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Die Biologie Der Weideunkräuter Lobelia Achrochila (E

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Die Biologie Der Weideunkräuter Lobelia Achrochila (E Die Biologie der Weideunkräuter Lobelia achrochila (E. Wimm.) und Kniphofia foliosa Hochst. und ihre Einnischung in die Vegetation des Bale Mountains Nationalpark, Äthiopien Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades an der Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften der Universität Bayreuth Vorgelegt von Pascale A. Nauke aus Hamburg Bayreuth, im Oktober 2005 Meinen Eltern Vollständiger Abdruck der Dissertation der vom Dekan der Fakultät Biologie/Chemie/Geowissenschaften der Universität Bayreuth genehmigten Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.). 1. Gutachter: Herr Prof. Dr. E. Beck 2. Gutachter: Herr Prof. Dr. K. Müller-Hohenstein Tag des Kolloquiums: 13. Februar 2006 III INHALTVERZEICHNIS ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS ...........................................................................................................V DANKSAGUNG................................................................................................................................. VI 1 EINLEITUNG................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Der Bale Mountains Nationalpark .......................................................................................... 2 1.1.1 Das Arbeitsgebiet im Bale Mountains Nationalpark......................................................3 1.1.2 Landnutzung am Bale Mts. Nationalpark und die Folgen .............................................6 1.1.3 Der Haustier- und Wildbestand..........................................................................................8 1.2 Allgemeine Einführung zu den untersuchten Weideunkräutern Lobelia achrochila und Kniphofia foliosa.............................................................................................................................. 9 1.2.1 Taxonomie der Lobelien................................................................................................... 11 1.2.2 Die Taxonomie von Kniphofia foliosa Hochst ............................................................... 12 1.3 Aufgabenstellung....................................................................................................................16 2. MATERIAL UND METHODEN.....................................................................................................18 2.1. Lage der Untersuchungsflächen ..........................................................................................18 2.2 Vegetationskundliche Untersuchungen ...............................................................................23 2.2.1 Die Vegetation der Plots ..................................................................................................23 2.2.2 Analyse der Bodensamenbank....................................................................................... 25 2.2.3 Identifizierung der Pflanzen ............................................................................................ 26 2.3 Biologie von Lobelia achrochila (E. Wimm.)........................................................................27 2.3.1 Untersuchung der Samen und der Verbreitungsfähigkeit von Lobelia achrochila .27 2.3.2 Untersuchung der Populationsdynamik ........................................................................ 28 2.4 Untersuchung von Kniphofia foliosa und ihrer Standorte..................................................29 2.4.1 Die regenerative Verbreitung von Kniphofia foliosa.................................................... 29 2.4.2 Versuche zur Bekämpfung von Kniphofia foliosa ........................................................ 29 2.5 Bodenuntersuchungen ...........................................................................................................31 2.5.1 Bestimmung der Bodenart .............................................................................................. 31 2.5.2 Bodenprobennahme......................................................................................................... 31 2.5.3 Bestimmung von Textur, pH-Wert, C/N Verhältnis und wasserlöslichem Phosphat ........................................................................................................................................................ 32 2.6 Statistik ....................................................................................................................................33 3. ERGEBNISSE UND DISKUSSION ..............................................................................................35 3.1 Geobotanische Charakterisierung des Untersuchungsgebietes.......................................35 3.1.1 Floristische Beschreibung und Vergleich der im BMNP (BMNP-3 – BMNP-5) und der außerhalb liegenden Standorte (Din-9 – Din-12) ................................................................... 36 3.1.2 Floristische Untersuchung der Vegetationsentwicklung auf ehemaligen Haustierweiden (Standorte Z-1, Z-2, BMNPneu-7 und BMNPneu-8) ................................... 42 3.1.3 Untersuchung der Vegetationsstruktur im Jahr 2001................................................. 52 3.1.4 Bodenanalysen.................................................................................................................. 54 3.1.4 Samenbank........................................................................................................................ 56 3.1.5 Das dynamische Potential der alpinen Vegetation im BMNP.................................... 59 3.2 Lobelia achrochila (E. Wimm.), eine bisher vernachlässigte Art.......................................63 3.2 1 Morphologische Beschreibung von Lobelia achrochila (E. Wimm.):......................... 63 IV 3.3 Biologie, Populationsdynamik und Konkurrenzverhalten von Lobelia achrochila (E. Wimm.) und Kniphofia foliosa Hochst. .......................................................................................72 3.3.1 Ausbreitung, Vermehrung und Konkurrenz von Lobelia achrochila (E. Wimm.)..... 72 3.3.2 Die Lobelien-Standorte..................................................................................................... 76 3.3.3 Ausbreitung, Vermehrung und Konkurrenz von Kniphofia foliosa (Hochst.) ........... 86 4. ABSCHLUSSDISKUSSION..........................................................................................................94 4.1 Die Fitness der Weideunkräuter Lobelia achrochila (E. Wimm.) und Kniphofia foliosa Hochst. ............................................................................................................................................95 4.2 Die Regenerationsmöglichkeit der Vegetation nach Nutzungsänderung und Eindämmung der Weideunkräuter..............................................................................................96 4.3 Empfehlung zum weiteren Vorgehen ...................................................................................99 5. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ............................................................................................................ 101 6. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... 103 7. REFERENZEN .......................................................................................................................... 105 8. ANHANG................................................................................................................................... 113 V Abkürzungsverzeichnis BMNP Bale Mountains Nationalpark (allg.); hier Bezeichnung für den abgezäunten Teilbereich um das Headquarter des Nationalparks nahe Dinsho Stadt BMNP- Bezeichnungszusatz für die im alten Teil (seit 1972) des abgezäunten BMNPs liegenden Standorte BMNPneu- Bezeichnungszusatz für die im neuen Teil (seit 1997) des abgezäunten BMNPs liegenden Standorte BS- Bezeichnung der Lobelia achrochila Population im Boka-Shet Valley D- Bezeichnung der Lobelia achrochila Population im Dinsho Valley Din- Bezeichnungszusatz der außerhalb des Nationalparks liegenden Standorte EWCO Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organisation EWCP Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Project TLU Tropical Lifestock Unit (=250 kg Standard Zebu Ochse) W- Bezeichnung der Lobelia achrochila Populationen im Web Valley VI Danksagung Mein ganz besonderer Dank gilt Herrn Prof. Dr. E. Beck für die Vergabe des Themas und für sein stetes Interesse am Fortgang dieser Arbeit. Ich danke ihm außerdem sehr für seine konstruktive Kritik, seine fortwährende Diskussionsbereitschaft und seinen Zuspruch in schwierigen Phasen der Feldarbeit und der Entstehung der Dissertationsschrift. Bei Herrn Prof. Dr. M. Fetene bedanke ich mich herzlich für die freundliche Aufnahme in Äthiopien, seine ausgezeichnete Betreuung und Hilfestellungen während meiner Aufenthalte in Äthiopien. Für die umgehende und unkomplizierte Erteilung einer Arbeits- und Forschungserlaubnis danke ich der Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organisation, und dem Orominya Regionalparlament, beide Addis Abeba, Äthiopien. Ich möchte mich besonders bei Herrn Fikadu Garedew, Warden des Bale Mountains National Park, Äthiopien, und seinen Mitarbeitern bedanken. Bei ihnen in ihrem Park zu arbeiten und zu wohnen erwies sich als ein wunderbares Erlebnis. Ganz besonders möchte ich aber Herrn Shiferaw Tadesse und Herrn Daneal Ejegu (leider viel zu früh verstorben) nennen und ihnen für ihre bedingungslose und aufrichtige Freundschaft und ihre Begleitung meiner Arbeit in Dinsho und Umgebung danken. Für die Möglichkeit
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