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Home , John Byrom, John Wilkins, Thomas Ken, William Law

CONCLUSION

It will by now be clear that a claim is being made on behalf of Ken, Byrom and Law which is not commensurate with their adducibleliterary merit. To the positivist literary critic this claim may sound like a piece of special pleading, but it can be argued that positivist criticism has its pitfalls and that one of its limitations is its failure to do justice to the relativism of aesthetics, to inter-disciplinary connections, and to the developmental approach which demands an appraisal of the potential as well as the actual in a given cultural product. A positivist approach to Ken will perhaps come up with the de• scriptive judgment of "a green spot" (Keble) or "a green oasis" (Fairchild). Some might consider even these conclusions over-generous. When we come to the most generous appraisal of Byrom that is available, we are bound to question whether it does not owe more to ideological prejudice than to aesthetic judgment. Thus wrote: In my journey from Liverpool I read Dr Byrom's poems. He has all the wit and humour of Dr Swift, together with much more learning, and deep and strong understanding, and, above all, a serious vein of piety. .. A few things in the second volume are taken from Jacob Behmen; to whom I object ... But, setting these things aside, we have some of the finest senti• ments that ever appeared in the English tongue; some of the noblest truths, expressed with the utmost energy of language, and the strongest colours of poetry. 1

Wesley probably read Byrom on horseback and his praise must seem absurdly erratic on strictly aesthetic grounds. As a document of cultural history, as evidence of a certain kind of Augustan taste, less iconoclastic than one would perhaps expect, Wesley's judgment is illuminating.

1 Journal (12 July 1773), John Wesley, Works (14 vols.; Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 1958-9), III, 502-3. Quoted in Overton, p. 362 and in Baker, p. 61. CONCLUSION 149 The modern critic will perhaps be happier with Wesley's parallel encomium on Law. It declares that there are "few writers in the present age who stand in any competition with Mr Law, as to beauty and strength of language; readiness, liveliness, and copiousness of thought; and (in many points) accuracy of sentiment." Wesley adds that several of Law's treatises "must remain, as long as stands, almost unequalled standards of the strength and purity of our language, as well as of sound practical divinity."2 The strength and purity of Law's language has undoubtedly been neglected, but it could probably be agreed that Law has his place between Swift and Gibbon in the golden age of English prose. And yet Law as literature is like the Bible as literature; his real stature is thereby diminished. What we have chosen to insist on is that quality in Law's prose which is inseparable from his philosophy or vision of life, and which has led Henri Talon, if no one else, to the conclusion that Law was a "potential poet."3 At times this poetic quality comes to the surface in a striking manner. What after all is one to make of the brief sentence Talon extracts from one of Law's pages - "In every man ... there is a dark guest ... lulled asleep by worldly light." - ?4 Talon at least does some justice to Law in claiming that his "thought is not merely conceptual but sensory, as it may well

2 Quoted in Christopher Walton, Notes and Materials for an adequate Biography of the Celebrated Divine and Theosopher (: privately printed, 1854), P.564. Quoted on Walton's authority by Overton, p. 384 and Baker, p. 47. This encomium of Law's literary qualities comes from Wesley's preface to his devastating attack on Law's ideas in the famous letter of January 1756. Strangely enough this preface is not printed in either Wesley's Works or in Telford's edition of Wesley's letters. 3 Talon, William Law, p. 89. 4 Ibid., p. 88. Talon, to make his point, has abbreviated Law drastically. Law actually wrote: "Who has not at one time or other felt a sourness, wrath, selfishness, envy, and pride, which he could not tell what to do with, or how to bear, rising up in him without his consent, casting a blackness over all his thoughts, and then as suddenly going off again, either by the cheerfulness of the sun, or air, or some agreable accident, and again at times as suddenly returning upon him? Sufficient indications are these to every man that there is a dark guest within him, concealed under the cover of flesh and blood, often lulled asleep by worldly light and amusements, yet such as will, in spite of everything, show itself, which if it has not its proper relief in this life, must be his torment in eternity. And it was for the sake of this hidden hell within us, that our Blessed Lord said when on earth, and says now to every , 'Come unto me, all ye that labour and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest'." The Grounds and Reasons of Christian Regeneration (1739), Law, V, 141. Here it is clear that the poetic quintessence extracted by Talon is part and parcel of a coherent structure of thought and moral vision which is itself potentially poetic. On the purely technical structure of Law's prose, cf. F. D. Maurice's judgment (1844) that "Law is the most continuous writer in our language, each of his sentences and para• graphs leading on naturally, and as it were necessarily, to that which follows." Quoted in Baker, p. vii. Maurice concludes that to quote Law is virtually impossible. 150 CONCLUSION be in a man who believed that the spirit reveals itself through its body."5 What we have tried to show is that such distillation of poetic beauty is the outward and visible sign of a coherent whole. This is the kind of perspective in which Law's work, and Byrom's reflection of it, together with Ken's before them, make for profitable reading. For it is at this level that they reveal not only their own limi• tations but also the lineaments of Augustan culture as it waxed and waned against certain radical alternatives.

