson, C. M., Rynn, C., Peters, H., Taister, M., International Association of Craniofacial Kau, C. H. and Richmond, S. (2006) A blind Identification (IACI), Dundee. accuracy assessment of computer-modelled Subtelny, J. D. (1959) A longitudinal study of soft forensic facial reconstruction using Computed tissue facial structures and their profile Tomography data from live subjects, Journal of characteristics, defined in relation to underlying Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology (2) 3, skeletal structures, American Journal of 179–87. Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (45) 7, 481–507.

Coming in your new-look December Bulletin

We anticipate December’s issue being yet another large and varied one, with more analysis of the results of the Greyfriars dig, news of any further developments with plans for King Richard’s reinterment and Leicester’s plans for its visitor centre. We will also have an update on York’s year- long ‘Richard III: Rumour and Reality’ series of events. Other items include: • A look at how Christmas was celebrated in medieval times • Tony Pollard’s examination of the evidence for King Richard’s connections with Middleham • A full report on the AGM and Members’ Day. and two items held over from September • David Johnson’s fresh look at the reasons for the sudden volte-face of John Rous after Bosworth • A focus on our library team; who they are and the services they provide. All this and much more to look forward to.

55 Some notes on composing Sadoc Sacerdos: a motet to celebrate the discovery of Richard III’s remains

MICHAEL MULLEN

owards the end of 2012 I was approached had become de rigueur and composers such as Tby a member of the Chelys viol consort to Davy, Browne and Cornysh (the younger) compose a piece for voices and viols to be would venture to compose with up to as many performed in a concert in June 2013 with the as nine or ten independent vocal parts. This London-based Chandos Chamber choir. The number of voices has serious implications on theme of the concert was that of ‘coronation’ such technical issues as texture (grouping of and the text of Zadok the Priest was suggested. voices), tessitura (range of voices) and not least My response on this occasion was to put my on the harmonic writing itself. Harmonic own compositional style aside temporarily and practice in the fifteenth century was still re-create a ‘period’ style polyphonic piece largely confined to the major and minor triad which would be suitable for choir and viol and the movement of independent parts was consort. For a number of years I had been strictly regulated. To preserve the listening to English choral music from the independence of parts, consecutive unisons, fifteenth century, specifically by composers octaves and fifths between moving parts were featured in the famous Eton Choirbook, and the absolutely forbidden. The regulation of opportunity to create a piece in this style for consecutives in three- and-four part polyphony voices and viols was too tempting to resist. As requires a composer’s watchful eye and I set to work, however, my imagination was attentive ear and can be corrected fairly swiftly. further stimulated by current events Identifying consecutives between eight or nine surrounding the exhumation of some late moving voices is, however, considerably more medieval bones from a Leicester municipal car difficult and entails lengthy checking- park, and, the barely credible possibility they procedures for each newly composed could be from England’s last Plantagenet king. section.In the treatment of rhythm, too, the Richard III’s short reign was exactly English composers differed from their contemporary with the Eton Choirbook music, continental contemporaries. The careful, often and so, once his remains were verified, I stately, measured rhythms of a previous decided the piece should somehow generation gave way to elaborate rhythmic commemorate this historic event. The flourishes and exaggerated syncopations which dedication was lent further weight by the fact still test the most accomplished choral groups. that 2013 would mark the 530th anniversary of The late medieval enjoyment of diverse Richard’s accession to the throne. proportions within compositions is also So what exactly were the characteristics of developed to a more subtle level, with long- English musical style in Richard’s time? By the spanned devotional motets built up from many 1480s English choral music was showing a sub-sections, all with differing durations. strong tendency towards the augmentation of In writing my piece for voices and viols, vocal forces and an upward extension of the therefore, all of these aspects would need to be vocal range to include high parts for boy considered before I could put pencil to paper. trebles. Where the Franco-Flemish composer Once Richard’s remains had been verified, I Johannes Regis shocked contemporaries in the felt I could make some clear decisions about 1460s with five-voice polyphony, by the time the aims of this choral work. It would be an of the Eton Choirbook, writing for five-voices attempt at a celebratory motet to commemorate

56 Sadoc Sacerdos (1 Kings 1: 32–9) 32Dixit quoque rex David: Vocate mihi Sadoc sacerdotem, et Nathan prophetam, et Banaiam filium Ioiadae. Qui cum ingress fuissent coram rege, 33dixit ad eos: Tollite vobiscum servos domini vestri, et imponite Salomonem filium meum super mulam meam, et ducite eum in Gihon. 34Et ungua teum ibi Sadoc sacerdos et Nathan propheta in regem super Israël: et canetis buccina, atque dicetis: Vivat rex Salomon. 35Et ascendetis post eum, et veniet, et sedebit super solium meum, et ipse regnabit pro me: illique præcipiam ut sit dux super Israël et super Judam. 36Et respondit Banaias filius Ioiadae regi, dicens: Amen: sic loquatur Dominus Deus domini mei regis. 37Quomodo fuit Dominus cum domino meo rege, sic sit cum Salomone, et sublimius faciat solium ejus a solio domini mei regis David. 38Descendit ergo Sadoc sacerdos, et Nathan propheta, et Banaias filius Ioiadæ, et Cerethi, et Phelethi: et imposuerunt Salomonem super mulam regis David, et adduxerunt eum in Gihon. 39Sumpsitque Sadoc sacerdos cornu olei de tabernaculo, et unxit Salomonem: et cecinerunt buccina, et dixit omnis populus: Vivat rex Salomon. ––– 32Then King David ordered, ‘Call Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah son of Jehoiada.’ When they came into the king’s presence, 33the king said to them, ‘Take Solomon and my officials down to Gihon Spring. Solomon is to ride on my own mule. 34There Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet are to anoint him king over Israel. Blow the ram’s horn and shout, “Long live King Solomon!” 35Then escort him back here, and he will sit on my throne. He will succeed me as king, for I have appointed him to be ruler over Israel and Judah.’ 36’Amen!’ Benaiah son of Jehoiada replied. ‘May the LORD, the God of my lord the king, decree that it happen. 37And may the LORD be with Solomon as he has been with you, my lord the king, and may he make Solomon’s reign even greater than yours!’ 38So Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet, Benaiah son of Jehoiada, and the king’s bodyguard took Solomon down to Gihon Spring, with Solomon riding on King David’s own mule. 39There Zadok the priest took the flask of olive oil from the sacred tent and anointed Solomon with the oil. Then they sounded the ram’s horn and all the people shouted, ‘Long live King Solomon!’ his coronation and the historic discovery of his almost a shocking effect for the listener (Figure bones. The text, of course, would be in Latin. 1 overleaf). This brief introduction will show how I used Further ‘block’ textures like this are aspects of the text to form the overall structure interspersed with quieter sections for reduced of the work. voices to create drama and variety. For a more Polyphonic music of this period was introspective mood, sometimes only a single enormously influenced by sacred text – not so solo voice is heard accompanied by viols, as at much in a literal sense of musical ‘word- fig. F where the first soprano sings et respondit painting’ that was to become so popular in later Banaias filius Ioiadae (Figure 2) centuries, but in depicting mood and Later in the piece, a sequence of wave-like controlling the shape and texture of musical ‘massed-then-diminishing’ textures was sections. And so, in drawing up initial sketches composed to underscore the gravitas of the for my piece, I allowed the text of Sadoc statement: Quomodo fuit Dominus cum Sacerdos to inform the overall shape and domino meo rege, sic sit cum Salomone. Here direction of the music. I have given a few at fig. I is one such section (Figure 3). musical examples here to illustrate this. From In the closing bars of the piece, the massed- the opening verse: Dixit quoque rex David: block textures return for a jubilant Vivat Rex Vocate mihi Sadoc sacerdotem, et Nathan Salomon (Figure 4). prophetam, et Banaiam filium Ioiadae, I Although ‘word-painting’ in music of this decided to create two sections beginning with a time was usually avoided or discouraged, quiet introduction sung by three (solo) male composers would often make an exception for voices, and then at ‘vocate mihi’ the sudden particular Latin phrases like ascendit in coelis, massed entry of all voices together to create or descendit in terram. And so in this piece, at

57 1

2 3

4

the words: Descendit ergo Sadoc sacerdos, et Nathan propheta, to reflect the single word descendit I composed an extended set of vocal duets (unaccompanied by viols) beginning high in the soprano voices and slowly moving down through the voice ranges to the low bass register. As was common practice at the time, the whole piece is based upon a Gregorian chant. 58 In this case it is Alma Redemptoris Mater, for the singers to hear the parts of those around which is repeated three times in its entirety them for co-ordination and intonation. Church throughout the work, sometimes heard clearly acoustics may also have an obscuring effect on in upper voices but mainly hidden deeply many voices sounding simultaneously; within the polyphonic texture. I have also made therefore, for the rehearsals and performance use of integers from a 5 x 5 magic square to of Sadoc Sacerdos, each section of the choir determine the section-lengths of the piece. was placed behind their accompanying viol These durations, of course, can be scarcely part, which proved a useful anchoring point perceived but they do contribute to an overall within the score. sense of compositional balance. Writing for an Among other choral and instrumental items extended number of vocal and instrumental from the period, Sadoc Sacerdos was parts has other practical implications beyond premiered on 15 June 2013 at St Peter’s the reading and singing of notes. Singers’ Church, Vauxhall, to an appreciative audience. voices need to rest occasionally between Although no recording was made, further sections, and so the composition has to reflect performances in the UK are at present under this in its formal structure. It is also important consideration. Michael Mullen studied music at the University of Bristol, where he gained a BMus and MA. Mus in composition. After many years as a member of staff at the BBC music library he went to the Royal College of Music to study for the degree of DMus and then joined the staff of the RCM as Assistant Curator to the Museum of Instruments. As an SPNM-featured composer, Michael has had a number of his works performed, with a broadcast of his orchestral piece Godspeed on BBC Radio Three’s Music In Our Time. Privateers, pirates and the king’s peace in the West Country

ELAINE HENDERSON

he harbour town of Fowey, Cornwall, in privateers became pirates. Ships were harried Tthe far south-west of England, is a pretty, up and down the Channel and as far away as peaceful place, much loved by holidaymakers Portugal and beyond, and pirates also raided and proud host of an annual arts festival and a settlements along the French coast. The famous regatta. Five hundred years ago, immense riches acquired from these activities however, it was very different. drew enormous numbers of people into the Fowey (pronounced ‘Foy’) began as a town, to share in the booty, as well as fishing hamlet, but its geographical position newcomers to the piratical trade. Various made it an ideal seaport, hub of all kinds of official attempts were made to protect innocent maritime activity, both lawful and unlawful. ships, but it seems that those who had been Perfectly positioned to intercept shipping paid to protect vessels were actually attacking passing Land’s End, to raid the French coast merchantmen at will themselves, and the seas and harass vessels making their way along the along the south-western coast became a English Channel, its unlawful activities soon piratical paradise, a free-for-all, completely out became much more profitable than the lawful of hand. Piracy became a well organised activities. In the early fifteenth century, a group business, with landowners, local dignitaries, of state-licensed privateers operated out of appointed officials, customs officers and Fowey, their legal role being to assault French lawyers financing and supporting the trade. shipping, but the temptation to prey on any Commissions of enquiry were presided over by passing ship (Flemish, Spanish, and Italian) as the very men who had financed and armed the well as French was too great to resist, and the ships and profited from the looted goods. 59 The white rose (left) and ragged staff (right) on the tower of St Fimbarrus, Fowey (see the centre colour section for a photo of the church). Photos by Elaine Henderson Below: Richard III’s order for the suppression of piracy. Reproduced by kind permission of the Cornwall Records Office

