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English Medieval Bone Flutes C.450 to C.1550 AD

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English Medieval Bone Flutes c.450 to c.1550 AD Helen Leaf UCL 1 I, Helen Leaf, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract This thesis focuses on the bone flutes of medieval Britain c.450 – c.1550 AD, and seeks to establish and assess their physical nature, archaeological context and cultural setting. In its broadest sense the project aims to provide the first detailed analysis of the flutes, expanding a previously limited array of data and addressing the social context of the flute in medieval society. The subject area is cross disciplinary and draws from many areas of study, including archaeology and organology (the study of musical instruments). Previous work in related disciplines is identified and discussed, allowing the reader to place the thesis firmly in context. The physical aspects of the flutes are assessed, with analyses of the data and presentation of information in an accessible form. A typology of flutes is established, based on species used and design of instrument. The archaeological context is also examined, with possible patterns emerging in relation to species used, chronological distribution and geographical locations. Cultural and social aspects are noted in conjunction with these themes. The thesis is concluded with an appraisal of the information presented, and a setting forth of future directions for research. The 118 flutes from which the evidence is mainly derived are presented in the form of a gazetteer as Part 2 of the thesis. 3 Contents Part 1 1 Introduction 1.1 The form of the thesis 2 The archaeological study of musical instruments 2.1 The archaeology of music 2.2 Musical Instruments before the Middle Ages (Prehistoric and Roman) 2.3 Anglo Saxon musical instruments 2.4 Medieval musical instruments 2.5 The earliest wooden duct flutes 2.6 Medieval bone flutes of North-West Europe 2.7 Medieval bone flutes from mainland Britain 2.8 Music 2.9 Concluding remarks 3 Themes and approaches 3.1 Research aims 3.2 Methodology 3.2.1 Preliminary work 3.2.2 Gathering information 3.2.2.1 Published information 4 Critique of published information 3.2.2.2 Examination and recording of the flutes Secure identification Species and element identification Published bone manuals Personal reference collection Public reference collections Photography Measuring flutes Additional features and observations 3.3 Structure of the gazetteer 3.3.1 Name of flute (location/site) 3.3.2 [Catalogue number] 3.3.3 Date 3.3.4 Illustration / picture 3.3.5 The physical nature of the flutes 3.3.5.1 Species and bone used 3.3.5.2 Extent 3.3.5.3 Number of toneholes 3.3.5.4 Window 3.3.6 The archaeological context of the flutes 3.3.6.1 Site name 3.3.6.2 Site code 3.3.6.3 Site type 3.3.6.4 Site information 3.3.6.5 Date excavated 3.3.6.6 Period 3.3.6.7 Context number 3.3.6.8 Context information 3.3.6.9 Associated finds 3.3.6.10 Small find number 3.3.6.11 Illustration in archaeological report 3.3.7 Current location and contact details 3.3.8 Similar flutes 3.3.9 Bibliography 5 3.4 Accessing and using this information to address the research aims 4 The medieval bone flute 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Species of bird and animal used 4.2.1 The goose 4.2.2 The swan 4.2.3 The crane 4.2.4 The sheep 4.2.5 The deer 4.3 Skeletal element used 4.3.1 The ulna 4.3.2 The humerus 4.3.3 The tarsometatarsus 4.3.4 The tibiotarsus 4.3.5 Mammal bones 4.3.6 The tibia 4.3.7 The metatarsal 4.4 Complete flutes and fragments of flutes 4.5 Nomenclature of flute parts 4.6 Definition of a duct flute, with examples of ‘non-flutes’ and their reasons for dismissal 4.7 Comment on features 4.7.1 Windows 4.7.2 Toneholes 4.7.3 Thumbholes 4.7.4 Unusual characteristics 4.7.4.1 Suspension hole 4.7.4.2 Decoration 6 4.7.4.3 Evidence and marks of manufacture 4.8 A typology of bone flutes 4.8.1 Type 0: flutes with no toneholes 4.8.1.1 Type 0a 4.8.1.2 Type 0b 4.8.1.3 Type 0c 4.8.2 Type 1: flutes with one tonehole 4.8.2.1 Type 1a: goose bone flutes with one tonehole 4.8.2.2 Type 1b: swan ulna flute with one tonehole 4.8.2.3 Type 1c: deer tibia flute with one tonehole 4.8.3 