fi Talon, William Law, p. 88. APPENDIX I

KEN'S HEROIC DIVINESl

Henry Hammond (1605-60), divine and Biblical critic, was chaplain to the Royal Commissioners at the abortive Uxbridge Conference (1645) where he disputed fruitlessly with the Parliamentary Presbyterians. Ken presumably refers to Hammond's Mysterium Religionis, an Expedient for the composing Differences of Religion (1649). Hammond would have become Bishop of Worcester had he lived. John Gauden (1605-62), Bishop of Worcester, displayed Parliamentary sympathies from 1640. Believing that episcopacy needed reform but not abolition, he wrote against the execution of Charles I but retained his preferments during the . Ken refers to his attempts in 1656 t0l"promote agreement between Presbyterians and Episcopalians on the basis of Archbishop Ussher's model, and perhaps also to his Hieraspistes: A Defence by way of Apology for the Ministry and Ministers of the (1653) and his Petitionary Remonstrance (1659) on behalf of the deprived . Jeremy Taylor (1613-67), Bishop of Down and Connor, had the unenvi• ous task of winning over the Presbyterian ministers of Ulster to the episcopal cause. He failed conspicuously and, "intending the reverse, did more than any:man:to:establish the loyal Presbyterians of Ulster as a separate ecclesi• asticallbody. " William Nicholson (1591-1672), Bishop of Gloucester, defended Anglican orthodoxy in pamphlets dated 1655 and 1659, and after the Restoration was conciliatory in his treatment of Dissenters, conniving at the preaching of those he respected. Robert Sanderson (1587-1663), Bishop of Lincoln and Professor of Divinity at Oxford, was compelled to revise the forms of Common Prayer to appease the Parliamentarians in his neighbourhood. He came to the defence of with his De Juramento (1655) and De Obligatione Conscientiae (1660), and acted as Moderator at the 1661 conference of Presbyterian divines. James Ussher (1581-1656), Archbishop of Armagh, was the author of a modified scheme of episcopacy. This was presented to a parliamentary sub-committee in 1641 and published in 1656 as The Reduction of Episcopacy

1 See p. 52. 152 APPENDICES unto the form of Synodical Government received in the Ancient Church. It was widely accepted by Puritan leaders and used by Charles II as the basis of his 1660 Declaration. In 1655 Ussher approached Cromwell with a request that episcopal clergy be allowed to minister in private. Joseph Hall (1574-1656), Bishop of Norwich, whose youthful satires (1597) were ordered to be burnt by Archbishop Whitgift, sat on the 1641 parliamentary committee along with Ussher as a moderate. DNB APPENDIX II

LIST OF WILLIAM LAW'S WORKS

I. Three Letters to the Bishop if Bangor (17 17-I 9) 2. Remarks upon (1724) 3. The Absolute Unlawfulness of the Stage Entertainment fully demonstrated (1726) 4. A Practical Treatise upon (1726) 5. A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life (1728) 6. The Case of Reason, or Natural Religion fairly and fully Stated in Answer to Christianity as Old as the Creation (173 I) 7. A Demonstration if the Gross and Fundamental Errors if [Hoadly's] ... 'Plain Account of the Lord's Supper' (1737) 8. The Grounds and Reasons if the Christian Regeneration (1739) 9. An Earnest and Serious Answer to Dr Trapp's Discourse of the Folly, Sin, and Danger if being Righteous Overmuch (1740) 10. An Appeal to All that Doubt or Disbelieve the Truths of the Gospel, to which are added Some Animadversions upon Dr Trapp's Replies (1740) I I. The Spirit if Prayer (1749) 12. The Way to Divine Knowledge (1752) 13. The Spirit if Love (1752-4) 14. A Short but Sufficient Confutation if the Rev. Dr Warburton's projected defence (as he calls it) if Christianity (I7 57 ) 15. Of Justification by Faith and Works: a Dialogue between a Methodist and a Churchman (I 760) 16. A Collection if Letters (1760) 17. An Humble, Earnest, and Affectionate Address to the Clergy (1761) 18. Letters to a Lady inclined to join the Church if Rome (1779, written 1731-2) BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. KEN, BYROM AND LAW: PRIMARY TEXTS Byrom, John. Private Journal and Literary Remains. Edited by Richard Parkin• son. 2 vols., issued in 4 parts. "Chetham Society Remains," Vols. 32, 34, 40,44. : Chetham Society, 1854-7. - Poems. Edited by A. W. Ward. 3 vols., issued in 5 parts. "Chetham Society Remains, New Series," Vols. 29, 30, 34, 35, 70. Manchester: Chetham Society, 1894-1912. Ken, Thomas. Works. Edited by William Hawkins. 4 vols. London: V. Wyat, 1721. - The Prose Works. Edited by W. Benham. London: Griffith, Farran, Okeden and Welsh, 1889. Law, William. Works. Edited by G. B. Morgan. 9 vols. Brockenhurst and Canterbury: privately printed for G. Moreton, 1892-3.