The upheaval and general instability caused engaged in spectacular acts of piracy himself: by the Wars of the Roses, as well as the in May 1457, in spite of officially heading a remoteness of the area from the court, certainly commission to tackle piracy, Warwick led an helped to sustain the trade, but by 1457 the attack on a Castilian fleet in the Straits of French had had enough of the attacks and Dover and a few weeks later raided a fleet of launched a full-scale assault on Fowey. Much the Hanseatic League, in spite of a truce. So it of the town was burnt to the ground, including is more than likely that he supported, if he was the church. At this time Richard Neville, earl of not actively involved in, the piracy at Fowey. Warwick and Captain of Calais, owned the In any event he was prevailed upon to help nearby estate of Lantyne and it seems more fund the rebuilding of the church. This he did, than likely that Warwick knew of the profitable and his association with St Fimbarrus’s church, piracy business in Fowey, and possibly even dating from 1460, is memorialized in two benefited from it. After all, he was already carvings on the tower: the white rose of York 60 and the Beauchamp badge of the ‘ragged staff’. to regulate warships and prevent piracy was And yet this is not quite the end of the story. dated 11 August 1484 at Westminster (CRO Piracy must have continued to be a problem AR/22/14) (see photo on facing page). The along the south-west coasts for some time order is to be published in all parts of his afterwards. A document in the archives of the bailiffry by the sheriff of Somerset and Dorset Arundell family from Lanherne, Mawgan in and clearly states that anyone attacking any of Pydar, Cornwall, shows that some 27 years the king’s subjects or those of his allies shall be after the French raid on Fowey, piracy was still considered a rebel and a traitor. Once again, we a problem in the region, necessitating the find incontrovertible evidence of Richard’s attention of King Richard III no less. The order desire for order, control and peace in his realm.

A series of remarkable ladies

RITA DIEFENHARDT-SCHMITT

5. Juana la Beltraneja of Castile (1462, Madrid–1530, Lisbon)

Parents: Henry IV of Castile (1425–74) and Juana of Portugal (1439–75) Husband: Alfonso V of Portugal (called ‘the African’) (1432–81) Children: None Source: Hans Leicht, Isabella von Kastilien am Vorabend der span. Weltmacht, Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg, 1994 Illustration: Anonymous portrait of Juana, redrawn by Geoffrey Wheeler

Juana’s nickname ‘la Beltraneja’ came from rumours spread that her real father was not Henry IV but a nobleman named Beltrán de la Cueva. After she became Queen of Portugal she was nicknamed ‘Excelente Senhora’ (the Splendid Lady). She remained the only child of Henry IV and was expected to inherit the kingdom of Church because of the close relationship to her Castile. But the open paternity suit and other husband, who was also her uncle. They had no political troubles caused the opposition of the children. nobility. Therefore her father later annulled his During the crisis concerning the Castilian marriage with Juana of Portugal, and so the succession after the death of Henry IV Alfonso succession went to Enrique’s half-sister Isabel tried unsuccessfully to enforce Juana’s claim (later Isabel I) (1451–1504). through military action. In 1479 Juana had to In 1475 Juana married King Alfonso V, ‘the withdraw her claim, and retired to the African’, and remained in Portugal until his Monastery of St Claire in Coimbra, Portugal. death in 1481(but only as wife, not as regent in From 1493 she lived in Lisbon, until her death her own right). Primarily the marriage was a in 1530. She is not to be confused with Juana political act, and it was later annulled by the of Castile, ‘the Mad’ (1479–1555). 61 Painting King Richard

GRAHAM TURNER

ing Richard III’s charge at the battle of relieved: if he had looked very different then all KBosworth first inspired me nearly 20 my previous paintings of him would instantly years ago and the result, my first medieval become obsolete! The fact that the painting, was unveiled at the battlefield back in reconstruction had been created without any 1995. That painting changed the direction of hint of who the skull might belong to, and the my career, and while I have always been very result fitted so well with the portraits, also happy with the way it turned out, I have long added further to the proof that this was indeed felt it was time for me to revisit the subject and Richard, but now we could see him in three create something new, a painting that would dimensions. reflect the way my thoughts and opinions had As I picked up my brushes once again I evolved over the intervening time. I wanted the found myself reflecting on the amazing new painting to be a far more intimate and coincidence of timing that had seen me reflective portrayal of Richard, and I first working on this painting at such a momentous sketched out my ideas early last year. time. There was still a lot to do, but I now felt Commissions and other projects then got in the a connection like never before with what I was way but I had just started to put paint on canvas creating. As more facts and opinions about when the stunning news broke that human Richard’s remains emerged, and his scoliosis remains had been discovered in Leicester – and was discussed, I was able to feel a real empathy they might well be those of the king himself. towards him, what he had overcome in his life, Like many around the world I was stunned; I and how he might have felt at the moment I had was familiar with the story that he had ended chosen to depict. up unceremoniously dumped in the River Soar, This is the moment when Henry Tudor is so the idea that this was even remotely possible spotted on the battlefield and Richard makes came completely out of the blue. Of course I his decision to lead his household knights and stopped work on the painting immediately – if retainers in their fateful cavalry charge against this was indeed Richard, then the discovery this challenger to his throne and end the battle was going to have a profound effect on my with one decisive stroke. It is a moment of painting, and I obviously wanted to be able to complete clarity for Richard: his short reign incorporate any new information into my has not been easy, and he has suffered great depiction. personal loss with the deaths of both his wife Like all of us I had to be very patient – it and son, but here is his opportunity to was quite a while until the DNA results were demonstrate to the world that he is the rightful due to be announced and my painting waited king of England, God’s anointed ruler, once on the easel – then on 4 February came the and for all. Encased in gilded armour, his horse amazing news that we had all been waiting for. caparisoned with the arms of England, his I was honoured to be asked to speak at the standard bearing the instantly recognisable press conference at the Society of Antiquaries symbol of his white boar fluttering above him, the following day when the facial he reaches out to take his lance . . . reconstruction was revealed, so I was one of The decision to depict Richard in gilded the first to see the likeness of Richard III in armour was reached after much research and over five centuries. I’ll never forget that consideration. Fifteenth-century kings are moment, what an occasion – and my first often depicted in manuscript illuminations thought was how familiar he looked. The chin, wearing gilded armour, and fully gilded armour jawline, nose – he looked so like the portraits from the early sixteenth century survives, so we know so well. I’ll admit to being rather after long discussions with Dr Tobias Capwell, 62 The first rough of the new painting. See the centre colour section for the final result. who has spoken to the Society on the subject my depiction I have shortened his torso slightly several times, I concluded that it was quite and made the right side of the cuirass roomier, possible that Richard III might also have done but with the surcoat covering much of his body so. Here was the king of England facing a these slightly different proportions are all but challenge to his throne, at a time when visual unnoticeable. Having armour myself and display played a crucial role in demonstrating ridden and jousted in it over several years has an individual’s importance – it was imperative provided me with considerable insight into that he display his right to wear the crown of what you can and can’t do in it, helping me England in the most spectacular way. Some understand what I paint immeasurably, but how sources, such as the Burgundian ‘Caesar’ Richard’s scoliosis affected him, especially tapestries, depict gilded armour also heavily when wearing armour, I confess I can only try decorated with pearls and precious stones, so it to imagine. It certainly wouldn’t have made it might be that I’ve actually underplayed it! I any easier for him, and my respect for what he have shown the crown on his salet decorated had to deal with has only gone up since this with precious stones, set in white enamelled aspect of his physique was revealed. roses modelled on those on the surviving When choosing who else to depict in the crown of Margaret of York, Richard’s sister. painting I listed Richard’s knights of the body Richard’s armour would have been bespoke, and those we can be fairly sure rode with him made to fit him perfectly, and as such would in the final charge. Sir Robert Percy served have allowed for the effects of his scoliosis. with Richard in Scotland in 1482, was knighted Plate armour is very supportive, and clever in 1483 and was the Controller of his tailoring could have disguised the outward household, so I felt he was appropriate as the appearance of his condition quite effectively. In figure who has spotted Henry Tudor and is 63 pointing him out to Richard. To the left and consuming creative process, the painting was behind the king is Sir Percival Thirlwall, who finally finished and unveiled at a most in the Ballad of Bosworth Field is famously appropriate location, Bosworth Battlefield described as holding onto Richard’s standard Heritage Centre, on 29 June. Among those until the last, even after his legs were hewn present was Phil Stone, and I was very pleased from under him. Lord Scrope of Bolton is also – and relieved – when he gave my efforts his shown and other banners indicate Sir Robert approval. Brackenbury, Sir James Harrington, Sir Prints from the painting are now available – Richard Ratcliffe and Sir Ralph Ashton. see www.studio88.co.uk for details of these Other details are taken from surviving and my other paintings, prints and cards of artefacts (the saddle is based on one preserved Richard III and the events and battles of the at Arundel Castle for example) or sources such Wars of the Roses, or write to Studio 88 Ltd., as the contemporary Beauchamp Pageant. My PO Box 568, Aylesbury, Bucks. HP17 8ZX, studio became covered with so much reference telephone 01296 338504 material, and the weeks since the painting was finished have been so busy, that I’m only just Graham will be holding a major exhibition of managing to file it all away again and start his work on 4–6 October 2013 at Halton House thinking about the next project! in Buckinghamshire. See www.studio88.co.uk After what became a very long and totally for further information. Correspondence

