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The Campaign to Abolish Imprisonment for Debt In
THE CAMPAIGN TO ABOLISH IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT IN ENGLAND 1750 - 1840 A thesis submitted in partial f'ulf'ilment of' the requirements f'or the Degree of' Master of' Arts in History in the University of' Canterbury by P.J. LINEHAM University of' Canterbury 1974 i. CONTENTS CHAPI'ER LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES • . ii PREFACE . • iii ABSTRACT . • vii ABBREVIATIONS. • •• viii I. THE CREDITOR'S LAW • • • • . • • • • 1 II. THE DEBTOR'S LOT • • . • • . 42 III. THE LAW ON TRIAL • • • • . • . • • .. 84 IV. THE JURY FALTERS • • • • • • . • • . 133 v. REACHING A VERDICT • • . • . • 176 EPILOGUE: THE CREDITOR'S LOT . 224 APPENDIX I. COMMITTALS FOR DEBT IN 1801 IN COUNTY TOTALS ••••• • • • • • 236 II. SOCIAL CLASSIFICATION OF DEBTORS RELEASED BY THE COURT, 1821-2 • • • 238 III. COMMITTALS FOR DEBT AND THE BUSINESS CLIMATE, 1798-1818 . 240 BIBLIOGRAPHY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 242 ii. LIST OF TABLES TABLE I. Social Classirication of Debtors released by the Insolvent Debtors Court ••••••••• • • • 50 II. Prisoners for Debt in 1792. • • • • • 57 III. Committals to Ninety-Nine Prisons 1798-1818 •••••••••••• • • 60 IV. Social Classification of Thatched House Society Subscribers • • • • • • 94 v. Debtors discharged annually by the Thatched House Society, 1772-1808 ••••••••••• • • • 98 VI. Insolvent Debtors who petitioned the Court • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 185 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE ~ I. Committals for Debt in 1801. • • • • • 47 II. Debtors and the Economic Climate •••••••• • • • • • • • 63 iii. PREFACE Debtors are the forgotten by-product of every commercial society, and the way in which they are treated is often an index to the importance which a society attaches to its commerce. This thesis examines the English attitude to civil debtors during an age when commerce increased enormously. -
Imprisoned Debtors
RESEARCH GUIDE 66 - Imprisoned Debtors CONTENTS Introduction Records of Debtors Records of Bankrupts Reading List Introduction By the 14th century all creditors could cause those owing them money to be committed to prison to try to secure the payment of their debts. Before 1841 the legal status of being a bankrupt and therefore able to pay off creditors and be discharged of all outstanding debts was confined to traders owing more than £100. Many debtors who were not traders or who owed less than £100 were confined indefinitely in prison, responsible for their debts but unable to pay them. They were often held in the same prisons as those remanded for trial and convicted offenders and formed one of the largest groups of prisoners. In 1776 John Howard found that 2,437 out of a total of 4,084 inmates were imprisoned for debt. Until 1869 debtors were allowed extensive privileges compared to other prisoners, including being allowed visitors, their own food and clothing, and the right to work at their trade or profession as far as was possible in prison. Periodic Acts of Parliament (37 between 1670 and 1800) for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors allowed the release of debtors from prison if they applied to a Justice of the Peace and submitted a schedule of their assets. In 1813 a Court for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors was established. The 1844 Insolvency Act abolished imprisonment for debts under £20 and allowed private persons to become bankrupts and lowered the financial limit to £50. The 1861 Bankruptcy Act abolished the Court for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors and transferred its jurisdiction to the Bankruptcy Court. -
Venues of Popular Politics in London, 1790–C. 1845