2. KEN, BYROM AND LAW: SECONDARY TEXTS Anderdon, John Lavicount. The Life rif . By a Layman. 2nd ed. revised and enlarged. London, 1854. Baker, Eric W. A Herald of the Evangelical Revival. A Critical Inquiry into the Relation of William Law to John Weslry and the Beginnings rif . London: Epworth Press, 1948. Green, J. Brazier. John Weslry and William Law. London: Epworth Press, 1945· Hawkins, William. A Short Account of T. Ken D.D. London: J. Wyat, 1713. Hobhouse, Stephen Henry. William Law and 18th Century Quakerism. London: Allen and Unwin, 1927. - Selected Mystical Writings rif William Law. With Studies in the Mystical Theology qf William Law and Jacob Boehme, and an Inquiry into the Influence rif Jacob Boehme on . 2nd ed. revised. London: Rockliff, 1948. Overton, John Henry. William Law, Nonjuror and Mystic. London: Long• mans, 1881. Plumptre, Edward Hayes. The Life of Thomas Ken, . 2 vols. London: W. Isbister, 1888. BIBLIOGRAPHY 155 Rice, H. A. L. Thomas Ken: Bishop and Non-Juror. London: Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, 1958. Spurgeon, Caroline Frances Eleanor. "William Law and the Mystics," Cambridge History of English Literature (edited by A. W. Ward and A. R. Waller), IX (1912),305-28. Stephen, Leslie. "," Studies of a Biographer (London: Smith Elder, 1907), I, 69-97. Talon, Henri. William Law. A Study in Literary Craftsmanship. London: Rodcliff, 1948. - (ed.)) Selections from the Journals and Papers of John Byrom, with Notes and Biographical Sketches of some of his Notable Contemporaries. London: Rockliff, 1951. Tighe, Richard. A Short Account of the Life and Writings of the late Rev. William Law, A.M. with an Appendix, which contains Specimens of the Writings. London: J. Hatchard and Elizabeth Budd, 1813. Walton, Christopher. Notes and Materials for an Adequate Biography of the Celebrated Divine and Theosopher William Law. London: privately printed, 1854. Whyte, Alexander. Characters and Characteristics of William Law, Nonjuror and Mystic. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1893.

3. OTHER PRIMARY TEXTS

Aubrey, John. Brief Lives. Edited by Andrew Clark. 2 vols. Oxford: Claren• don Press, 1898. Berkeley, George. Alciphron. Edited by T. E. Jessop. London: Thomas Nelson, 1950. Blake, William. Poetry and Prose. Edited by Geoffrey Keynes. London: Nonesuch Press, 1956. Boehme, Jacob. The Signature of All Things. London: J. M. Dent, 1912. Bossuet, Jacques Benigne. Quakerism a la Mode: or A History of Quietism particularly that of the Lord Archbishop of Cambray and Madame Guyone. Done into English. London: J. Harris and A. Bell, 1698. Burnet, Gilbert. History of My Own Time. Edited by Osmund Airy. 2 vols: Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1897-I 900. Butler, Joseph. Works. Edited by W. E. Gladstone. 2 vols. Oxford: Claren• don Press, 1897. Chalmers, Alexander (ed.). The Works of the English Poets from Chaucer to Cowper. 21 vols. London: J. Johnson, 1810. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. Biographia Literaria. Edited by Arthur Symons. London: J. M. Dent, 1906. - On the I7th Century. Edited by Roberta Florence Brinkley. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1955. Collins, Anthony. A Discourse of Freethinking. London, 1713. Donne, John. Complete Poems and Selected Prose. Edited by John Hayward. London: Nonesuch Press, 1955. Dryden, John. Poems. Edited by John Sargeaunt. London: Oxford Uni• versity-Press, 1910. 156 BIBLIOGRAPHY Dunton, John. Life and Errors. Edited by J. B. Nichols. London, 1818. Fenelon (Fran~ois de Salignac de la Mothe). De l'existence et des attributs de Dieu. Paris: Didot, 1853. Herbert, George. Works. Edited by F. E. Hutchinson. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1945. Hervey, James. Works. Newcastle: M. Brown, 1789. Johnson, Samuel. A if the English Language. 2 vols. 6th ed. London: Rivington, 1785. Lead, Jane. A Fountain if Gardens. Edited by . 3 vols. London, 1697-170 1. Lee, Henry. Anti-Scepticism: or Notes upon Each Chapter if Locke's Essay. London, 1702. Leland, John. A View if the Principal Deistical Writers that have appeared in England in the last and present century, with observations upon them, and some account if the answers that have been published against them. In several letters to a friend. 2 vols. 4th ed. London: Dodsley and Longman, 1764. Leslie, Charles. The Snake in the Grass: or Satan Transformed into an Angel if Light. 3rd ed. London: Charles Brome, 1698. Locke, John. Works. 9 vols. 12th ed. London: Rivington, 1824. Mandeville, Bernard de. A Letter to Dion. Edited by J. Viner. "Augustan Reprint Society," No. 41. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1953· Marvell, Andrew. Poems and Letters. Edited by H. M. Margoliouth. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927. More, Paul Elmer, and Cross, Frank Leslie (ed.). Anglicanism. London: Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, 1935. Pope, Alexander. Poems. Edited by John Butt. London: Methuen, 1963. Prior, Matthew. The Literary Works. Edited by H. Bunker Wright and Monroe K. Spears. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959. Ray, John. The Wisdom if God Manifested in the Works if the Creation. London, 1691. Selby-Bigge, L. A. (ed.). British Moralists: being Selections from Writers principally if the 18th Century. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1897. Swift, Jonathan. Works. Edited by Herbert Davis. 14 vols. Oxford: Black• well, 1939-62. TiIlotson,John. Works. Edited by Thomas Birch. 10 vols. London: Richard Priestly, 1820. Tindal, Matthew. Christianity as Old as the Creation, or the Gospel a Republication if the Religion if Nature. London, 1730. Toland, John. Christianity Not Mysterious. London: Samuel Buckley, 1696. Warburton, William. Letters from a Late Eminent Prelate to one if his Friends. 3rd ed. London: T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1809. Watts, Isaac. Works. Edited by D. Jennings and P. Doddridge. 6 vols. London, 1753. Wesley, John. Works. 14 vols. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 1958-9. Winchilsea, Anne Finch, Countess of. Poems. Edited by Myra Reynolds. Chicago: University Press, 1903. BIBLIOGRAPHY 157 Wood, Anthony. Life and Times. Edited by Andrew Clark. 5 vols. "Oxford Historical Society." Oxford: Clarendon Press, I 89 I - 1900. Wordsworth, William. The Poetical Works. Edited by Thomas Hutchinson. Revised by Ernest de Selincourt. London: Oxford University Press, 1936.