Will contributors please note that letters may be shortened or edited to conform to the standards of the Bulletin. The Bulletin is not responsible for the opinions expressed by contributors. Shakespeare – a closet Yorkist? points mentioned above, and suggest the From: John Gray, by e-mail flavour of the production as originally Shakespeare has received a great deal of presented, and the manner in which it might condemnation for his denigration of Richard have been received. III, but there are some lines in his play that Incidentally, previous correspondence has puzzle me, and suggest that the Bard might referred to the ‘gestation period’ among fellow have been a closet Yorkist. The king is spoken members. I can report that, as a teenager of 15 of as enacting ‘more wonders than become a or 16, I read Philip Lindsay’s The Tragic King: man’; Henry is reported as having had a Richard III, and have been a convinced number of ‘doubles’ on the battlefield. Even in Ricardian ever since; however, I did not join the waning days of chivalry, the former would the Society until reaching the age of 80. probably have been a highly regarded characteristic, while the latter seems likely to Another Ricardian boardgame redound to the discredit of the Tudor, but, From: Graham Hill, by email presumably, any statements to the contrary I read Stephen York’s excellent article on would have flown in the face of folk memory. Kingmaker in the June 2013 Ricardian Bulletin Olivier has demonstrated, at least to one with interest. I owned and played the game biased viewer, that a character in a seemingly long before I joined the society; and that itself damning script can be presented as being too was nearly 30 years ago. In fact I have the bad to be true, although perhaps the people of original British version by Ariel and have never Shakespeare’s day would have regarded the played the revised update from Avalon Hill. regal or aristocratic whim as unlimited in its Looking back I don’t recall ever forming a capacity to harm. particular attachment to Richard, duke of I am wondering if any of the social Gloucester although, as Mr York pointed out, historians within our fold can throw light on in the game the heirs to the throne are the probable audience interpretation of the essentially just pawns and it’s the noble 64 families that one associates more strongly with. there must be some truth in the depiction of the In fact it is the house of Percy that I always desperation that Richard would have felt that wanted to be, simply because they were more day. He had lost his son and his wife – he had powerful than everyone else. been betrayed by Hastings and Buckingham, I wanted to add to the article by pointing out and the Stanleys uncooperative. Thus, while that a couple of years ago two other games with after Norfolk was killed, it might have been the same theme were issued in quick sensible to withdraw and regroup. Richard’s succession. Wars of the Roses: Lancaster vs. mindset was that, in words written some 150 York from Z-Man Games is a game for up to years later by another fine soldier, and four players and Richard III: The Wars of the ultimately unlucky man, James Montrose, 1st Roses from Columbia Games is a two-player Marquess of Montrose, it was time: game. I have never played the former, but the ‘to put it to the touch latter is focused on the military aspects and to win or lose it all.’ runs through a series of invasions by pretenders to the throne; the first such being Richard, duke Perhaps too if Richard had launched himself of York. The outcome of the opening campaign earlier, before the Stanleys had committed determines whether York or Lancaster is themselves, he might have achieved success – incumbent or pretender in the second and who but it was not to be. has died and who lived determines precisely It is interesting too to think that in modern who the next pretender is. It covers the whole times Richard’s actions would have 30 years of the conflict and so it is possible undoubtedly earned a VC, and that he too that, for example, the earl of Rutland may end would have been decorated for his leadership up with the crown for the house of York by 14 years before at both Barnet and Tewkesbury, counterfactually surviving while others don’t. when he was just 18. Certain nobles, including Clarence, Bucking - ham, etc., can appear on either side at different Richard’s cavalry charge? times, depending on how things pan out. From: Dave Johnson, by e-mail I would certainly recommend Richard III, In the July 2013 issue of Military History although it is quite clearly a wargame and not Monthly it is confidently asserted that at the overly concerned with diplomacy and intrigue. battle of Bosworth ‘King Richard led a Both games are rated highly on Boardgame - mounted charge at the head of the 200-strong geek; indeed somewhat better than Kingmaker. personal retinue’ (p. 19). This epic event is Boardgamegeek (www.boardgamegeek.com) always described as the climax of the is pretty much exactly what you would expect engagement, the moment when Richard from the name and is a useful resource for attempted to strike directly at Henry Tudor and checking out the games mentioned above and snatch victory from the jaws of defeat. It is an Kingmaker, including reviews, photos and aspect of the battle narrative we are all familiar more of the very boring videos that were with, not least for the incredible bravery of mentioned in Mr York’s article. For Kingmaker Richard himself. itself the site includes downloadable extra However, it suddenly occurred to me that I event cards developed by players of the game could not recall the source in which the cavalry as part of the customisations that Mr York charge first appears, the contemporary or near- described. contemporary testimony on which all subsequent accounts would naturally be based. Some thoughts on Bosworth. A quick flick through the primary evidence From: Colonel J. W. Jewell provided in the appendix of Michael Bennett’s In all the searching and investigations into the Battle of Bosworth (pp. 155–75) revealed facts of Bosworth there seems little surprisingly little. While there are many consideration as to how the battle and its references to Richard’s heroic attack there is no outcome may have been affected by King eye-witness or subsequent claim that it Richard’s state of mind. This is covered in an included, or was accompanied by, a division of entirely negative way by Shakespeare, but mounted knights. 65 Instead we are presented with an image a much paler complexion. Equally, there could lone and isolated figure fighting valiantly for also have been worry lines, and shadows under his life and his crown. Polydore Vergil, for the eyes. However, there is a limit to how example, states that ‘Inflamed with anger, he marked these age-related features would have (Richard) spurred his horse, and rode against been in a man just out of his 20s. Skin ages at him (Henry Tudor)’ (pp. 165–6), while Diego a particular rate; by our 40s we notice age lines de Valera, a Castilian courtier reporting a first- that weren’t there in our 30s, and by the time hand account of the battle, records ‘that by his we hit our 50s the aging process begins to sole effort he (Richard) upheld the battle for a speed up. Lines and wrinkles start to occur long time’ (p. 160). Almost inexplicably the when the skin loses its elasticity and its ability sources seem to omit any reference to a mass to rejuvenate. Even though lifespans were cavalry charge. shorter in the Middle Ages, due to lack of Now I am clearly missing something here modern medicines, it is difficult to believe that because every secondary account of the battle I skin would have matured at an earlier age, or at have ever read categorically states that Richard an increased rate. led his most loyal and trusted followers in a The tendency of artists and actors to portray desperate all-or-nothing bid for victory. And the king as someone much older than his actual although I have only trawled the primary age has been commonplace over the years. sources provided by a single author, I would be Indeed, it would have been interesting to have extremely grateful if anyone out there could taken a public opinion poll prior to the supply what I have so glaringly overlooked. Leicester dig to see just how old most people Where, exactly, is this elusive testimony, who thought Richard had been when he died. My wrote it and when, and what, moreover, does it guess is that the average non-Ricardian would say? have placed him nearer to 50 than to 30; the reason being the hideous range of portraiture More thoughts on the facial produced during the sixteenth and seventeenth reconstruction centuries, which show Richard in the most From: Wendy Johnson, by e-mail unflattering light possible, and the continuous I feel I need to respond to Toni Mount’s letter troupe of post-middle-aged actors who in the June 2013 issue of the Bulletin, which repeatedly portray him on stage. concerns the new facial reconstruction of But could it be that even we are in danger of Richard. While I can appreciate that artistic losing sight of how young he actually was? licence has been granted to a degree, I have to It is my belief that Caroline Wilkinson’s say that, personally, I feel there is a strong reconstruction has added something very possibility that the head comes very close to valuable to Ricardian study. It has served to showing how Richard actually appeared in life. remind us that Richard was a young man when A detailed comparison with the newly cleaned he died – a perhaps, at times, careworn young Society of Antiquaries portrait shows many man, but nevertheless, a man still in his early marked similarities. 30s – an age at which many men reach their As Toni correctly states, the musculature physical peak. and the percentage of fatty tissue and skin We should not discard this image of the king texture added to a facial reconstruction tends, as a young, vital human being. Let us keep it at according to Professor Caroline Wilkinson, to the forefront of our minds – it has brought us reflect that of the ‘average’ individual. Toni’s closer to the real Richard. point that this process cannot convey other features, such as pock marks and scars, which From: Eva Pitter, by e-mail would only have been present in the soft tissue, I was very sad when I saw that on the new is also highly relevant. I grant that, considering Richard III Society website the beautiful Richard’s proven gracile physique, his face Society of Antiquaries portrait had been was most likely leaner than the one exhibited in exchanged with that questionable facial the reconstruction, and he would, as per the reconstruction bust. Questionable? Yes, for me Society of Antiquaries portrait, have had a it is. I must admit I am rather unhappy with it. 66 What worries me is, that everyone will think made him rosy like a pig and painted like a they know now how Richard really looked. doll. I can’t understand why everybody was so We are told everything had been done impressed at the unveiling. For me Richard alongside newest scientific technology, which does not come to life in the recreation bust. is certainly true. But even a scientific recon - So I hope the Society will not promote the struction can only be an approximation to the recreation bust in a way that makes people real face. For example, Professor Wikinson think that is exactly what Richard looked like explained that the length of the pegs she used and so create another myth about him. We for the amount of flesh on the face were taken surely have already enough of those. For me from the average tissue depth of modern man. the facial recreation is a scientific approach to This resulted in a rather puffy face. This is fine, how he possibly looked, which was rather since Professor. Wilkinson deliberately did not worsened than enhanced by the attempt to use any pictures or discriptions while working create a lifelike image with too much paint and on the reconstruction. But I think it is highly artist’s intuition. I personally will always rely unlikely that Richard had such a round face, for on the excellent copy of a lost original from the all the portraits show a thin face and the heyday of European portrait painting, and that Crowland Chronicler says ‘his face was always is the Society of Antiquaries portrait! This attenuated’. Average is average but hardly ever letter is my personal opinion only and I have no true for the single individual. wish to upset anybody, but I just felt it was my But the point of my criticism is the creation responsibility to share my reservations in the and finishing of the bust. First, I have seen on general euphoria about the facial recreation, the photograph of the 3D-printing of the skull and that I owe it to Richard’s memory to do so. that the result is not very detailed – a little rough (as can clearly be seen in the teeth). I The significance of the ring finger guess that also goes for the 3D-printing of the From: Christine I. Peel, by e-mail facial reconstruction, so may be some delicacy Whilst I take the point made concerning the of detail got lost on the way. National Portrait Gallery portrait of King It was said that they used existing portraits Richard III being ‘far removed from the for details; however, when I saw the NPG original’ (The Ricardian, June 2013, page 71), portrait prominently hanging behind the bust, I I seem to remember from the Leicester wondered greatly why they used for a model a Conference that the skull of the king (not the portrait painted 100 years after Richard’s death reconstruction) fitted more accurately to the that is a copy of the disfigured Windsor Type outline of the head on this portrait than to the portrait (perhaps because the skull fitted in so shape of the head on the portrait from the nicely?). I would have thought they would Society of Antiquaries. chose a portrait much nearer to Richard’s It might also be worth noting that the NPG lifetime, one that has been cleaned of later portrait shows a ring on the third finger of the defacing alterations. That said, I think they did king’s right hand (his left hand having no not look closely enough at the NPG portrait, rings), whereas the Society of Antiquaries which shows Richard with, as in nearly all portrait shows the king placing a ring on the other copies, wavy to curly dark reddish brown third finger of his left hand (his right hand not hair, not straight hair so thin that the ears peep being wholly visible). out. The eyes also do not squint on any portrait According to Josephine Wilkinson of Richard that I know, while the rather narrow (Richard: the Young King To Be, p. 224), eyeslits may be the result of taking a copy of wedding rings were worn on the third finger of the disfigured Windsor portrait as a model. the right hand until the Reformation. Could it The most annoying thing, however, is those be that the original, from which the NPG thick black wiry eyebrows. The only Richard portrait was derived, however distantly, was a with eyebrows like that (though not made of more accurate representation of the king than wire) I have seen was Lord Olivier’s creation that in the Society of Antiquaries? There seems of Shakespeare’s villian. Finally, they equipped to be much to learn from the Leicester find, not the bust with this ridiculously big velvet cap, all of it immediately obvious. 67 Book reviews and notices

Richard III: a small guide to the great debate by Annette Carson Imprimis Imprimatur, July 2013, paperback, 96 pages, 14 b/w illustrations, ISBN 9780957684003, price £5. Ordering details from [email protected], or see below for the Society’s offer. As the title indicates, this is a small book – only 96 pages – but it is about a big issue. Annette Carson looks at the debate with her usual thoroughness, focusing on the two main issues: whether Richard III usurped the throne and the fate of the Princes in the Tower. She analyses the evidence for and against and sets the historical context. Readers are left to consider the evidence and make up their own minds about Richard’s innocence or guilt. Whilst this book may not bring much new information to readers familiar with the period, it is a valuable and useful introduction for those new to the subject. However, even experienced Ricardians will find her logical and concise presentation of the known facts helpful and interesting. It is inevitable that in a short book there are no detailed references; however the key sources are mentioned and every now and then I found myself inspired to dig deeper. A rewarding book for anyone interested in the ‘Great Debate’. Dorothea Preis Copies of this book, signed by the author, are available from the Society, at £4.50 for members/£5.00 for non-members + p&p: UK £1.70; EU £3.75; RoW £4.85.

