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Contested Kingdom: the Role of Online Media in the Relationship Between Contested Kingdom: The role of online media in the relationship between Disney and fans over Disneyland by William McCarthy Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts – Discipline of Media The University of Adelaide July 2019 Abstract: Over the past 30 years, the Disney corporation and fans in Southern California have vied online and in the park over the meaning and purpose of Disneyland. The arrival of online social platforms in the 1990s combined with the park annual pass program to enable Southern California passholders, who number approximately one million today, to show a strong sense of place attachment to Disneyland with visits on a monthly, weekly, and even daily basis. This thesis reveals how the nature of each online social platform, as well as social and cultural factors, have shaped the relationship between local Disneyland fans and the Disney corporation. In the 1990s, the characteristics of Usenet newsgroups afforded fans the cultural and social capital to build a discourse online to resist the directions of the corporation. In the 2000s, the characteristics of fan owned website discussion boards enabled the corporation to gain control of discourse online by bestowing cultural capital on fan owners with high transaction costs in exchange for positive coverage. In the 2010s, the characteristics of social network media, particularly Facebook, and the mass diffusion of smartphones, cemented corporate control of the discourse due to the co-option of influencers and fragmentation of online fandom. However, the low transaction costs of the new platforms led to a proliferation of online fan groups that established a multitude of new social formations in the park. Disney also co-opted fan media, practices, and events to produce its own social and economic capital. The 30-year arc examined in this study illustrates the gradual subsiding of the early democratic promise of many-to-many communication online in favor predominantly of the corporate controlled model endemic to legacy media technologies. The early democratic promise of many-to-many communication online subsided in favor predominantly of the corporate controlled model endemic to legacy media technologies. The mixed methods of qualitative (interviews, participant observation, and data documents) and quantitative (online survey) tools, and grounded theory were used to establish a framework to analyze the 2 interplay of corporation, fans, and online social platforms around a fandom object as a physical place using medium theory (Meyrowitz, 1994), Van Dijck’s (2013) platform analysis model, Bourdieu’s (1986) forms of capital, Foucault’s (1980) power-knowledge, and place attachment theory (Manzo & Perkins, 2006). 3 Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... 4 Declaration of Originality .............................................................................................................. 7 Previously Published Material ...................................................................................................... 8 List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. 9 List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. 10 Glossary ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 12 1.1 Background of the problem ........................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Primary research questions ............................................................................................................ 16 1.3 Statement of the problem .............................................................................................................. 17 1.4 Contribution to scholarship ............................................................................................................ 18 1.5 Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 20 1.6 Theoretical framework ................................................................................................................... 21 1.7 Assumptions, limitations, and scope .............................................................................................. 21 1.8 Organization of the remainder of the study ................................................................................... 22 Chapter 2: Methodology ............................................................................................................ 24 2.1 Paradigm ........................................................................................................................................ 24 2.2 Research design .............................................................................................................................. 24 2.3 Methods ......................................................................................................................................... 27 2.3.1 Online survey ........................................................................................................................... 27 2.3.2 Interviews ................................................................................................................................ 28 2.3.3 Participant observation ........................................................................................................... 31 2.3.4 Documents .............................................................................................................................. 32 2.4 Participant recruitment and data collection .................................................................................. 33 2.5 Trustworthiness of data ................................................................................................................. 37 2.6 Data management and analysis ..................................................................................................... 38 2.7 Ethical assurances .......................................................................................................................... 41 Chapter 3: Forms of Capital, Medium Theory, and Online Social Platforms ............................. 42 3.1 Forms of capital .............................................................................................................................. 42 3.2 Medium theory .............................................................................................................................. 44 3.3 Online community .......................................................................................................................... 47 3.4 Early online social platforms (pre-social networks) ....................................................................... 49 3.4.1 Usenet ..................................................................................................................................... 51 3.4.2 Web discussion boards ............................................................................................................ 54 3.4.3 Criticism of pre-social network platforms ............................................................................... 56 3.5 Social network platforms ............................................................................................................... 58 3.5.1 Criticism of social network platforms ...................................................................................... 62 3.5.2 Social media influencers .......................................................................................................... 65 3.5.3 Political economy of social network platforms ....................................................................... 66 Chapter 4: Playful Places from Saturnalia to Disneyland ........................................................... 71 4.1 Pre-industrial Saturnalia, festivals, and carnivals ........................................................................... 73 4.2 Pleasure gardens ............................................................................................................................ 75 4.3 The world’s fair and the beginning of mechanical amusement parks ............................................ 78 4.4 Coney Island ................................................................................................................................... 80 4 4.5 Transition to theme parks .............................................................................................................. 89 4.5.1 Knott’s Berry Farm .................................................................................................................. 91 4.6 Disneyland in Southern California .................................................................................................. 93 4.7 Walt Disney World and Celebration, Florida ................................................................................ 101 4.8 Remediation and themed entertainment today .........................................................................
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