Bibliography Primary sources Archival sources Arundel Castle Archives ACC2 Strand Estate Papers AC MSS, Howard Letters and Papers, 1636–1822, II Bishopsgate Institute Papers of George J. Holyoake British Library Francis Place Papers Correspondence of Leigh Hunt City of Westminster Archives Foster, D. Inns, Tavern, Alehouses, Coffee Houses etc, In and Around London, vol. 20, c. 1900. Guildhall Library Collection Nobel Collection: Surrey Institution Papers. Norman Collection: Collection of newspaper and other cuttings related to London inns, taverns, coffeehouses, clubs, tea gardens, music halls, c.1885–1900, 5 vols. Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California Richard Carlile Papers London Metropolitan Archives Rendle Collection, Southwark File 287 Radical Spaces Middlesex Sessions of the Peace Papers Public Record Office Home Office Papers HO40/20-25 British Nineteenth Century Riots and Disturbances. HO64 Discontent and Authority in England 1820–40. HO64/11 Police and Secret Service Reports, 1827–1831, Police and Secret Service Reports, reports from Stafford of Seditious Meetings, Libellous Papers, 1830–33. HO64/12 Police and Secret Service Reports, 1832. HO64/13 Secret Service Miscellaneous Reports and Publications HO64/15 Reports 1834–37. HO64/16 Reports and Miscellaneous, 1827–33. HO64/17 Police and Secret Service Reports, 1831. HO64/18 Seditious Publications, 1830–36. Southwark Local Studies Library Surrey Institution/Rotunda Collection Wellcome Library ‘Surrey Rotunda’ Collection, 1784–1858. West Yorkshire Archive Service, Leeds Humphrey Boyle Papers Contemporary newspapers and periodicals Bell’s Life in London, 14 July 1822. Bell’s Weekly Messenger, 14 November 1830. Black Dwarf, 1820–24, selected dates. Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register, 1816–30, selected dates. -
Cleanliness and the Poor in Eighteenth-Century London
Cleanliness and the Poor in Eighteenth-Century London PhD Law Louise Falcini July 2018 ABSTRACT This study identifies the ways in which the urban poor both experienced and engaged with cleanliness during the long eighteenth century. It argues that the poor not only participated in acts of cleanliness but they did so multiple ways, sometimes as a client, at others as a service provider but more often than not as a strategist engaging in actions that enabled them to acquire clean clothing, bodies or surroundings. By drawing on a wide range of archival and printed sources it examines aspects of everyday plebeian life that have hitherto remained uncharted. It suggests that no single cleanliness regime – neither based on full-body immersion, nor ‘clean linen’, existed in eighteenth-century London. Instead, it posits that at least two regimes were present, and that, if anything, working men were most likely to pursue bodily cleanliness through river bathing. It also argues that even among the institutions of the capital, there were real disagreements about cleanliness, with most institutions adopting a clean linen regime, while prisons and lock-ups preserved an older regime. Overall, this thesis seeks to demonstrate that eighteenth-century cleanliness cannot be understood, without locating it in the specific circumstances of class, community and gender. ii Declaration I confirm that this is my own work and the use of all material from other sources has been properly and fully acknowledged. iii Abbreviations LL London Lives LMA London Metropolitan Archives OBP Old Bailey Proceedings Online TNA The National Archives WCA Westminster City Archives Spellings, capitalisation and punctuation have been left as they were in the original documents. -
THE TRAITOR's DAUGHTER by Barbara Kyle 1 the Prisoner
THE TRAITOR'S DAUGHTER by Barbara Kyle 1 The Prisoner London, September 1582 Thornleigh House was dark as Kate Lyon closed the door of her bedchamber, careful to be quiet. Cloak in hand, she went quickly down the stairs. Dawn pearled the lancet window half- way down, the sky luminously grey, as gray as the River Thames that flowed past the mansion. Kate glanced out, frustrated that the orchard trees obscured her view of the riverside landing. She could only hope the wherryman was there waiting. She had ordered the wherry last night. At the bottom of the stairs she turned into the great hall as the bell of the nearby Savoy Chapel clanged the hour. Six o'clock. Two hours to go, Kate thought. Her journey east to London Bridge would be just two miles, but the flood tide at this hour would slow her so she had to leave plenty of