Benjamin Elijah Mays, Schoolmaster of the Movement: a Biography
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Benjamin Elijah Mays, Schoolmaster of the Movement This page intentionally left blank randal maurice jelks Benjamin Elijah Mays, Schoolmaster of the Movement A Biography The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill © 2012 The University of North Carolina Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Set in Minion Pro by codeMantra The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. The University of North Carolina Press has been a member of the Green Press Initiative since 2003. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jelks, Randal Maurice, 1956– Benjamin Elijah Mays, schoolmaster of the movement : a biography / Randal Maurice Jelks. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-8078-3536-4 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Mays, Benjamin E. (Benjamin Elijah), 1894–1984. 2. Morehouse College (Atlanta, Ga.)—Presidents—Biography. 3. African American educators—Biography. 4. African Americans—Civil rights. I. Title. lc2851.m72j45 2012 378.0092—dc23 [b] 2011045258 161514131254321 For Mari Beth Johnson-Jelks, whose love, sacrifice, generosity, and friendship have been ours to share for more than three decades This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments xi Introduction: I Have Been a Baptist All My Life 1 1 My Earliest Memory Was a Mob 9 2 I Set Out to Learn How the Sixty-Six Books of the Bible Were Produced 27 3 In Search of a Call 49 4 The Negro’s God 80 5 The Most Neglected Area in Negro Education 108 6 Schoolmaster of the Movement 138 7 Seeking to Be Christian in Race Relations 165 8 I Have Only Just a Minute 189 9 This Is Not a Short War, This Is a Long War 212 Epilogue: Lord, the People Have Driven Me On 241 Notes 251 Selected Bibliography 299 Index 319 This page intentionally left blank Illustrations Martin Luther King Jr.’s funeral at Morehouse College April 9, 1968 xviii Benjamin Mays’s home in the vicinity of Epworth, South Carolina 19 Benjamin and Susie Mays Glenn, ca. 1967 28 Young Benjamin Mays and an unidentified friend, ca. 1912 34 Young Benjamin Mays dressed in a new suit and hat, ca. 1915 36 Benjamin Mays pictured with honor students, Bates College class of 1920 47 Benjamin Mays and Ellen Harvin Mays, ca. 1921 51 Sadie Gray Mays 64 Benjamin Mays surveying a Tampa neighborhood 68 Swift Hall, University of Chicago Divinity School, ca. 1925 87 Shailer Mathews 88 Shirley Jackson Case 89 Henry Wieman 94 Edwin Aubrey 106 Benjamin Mays and Mordecai Johnson 117 Benjamin Mays at the First World Conference of Christian Youth, Amsterdam, Holland, ca. 1939 133 The presidents of Atlanta’s five black colleges, ca. 1950 152 Benjamin Mays and Sadie Gray Mays attending a state dinner at the White House, 1962 155 Benjamin Mays at the World Council of Churches meeting, England, July 1949 195 Benjamin Mays and Martin Luther King Jr. at the Morehouse College graduation, 1957 202 Benjamin Mays seated next to Sammy Davis Jr. at the March on Washington 219 Benjamin and Sadie Mays, Howard Thurman, Hugh Gloster, and Yvonne King Gloster at Morehouse Centennial, 1967 229 Benjamin Mays delivering the Michigan State University commencement address, June 9, 1968 235 Benjamin Mays and Atlanta mayor Maynard Jackson, April 1976 245 Benjamin Mays and President Jimmy Carter, 1980 246 x Acknowledgments In the fall of 1994 this book began as a paper I presented at the centennial celebration of Benjamin Elijah Mays at Bates College in Lewiston, Maine. That paper, thanks to Dr. Lawrence Carter, dean of the Martin Luther King, Jr., International Chapel at Morehouse College, was subsequently presented at Morehouse and then published in his edited volume titled Walking Integrity: Benjamin Elijah Mays, Mentor to Generations. At that time, I did not know that it would take me nearly seventeen years to complete this book. In the meantime, I published African Americans in the Furniture City: The Struggle for Civil Rights Grand Rapids. A part of my research for that book led me to explore the neo-abolitionist community of Grand Rapids, Michigan, after the Civil War, which brought my attention to Reverend Samuel Graves, who in 1885, after leaving the pastorate of a highly esteemed congregation, the Fountain Street Baptist Church in Grand Rapids, became the second president of Atlanta Baptist Seminary for Men (today Morehouse College). As a result of Graves’s ties and leadership, Morehouse received financial support from Baptist churches in Grand Rapids. Under his leadership (1885–90), the college settled in its present location, a Civil War battle site on the west side of Atlanta. In 1889, out of respect for Graves’s work in resettling the college and seeing to its smooth operation, Graves Hall, the oldest building on Morehouse’s campus, was dedicated. From there, the work of teaching young black men has con- tinued for one hundred and forty-four years. No one could have predicted that a book on Grand Rapids, Michigan, would be linked to an intellectual biography of Benjamin Elijah Mays, Morehouse’s sixth and perhaps most illus- trious president, but the stars aligned and my research connected me to Mays with the help of so many along the way. This book would not have come into being without collaboration from ar- chivists, deans, colleagues, editors, friends, family, institutes, librarians, and students. My work would not have been possible without the wise counsel and generosity of Dr. Orville Vernon Burton of Clemson University (formerly of the University of Illinois). It was providential meeting this great soul and scholar from Ninety-Six, South Carolina, near the hamlet of Epworth, where Mays was born. Vernon has been a mentor, a friend, and guide throughout the development of this project. He shared with me his research on Mays and xi South Carolina that he had filed away after writing the introduction to the reissue of Mays’s autobiography Born to Rebel. Burton and his wife, Georgia Ann, opened their home to me both in Illinois and in South Carolina on numerous occasions. Dr. Darlene Clark Hine of Northwestern University, my graduate school mentor and friend, also deserves special recognition. I cannot thank her enough for the letters of support and her generosity toward me. I hope in some small measure this book is a return on her investment. Dr. Dennis Dickerson of Vanderbilt University, whose scholarship and friendship aided and abetted me in both of my book projects, has offered constant support as friend, mentor, and thorough critic. I could not have written this or my first book without his aid and generosity. The manuscript was vetted by a host of scholarly friends whose criticism made this a better a book: the anonymous readers for unc Press; Wallace Best, Princeton University; Jane Dailey, University of Chicago; Allison Dorsey, Swarthmore College; my lifelong friend Walter Fluker, Boston University; Glenda Gilmore, Yale University; Maryemma Graham, University of Kansas; Willie J. Jennings, Duke University Divinity School; Ralph Luker, historian, blogger, and independent scholar; Barbara Savage, University of Pennsylvania; Beth Barton Schweiger, University of Arkansas; and R. Drew Smith, More- house College. Other scholars freely shared their research with me: Yolanda Smith of Yale Divinity School, Winston Grady-Willis, formerly of Syracuse University and now at Skidmore College, and Bobby Donaldson of the University of South Carolina. My former employer, Calvin College, from the first day I stepped on its cam- pus in 1992 supported this book. I am grateful for the totality of the college’s support: the Alumni Board, the history department, the dean of Scholarship and Research, the provost’s office, the office of development, and the Calvin Library and Information Technology staffs. I have also benefited from the largesse of a Louisville Institute summer stipend that allowed me time off to travel to Washington, D.C.; New Haven, Connecti- cut; Madison, New Jersey; Terrytown, New York; and Atlanta, Georgia, to re- search this book during the summer of 2001. This book also benefited from the scholarly community of the National Endowment for the Humanities Sum- mer Seminar 2006 held at Harvard’s W. E. B. DuBois Institute for African and African American Research, led by Patricia Sullivan and Waldo Martin. My colleagues in this group thoroughly enhanced my understanding of the wider implication of the civil rights movement from a global perspective. This book was magisterially enhanced during a wonderful year of scholarly engagement xii : acknowledgments and dialogue during the academic year 2006–2007 at the National Humani- ties Center (nhc), in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, where I was a Rockefeller Foundation Fellow. My gratitude goes out to the entire nhc staff, who supported me and my fellow scholars. Also during my year as a nhc fellow, my life was enlivened by the graciousness of the Jennings household—Willie, Joanne, Njeri, and Safiya. Church, Sunday dinners, and jazz concerts were a delight. I am grateful as well to my dear friend Dr. Rhonda Jones, a fine scholar and an outstanding public historian who teaches at North Carolina Central University’s history department, who introduced me to the scholarly and cul- tural amenities of Durham and Chapel Hill. Tuesday evenings over drinks in repartee with Rhonda, Bayo Holsey of Duke University, and other friends in Durham made me a more civilized human being. Additionally, I must acknowledge my present scholarly home, the University of Kansas. I am forever grateful to ku for inviting me to be the Langston Hughes Visiting Professor of American Studies in the spring of 2007 and then persuading me to hang around.