4. OTHER SECONDARY TEXTS Bronson, B. H. Facets oj the Enlightenment. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Uni• versity of California Press, 1968. Broxap, Henry. The Later Non-Jurors. Cambridge: University Press, 1924. Cassirer, Ernst. The Philosophy of the Enlightenment. Boston: Beacon Press, 195I. Clarke, W. K. Lowther. 18th Century Piety. London: Society for the Propa• gation of Christian Knowledge, 1945. Colie, Rosalie. Light and Enlightenment: A Study if the Cambridge Platonists and the Dutch Arminians. Cambridge: University Press, 1957. Cragg, Gerald Robertson. From Puritanism to the Age of Reason: A Study oj Changes in Religious Thought within the Church oj England 1660-1700. Cam• bridge: University Press, 1950. Creed, John Martin, and Smith, John Sandwith Boys. Religious Thought in the 18th Century, Illustrated from Writers of the Period. Cambridge: U ni• versity Press, 1934. Cropper, Margaret Beatrice. Flame Touches Flame. London: Longmans Green, 1949. - Sparks Among the Stubble. London: Longmans Green, 1955. Eliot, T. S. Selected Essays. London: Faber and Faber, 1934. Evans, Arthur William. Warburton and the Warburtonians. A Study in Some 18th Century Controversies. London: Oxford University Press, 1932. Fairchild, Hoxie Neale. Religious Trends in English Poetry. 5 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1939-62. Fussell, Paul. The Rhetorical World of Augustan Humanism: Ethics and Imagery from Swift to Burke. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965. Greene, Donald. "Augustinianism and Empiricism: a Note on 18th Century English Intellectual History,'" 18th Century Studies, I (1967),33- 68. - The Age of Exuberance. New York: Random House, 1970. Grierson, H. J. C. (ed.). Metaphysical Lyrics and Poems of the 17th Century: Donne to Butler. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 192 I . Hanzo, Thomas A. Latitude and Restoration Criticism. "Anglistica," No. 12. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger, 196I. Hawkins, L. M. Allegiance in Church and State: The Problem of the Nonjurors in the English Revolution. London: Routledge, 1928. Hazard, Paul. La crise de La conscience Europeenne 1680-1715. Paris: Boivin, 1935. Henderson, P. A. Wright. The Life and Times of John Wilkins. Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1910. Hoyles, John. The Waning oj the Renaissance 1640-1740: Studies in the Thought and Poetry oj Henry More, John Norris and Isaac Watts. The Hague: Mar• tinus Nijhoff, 197I. 158 BIBLIOGRAPHY Johnson, James. The Formation of English Neoclassical Thought. Princeton: University Press, 1967. Keble,John. "Sacred Poetry," The Quarterly Review, XXXII (1825),211-32. Lawrence, D. H. Women in Love. London: Penguin Books, 1960. Locke, Louis G. Tillotson, A Study in I7th Century Literature. "Anglistica," No. 4. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1954. Macewen, Alexander Robertson. Antoinette Bourignon, Quietist. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1910. Martensen, Hans L. Jacob Boehme. Edited by Stephen Hobhouse. London: Rockliff, 1949. Mossner, Ernest Campbell. Bishop Butler and the Age

5. WORKS OF REFERENCE Diccionario de Filosojia. Buenos Aires, 1958. Dictionary

Aberdeen, 107 Beattie, James, 140 Addison, joseph, 41, 82, 101 Bedford Jail, 132 Akenside, Mark, on imagination, 138-40 Behmenists, 103; Law on, 110; Warburton Alchemy, 103 on, 129 Alexander, William, II Bekker, Balthasar, 104-5 Alliteration, 39-41, 43, 52 Bellarmine, Cardinal, 27 America (New England), 22, 121 Benedictine, 27 Amsterdam, 15, 106 Bennet, St., 130 Anabaptists, 17, 106 Berengarius, 27 Anderdon, J. L., II Berkeley, George, 2, 26; on occasional con• Andrewes, Lancelot, 16, 29; on eucharist, formity, 19-20; on science and religion, 27; and prose style, 51-3 28-9; v. literalism, 98-9; Byrom on, Angels, in lyrics and epics, 65-7; and poetic 106; on the Trinity, 116-17 diction, 77; Law on, 90, 126-7, 144; and Bible, 51, 52, 57, 87, 143, 149, 151 Behmenism, 103; Byrom on, 134 Bibliolatry, 97-8 Anglicanism, 52, 104, III, 151-2; and Blackheath, 112 neoclassicism, 9; and dissent, 16-17; as Blackmore, Richard, II, 32 via media, 22, 29 Blake, William, 122, 136, 140, 147; affini• Anne, Queen, 19-21 ties with Law, 128, 142-3, 145-6 Antithesis, 39-40, 42-5, 52, 76 Blue-stockings, 10 I Aquinas, Thomas, 107 Boehme,Jacob,4, 108, lI5, 118, 121, 124, Arianism, 16, 93, 118 125, 127, 136, 144; Coleridge on, 3, 122; Aristotelianism, 27 and Newton, 83-4; Law on, 83-5, 110; , 82, 120-1 and Byrom, 102-3,106, 123, 141; and Associationism, 101; Akenside on, 140 Blake, 145; and mysticism, 146; John Atheism, 21, 30, 31, 96; and deism, 24, 108; Wesley on, 148 and Locke, 87-8, 90; French, 88, 91 Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount, 16, Atonement, 117, 120-1 96; Byrom on, 123; Law on, 124 Atterbury, Francis, 16 Bossuet, J. B., I 10 Aubrey, john, on Tombes, 17 Bourignon, Antoinette, 102, 106-9, 114, Augustanism, 1-5, 150; and Ken, 9-10, 14, 119 30, 39-41, 45, 50-I, 60, 72; and War• Bourignonism, 107 burton, 96, 129, 131; and Byrom, 107; Bowles, W. L., II and Law, lI8; and John Wesley, 148 Boyle Lectures, 92, 93 Augustine, St., II Bramhall, john, 27 Augustinianism, I, 27 Bristol, 21 British , 81, 104 Baconian, 54, 139 Brooke, Henry, and pietism, 28; on angels, Bangorian Controversy, 16, 118 65; and preromanticism, 140 Baptists, 17,93 Browning, Robert, 104 Barrow, Isaac, 51 Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, 17 Bath, 101; and Wells, 20-1 Bunyan, John, Coleridge on, 132 Bathos, 42-3, 55 Burnet, Gilbert, Hickes on, 14-15; on Ken Baxter, Richard, 103 53-4 160 INDEX