Great Britain’s Royal Tombs: a guide to the lives and burial places of British monarchs by Michael Thomas Barry Schiffer Publishing Ltd, Atglen, PA, 2012, $29.99. Available in Europe through Bushwood Books, Surrey (www.bushwoodbooks.co.uk), £24.95 Book reviews are by their very nature a personal opinion; one of the things which generally attracts me to a book is not just the cover but its illustrations. This book does not disappoint; it is beautifully and generously illustrated on glossy thick paper. There are photos of churches, cathedrals and tombs as well as pictures of the kings and their queens. Many of them come from unusual nineteenth- century illustrations, which I had not come across before and which add to the fascination of the pictures chosen. The illustrations and size give it the appearance of a coffee-table book, but it is much more than this: it also acts as a good guidebook to the tombs of our monarchs. The first chapter provides information on the major burial sites, Winchester, Westminster and St George’s Chapel, with information panels giving details of other important burials in the church. The selection of photos for Winchester is particularly interesting, as it includes the mortuary chests of early Anglo-Saxon kings, something which, despite several visits to Winchester, I have previously overlooked. The succeeding chapters are broken down into royal houses, starting with the House of Normandy and ending with the House of Windsor. There is a picture of each monarch, with a brief biography, and pictures of the church, important sites and place of burial, including those who were buried in Europe. Given the recent discussions over the burial of Richard III it is interesting to see the variety of tombs that have been designed for monarchs in the past. William the Conqueror has a very simple slab embedded in the floor of the Abbeye-aux-Hommes in Caen: this replaces his original tomb, which was destroyed in the French Revolution. More recently, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth were buried under a simple slab at St George’s Chapel, Windsor. These compare to Edward II’s 68 magnificent tomb with effigy at Gloucester and Princess Charlotte’s tomb with life-sized weepers and angels around her shrouded body at St George’s. Nor is Richard the only king to have had his tomb destroyed. Henry I was buried at Reading Abbey and his tomb was destroyed along with the abbey at the Dissolution; now all that remains is a simple memorial plaque marking the location. King Stephen, his wife and son were buried in Faversham Abbey and when that abbey was destroyed at the Dissolution their tombs were lost, although it is claimed that Stephen and Matilda were secretly reburied in the grounds of St Mary of Charity, a nearby church. It is instructive to see how our monarchs have been buried over time and how many have suffered at the hands of revolutionaries both political and religious. It is difficult to look at this book without thinking about Richard’s reburial; there are plenty of examples of different styles of tomb which were considered appropriate for the burial of a monarch, and it was with a sense of irony that I read on p. 5 that the responsibility for royal funerals rests with the Earl Marshal, an hereditary office held by the Dukes of Norfolk, a family whose ancestor had such a close relationship with Richard III and who died for him at Bosworth. There is also an amusing proofing error. In the genealogical table Richard and Anne’s children are shown as Henry VII and Edward, prince of Wales – how different history might have been if that really had been the case. It is to be hoped that this book goes to a second edition; it should then be possible to add in pictures of Richard’s new tomb and the church it is located in – wherever that may be and whatever final form the tomb may take. Lynda Pidgeon

The King’s Grave: the search for Richard III by Michael Jones and Philippa Langley John Murray, 2 October 2013, hardback. Publisher’s notice: ‘On 22 August 1485 Richard III was killed at Bosworth Field – the last king of England to die in battle. The Tudor dynasty that supplanted him progressively denigrated his reputation – a tradition that reached its climax with ’s caricature of an evil villain. For ten years Society member Philippa Langley and historian Michael Jones have shared a vision to find the real Richard – the lost king buried underneath a mound of hostile propaganda. Their book is a unique collaboration. Philippa’s intuition and study led to the remarkable discovery of the late king’s grave in the exact place she said it would be; Mike’s historical expertise underpinned Philippa’s screenplay and led to her journey to the car park in 2004 and now in this extraordinary new work puts Richard firmly back into the context of his times. What emerges is every bit as compelling as Shakespeare’s play: the story of the real man behind the .’ Note: Due to pagination issues the roll of honour will not be included but Philippa and Mike send their thanks to everyone who got in touch and to look out for the dedication of the book. Early finished copies of The King’s Grave will be ready for its launch on Wednesday, 2 October, Richard III’s birthday; the authors are thrilled that the launch will be on this special day. The launch and book signing will take place at 6–7 p.m. in Leicester’s fourteenth-century Guildhall; there will also be a Q & A session with the authors at 7–8 p.m. Tickets £5, or £3 with a Waterstones loyalty card; to book, phone 0843 290 8445. For further information about the event, visit: www.leicester.gov.uk/your- council-services/lc/leicester-city-museums/events/museumsevents/ october2013.

Richard III, the House of York and their Supporters by Pauline Harrison Pogmore Rosalba Press, 2013, £8 post-free. This latest publication from Yorkshire’s Rosalba Press is written in a similar style to the author’s Who Was Who in the Wars of the Roses. It contains short biographies of members of the House of York and many of their supporters, including the Bourchiers, Mowbrays, Howards and Herberts, together with the northern affinity who supported Richard III. It is available from Mrs P. H. Pogmore, 169

69 Albert Road, Sheffield, S8 9QX. Cheques payable to ‘Rosalba Press’, please.

The White Boar and the Red Dragon: a novel about Richard of Gloucester, later King Richard III, and Henry Tudor by Margaret W. Price XLIBRIS, March 2013. This new novel is about the lives of Richard of Gloucester and Henry Tudor and the circumstances that led to them both to become king of England. It is available from the publisher and Amazon, who also sell a Kindle version. Margaret Price has asked us to mention that if any members wish to buy a copy directly from her, she can be contacted at [email protected]. She is offering autographed copies at half the advertised price. When ordering direct from Margaret the cost is only £10.99, including UK postage; international postage will be assessed on an individual basis.

Richard of England by D. M. Kleyn CreateSpace, April 2013. This is a reissue of a book about Perkin Warbeck, whom the author concludes was indeed Richard, duke of York, the younger of the two Princes in the Tower. It traces the story of young Richard from childhood, through the courts of Europe to his attempted invasion of England. The book was first published 1991 by the late Diana Kleyn, a member of the Society, and was reviewed in The Ricardian, June 1991. Our thanks to Peter Kleyn for alerting us to this reissue of his mother’s book.

The Yorkist Age ed. Hannes Kleineke and Christian Steer Shaun Tyas Publications, 2013 The reign of Richard III represents one of the final phases in what can be termed a broader ‘Yorkist Age’ in English History. The recent discovery of the skeleton of the king has generated wider public interest in Richard and his reign, but also its wider context. The age and its people are the theme of this new collection of essays, which brings together some of the leading authorities in the field with younger scholars who provide fresh perspectives for the 21st century and point the way to new approaches. The papers included here have a direct bearing on the current debates about King Richard. A discussion of the archaeological evidence of burials on the Towton battlefield provides a context for the injuries discovered on the king’s skeleton, while an examination of the liturgical rite employed at the reburial of Richard Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, in 1475 offers a contemporary precedent for the reinterment planned for the excavated bones. Aspects of Richard III’s career and kingship are illuminated by studies of the king’s relationship with the towns of England, Richard of Gloucester’s Scottish campaigns of 1480–2, and the foundation of the College of Arms in 1483. In a wider context, there are examinations of the chronicles and literature of the age, its drama, portraiture, clothing and architecture. What were the motivations that drove the people of Yorkist England, the political rhymes and satires they repeated in the taverns? What did they eat, and wear, and why? What was their self-image, and how did they seek to project it? Copies can be ordered at a special discount price for Richard III Society members of £35.00 (inc. p&p) for UK orders and £40.00 (inc. p&p) for overseas. Cheques are to be made payable to Shaun Tyas Publications and sent to 1, High Street, Donington, Lincolnshire, PE11 4TA; for credit/debit card orders please telephone 01775 821542 or e-mail: [email protected]. The Yorkist Age received a grant from the Richard III and Yorkist History Trust toward the costs of its publication.

70 Ricardian crossword 5

BY SANGLIER

Cryptic clues, mostly with a Ricardian or Wars of the Roses flavour. Answers on p. 84. Across 8 The sort of bread a medieval official might have made. (4) 9 Society register has an oral record, and perhaps of Shakespeare. (5,5) 10 Norman girl who became king of England? (4, 2, 5) 12 No troops may be a good or bad thing before a battle. (4) 13 Meanly, Bray put a pound in, as Richard sometimes acted. (8) 16 Hair of the dog with no tail – a dog all the same. (3) 18 Certain to be an attribute esteemed by Richard. (4) 19 Commission without obligations, as befits a monarch. (5) 20 Neat yellow flower, not an emblem of our period. (4) 21 A celebration causes a lot of 5 How an earl, say, should look? (4) fuss. (3) 6 Officer evicts the occupier of a place in 22 Stumbling, nearsighted, she fell off the France. (4) slope. (8) 7 Side dish next to king. (5) 24 Call out for a young assistant? (4) 11 Lord of the manor holds it frequently. (3) 26 Coming from the sea near Calais, 14 Risk one takes from unreliable perhaps, returning to embrace, hugging Yorkshiremen – it all ends the same way! an unknown number: something to be (5) kept in mind. (11) 15 Confounded Latin prelate has no right – 30 Encamp to rest fitfully on the ridge. (10) left for Durham, perhaps. (10) 31 Subjected to demands for money and loss 17 This was no doubt the game Warwick of capital, the fate of many noblemen in was playing. (9) the fifteenth century. (4) 20 Polish gentleman who became Pope Paul. Down (8) 1, 25 Earl of March not very happy, we hear, 23 First person heard to say yes? (3) even though he won the battle. (9, 5) 25 See 1 2 Ne’er acclaimed, not directed, mixed-up 27 Sounds like a bit of wood could be a – altogether an unreliable brother. (8) defensive barrier. (4) 3 Denigrated after misfortunes – that was 28 Unwanted messages turned up, which Richard’s fate. (3-7) would have been useful on campaign. (4) 4 In the past I went in for a premium rate. 29 Regretted being impolite, they say. (4) (4) 71 The Barton Library Contact details for all the librarians are on the inside back cover.

An addition to the Non-fiction Books Library The Yorkist Age: proceedings of the 2011 Harlaxton Symposium, edited by Hannes Kleineke and Christian Steer (Shaun Tyas Publishing and Richard III and Yorkist History Trust, 2013, hbk). This book consists of 21 essays covering an extended ‘Yorkist Age’ from the birth of Richard, duke of York to the execution of Margaret, countess of Salisbury. The essays explore a wide panoply of subjects drawn from the fields of political and religious history, literary criticism, archaeology, art history and musicology of the period. The contributors discuss not only the members of the House of York, their depictions, clothing and beliefs, the politics and warfare of the age, both domestic and foreign, but also the intellectual and cultural world of the second half of the fifteenth century.