Type 2: flutes with two toneholes 4.8.3.1 Type 2a: goose ulna flutes with two toneholes 4.8.3.3 Type 2b: flutes with two toneholes (centrally placed) 4.8.4 Type 3: flutes with three toneholes 4.8.4.1 Type 3a: goose ulna flute with three toneholes 4.8.4.2 Type 3b: crane tarsometatarsus flute with three toneholes 4.8.4.3 Type 3c: crane tibiotarsus flute with three toneholes 4.8.4.4 Type 3d: swan ulna flute with three toneholes 4.8.4.5 Type 3e: sheep tibia flute with three toneholes 4.8.4.6 Types 3f, 3g and 3h: other flutes with three toneholes 4.8.5 Type 4: flutes with four toneholes 4.8.5.1 Type 4a: goose ulna flute with four toneholes 4.8.5.2 Type 4b: crane tibiotarsus flute with four toneholes 4.8.5.3 Type 4c: swan/crane ulna flute with four toneholes 4.8.5.4 Type 4d: sheep tibia flute with four toneholes 4.8.6 Type 5: flutes with five toneholes 4.8.6.1 Type 5a: sheep tibia flute with five toneholes 4.8.6.2 Type 5b: deer tibia flute with five toneholes 4.8.6.3 Type 5c: deer metatarsal flute with five toneholes 4.9 Summary of numbers of types 4.10 Flutes with thumbholes 4.11 Fragments of flutes 4.12 Concluding remarks 7 5 The medieval bone flute; context and status 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The preservation of bone 5.3 Changing approaches to archaeological excavation 5.4 Problems with methods of recovery and recording techniques 5.5 Geographical distribution of finds 5.5.1 Overall distribution 5.5.2 Distribution of specific species 5.5.2.1 The goose 5.5.2.2 The swan 5.5.2.3 The crane 5.5.2.4 Sheep 5.5.2.5 Deer 5.6 Site type – urban and rural 5.6.1 Urban sites 5.6.2 Rural sites 5.7 Site type – elite and domestic 5.7.1 Elite sites 5.7.2 Domestic sites 5.8 Flutes found in each site type 5.9 Chronological distribution of finds 5.9.1 Goose bone flutes 5.9.2 Swan bone flutes 5.9.3 Crane bone flutes 5.9.4 Sheep bone flutes 5.9.5 Deer bone flutes 5.10 Distribution patterns of specific types of flutes 5.10.1 Flutes with thumbholes 5.10.2 Goose ulna flutes with two toneholes (Type 2a) 5.10.3 Flutes with two centrally placed toneholes (Type 2b) 8 5.10.4 Flutes from the same location 5.10.5 Flutes from the same context 5.11 Archaeological context 5.12 Type of deposit 5.13 Associated finds 5.14 Concluding remarks 6 The medieval bone flute; conclusion Part 2: Gazetteer of flutes List of flutes List of non-flutes Bibliography 9 List of figures Figure 1 Published illustration of Wicken Bonhunt Small Find number 54 (from Bradley and Hooper 1974, 54). Figure 2 Photograph of Wicken Bonhunt flute [99]. Figure 3 Hertford Castle flute, [29], as illustrated in the published report (Zeepvat and Cooper-Reade 1996, 29) and as photographed. Figure 4 Exeter B5 flute [16], showing toneholes cut into the concave surface of the bone. Figure 5 Table showing locations visited and flutes examined there. Figure 6 Table showing reasons for not seeing flutes. Figure 7 Pie chart showing percentages of flutes seen and not seen. Figure 8 Photographs showing all sides of the flute from Yatesbury [111]. Figure 9 Swan ulna flute from Norwich Bishopsgate [69]. Figure 10 Swan ulna flute from York Clifford Street [114]. Figure 11 Blank catalogue page. Figure 12 Different types of fragments of flutes. Figure 13 Pie chart showing proportions of animal and bird species used for making bone flutes. Figure 14 The greylag goose. Figure 15 The mute swan. Figure 16 The whooper swan. Figure 17 Whooper swans in flight at wetlands in Norfolk. Figure 18 Mute swan (above) and Bewick’s swan (below). Figure 19 Various swan marks in use prior to 1400 (from Ticehurst 1957, 90). Figure 20 Marking the foot of a penned swan (from Bodleian Library MS. 204, f.214, v.). Figure 21 The Dunstable Swan Jewel showing the swan as a heraldic symbol. Figure 22 The common crane. Figure 23 Sheep. Figure 24 Red deer. Figure 25 Fallow deer. Figure 26 Roe deer. Figure 27 Table showing current day nomenclature of deer. Figure 28 Pigeon skeleton showing bones used to make bone flutes. Figure 29 Mute swan with outstretched wings. 10 Figure 30 From top to bottom: whooper swan ulna, crane ulna, mute swan ulna, greylag goose ulna. Figure 31 Greylag goose ulna (above) and barnacle goose ulna (below).
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