Butler, joseph, 86, 91, 93, 101; Byrom on, Dante, 35 100 Deacon, Thomas, 104-6 Byrom, Edward, on Locke, 87 Death, Ken on, 49-50, 55; Law on, 126-7 Byrom, john, 1-3, 27, 81-143, 148, 150 Defoe, Daniel, 20, 22, 81; on high-church Byron, Lord, 65 storm, 18-19 Deism, 15, 39, 86-g5, 100, 102, 115, 118, Calvinism, II, 120-1 I 19; Ken on, 24; Byrom on, 82, 89-90, Cambridge, 17 94; Law on, gO-I, 130; Leslie on, 108 Cambridge Platonism, 22, 31, 82, 98, 99, Dennis, john, 32 109, 122, 124 Derham, William, 92 Caroline, 9, 30, 68 Desaguliers, j. T., 93 Cartesianism, 105; and Ken, 24-5; and Descartes, Rene, 25,105; and Locke, 133-5, Law, 110, 141, 144-6 140-2, 146-7; Law on, 146 Cassirer, Ernst, 133; on Romanticism and Disraeli, Benjamin, on Ken, 10 the Enlightenment, 136 Dissenters, 14-20,81, 151 Character-writing, 55 Doddridge, Philip, I I Charles I, 151 Dodo, Baron, 106 Charles II, 17,52, 152 Donne, john, and Ken, 48-51, 53, 60-1; Chaucer, Geoffrey, 10 and Law, 147 Chester, 17-18 Dryden,john, affinities with Ken, 2, 3, 9, II, Cheyne, George, 87, 126; on science and 39-40, 43-5; Prior on, 38 religion, 125 Dualism, 129; Platonic, 124-5; Cartesian, Christianity, 85,100,123,125,141; real v. 141, 144-6 nominal, 20, 86-7, 93, 95-6, 100-1, 105, Duns Scotus, 103 111-13; and infinity, 35; reasonableness Dunton,john, v. Leslie, 14-15; on dissenters of, 88, 91; Warburton's 'defence' of, 98-9; 18; pietism of, 23 Berkeley on, 117; Byrom on, I 19; and Durandus of Troarn, on eucharist, 27 nature, 126 Dutch,105 Chrysostom, St., II , 131; Ciceronians, 51 Eclecticism, Ken's, 55; Byrom's 82-3, 89, Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of, 17; 102-3; Cheyne's, 125 Clarendon Code, 16-17 Eden, Garden of, 58 Clarke, Samuel, 16, 71, 83, 93, 101; and Edwards, jonathan, Byrom on, 120-1 Byrom, 81, 92 Egyptian, 131 Classicism, and Metaphysical poetry, 39; Eliot, T. S., 10, 50 and hymns, 77; and evangelicalism, 83 Elizabethan, 68 Clayton, john, 104 Emblematic, 49-50, 56, 99 Cleveland, john, 3 Enlightenment, 15-16, 27, 118, 143-4; Coleridge, S. T., 2, 115-16, 122, 136, 142, religion, 22-3, 64; English, 28, 36, 81, 144, 146; on Boehme and Law, 3-4; on 10 I; aesthetics, 31-6, 38, 50, 62; and fanaticism and enthusiasm, 132; on light, 81-5, 87, 98, 104, 109, III, 131; Newton and imagination, 137-40 French, 87-9; psychology, 133; epistemo• Colie, Rosalie, 82 logy, 139-40 Collier, jeremy, 104 Enthusiasm, 31, 36, 87,129-32; Ken on, 44, Collins, Anthony, 89; and Woolston, 94; 46; Byrom's 82, 102-4, 106; Woolston's, Harte on, 107; Law on, 130 94-5; Warburton on, 96, 129-30; Compass conceits, 59-60, 63-4 Harte on, 107; Leslie on, 108; Law on, Consciousness, pietist theory of (v. Locke), "5, 130, 135; and nature, 123; and rea• 28-9, 88, 90, 135 son, 124; Byrom on, 130-2; Coleridge on, Cort, Christian de, 106 13 2 Couplets, Ken's 38-40, 42-6, 52, 55, 69; Epics, 9, 10, 32, 39, 40, 46, 48; and spiritual Byrom's, 130 machinery, 65-7 Court culture, 3, 39 Epicurus, 43 Cowley, Abraham, 3, g, 11,39,45,48,56 Erastianism, 23 Crashaw, Richard, 39 Eroticism, in Ken, 57; in Bourignon, 106 Creation, theology of, "7, 121-2, 133, 135 Evangelicalism, 1-2, 91, 102, I I 1-14; and Cromwell, Oliver, 17, 112, 152 preromanticism, 83; and atonement, 120 Cudworth, Ralph, 15,88; Byrom on, 105 Existentialism, 4, 122, 128-9