Additions to the Non-fiction Papers Library The main additions made over the last six months fall neatly into two categories: articles prompted by the discovery of Richard’s remains on the one hand, and on the other articles by Dr John Ashdown-Hill on various subjects, which he has kindly donated to the library. The articles in the ‘remains’ category include:- ‘The King in the Car Park’: New Light on the Death and Burial of Richard III in the Grey Friars Church, Leicester, in 1485, by Richard Buckley et al., Antiquity, No. 87, 2013. This is the official report of the dig by the University of Leicester team. ‘Reconstructing Richard III: discovering the man behind the myth’ by Turi King, Current Archaeology, April 2013. The member of the Leicester team charged with the DNA analysis describes the process of identifying the remains, and what they tell us about Richard’s anatomy and the manner of his death at Bosworth. Includes several colour illustrations. The newly acquired papers written by John Ashdown-Hill include: Margaret of York’s Dance of Death – the DNA evidence, Handelingen van de Koninkijke Kring voor Oudheidkunde, Letteren an Kunst van Mechelen, 111, 2007. Dr Ashdown-Hill’s explanation of how he compared the mtDNA from the three sets of female remains disinterred from the Franciscan friary in Mechelen with that of Joy Ibsen, female-line descendant of Margaret’s sister Anne of Exeter, in order to establish whether any of the said remains could be those of Margaret herself (in English). The Wills of John Talbot, First Earl of Shrewsbury, and of his Sons Lord Lisle and Sir Louis Talbot, Shropshire History and Archaeology, Vol. 83, 2008. Annotated transcripts of the wills of John Talbot 1st earl of Shrewsbury (written 1452), and of his eldest son John, Viscount Lisle (1452) and his second son by his second marriage Sir Louis Talbot (1458).

Additions to DVD and Video Library Please note: The AV library is currently undergoing a major reorganisation. Further details will appear in a later issue.

Video BBC4 TV: Carved with Love – the genius of British woodwork. Episode 3: ‘The divine craft of carpentry’, with church historian Richard Taylor, architectural historian John Goodall, and Dr Janina Ramirez. BBC4 TV: Handmade in Britain: Britain’s most fragile treasure. Dr Janina Ramirez on the conservation of York Minster’s East Window.

72 BBC4 TV: The High Art of the Low Countries. Part 1: ‘Dream of Piety’. Andrew Graham-Dixon on early Flemish masterpieces in Bruges and Ghent, etc. BBC4 TV: Chivalry and Betrayal: the Hundred Years War (3 Parts). The ubiquitous Dr Ramirez examines the period; Part 3 is of particular interest, covering the loss of France under Henry VI, with Talbot, Joan of Arc, etc. BBC2 TV: Fit to Rule. Part 1: Lucy Worsley on royal illnesses of the Tudors and Stuarts. BBC2 TV: Mastermind Final: Paul Whittaker answers questions on Shakespeare’s ‘Wars of the Roses’ plays. Channel 4 TV: Time Team excavations of the manor of The More, Herts. (see Heather Falvey’s reports in the Bulletin, December 2010 and June 2012). Unfortunately the programme ignores the earlier fifteenth-century history and concentrates on the search for Cardinal Wolsey’s ‘palace’. CBBC TV: . Simon Farnaby returns to more family comedy with a suitably equivocal Lord Stanley at Bosworth, while Henry VII in a ‘terrible Tudors’ section raises the roof of Eltham Palace heading a pop group of ‘Showaddywaddy’ vintage (though given a ‘psychedelic filmic twist’), as ‘the man who closes the Wars of the Roses – the original choo-choo-choo Tudor’. BBC2 TV: In stark contrast, the real Henry VII was the work of The Winter King, based on Thomas Penn’s biography (Allen Lane 2011). An unrelentingly gloomy appraisal, given that the subject is every bit as misunderstood as Richard III. Following the familiar paths of David Starkey, with emphasis on heraldic badges, and progression through palace apartments to the privy chamber, a few errors crept in: Richard’s body being thrown over ‘a donkey’, Sir William Stanley’s incriminating Yorkist livery collar created by simpy adding a few white roses to a Lancastrian arc of ‘Esses’, but more seriously, continued confusion between an early portrait of the young Henry VIII for Prince Arthur, and the correct one, discovered by Philip Mould in 1993. On the plus side, the programme was an unlikely place to find an answer to something that puzzled Dr Ashdown- Hill, i.e. Henry’s pre-dating of the battle of Bosworth, which in his The Last Days of Richard III (p. 84, note 10, p. 160), he maintains ‘there is no evidence’ for this and that it is ‘based on Crowland’ and ‘nothing exists to support such a claim in the surviving Acts of Attainder’. However, in the Victoria Tower archives Dr Penn unrolled the parchment showing the ‘written proof’ displayed on the scroll larger than life, and stating ‘xxi day of August last past’, which in his own book he says ‘At a stroke he rewrote history’ which ‘sent a palpable tremor of unease through the Commons’ (The Winter King, p. 21). BBC2 TV: The two programmes on the historical background to her dramatisation of The White Queen and other novels saw Philippa Gregory filmed entirely on location for The Real White Queen and her Rivals, assembling as befitted her ‘feminist’ line on the ‘forgotten queens’, a formidable quartet of commentators, Lisa Hilton, Sarah Gristwood, and Doctors Diane Purkiss and Joanna Laynesmith, who rather overshadowed the contributions from Dr Mike Jones, David Grummitt and Prof. Tony Pollard. More on this when the series is reviewed in the December issue.

Audio BBC 4 Making History Helen Castor on the child bride Lady Anne Mowbray. Richard Buckley on the Greyfriars Leicester project ‘The hunt for Richard III’ lecture to the Current Archaeology conference ‘Archaeology live 1–2 March 2013 (courtesy David Baldwin)

APPEAL: If any member recorded the Radio 3 programme on 18 June, 10 p.m. Free thinking in the summer, part of the York Festival of Ideas, Rata Mitter in debate with Prof. Mark Ormrod and Dr. Helen Castor on ‘The Wars of the Roses’, would they please contact the AV librarian (address on back inside cover) so that a copy can be added to the archives.

73 Branches and Groups

Contact list Branches America Mary Retallick: 401 S G St #408, Tacoma, WA 98405. Tel: 253 589 8527. E-mail: [email protected]. Canada Ms Sheilah O’Connor, 156 Drayton Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4C.3M2 Canada. Tel: 416 693 1241. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: http://home.cogeco.ca/~richardiii. Devon & Cornwall Mrs Anne E Painter, Yoredale, Trewithick Road, Breage, Helston, Cornwall, TRI3 9PZ. Tel: 01326-562023. E-mail: [email protected]. Gloucester Angela Iliff, 1 Court Road, Horfield, Bristol, BS7 0BU. Tel: 0117 908 9983: E-mail: [email protected]. Greater Manchester Mrs Helen Ashburn, 36 Clumber Road, Gorton, Manchester, M18 7LZ. Tel: 0161 320 6157. E-mail: [email protected]. Hull & District Terence O’Brien, 2 Hutton Close, Hull, HU4 4LD. Tel: 01482 445312. E-mail: [email protected]. Leicestershire Mrs Sally Henshaw, 28 Lyncroft Leys, Scraptoft, Leicester, LE7 9UW. Tel: 0116 243 3785. E-mail: [email protected]. Lincolnshire Mrs J. T. Townsend, Westborough Lodge Farm, Westborough, Newark, Notts. NG23 5HP. Tel: 01400 281289. E-mail: [email protected]. London & Home Counties Miss E. M. Nokes, 26 West Way, Petts Wood, BR5 1LW, Kent. Tel: 01689 823569. E-mail: [email protected]. New South Wales Julia Redlich, 53 Cammeray Towers, 55 Carter Street, New South Wales, 2062, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.richardiii- nsw.org.au. New Zealand Robert Smith, ‘Wattle Downs’, 61 Udy Street, Greytown, New Zealand. E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]. Website: www.richard3nz.org. Norfolk Mrs Annmarie Hayek, 20 Rowington Road, Norwich, NR1 3RR. Tel: 01603 664021. E-mail: [email protected]. Queensland As New South Wales Scotland Juliet Middleton, 49 Ochiltree, Dunblane, Perthshire, FK15 ODF. Tel: 01786 825665. E-mail: [email protected] (lower case letter l, not figure 1) South Australia Mrs Sue Walladge, 5 Spencer Street, Cowandilla, South Australia 5033. E-mail: [email protected]. Thames Valley Diana Lee, 161 Green Lane, Shepperton, Middx, TW17 8DY. Tel: 01932 219665. E-mail: [email protected]. Victoria Hazel Hajdu, 4 Byron Street, Wattle Park, Victoria, 3128, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]. Western Australia Louise Carson, 26 Warrida Way, Maddington 6109, Western Australia. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: [email protected]. Worcestershire Mrs Pam Benstead, 15 St Mary’s Close, Kempsey WR5 3JX. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.richardiiiworcs.co.uk. Yorkshire Mrs P. H. Pogmore, 169 Albert Road, Sheffield, S8 9QX. Tel: 0114 258 6097. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.richardiiiyorkshire.com.

Groups Bedfordshire & Roger Bradban, 10 Grays Grove, Little Staughton, Beds MK44 2BT. Buckinghamshire Tel: 01234 378136. E-mail: [email protected]. 74 Bristol (in affiliation with Keith Stenner, 96 Allerton Crescent, Whitchurch, Bristol BS14 9PX. Gloucester Branch) Tel: 01275 541512. E-mail: [email protected]. Continental In process of formation; contact Rita Diefenhardt-Schmitt at Ulmenweg 8, 65520 Bad Camberg-O.selters/Ts, Germany (see below). Croydon Miss Denise Price, 190 Roundwood Rd, London NW10. Tel: 020 8451 7689. Dorset Babs Creamer, 27 Baker Road, Bear Cross, Bournemouth, BH11 9JD. Tel: 01202 573951. E-mail: [email protected]. Ireland David Lee, 22 Coolraine Estate, Mayorstone, Limerick, Republic of Ireland. Tel: (00353) 061 453803. Mobile: (00353) 087 6385445 (use the prefix number if ringing from outside the Republic of Ireland). E-mail: [email protected]. North East Mrs J. McLaren, 11 Sefton Avenue, Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 5QR. Tel: 0191 265 3665. E-mail: [email protected]. North Mercia Miss Marion Moulton, 6 Shrewbridge Crescent, Nantwich, Cheshire CW5 5TF. Tel: 01270 623664. E-mail: [email protected]. Nottinghamshire Mrs Anne Ayres, 7 Boots Yard, Huthwaite, Sutton-in-Ashfield, Notts & Derbyshire NG17 2QW. E-mail: [email protected]. Penrith and North Lakes John & Marjorie Smith, 26 Clifford Road, Penrith, Cumbria, CA11 SPP. South Wales Hayley James 40 Caradoc Street Taibach, Port Talbot, SD13 1UE. Tel: 01639 767123. E-mail: [email protected] Stafford & District Penny Lawton, 6 Railway Cottages, Leekbrook Junction, Leek, Staffordshire ST13 7AU. Tel: 01538 384158. E-mail: [email protected] Sussex Liz Robinson, 14 Queen’s Park Rise, Brighton, BN2 9ZF. Tel: 01273 609971. E-mail: [email protected]. West Surrey Rollo Crookshank, Old Willows, 41a Badshot Park, Famham, Surrey, GU9 9JU. E-mail: [email protected].

