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VII. MORICHALES Y CANANGUCHALES DE LA ORINOQUIA Y AMAZONIA: COLOMBIA-VENEZUELA Parte I

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VII. MORICHALES Y CANANGUCHALES DE LA ORINOQUIA Y AMAZONIA: COLOMBIA-VENEZUELA Parte I SERIE RECURSOS HIDROBIOLÓGICOS Y PESQUEROS CONTINENTALES DE COLOMBIA VII. MORICHALES Y CANANGUCHALES DE LA ORINOQUIA Y AMAZONIA: COLOMBIA-VENEZUELA Parte I Carlos A. Lasso, Anabel Rial y Valois González-B. (Editores) © Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Impresión Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. 2013 JAVEGRAF – Fundación Cultural Javeriana de Artes Gráficas. Los textos pueden ser citados total o parcialmente citando la fuente. Impreso en Bogotá, D. C., Colombia, octubre de 2013 - 1.000 ejemplares. SERIE EDITORIAL RECURSOS HIDROBIOLÓGICOS Y PESQUEROS Citación sugerida CONTINENTALES DE COLOMBIA Obra completa: Lasso, C. A., A. Rial y V. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos González-B. (Editores). 2013. VII. Morichales Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH). y canangunchales de la Orinoquia y Amazonia: Colombia - Venezuela. Parte I. Serie Editorial Editor: Carlos A. Lasso. Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Pesqueros Continen- tales de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Revisión científica: Ángel Fernández y Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt Fernando Trujillo. (IAvH). Bogotá, D. C., Colombia. 344 pp. Revisión de textos: Carlos A. Lasso y Paula Capítulos o fichas de especies: Isaza, C., Sánchez-Duarte. G. Galeano y R. Bernal. 2013. Manejo actual de Mauritia flexuosa para la producción de Asistencia editorial: Paula Sánchez-Duarte. frutos en el sur de la Amazonia colombiana. Capítulo 13. Pp. 247-276. En: Lasso, C. A., A. Fotos portada: Fernando Trujillo, Iván Mikolji, Rial y V. González-B. (Editores). 2013. VII. Santiago Duque y Carlos A. Lasso. Morichales y canangunchales de la Orinoquia y Amazonia: Colombia - Venezuela. Parte I. Serie Foto contraportada: Carolina Isaza. Editorial Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia. Instituto de Foto portada interior: Fernando Trujillo. Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH). Bogotá, D. C., Colombia. Diseño y diagramación: Luisa Fda. Cuervo G. Morichales y cananguchales de la Orinoquia y Amazonia: Colombia-Venezuela. Parte I / Carlos A. Lasso, Anabel Rial y Valois González-B. editores; Serie Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia, VII. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, 2013. 344p.: il., col.; 16.5 x 24 cm. Incluye bibliografía y tablas ISBN: 978-958-8343-86-0 1. PLANTAS ACUÁTICAS – AMAZONIA (COLOMBIA). 2. PLANTAS ACUÁTICAS - ORINOQUIA (COLOMBIA) 3. PLANTAS ACUÁTICAS - ORINOQUIA (VENEZUELA). 4. BIOLOGÍA. 5. ECOLOGÍA. 6. RECURSOS NATURALES -- CONSERVACIÓN 7. FITOGEOGRAFÍA I. Lasso, Carlos A., ed. II. Rial, Anabel, ed. III. González-B., Valois, ed. IV. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. CDD: 581.92 Ed. 21 Número de contribución: 484 Registro en el catálogo Humboldt: 14923 Catalogación en la publicación – Biblioteca Instituto Humboldt – Nohora Alvarado Responsabilidad. Las denominaciones empleadas y la presentación del material en esta publicación no implican la expresión de opinión o juicio alguno por parte del Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. Así mismo, las opiniones expresadas no representan necesariamente las decisiones o políticas del Instituto, ni la citación de nombres, estadísticas pesqueras o procesos comerciales. Todos los aportes y opiniones expresadas son de la entera responsabilidad de los autores correspondientes. J. F. Mijares F. J. COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO • Anabel Rial Bouzas (Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Venezuela) • Aniello Barbarino (Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-INIA, Venezuela) • Antonio Machado-Allison (Universidad Central de Venezuela) • Carlos Barreto-Reyes (Fundación Humedales, Colombia) • Carlos A. Rodríguez Fernández (Fundación Tropenbos, Colombia) • Célio Magalhães (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia INPA/CPBA, Brasil) • Donald Taphorn (Universidad Experimental de los Llanos-Unellez, Venezuela) • Edwin Agudelo-Córdoba (Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas- Sinchi, Colombia) • Fernando Trujillo (Fundación Omacha, Colombia) • Francisco de Paula Gutiérrez (Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Colombia) • Germán Galvis Vergara (Universidad Nacional de Colombia) • Hernando Ramírez-Gil (Universidad de los Llanos-Unillanos, Colombia) • Hernán Ortega (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos-UNMSM, Perú) • Jaime De La Ossa (Universidad de Sucre, Colombia) • John Valbo Jørgensen (Departamento de Pesca y Acuicultura, FAO) • Josefa C. Señaris (Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Venezuela) • Luz F. Jiménez-Segura (Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia) • Mauricio