Daniel, 21, 53 Fairchild, H. N., 83; on Ken, 11-12, 148 INDEX 161

Fall, the, 58-9, II7-19, 121 Holbach, 88-90; on Locke, 89 Fanaticism, Warburton on, 96, 129; Homer, 40-1 Coleridge on, 132 Hooker, Richard, 51 Fancy, 32, 136-7, 146 Hooper, George, 20-1 Fane, Mildmay, 56 Hopkins, G. M., 63; and Herbert, 72, 75 Fenelon, ro, 15, 104, 110, 112; Watts and Hudibrastic, 9, 44 Locke on, 36-7 Huguenot, 93 Fletcher, Phineas, 12 Hume, David, 125, 142 Forbes, Alexander, ro4 Huntingdon, Selina Hastings, Countess of Fox, George, 3-4 83 Francis, St., 130 Hurd, Richard, 96, 130 Freemasons, 89, 93; Mandeville on, 9 1-2 Hutcheson, Francis, 10 I, 133 Freethinking, 90; Byrom on, 142 Hutchinsonians, 96 French, atheism, 88, 91; quietism, 104, 112 Hymns, I I, 77; Wesleys', 2, I I, 107, 114; Freud, Sigmund, 129 Ken's, 11,12,69,70; Bourignon's, 114

Garden, George, 107 Imagination, Ken on, 31-3; Warburton on, Gauden, John, 52, 151 96; Byrom and Law on, 117, 135-6, Gent, Thomas, 10, I I 140-6; Mallet on, 137-8; Young on, George I, 21 138; Akenside on, 138-40 Georgia, I 13 Independents (Congregationalists), 121; Gibbon, Edward, 2, 4, 90, 129, 142, 149 Dunton on, 15, 23; Wood on, 17; Ken Gibson, Edmund, 130 on,52 Glanvill, John, on Hobbes, 75 Infinity, Aesthetics of, 25, 29, 31-7, 50, 64· Gnomic style, in Ken, 72, 76; in Byrom, See also Sublime. 142-3 Graveyard School, 49 Jacobites, 15, 16, 21,81, 104, 107 Greene, Donald, I, 2 James II, 18,21 Grierson, H. J. C., 9 Jeffreys, Judge, 22 Guion, Jeanne Marie, ro4, ro6, 110, I I I; Jenyns, Soame, and preromanticism, 140 Law on, 109 Jews, 15, 95 Gwyn, Nell,21, 39 John of the Cross, St., 103 Johnson, Samuel, 40, 129; on Leslie, 15 Hall, Joseph, 52, 152 Joyce, James, 147 Hammond, Henry, 52, 151 Hanoverian, 8 I, 104 Keble, John, on Ken, I I - 13, 148 Harte, Walter, on Ken, ro; on Bourignon, Kempe, Margery, 103 107 Kempis, Thomas a, 15, 102, 103, 107, 108 Hartley, David, v. modernism, 101 Ken, Thomas, 1-3,9-77, 106, 148, 150, 151 Harvard,22 Kidder, Richard, 20 Hawkins, William, 10 Kierkegaard, Soren, 4 Hay, William, 123, 134 King's Cliffe, 3 Helmont, F. M. van, 102-3 Knox, Alexander, I I Heimont,J. B. van, 103 Henshawe, Fanny, I I I Labadists, 106 Herbert, George, 145; affinities with Ken, La Mettrie, 88 3,9-10,39,48-9,62-3,68-74 Landscape, II8, 129; in Ken, 57-8; in Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, 60 Byrom, 124; and imagination, 138 Hermetic, 56 Langland, William, 40 Hervey, James, 120 Latitudinarianism, 9, 10, 14-16,20,96, I I I, Hickes, George, 104; v. latitude, 14-16 114; Hickes on, 14-15; Tillotson on, 22; Hieroglyph, divine, and Ken, 54-6, 58-9; Dunton on, 23; Ken on, 23-4, 44, 46; and Warburton, 99, 131; Boehme on, 118 Byrom on, 100; Leslie on, 108 Hilton, Walter, 82-3, 103 Laud, William, 53 Hoadly, Benjamin, 15, 16,93,118; Law v., Lavington, George, 130 III Law, ''\Tilliam, 1-5, 16, 22, 27, 81-150, 153 Hobbes, Thomas, 29; Glanvill on, 75; and Lawrence, D. H., 127, 147 Mandeville, 87; Lee on, 88; Law on, 124 Lead, Jane, 103, 108; on light, 109 Hobhouse, S. H., 83, 125; on'Boehme and Le Clerc, Jean, Law on, 88 Blake, 145 . Lee, Francis, on light, 108 162 INDEX