Name changes Please note the following name changes: • The East Midlands Branch is now known as the Leicestershire Branch • The Cumbria Group is now known as the Penrith and North Lakes Group. Continental Group project update After a certain amount of preparation, which started in autumn last year, the project of getting a new Continental Group of our Society together is about to start. At present about 25 members take part, coming from Bulgaria, Malta, France, The Netherlands, Italy, Spain and Portugal. As with the former Group, distance remains the biggest problem, but nowadays we have the support of the internet, which makes things much easier, especially contact with members. Actually, the new Group is just a project and time will show whether it works or not. But we have a good base and hopefully will end up as a well established group. Ideas about our activities are still in discussion and need time to start. I am pleased that some former group members have returned, especially Dr Anne-Marie Liethen from Oberhausen, who will become the group’s webmaster, creating and running our own site. I look forward to giving a helping hand in this. The few members who live nearer me meet regularly every other month in a historic house and restaurant near Frankfurt. On 9 July this year I met the three Ricardians living in Bavaria, in Munich. I will write about this get-together later on. All efforts should be made to turn this project into an established group. Rita Diefenhardt-Schmitt (Contact, Continental Group Project)

For anyone interested in helping to establish a continental group, Rita can be contacted at Ulmenweg 8, D-65520 Bad Camberg-Obserselters/Ts., Germany. Tel. (0) 6483 800 956. 75 Greater Manchester Branch We began 2013 with our annual Twelfth Night Buffet in January. As usual, it was very well attended, and a combination of excellent food and drink and convivial company made it a very enjoyable occasion. Our February meeting was about Sandal Castle in Yorkshire. The confirmation in February that the Greyfriars skeleton was indeed that of Richard had a huge impact on our website: within days we were receiving numerous hits and I was overwhelmed with enquiries about the branch. The outcome of all this is that we have gained nine new members since last year, with the possibility of more to come. In March a number of branch members attended the excellent Leicester Conference. In view of this our meeting for that month consisted of a discussion regarding the Greyfriars dig and everyone wanted to talk about how they felt about the news and its importance for Ricardians. March was a busy month as a number of us also attended the various follow-up talks in Leicester, viewed the Guildhall exhibition and visited Bosworth. Also in March three of us braved the snow to attend a local study day on whether Richard killed the Princes. It was an interesting day, although we were somewhat disappointed by the fact that the speaker thought that Richard was guilty. The day was saved, however, by a majority vote by those present that he was innocent. At our April meeting local speaker Ann Metcalfe gave a fascinating and beautifully illustrated presentation entitled ‘Within This Wooden O’ about the Globe Theatre. We were highly impressed by the fact that she opened and closed the talk with the Prologue from Henry V without a copy of the speech to hand. Also in April a number of us attended the study weekend in York. Apart from the excellent thought-provoking lectures (and the food) the highlight of the weekend had to be the visit to the Yorkshire Museum, where we were allowed not only to view but also handle numerous artefacts with a Ricardian connection. To hold the Middleham Jewel in my hand has to be a once-in- a-lifetime experience that I will not forget. Our talk for May saw a welcome return to the branch by Mark Olly, who introduced us to the ‘Knights Templar and Other Orders of Knights’. He gave a similar talk for us a few years ago but now has a very impressive, in-depth Powerpoint version and we all enjoyed it immensely. In June Carole Pimblett gave a talk on ‘The Manuscripts and Library of Edward IV’. She told us how Edward had inherited a large number of manuscripts and books over the years, some of which were already hundreds of years old when he acquired them. The speaker for our July meeting was Ryan Vernon, the son of Karen, one of our branch members. Ryan has just received his degree and his very well presented talk was based on his thesis entitled ‘The Fiscal Policies of Edward I’. It was fascinating to find out how much Edward was in debt when he ascended the throne after his father Henry III and how much he owed to foreign bankers in order to pay for the Welsh and Scottish Wars. In June quite a few members joined the North Mercia Group on their trip to York. On a glorious weekend at the beginning of July a mixed group of members from the branch and the North Mercia Group attended the Middleham Festival. Most of the activities were based in the castle and there was something of interest for everyone. On Saturday morning we also visited the church at Tanfield to view the Marmion tomb, followed by lunch at Jervaulx Abbey tearooms and a walk around the abbey remains. On Saturday evening we attended the lectures at the Middleham Key Centre given by Philippa Langley and other invited speakers. I think I can say that we all had a very memorable and enjoyable weekend. Our first outing of the year was to the Royal Armouries in Leeds and on arrival we were very pleased to see that they were giving a dramatic interpretation about an archer in the Lancastrian army at the battle of Towton. It was very well presented and we also heard a talk about Henry VIII and the Field of the Cloth of Gold. The medieval galleries were of course of most interest to our party and all in all the day was a great success. We have another visit arranged in August to Markenfield Hall in Yorkshire, a medieval moated manor house and in September we are visiting Hoghton Tower, a medieval fortress in Lancashire. With the increase in membership we feel that the branch has been given a new lease of life and we are looking forward to some interesting meetings for the rest of the year. We offer a warm 76 welcome to any new members who would like to join us. Do take a look at our website, which also gives details regarding our medieval greetings cards and other Ricardian related merchandise: www.spanglefish.com/richardiiisocietygreatermanchesterbranch. Helen Ashburn

North Mercia Group Since April we have had numerous enjoyable activities, enjoying the company of like-minded people, all fascinated by Richard III. Our May meeting was at the Crown Hotel, Nantwich, and local TV personality and archaeologist Mark Olley came to talk about ‘The Lost Treasures of the North- west’. Mark is a very entertaining speaker and very knowledgeable about the North-west and he has a host of topics to talk about. June saw us heading for York. Some members made a weekend of it and some travelled in a minibus driven by yours truly. The only blip was finding parking for a minibus and then finding change to pay the parking fee for the day; £12.60 – how do they come to think of such a sum? We arrived at the Minster for our guided tour by Maureen Poulton, a volunteer guide in York and also a friend, with the schooldays nickname of ‘Moron’, but that’s another story and she definitely isn’t one! The guided tour was brilliant and the highlight came at the end when we went to the vestry and saw the illuminated vellum, presented to the Minster by the Richard III Society, sadly no longer on display. We also saw the paten and chalice presented to the Minster by the Society of Friends of Richard III. These are very beautiful and inscribed. The tour finished and lunch was the next order of the day, which our guide found at a nearby café. Suitably replenished, we headed for the Richard III Museum, where certain members demonstrated their real support for Richard III by fixing the votes in his favour. We will not name them but merely commend their loyalty. It was also nice to meet up with Kate Fletcher, who was in charge at the museum. We then had to get back to the minibus and found the best way was to walk along the walls, always a pleasure, because you get such a fantastic view of the Minster. Then it was ‘Farewell’ to the lucky ones who were staying in York and the rest of us headed for home. The next weekend saw some of heading north again, this time to the Royal Armouries in Leeds. Helen Ashburn of the Greater Manchester Branch had organised this trip and we had a super day. There was so much to see we didn’t get round all the exhibits, but we did hear about the experience of a Lancastrian bowman at the battle of Towton and a very good talk on the Field of the Cloth of Gold. It was also nice to meet up with Helen and her members. The next weekend some of us met up with Sally Henshaw from Leicester and spent a day with visiting members of the Society’s American branch. It was lovely to renew acquaintance with some of them and make new contacts. We had a guided tour of the battlefield, then lunch and then we headed for Leicester to see the ‘Dig’. Sally had arranged for the group to visit the site, but was devastated to find the university had been the day before and covered the grave pit with a tarpaulin and then filled it with sand, because they were opening Trench Three again and knocking down the Victorian wall. But our visitors still enjoyed seeing the whole site. The weather wasn’t very kind, so we headed to the cathedral and the exhibition. Our July meeting was held at the home of Win Farrington and this time the speaker was Deirdre Gough, one of our own members. Deirdre spoke on the ‘Legitimacy of Edward IV’ and presented the legal point of view from the Middle Ages. It provoked quite a lot of discussion and as there were new members there it was gratifying to see them joining in too. Win had once more ‘baked for England’ and we all partook eagerly after Deirdre’s talk. Once again, there wasn’t a crumb left. By the time this report is read some of us will have visited Markenfield Hall, near Ripon, with Helen’s group, and also visited Holt castle and church, home of the treacherous William Stanley. There’s not much of the castle left, because half of Holt is built with it, but the church is very fine. We will be ending the day with a visit to Hildegarde’s Tea Rooms – much to be recommended. So there you have it. Three full months and Richard III is definitely thriving in lands still owned by the Stanleys, but I think we must be winning, because membership is booming. Marian Moulton 77 Penrith and North Lakes Group On 27 June 2012, five members met at Shap church for a church crawl. It is a light and bright church with clear glass in nearly all of its many windows. The exception is its superb Millennium window in the south aisle, which portrays many features and activities of the area. The whole church felt welcoming and well used. The group then went to Keld Chapel, a unique survivor from late medieval times. It is a small stone-built place of worship with bare walls and floor. Apart from a fireplace and chimney added in the nineteenth century, when it was used as a house, there seems to have been little alteration since it was built; a most impressive place of worship. After lunch in Shap, travelling through some beautiful countryside, the group moved onto Crosby Ravensworth church. The church is large and dignified, a far cry from simple Keld Chapel. We observed many original features and it was an interesting building. The outing on 19 July had to be cancelled because of extremely inclement weather; instead, a meeting was held at the home of the chairman and her husband. Jim gave an excellent talk on Henry VI – was he a saint? Several miracles have been attributed to Henry VI, and there seems to be no reason to disbelieve them. It appears that Henry VII enquired into the possibility of the Vatican pronouncing Henry VI a saint, but when he was told of the cost of this, he changed his mind! As with our outing intended for 10 July, the plan for 29 August went awry because of a very poor weather forecast. So, a meeting was held at the home of our secretary and her husband. Norma gave a talk on the questionable legends of Thomas Wyatt. Tales of torture, imprisonment in Scotland, Richard 1II’s wicked deeds, succour in prison from a cat bringing pigeons and finally a ransom paid by Henry VII. A life lived dangerously. Our September 2012 meeting was, as usual, a meal at The Gloucester Arms. The occasion was rather lacklustre, but the management has recently changed so we hope all will have improved when we go this September. Afterwards, we repaired to the home of the secretary and her husband for tea, cakes and chat. The meeting in October was held at the home of the chairman and her husband. Jim gave an excellent talk on the White Boar. The exact reason for Richard’s choice of a boar remains unknown, but speculation is intriguing. The talk touched on the boar in history, mythology and heraldry: an unusual subject. The meeting on 2 November was held at the home of the secretary and her husband. Marjorie reported on the news from Jacqui that the result of the DNA found in the Greyfriars bones would not be available until January. There was some discussion as to their likely final resting place, should the results prove positive. This group considered that York would be the only suitable place, but it seems likely that it will be Leicester, as the bones were found within its diocese. Marjorie gave an illustrated talk on Romanesque Architecture, which was well received. In December our Christmas party was held at the home of the chairman and her husband. As always there was good food, good wine and good company. A splendid beginning to the Christmas festivities. The group does not meet in January or February, as the weather is likely to be inclement. The next meeting was held on 21 March at the home of the chairman and her husband. The group was delighted to hear that ‘the bones’ found in Leicester were those of Richard III. There was much discussion about the place of his burial, as at the November meeting, and also about a suitable tomb, rather than a slab or a plaque. After the discussion, Jim gave an excellent talk on Henry VI, the second in the series. When it had been confirmed that the bones were those of King Richard, our chairman wrote to our local paper, The Cumberland and Westmorland Herald, reminding readers of Richard’s considerable connections with Penrith. She asked if it was now time for Penrith to consider making very much more of its Ricardian heritage. She also pointed out that the Penrith Group has produced a Ricardian Town Trail which is available, at very low cost, from the town’s Tourist Information Office. In the same edition of the Herald, the editor also proposed that Penrith should promote and publicise its considerable Ricardian connections. Sadly, to date, nothing has happened. Marjorie Smith 78 Sussex Group This year the Sussex group is concentrating on the discoveries and information arising from the excavation at Greyfriars in Leicester and the finding of King Richard III’s remains in the car park, where many Ricardians had suspected he would be. In April, Deirdre Szczepanik gave an illustrated talk on ‘Making Faces’, in which she explained the various processes and methodologies involved in facial reconstruction. In addition to discussing King Richard’s reconstructed face, we looked at illustrations of the faces of various historical figures, including Philip of Macedon and King Midas – or, more probably, his father – which showed how different techniques might give slightly different results. Considering the state of the remains from which the recreations had been made, we could only admire the skills needed. Some of the illustrations had been commissioned by museums and created by Deirdre. We were very impressed by her handiwork. We were incidentally fascinated to learn that the myth about King Midas having had ‘ass’s ears’ could have arisen from a medical condition that causes excessive hairiness around the ears. In June, Liz Robinson spoke to the group about scoliosis, its likely ramifications for someone with the condition and the treatments that were available in the Middle Ages. Liz is a retired GP and therefore the ideal member of our group to address medieval medical issues. For her talk, she supplemented her existing knowledge with considerable topic-specific research. Liz explained that scoliosis tends to have a very slow onset and development, so that it may not be apparent for some time. In Richard’s case, the skeletal remains display a severe scoliosis, which her investigation of the condition suggested could have been very difficult to conceal entirely with clothing, as one shoulder would be higher than the other and the ribs would be displaced. There was a likelihood that someone with such a severe spinal curve would suffer pain, shortness of breath and might even develop a limp. If this was true of King Richard, the group felt that his mastery of arms, armour and of war horses (never the easiest of steeds to control) was quite awe-inspiring. It also furnished an explanation other than that of a ‘guilty conscience’ in stories about the king’s sleepless nights. As a follow-on from a talk we had some time ago about the various battles of the Wars of the Roses, we will be looking at what was going on in everyday life at the times and seasons when the battles were being fought. We also intend to have a members’ free-for-all, in which anyone will be able to raise for discussion or mere speculation any Ricardian-themed topic arising from the Bulletins that has inspired interest or caused a puzzled brow. Some of us will endeavour to join in the annual trip to Bosworth in August. We will hold our annual dinner as near to Richard’s birthday in October as we can manage and our AGM in November will finish off the year. We are a small, friendly group and would welcome new members. If anyone is interested and would find Brighton convenient as a venue, details of meeting dates and so on can be obtained from our secretary, Liz Robinson, either by e-mail at [email protected] or by telephone on 01273 609971. Jo Quarcoopome