time. Her destination was the Marshalsea prison. Her husband had been a prisoner there for six months. At eight this morning he would be released. Kate was determined to be there. She whirled her cloak around her shoulders as she crossed the shadowed great hall. The deserted musicians' gallery that overlooked the hall was a black void. Even the tapestries Kate moved past were indistinct, the light too feeble yet to fire their gorgeous silk colors or to illuminate the gold-lettered spines of the books stacked on the dining table. The books were a Kyle - 2 new shipment from Paris that her grandmother had ordered. Old volumes—they smelled like dust. -
The Angel Paradox: Elizabeth Fry and the Role of Gender
THE ANGEL PARADOX: ELIZABETH FRY AND THE ROLE OF GENDER AND RELIGION IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN By Deanna Lynn Matheuszik Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History May, 2013 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Professor James A. Epstein Professor Michael D. Bess Professor Helmut Walser Smith Professor Arleen M. Tuchman Professor Mark L. Schoenfield Copyright © 2013 by Deanna Lynn Matheuszik All Rights Reserved To my parents, Rudie and Carol Matheuszik and in loving memory of Kay Emery and Alice Ann Herzon iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It would have been impossible to write this dissertation without the support— intellectual, financial, and emotional—of a great many individuals and institutions. I am deeply indebted to my advisor, Jim Epstein, for his valuable advice over the years. His extraordinarily helpful comments on my draft chapters enriched my work beyond measure. I am also grateful to Michael Bess, Helmut Walser Smith, Arleen Tuchman, and Mark Schoenfield, both for serving on my committee and for sharing their knowledge and insights on scholarship and teaching in a variety of seminars over the years. Thanks particularly to Michael for letting me serve as his research assistant for two years, and for our conversations about teaching, writing, and the importance of gender in World War II. My thanks also go to Katie Crawford, Carolyn Dever, Holly Tucker, and Allison Pingree, whose classes on gender and gender pedagogy were instrumental in developing my interest in this field of study. Richard Blackett, Dennis Dickerson, Matt Ramsey, Ruth Rogaski, as well as Helmut, Katie, and Arleen provided me with valuable feedback on chapters presented in dissertation seminar. -
3 Prisons & a Ferryman's Seat
Notes on Southwark Cyclists Healthy Ride 23/9/17 3 Prisons & A Ferryman’s seat start – 10.00am Peckham Square - SE15 5DT. (2hr ride flat ride ) Along Surrey canal path Around the back turnings to reach Burgess park Bagshot street East street New Kent road Newington Gardens (Location of Horsemonger Lane Goal) Angel Place (Location of Marshalsea Prison) Onto Bear Gardens (Location of the Ferryman’s Seat) Scovell road (Location of Kings Bench Prison) Picking up Quietway 1 (Q1) back to Peckham. The route is 9.5 miles. Track at www.mapmyride.com/routes/view/1760844296 Southwark History. Southwark was settled by the Romans around 43 CE. It served as an entry point into London from southern England, particularly along Watling Street, the Roman road from Canterbury; this ran into what is now Southwark's Borough High Street and from there north to old London Bridge. The area became known for its travellers and inns, including Geoffrey Chaucer's Tabard Inn. The itinerant population brought with it poverty, prostitutes, bear baiting, theatres (including Shakespeare's Globe) and prisons. In 1796 there were five prisons in Southwark - The Clink, King's Bench, Borough Compter, White Lion and the Marshalsea—compared to 18 in London as a whole. Map Circa 1800’s 1 1 - Horsemonger Lane Gaol Constructed between 1791 and 1799 to a design by George Gwilt the Elder, architect surveyor to the county of Surrey, this was once the largest prison in the county, and was adjacent to Sessions House, a court building also designed by Gwilt. It was built to replace the old county gaol housed at what had been the nearby 'White Lion Inn' on Borough High Street, Southwark (informally called the 'Borough Gaol') dating from the Tudor period. -