Valderrama Barco (Fundación Humedales, Colombia) • Mario Barletta (Universidad Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil) • Myriam Lugo Rugeles (Universidad Nacional de Colombia) • Ramiro Barriga (Instituto Politécnico de Quito, Ecuador) • Ricardo Rosa (Universidad Federal de Paraiba, Brasil) • Ricardo Restrepo M. (Universidad Santo Tomas de Aquino-USTA, Colombia) • Rosa E. Ajiaco-Martínez (Universidad de los Llanos-Unillanos, Colombia) Morichal, Orinoquia. Foto: F. Trujillo M. F. GonzálezM. F. TABLA DE CONTENIDO Presentación 7 Prólogo 9 Resumen ejecutivo 11 Executive summary 15 Autores y afiliaciones 19 Agradecimientos 21 Introducción 25 Primera parte. Aspectos morfológicos, estructurales, filogenéticos y ecológicos de las palmas 32 1. Morfología y estructura de las palmas 37 El tallo o tronco de las palmas y sus formas de crecimiento 37 Las raíces de las palmas 41 Las hojas de las palmas 43 La inflorescencia de las palmas 47 Infrutescencias y frutos de las palmas 51 2. Clasificación filogenética de las palmas 53 Un atributo único 59 Las tendencias evolutivas 59 Distribución geográfica de las subfamilias 60 3. Introducción a la ecología de las palmas 63 Nuevos individuos 67 Segunda parte. Terminología, tipos de agrupación y geoquímica de los morichales y cananguchales de la Orinoquia y Amazonia 74 4. Terminología y tipos de agrupación de Mauritia flexuosa según el paisaje 75 5 5. Aproximación geoquímica al subsistema acuático de los morichales y 85 cananguchales de la Orinoquia y Amazonia Tercera parte. Mauritia flexuosa en la cuenca del Orinoco 98 6. Distribución, composición florística, estructura y estado de conservación de los morichales en el departamento de Arauca, Colombia 99 7. Biología reproductiva de Mauritia flexuosa en Casanare, Orinoquia colombiana 119 8. Las algas desmidiáceas como indicadoras: Mateyuca y Flor Amarilla, dos morichales testigo de la biodiversidad del Orinoco 151 9. Insectos acuáticos asociados a tres ríos de morichal de los llanos orientales, cuenca del Orinoco, Venezuela 165 10. Contribución al conocimiento de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos de un morichal del piedemonte andino orinoquense colombiano 181 11. Aspectos limnológicos del morichal y la quebrada La Vieja, piedomonte andino orinoquense colombiano 195 Cuarta parte. Mauritia flexuosa en la cuenca del Amazonas 216 12. Paleoecología, ecología y etnobotánica de los cananguchales de la Amazonia colombiana 217 13. Manejo actual de Mauritia flexuosa para la producción de frutos en el sur de la Amazonia colombiana 247 14. Los cananguchales, el mundo de la boa y los peces: visión Upichía (Matapí) de las áreas inundables en la Amazonia colombiana y su conservación 277 Quinta parte. Ictiofauna de los morichales y canangunchales 288 15. Peces de los morichales y cananguchales de la Orinoquia y Amazonia colombo- venezolana: una aproximación a su conocimiento, uso y conservación 289 Conclusiones y recomendaciones 337 I. Mikolji PRESENTACIÓN Hablar de los morichales y cananguchales nalmente. Las características fisicoquími- es conversar acerca de un mundo acuático- cas de sus aguas (claras y/o negras), unidas terrestre fascinante. En su aparente ho- a los suelos y a la geomorfología por donde mogeneidad, estos ecosistemas encierran discurren, así como aspectos propios de su una biodiversidad increíble, la cual ape- historia de vida, le confieren a estos am- nas empezamos a conocer. Son también bientes una fragilidad enorme. fuente de recursos muy importantes como alimento, tanto para el ser humano como Es por ello, que el Instituto Humboldt ha para el resto de los animales que usan es- priorizado la investigación de estos eco- tos ambientes. Adicionalmente, sirven de sistemas dentro su quehacer institucional forraje, refugio, atenúan el escurrimiento como una respuesta a la demanda de in- fluvial en las sabanas, son corredores eco- formación de país para la toma de decisio- lógicos para muchos vertebrados e incluso nes. Por ello, es muy placentero contar con tienen gran importancia desde el punto de la participación de muchas instituciones vista lúdico y en la cosmovisión de las co- con las que tradicionalmente hemos veni- munidades indígenas. do trabajando desde hace mucho tiempo y con las que hemos podido conformar Restringidos en Colombia y Venezuela redes temáticas de trabajo. Organizacio- (países objeto de estudio) a las cuencas del nes académicas como la Universidad Cen- Orinoco y Amazonas, enfrentan en la ac- tral de Venezuela (Instituto de Zoología y tualidad muchas amenazas por diferentes Ecología Tropical); Universidad Nacional motivos, entre otros, los proyectos agrí- de Colombia (Departamento de Ciencias colas mecanizados en la altillanura, la so- Forestales – Sede Medellín, Grupo Limno- breexplotación de frutos en la Amazonia logía Amazónica, Instituto Amazónico de colombiana o los desarrollos forestales y Investigaciones, Sede Leticia – Amazonas petroleros en
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