Worcestershire Branch The branch AGM was held in April in the Tapestry Room at Beoley Church. The chairman reported a successful year for the branch as well as a momentous one for all Ricardians. It was decided not to raise the annual subscription, which covers the cost of the branch magazine, Dickon Independent, but to increase the meeting fee when there is a visiting speaker. New members were officially welcomed and the chairman, officers and committee were re-elected en bloc. It was decided to visit the new exhibition in Leicester next year. After the meeting closed, members celebrated the finding King Richard’s remains with sparkling wine and home-made cakes. In May members visited beautiful and remote Upton Cressett Hall in Shropshire, the home of William Cash MP, who, with his wife, rescued the house from decay. After an excellent lunch at The Down Inn, the group proceeded to the hall to be greeted by Mr Cash himself, who opined that Richard should be buried in a tomb befitting his status as a crowned and anointed king. Mr Cash kindly gave a short history of the Cressett family before leading the guided tour. Hugh Cressett was 79 a Lancastrian and Sheriff and MP for Shropshire. His son, Robert, was a Yorkist; he was frequently mentioned in commissions of array and pardoned for supporting the defeated Yorkists at Ludford Bridge in 1459. He became sheriff of the county in 1468 under Edward IV and again under Richard III in 1484–5, but was replaced by Sir Gilbert Talbot after the battle of Bosworth. Documents in the Cressett archive support the claim that Edward V stayed at the hall on his journey from Ludlow to London in 1483. The Cressetts eventually made their peace with the Tudors and donated generously to the Armada fund in 1588. The tour of the house began with the gatehouse, now a holiday home. It has superb plaster ceilings decorated with Tudor roses and Beaufort portcullises. The fifteenth- century timbered hall house was built around 1430 by Hugh Cressett and encased in brick in Elizabeth’s reign, when the gatehouse was built. The present lounge is part of the original great hall which has had a floor inserted to create a bedroom above it, where the original roof construction can be seen. The drawing room has Elizabethan panelling and the dining room, where tea was served, has a modern kitchen leading from it. Members also visited the church, which is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust and has a beautiful carved chancel arch, a Norman font and fragments of wall paintings. The Brockhampton Estate in Herefordshire was the destination for the branch’s June meeting. Members gathered for a bring-and-share picnic lunch in the grounds of the beautiful medieval moated manor house at Lower Brockhampton. The weather was amazingly warm and those present were able enjoy the wonderful views to the Malvern and Clee Hills, walking in the ancient woodlands and experiencing the tranquillity of the ancient timber-framed buildings. The next meeting will be an evening walk followed by supper in Pershore on 10 August. On 14 September there will be a visit to Temple Balsall in Warwickshire. The branch is always pleased to welcome new members and may be contacted via the website: www.richardiiiworcs.co.uk. Carol Southworth

Yorkshire Branch report The branch’s Arthur Cockerill Spring Lecture was given in York on 27 April, but couldn’t be reported here in June due to Bulletin deadlines. We were glad to welcome Dr Bob Woosnam-Savage of the Royal Armouries in Leeds, who is working on the Greyfriars dig and was one of the speakers at the Society’s conference in Leicester. He spoke to us about the latest developments in the analysis of Richard III’s remains (at the time some of his information wasn’t yet generally publicised), and in a graphically illustrated talk brought home to us the realities of a medieval battlefield and the damage specific weapons could inflict. At times it wasn’t a talk for the squeamish, but it put King Richard’s untimely death in context and underlined the disgraceful treatment his body received afterwards at the hands of the victors (including his burial). The lecture was much appreciated – even while the subject-matter was deplored! – by a large audience, and we look forward to hearing an update on the dig’s findings another time. At the end of May the branch had a stall at the second Medieval Faire to be held in the grounds of Harewood House near Leeds, home of the Lascelles family, who are cousins of the Queen. The present house is eighteenth-century but the original medieval manor house is currently being excavated nearby and guided walks to it took place over the weekend. We did excellent business and were happy to talk about King Richard and his times (and his Yorkshire connections) to plenty of customers. We also provided speakers over both days: Scowen Sykes enthralled some of the younger members of his audience with the exploits of the longbow – demonstrations included – but sometimes the living history camp nearby got a bit too loud, and one of our speakers had to contend with lively drumming a few feet away. There was a fascinating range of re-enactments, displays (the horsemanship was superb), artefacts, food and drink, and the branch is very pleased to have been invited to attend again next year. If you are in the area, don’t miss this marvellous event. The branch’s second Study Day took place in York on 15 June. Over 40 people attended and the committee is glad to report a very enjoyable and successful day. We’ve already had requests for another such day next year. Talks were given by members, and included the English war bow, ‘Pestilence’ – the catastrophic events of 1349 in their local as well as international spheres – a frank 80 reappraisal of the earl of Warwick and the role of witchcraft in the medieval community and in politics. Our August visit to Coverham Abbey, the Bosworth commemoration at Middleham and the branch AGM and dinner will, it is hoped, be reported on in the December Bulletin, but I give notice here of the Yorkshire Branch Day, to be held at Jacob’s Well in York on Saturday 5 October, 10 a.m.–4 p.m. There will be various informal activities, short talks and displays, but it’s mainly a ‘drop- in’ day which members can attend for as much (or as little) time as they like, see a wide range of our merchandise and just socialise. The branch has seen a big increase in membership this year and it’s very gratifying to see the support our newer members, as well as more senior ones, are showing us. Subscriptions for our branch magazine Blanc Sanglier are now due and a form has been sent out with the August newsletter. We are introducing the option of payment by standing order: full details on the form. Subs for 2013–14 are: UK single membership £10, joint membership (two adults at the same address) £12, overseas members £13. If you wish to receive the three newsletters only, the cost is £5. Please send all subs to our Secretary. Angela Moreton New members

UK new members 1 March–30 June Christine Edwards, Burnley Betty Addey, London Donald Edwards, Norwich Pamela Ainsworth, Southampton Kenneth Ellis, Wirral Hannah Alabaster, Romford, Essex Louise Ellis, Lydney, Gloucestershire Pauline Alabaster, Romford, Essex Josephine Fletcher, Tipton, West Midlands Martine Alexis, Helen Foster, Coalville, Leicestershire Jean Ammar, Stockport Brent Garner, Barnoldswick Rachel Andrew, Nr Loughborough, Leicestershire Elizabeth Gordon, Bretherton Julie Armstrong, Edinburgh Peter Gray, Herne Bay, Kent David Atkins, Leominster David Greenwell, Mickleton, Gloucestershire Hector Banda, London David Gregory, Deal, Kent Martin & Sue Beaumont, Dronfield Margaret Haigh, Stockport, Cheshire John Besant, Bridgwater, Somerset Antony Haley, Horsham, West Sussex Jillian Bland, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire Mary Harber, Newton Abbot, Devon Ann Booth, Belper, Derbyshire Anita Hart, Reading Diane Brear, Bingley, West Yorkshire Judith Hawkes, Newbury Denise Brereton, Sale, Cheshire Sandra Heath Wilson, Churchdown, Glos Marion Brown, Carlisle Beverley Holland, Barnard Castle, Co Durham Barbara Burfoot, Alton, Hampshire Georgina Holloway, Whissonsett, Norfolk Jacqueline Camilletti, Melbourn, Cambridgeshire Ethne Hubbard, Tonbridge Julian Carpenter, Sidcup, Kent Mair Hubond, Swindon Vicki Cartledge, Weavenham, Cheshire Lesley Hudson, Knaresborough, North Yorkshire Judith Carvell, Rugby, Warwickshire John Hughes, Port Talbot, Glamorganshire Stella Chatterton, Great Ouseburn Lesley Hughes, London, Michael Chick, Ashtead Stanley & Mrs D. A. Jackson, Wolverhampton Carol Coe, Thelnetham, Suffollk Pamela Jones, Leeds Julie Coleman, Llandeilo, Dyfed Claire Jordan, West Calder, West Lothian Stephen Cooper, Rotherham Stephen & Veronica Joyner, Barlestone, Urda Cotter, Troon, Ayrshire Warwickshire Ben & Annie Cowdrey, Romsey, Hampshire Anne-Louise Keeley, Bishop’s Castle, Shropshire Carol Crockford, Birkenhead Nina Kefer, London Rosemary Culkin, Great Bowden Tracey Kelly, Watford, Hertfordshire Yvonne Curtiss, Brewood, Staffordshire Loraine Kimberley, Nr Market Bosworth, Melanie Darke, Basildon, Essex Warwickshire Julian Davey, Alcester, Warwickshire Annabel King, Abbots Langley, Hertfordshire Gill Dawson, Downham Market, Norfolk Peter Kleyn, Woking, Surrey Fleur Daykin, Stourbridge Nick Lytton & Family, New Barnet Marian Durney, Leicester Charlotte McKinley, London 81 Diana Mc Kinley, London Richard Wright, Sheffield Valerie Mighall, Battle Gina Zamanpour, Knutsford, Cheshire Alan Miles, Margate, Kent Grace Moody-Stuart, London Overseas new members 1 March–30 June Pauline Moore, Northampton Josie Adler, Queanbeyan, NSW, Australia Janet Murfitt, Bishop’s Stortford, Hertfordshire Pamela Bain, Spring Branch, TX, USA Morag Nicholson, Old Harlow, Essex Mary Baxter, Edmonton, AB, Canada Gerard & Margaret Nosowski, Rugby, Warwickshire Elizabeth Borson, Palm Desert, CA, USA Mik O’ Connell & Family, York James Bosworth, Cugy ( Fr), Switzerland Siobhan O’ Shea, London Joan Budd, New York, NY, USA Sheila Oldfield, Nr Sheffield Janet Burbidge, South Australia, Australia Catherine & Rob Parkinson, Leicester Mercia Chapman, Surrey Hills, Victoria, Australia Sally Pennington, Billingshurst, West Sussex Anna-Katharina Fiedler, Senden, Germany David Pidduck, Barron-in-Furness, Cumbria Susan Gale, Tallahassee, FL, USA Edward Poole, Cheadle, Cheshire Jennifer Gilchrist, Wheeler Heights, NSW, Australia Rob Praetious, Guildford, Surrey Alan Hall, Salisbury, South Australia, Australia Margaret Punnett, Nr Bridgwater, Somerset Catherine Henry, Christchurch, New Zealand John Rayner, Norwich Robert Hope, Torquay, Victoria, Australia Christine Rice, Gillingham, Kent Lisa Hopgood, Brea, CA, USA Richard Roberts & Family, Wolverhampton Sharon Hunter, Surrey, BC, Canada Simon Robertshaw, Bradford, West Yorkshire Lisa Jessop, Malvern East, Victoria, Australia Christine Robson, Newcastle upon Tyne Rena Lawlan, Vancouver, BC, Canada Thomas Salihi, London Tom Lewis, Darwin, NT, Australia Barry Sercombe, Ware, Hertfordshire Beatrice Marks, Coogee, NSW, Australia Joanna Shaw, Grange-over-Sands, Cumbria Nikollina Milivojevic, Vodnjan, Croatia Susan Shedden, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire Paul Money, Barellan, NSW, Australia Elizabeth Shipley, Tring, Hertfordshire Alexandra Powers & Family, Raeford, NC, USA Theresa Slee, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire Brian Preval, Hamburg, Germany Emma Slevin, Carlton, Nottinghamshire Adriana Renescu, Laguna Niguel, CA, USA Helen Smith, Knutsford Elana Rourke, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Kate Smith, Morpeth, Northumberland Douglas Stamate, North Manchester, IN, USA Ronald Snowball, Newcastle upon Tyne Irene Stamford-Dowell, Annandale, VA, USA Colleen Stapley, Gravesend, Kent Susanne Tinzmann, Kastrup, Denmark Jacqueline Stewart, Glastonbury, Somerset Ernestina Valente, Fiesse ( BS), Italy Trevor Stone, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire Carole Vernon, Healsville, Victoria, Australia Margaret Suddart, Workington Charles Walbridge, Bainbridge Island, WA, USA John & Vanessa Sutcliffe, London Gillean Thomas & Charles Thomas, Manchester US Branch April–June Chris Thompson, Herstmonceux, East Sussex Carol Adams, Alamogordo, NM Gordon Timmins, Basingstoke, Hampshire Eleanora Baird, Wynnewood, PA Gail Uttley, Alnwick, Northumberland Peggy Baker, Plymouth, MA Josie Wade, Doncaster Janice Barry, Norwich, CT Mauvourneen Wagner, Hillingdon, Middlesex Patricia Cole, Brookfield, IL Stella Walker, Bolton Robert Cook, Bryantown, MD Peter Wallace, Brighton, East Sussex Leslie Croce, Clarksville, TN Delia Warren & Family, Birmingham Dee Fifer, Palestine, TX Patricia Waterman, Seahouses Anne Friscia, Santa Cruz, CA Giles Watson & Family, Turners Hill, West Sussex Clara Howell, Baton Rouge, LA Janice Weaver, Todmorden, West Yorkshire Jacqueline Hudson, Boulder, CO Clifford Webb, Pyrford, Surrey Frank Latko, San Francisco, CA Jane Weir, Middlewich, Cheshire Mari Martin, Tucson, AZ Moyra Whiteley, Axminster, Devon Kathleen Maxwell, Bowling Green, OH Dickon Whitewood, Garstang James B.Murphy, Tacoma, WA David Whittle, Oakham, Rutland James C. Murphy, Livonia, MI Elizabeth Wilkinson, Devauden Robert D. Pfile, Fredericksburg, VA Linda Williams, Cannock, Staffordshire Paula Price, Redmond, WA Peter Wilson, Felpham, West Sussex Laura Ramanujan, Alpharetta, GA Karin Woodruff & Family, Leicester Barbara Rice, Columbia, SC Maureen Wright, Coalville, Leicestershire Elana Rourke, Santa Barbara, CA

82 Charles Shields, Mechanicsburg, PA Susan Troxell, Philadelphia, PA Joe & Sydney Simpson, Galesburg, IL Sara D.Wees, Everett, WA Karen Stangeby, Salem, OR Recently deceased members Ann Tatlow, Bradfield, Berkshire. Joined 2009. Obituaries

Rachel Field The Visits Team is greatly saddened to learn of the death of Rachel Field; she and her husband, Gordon, were loyal supporters of both the Society and the Visits Team. It was almost guaranteed that the first booking form received for any trip was from Rachel and Gordon. Although Rachel still joined our trips after Gordon died, illness eventually prevented her from taking part as often as she wished; Stratford and Baddesley Clinton being her last outing with us, which fortunately she greatly enjoyed. Rachel joined the London Branch in 1996 and continued in membership after Gordon’s death. We will miss her. Marian Mitchell

Ann Tatlow Ann joined the Society in 2009 but immediately became a very active member, joining both the Thames Valley Branch and the West Surrey Group. She thoroughly enjoyed both meetings and trips and will perhaps be best remembered for her friendliness, sense of style and staunch Ricardian and royalist sympathies. She will be missed. Wendy Moorhen

Professor Piotr Radzikowski On 8 June this year I tried to reach Professor Radzikowski by phone, which was a bit difficult as he had a new address, which was not immediately given by Poland’s postal service. Finally I found what I wanted via the International Information Service. Piotr’s eldest son Waldemar came on the phone and when I asked for his father he told me that he had died in an accident on holiday in Romania in 2003. He was only middle-aged. I was really shocked, and promised him that his father would not be forgotten in our Society. The reason for my call was to ask Piotr for his co-operation in publishing a new booklet about Nikolaus von Poppelau, the man who once met our Richard during his journey through Europe for the Emperor Frederick III in 1484. In 1998 Piotr published a very well researched book about the diary Nikolaus von Poppelau wrote during his journey, in Polish, English and German. Nikolaus’ statements about the appearance, manners and lifestyle of the British people gave an excellent impression of them at this period. Unfortunately we lost regular contact, as Piotr became a very busy historian at the University of Krakow, a husband and the father of three children. But from time to time we exchanged letters. In his last letter to me, dated spring 1997, he told me that he was working on other new publications and that he very much loved his wife and children. He was a keen historian and had also a great interest in our Richard. The main focus of his work lay in the history of his native Poland, especially Upper and Lower Silesia, about which he wrote several papers. With his death I have lost my potential co-author for a new book about Poppelau. He will be sadly missed. I know for sure that he would never had said ‘no’ to this project and I promised his son that I will bring out a new book on the subject. I pay my deepest respects to the person and the work of Piotr Radzikowski, which will not be forgotten. Rita Diefenhardt-Schmitt 83 Calendar We run a calendar of all forthcoming events notified to us for inclusion. If you are aware of any events of Ricardian interest, whether organised by the Society (Committee, Visits Committee, Research Committee, Branches/Groups, etc.) or by others, please let the Bulletin team have full details in sufficient time for entry. The calendar will also be run on the website. Date Events Originator 2013 14 September Talk by Robert Woosnam-Savage: ‘Killed the Scottish Branch Boar, Shaved his Head; the violent death of King Richard III’. Cramond Kirk Hall, Cramond, Edinburgh. 5 October Members’ Day and AGM, London Joint Secretaries (see p. 6) 9 November Norfolk Branch Study Day Norfolk Branch (see p. 15). 23 November Visit to the Whitechapel Bell Foundry Visits Committee (see p. 13) 14 December Christmas at Fotheringhay Chairman (see p. 13) 2014 4–6 April Study Weekend in York Research Committee (see p. 14) 2015 17–19 April Triennial Conference Research Committee (see p. 15)

STOP PRESS On the 16 August the handed down its decision on the Plantagenet Alliance’s application for a judicial review of the plans to reinter King Richard III in Leicester Cathedral. In response, the Richard III Society issued the following statement: The Richard III Society acknowledges the decision handed down today in the High Court of Justice by The Honourable Mr Justice Haddon-Cave to grant permission for the Plantagenet Alliance to bring a judicial review hearing later in the year against the Secretary of State for Justice and the University of Leicester over the decision to reinter King Richard in Leicester Cathedral. The matter must now be left to the due process of law, but we hope it will be resolved amicably and quickly so that King Richard’s remains can be reinterred with honour and dignity and without controversy.

For full details of the High Court decision see: www.judiciary.gov.uk/media/judgments/2013/king- richard-iii-permission-judgment. As we go to press a date has yet to be set for the judicial review hearing. Hopefully matters will be resolved quickly and we shall hope to provide a full report and update in December’s Bulletin.

Answers to crossword on p. 71 Across: 8 Roll; 9 Logge Wills; 10 Rose of Rouen; 12 Omen; 13 Abruptly; 16 Cur; 18 True; 19 Royal; 20 Prim; 21 Ado; 22 Gradient; 24 Page; 26 Remembrance; 30 Escarpment; 31 Axed. Down: 1 Mortimer’s; 2 Clarence; 3 Ill-starred; 4 Agio; 5 Peer; 6 Lieu; 7 Flank; 11 Oft; 14 Rhyme; 15 Palatinate; 17 Kingmaker; 20 Poppelau; 23 Aye; 25 Cross; 27 Moat; 28 Maps; 29 Rued. 84

The Achievement of arms of the Richard III Society

Front cover: Portrait of Richard III reproduced by kind permission of the Society of Antiquaries of London