Lee, Henry, v. Locke, 88 Moral Sense, 139 Leibniz, G. W., 103; and Clarke, 92; Moravians, 83, 102, 106, 112-14, 130 Leibnizian theodicy, 37, 1I9, 140 More, Henry, 15, 24-5; Law on, 103, IIO Leslie, Charles, Dunton on, 15; v. quietists Morgan, Thomas, 83 and quakers, 107-g Mosaic revelation, 91, 95, 118 Lille, 106 Mysticism, 82-3, 102-3, 104, 107; Law's, 99, Linnaeus, 101 Wesleys v., 112, 1I3-14; Byrom's, 122; Lloyd, Wiliam, 20, 53 Warburton on, 129; Akenside's, 139; Locke, john, 82, 90, 125, 133-43, 147; on Martensen on, 146 God, 28; on infinity, 36-7; on the com• pass, 64; Edward Byrom on, 87; Lee on, Nashe, Thomas, 69 88; Law on, 88, 146; Holbach on, 89; Nature, Law's theory of, 123-9 and Berkeley, 116-17; Prior on, 143 Neoclassicism, 1-3,9,31, 33, 38-47, 48, 51, , 20 96 Loyola, Ignatius, 102-3 Neoplatonism, 56 Lucretius, 38 Newman, J. H., 3, 10 Lutheran, 106 Newton, Isaac, 16; Optics, 57; Law on, 83-4, 124, 144; and pleromanticism, Macewen, A. R., 106-7 136-7, 139-40 Machiavellian, 46 Newtonian, 25, 92; enthusiasts, 33-4 Mahometans, 100-1 Nicholson, William, 52, 151 Malebranche, Nicolas, 26, 29, 36, 146, 147; Non-jurors, 1,9,14-16,81, 104, 107-8, I I I; and Byrom, 81-3, 102, 104--6 Disraeli on, 10; Ken on, 2 I Malines, 106 Norris, John, 12, 32, 36, 69, 83; Byrom on, Mallet, David, 140; on imagination, 137-8 82, 105--6 Manchester, 104 Mandeville, Bernard de, on Christianity, Occasional Confonnity, 22; Dunton on, 15; 86-7, 95, 101; on , 91-2 Watts on, 18; Berkeley on, 19; Swift on, Martensen, H. L., 145; on Boehme and 19-20 mysticism, 146 Occasionalism, 26, 29, 146 Martin,josiah,III-12 Origen,93 Marvell, Andrew, 2, 10, 39, 56; "Coy Oxford, 17,96, 120 Mistress", 50, 57; "Garden", 58-9; Oxford Movement, 10 "Appleton House", 59 Mary, Queen, 21 Paley, William, 92 Masochism, 75 Pantheism, 103 Materialism, 29,88, 138; Ken v., 25; Prior Paracelsus, 103, 145 v., 38; Coleridge on, 137 Parnassian, 31, 38, 51, 63; in preaching Mather, Cotton, 22 style, 51-2 Mather, Increase, 22 Pascal, Blaise, 4 Maurice, F. D., on Law, 149 Pastoral, 69 Mennonites, 106 Pathetic fallacy, 39, 61 Metaphysical poetry, 2-3, 9-10, 12, 14-15, Patten, Thomas, 125-6 31- 2, 34, 36-g, 45, 47, 48-67, 68-77, 145 Paul, St., 105, 124 Methodism, 96, 102, 112-14, 120, 130 Pepys, Samuel, on Ken, 25 Methodist Hymn Book, 2, 107, 114 Peter, St., 17 Microcosm, 62; in Ken, 55--6, 58-g; in Law, Philadelphian Society, 108-10 120, 122, 144-6 Physico-theology, in Ken, 34, 57; and mo- Middle Ages, 27, 41, 49, 82, 102 dernism, 92-3, 124-5 Middleton, Conyers, 90, 118, 142 Pietism, Ken's, 22-32, 35-7, 76; Moravian, Milton, john, 23, 51, 65, 137 83; Law's, 120, 125; Akenside's, 139. Miltonic, 40 See also Quietism. Mineralogy, 57-8 Pindaric, 25, 33, 38, 50 Miracles, Ken on, 27; Woolston on, 93; Plato, 3 I; Voltaire on, 133; Akenside on, Mandeville and Warburton on, 95; 139 Middleton and Hume on, 142 Platonism, Ken's, 25; Marvell's, 59; Modernism, 86, 89, 92-101, 102, 115, 118- Byrom's, 124; Akenside's, 13g-40; Law's, 19 146-7 Monmouth's Rebellion, 22 Plumptre, E. H., 10-11 Montaigne, 143 Poetric diction, 31, 33, 45, 49, 55, 68-77 INDEX 163

Pope, Alexander, 2, 16, 118, 119; affinities 138; and love, 36; and Law, 83-4, 110, with Ken, I I, 39-,P, 43, 45-6; Byrom on, 122, 144; and quietism, 108-g 82, 89, 96-7; affinities with Byrom and Scholasticism, 60, 127; Ken v., 27, 30 Law, 130 Scottish, 18, 107 Pordage, John, 103, 108 Seneca, 132 Portuguese, 83 Sermons, 50-4 Preciosity, 42, 56, 74-5 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Prelapsarian,57-8 Earl of, 139 Preromanticism, 12, 28, 83, 120, 136-40, Shakespeare, William, 49, 105, 137 147 Shenstone, William, 83 Presbyterians, 151; Ken on, 16-17, 52; Sherlock, Thomas, 15, 142; and the Fall, Dunton on, 23; and Bourignonism, 107 118-19 Prior, Matthew, on neoclassicism, 38; v. Shorthand, 2 Locke, 143 Skeat, W. W., 97, 98 Prospect poetry, Ken's, 33, 35-6; Mallet's, Socinians, 15, 16,87; Harte on, 107 137-8 Song of Solomon, 52 Protestantism, 22; Hickes on, 14, 15; Dun• South, Robert, 51 ton on, 18 Spenserian, 42, 43 Puritans, 22, 152 Spinoza, Baruch, 96, 122; Law on, 124 Spirits, Ken and Pepys on, 25; and angels, Quakers, 15, 23, 94-5, 97, 102, 106, 107, 65-6; and witchcraft, 103 10g-12, 114, 132 Stephen, Leslie, 86; on the religious reac- Quarles, Francis, 49 tion, 4; on deists, 83 Quietism, 102-14, 120. See also Pietism. Stillingfleet, Benjamin, 93; Byrom on, IOD-I Raleigh, Walter, 49 StiIlingfleet, Edward, 100 Ray, John, 92; on minerals, 57-8; on the Stoic, 141 loadstone, 64 Strauss, D. F., 95 Reason, and subjectivity, 142-5 Stuart dynasty, 18 Renaissance, 51, 103, 120; rhetoric, 32, Sublime, and Ken, 3 I -3, 50, 63; and Byrom, 45, 60, 69-70 124; and preromanticism, 136-8, 140. Restoration (1660), 3, 9-10, 16-17, 38, 41, See also Aesthetics of Infinity. 46,52, 151 Swedenborg, Emmanuel, 145 Revolution (1688), 9,14; Ken on, 21 Swift, Jonathan, 16, 23, 39, 86, 130, 132, Rhetoric, in Ken, 32, 45, 49-52, 60-1, 69; 149; on occasional conformity, 19-20; in Law, 90-1, 147; in Byrom, 96 on the spirit and the letter, 98-g; John Wesley on, 148 Rice, H. A. L., I I Roman Catholicism (Romanists, Papists), 14, 15, 103, 106, 142; Keble on, 11-12; Talon, Henri, on Law, 149-50 and quietism, 110 Tangier, 10, 25 Romanticism, 2, 123, 128, 139-40, 147; Tauler, Johannes, 103 Fairchild on, 12; and Metaphysical Taylor, Edward, 48 poetry, 63; Cassirer on, 136 Taylor, Jeremy, 51, 52, 151 Rome, Ancient, 131 Tenison, Thomas, Ken on, 2 I Rostvig, M. S., 56 Tertullian, 100 Rowe, Elizabeth, 12 Theatres, 129 Royal Society, and Ken, 25; theOlY of Theodicy, 118, 119, 140 language, 54, 1I6; and Boehme, 84; and Thomson, James, 32, 34, 83 Byrom, 92-3, 125 Tillotson, John, 51, 53; and latitude, 14-16; Tutchin on, 22; on latitude, 22-3 Sacheverell, HenrY,96 Tindal, Matthew, 83; Byrom on, 89; Law Sade, Marquis de, 88 on, 130 Sancroft, William, 53, 8 I Tiverton, 113 Sanderson, Robert, 52, 15 I Toland, John, 83, 89 Satire, Ken's 9, 24, 38-40, 45-6; Byrom's, Tombes,John, Aubrey on, 17 13 1 Tories, 39, 81, 96 Savage, Richard, 83 Traherne, Thomas, 9 Savonarola, Girolamo, 102 Trapp, Joseph, 96-7, 99, 130, 135 Scepticism, and pietism, 24; Pepys's, 25; Trinity, 121; Ken on, 26; Berkeley on, Ken v., 44; Prior's 143 29, Il6-17; and modernism, IOD-I; Science, and aesthetics, 32, 57, 64-5, 67, Law on, 1I5-17, 141-2 164 INDEX

Tutchin, John, on Tillotson, 22 and Arminianism, 120-I; on Byrom and Law,l4B-9 Ulster, 151 Wesley, Samuel (the elder), 10 Unitarians, 93 Wesley, Samuel (the younger), 113 Universities, 17, 18,22,88-9,96, 120 Whichcote, Benjamin, 15 Ussher, James, 52, 151-2 Whigs, 14-15, 19, 22, 34 Whiston, William, 93, 118 Vaughan, Henry, 56 Whitefield, George, 96, 120; Byrom on, Vaughan, Thomas, 103 112-13 Vauvenargues, 133 Whitgift, Archbishop, 152 Voltaire, and Quakers, I 12; on the passions, Wilkins, John, 116; and Byrom, 2; and 133 latitude, 14-18 William III, 16,22 Walton, Chrisopher, 149 Winchester, 10 Walton, Izaac, 4B Winchilsea, Lady, on Ken, 20 Warburton, William, 89, 93, 101, 124; Witchcraft, 103, 106 Byrom and Law on, 95-100, 131; on Wollaston, William, 92-3 Byrom, 96; on Law, 129-30 Wood, Anthony, on Wilkins, 17 Waterland, Daniel, 101 Woolston, Thomas, 89, 92-5 Watts, Isaac, II, 12, 32, 48, 69, 81; on Wordsworth, William, 122, 147; affinities occasional conformity, 18, 20; on Fene• with Ken, 26, 63; and preromanticism, lon, 36-7; and Byrom, 120-1 138, 140 Webster, John, 49, 50 Wells, 10, 18-19, 20 Young, Edward, 33, 36, 64, 140; on imagi• Wesley, Charles, 104, 120; hymns, 2, 11,69, nation, 138 107, 114; and Byrom, 112-14 Wesley, John, 2, 4, 38-9, 107, 129; and non-jurors, 104; and mysticism, 112-14; Zinzendorf, Ludwig von, 83, I 12, I 13