Prison Records
RESEARCH GUIDE Prison Records Research Guide 59 - Prison Records CONTENTS Introduction 1. City of London Prisons 1.1. Miscellaneous records relating to prisons and compters 1.2. Newgate Prison 1.3. Poultry Compter 1.4. Wood Street Compter 1.5. Giltspur Street Compter 1.6. Southwark Compter (also known as Borough Compter) 1.7. Bridewell Hospital 1.8. Ludgate Prison 1.9. The Debtors Prison or Whitecross Street Prison 1.10. Holloway Prison 2. Middlesex Prisons 2.1. Clerkenwell House of Correction (also known as Clerkenwell Bridewell) 2.2. New Prison or House of Detention, Clerkenwell (later Clerkenwell Prison) 2.3. Middlesex House of Correction, Cold Bath Fields 2.4. Westminster Gatehouse 2.5. Westminster House of Correction, Tothill Fields (also known as Westminster Bridewell) 3. Central Government Prisons 3.1. Holloway Prison 3.2. Wandsworth Prison 3.3. Wormwood Scrubs 3.4. HM Young Offender Institute and Remand Centre, Feltham Introduction Before 1878 most prisons were the responsibility of local government. However the Tower of London, the Fleet Prison, the Marshalsea in Southwark and the King’s (or Queen’s Bench) also in Southwark were controlled by the Crown and the central courts. Records of these prisons are held by The National Archives. Prisons were used to keep those awaiting trial or execution of sentence in safe custody, to coerce debtors or the contumacious, and as a punishment in itself. Originally all these types of prisoners were confined in the same gaol, but later more specialised prisons were developed for different types of inmate. The sheriff of each county by the 12th century was required to provide a gaol for his county. -
Radical Spaces: Venues of Popular Politics in London, 1790–C. 1845
Radical Spaces Radical Spaces Venues of popular politics in London, 1790–c. 1845 CHRISTINA PAROLIN THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY E PRESS E PRESS Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au/radical_spaces_citation.html National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Parolin, Christina. Title: Radical spaces : venues of popular politics in london, 1790 -1845 / Christina Parolin. ISBN: 9781921862007 (pbk.) 9781921862014 (eBook) Notes: Includes bibliographical references. Subjects: Radicalism--Great Britain--18th century. Great Britain--Politics and government--18th century. Great Britain--Social life and customs--18th century. Dewey Number: 320.53 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU E Press Cover image: Architectural view of the Surrey Rotunda, Sir Ashton Lever’s Museum in Blackfriars Road, London. Artist and date unknown. Copyright Wellcome Library, London. Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2010 ANU E Press Contents Acknowledgments vii Illustrations ix Abbreviations xiii Introduction 1 1. ‘Honourable House of Blasphemers’: The radical public of Newgate in the early nineteenth century 17 2. ‘Bastilles of despotism’: Radical resistance in the Coldbath Fields House of Correction, 1798–1830 49 3. The ‘She-Champion of Impiety’: Female radicalism and political crime in early nineteenth-century England 83 4. Radicalism and reform at the ‘Gate of Pandemonium’: The Crown and Anchor tavern in visual culture, 1790–1820 105 5. -
Medical Care in English Prisons 1770-1850
Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Medical care in English prisons 1770-1850 Thesis How to cite: McRorie Higgins, Peter (2004). Medical care in English prisons 1770-1850. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2004 Peter McRorie Higgins Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000f9f7 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk MEDICAL CARE IN ENGLISH PRISONS 1770-1850 Peter McRorie Higgins, M.A. (Open), M.Ch. (Oxon), F.R.C.S. (England) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The Open University (Department of the History of Science Technology and Medicine) April 2004 ProQuest Number: 27527263 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 27527263 Published by ProQuest LLO (2019). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO.